Earth Science EOG ReviewMay 20, 2014

Overview Symbiosis

Earth’s layers

Plate Tectonics/ Pangaea

Rock Types

Law of Superposition

Fossils

Relative/Absolute Age

Evolution/Natural Selection/Adaptation

Geologic Time Scale

Symbiosis: Relationships between organisms

Mutualism: Both benefit (+, +) AKA cooperation

Commensalism: One benefits, the other is unaffected (+, 0)

Parasitism: One benefits, other is harmed (+, -)

Competition: 2 species fighting for the same resource (ex. sunlight, food, space, shelter, mates)

Practice EOG Question

What happens to a population and to competition when there is a reduction of living space?

A) The population expands and competition intensifies

B) Competition strengthens while the population contracts

C) The population increases as competition decreases

D) Competition weakens and the population decreases

Practice EOG Question

Kudzu vines grow by climbing and wrapping around trees. Trees covered by kudzu can die because they are starved of sunlight. What type of relationship exists between the trees and the kudzu growing on them?

A) Competition

B) Mutualism

C) Parasitism

D) Predator-prey

Earth’s Layers

Lithosphere: crust and upper mantle (tectonic plates)

Plates float on Asthenosphere (liquid mantle)

Plate Tectonics

Earth’s Lithosphere is made of moving plates Convergent Boundary: plates push together Divergent Boundary: plates move apart (divorce) Transform Boundary: plates scrape sideways

Practice EOG Question

What do earthquakes tell scientists about the history of the planet?

A) Earth’s climate is continually changing

B) The continents of Earth are continually moving

C) Dinosaurs became extinct about 65 million years ago

D) The oceans are much deeper today than millions of years ago

Pangaea

“Supercontinent”

All continents on Earth were once joined together

Evidence:

Same fossils on different continents; tropical plant fossils in arctic

3 Rock Types

Sedimentary Rock

Metamorphic Rock

Igneous Rock

Formed by pressing pieces together

Where fossils are found!

Formed from heat and pressure

Formed from solid magma

Rock Cycle: changing rocks from one type to another

Law of Superposition

Oldest rocks on bottom, youngest on top

Example of Relative Age (finding age by comparing)

Oldest Layer (C)

Youngest Layer (B)

Practice EOG Question

Scientists find dinosaur fossils in the bottom rock layers of a cliff and mammal fossils in the middle rock layer of the cliff. Which could best be concluded from this evidence?

A) Dinosaurs ate plants

B) Dinosaurs were eaten by mammals

C) Dinosaurs lived on Earth before the mammals

D) Dinosaurs and mammals lived at the same time

FOSSILS

Remains of something once LIVING preserved in sedimentary rock (ex. Plants, animals, fish)

Transition Fossil: Shows how species has changed over time

Index Fossil: Tells us what time period a rock layer is from (ex. Trilobite)

Largest fossil found in Argentina!As heavy as 14 elephants, as long as 2 tractor trailers: Meet “Mr. Titanosaur”

Practice EOG Question

1. A scientist finds the bones of a dinosaur. What could help the scientist determine the approximate age of the dinosaur bones?

A) The birds living in the area of the bones

B) The weather conditions in the area of the bones

C) The kinds of trees living in the area of the bones

D) The index fossils in the area of the bones

Extra: They are asking for approximate age – is this relative or absolute age?

Practice EOG Question

How do scientists know that some mountains were once at the bottom of an ocean?

A) Freshwater rivers flow to the ocean

B) Saltwater fish are found in some mountain streams

C) Dinosaur bones have been discovered in the mountains

D) Marine fossils have been found on the peaks of some mountains

Determining Age

Relative Age

Determines age by comparing

Ex. “This rock layer is older than this rock layer”

Absolute Age

Tells us EXACT age

Uses “carbon dating” – measures how

Carbon Dating Video

Carbon Dating Youtube Video

Geologic Time Scale

Timeline of the history of the Earth

Organized by Eras and Periods

Can use fossils and ice cores to see changes

Natural Selection and Adaptation

Charles Darwin: Galapagos Islands, Iguanas & Finches

Natural Selection: Survival of the fittest! Those best able to survive, will survive and

reproduce If you can’t survive in your environment, you DIE!

Adaptation: When a species changes a behavior to better survive in their environment

Extinctions

If an organism can’t change or adapt with their environment, they become extinct and die.

Dinosaur extinction:1. Either asteroid or volcano

2. Sky fills with ash, blocking the sun.

3. Earth temp dropped, killed many species.

4. Then the dust settled, and greenhouse gases brought temps back up.

Practice EOG Question

What process is most responsible for the extinction of most species of plants and animals that have lived on earth?

A) Gene mutation

B) Environmental changes

C) Selective breeding

D) Decrease in reproduction