eap 1540c advanced composition 1

EAP 1540CAdvanced Composition 1

Meeting 7 – Welcome to Class

• Today’s objectives:

– Review for Quiz 6

– Take the quiz using the computers

– Learn about word classes

– Discuss the mid-term exam

– Review for the mid-term with Jeopardy!

EAP 1540 CWinter 2010

Meeting 7 – Warm up/Review

• Sign in for attendance. Turn in HW 6.

• Review for Quiz 6:

– How do you form the passive tense?

– What is subject-verb agreement?

– Identify the errors in verb tense and S-V agreement:

• Last night, Margarita heard what sounded like a gunshot, so she calls 911. The police has arrived 20 minutes later to investigate.


Meeting 7 – Quiz 6• Choose one of the following topics and write a paragraph (5 –

7 sentences):a. Compare the college/university system in the United States to that of your

home country. What are the similarities? What are the differences?b. What are some things that all freshmen should know when they begin

college? Give some advice to new college students. c. Some fraternities, sororities, clubs, and teams make new students perform

initiation rituals. Why do groups do this? What is your view on such rituals?

• You must write at least one sentence in the passive voice.• Remember to use correct paragraph formatting, subject-verb

agreement, and verb tenses.• Save your work and send it to me by email. • Duration: 20 minutes


Meeting 7 – Writer’s Checklist

Did you remember to… put the heading at the top of the page (name,

course, assignment, date)? double space the paragraph? put the title above the paragraph and underline it? indent the first line (five spaces) of the paragraph

(and any subsequent paragraphs)? capitalize the beginning letter of sentences and

proper nouns? use correct punctuation and spelling? use correct grammar and vocabulary?


Meeting 7 – Chapter 27

• Topic: Nouns, Determiners, and Prepositions

• Theme: Inventions and Discoveries

• Extra Homework (HW 7): pg. 398 –The Writer’s Desk

– Write a paragraph describing the most interesting invention from the last century. Explain why the invention was important.



• Identify word classes (a.k.a. parts of speech)– Words are divided into word classes which indicate

their meaning and function in grammar. – Word classes include:• Nouns• Verbs• Adjectives• Adverbs• Interjections


• Pronouns

• Prepositions

• Determiners

• Conjunctions


• Identify content words and function words– Word classes are divided into two categories:

content words and function words.– Content words have a “dictionary definition.”• Nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs

– Function words serve a grammatical function and are difficult to define.• Pronouns, prepositions, determiners, conjunctions,

interjections



• Identify nouns

– Nouns are words that refer to people, places, things, or ideas.

– Common nouns refer to general people, places, things, or ideas and begin with a lowercase letter.

– Proper nouns refer to particular people, places, things, or ideas and begin with a capital letter.

EX: Albert Einstein, widely regarded as the most influential intellectual of all time, emigrated to the United States in the early 1930s.



• Identify nouns

– Nouns can be singular or plural.– Regular plural nouns end in –s or –es; irregular plural

nouns do not.• person people• child children• woman women

– Some nouns have spelling changes when pluralized.• knife knives• thief thieves


• fish fish• deer deer• sheep sheep

• baby babies• berry berries


• Identify nouns

– Nouns can be countable or non-countable.– Count nouns refer to people or things that you can

count. They usually have a singular and plural form.– Noncount nouns refer to people or things that you

cannot count because you cannot divide them. They usually have only the singular form.

– See pages 403 – 404 for examples of noncount nouns.



• Identify determiners

– Determiners are words that help determine or figure out whether a noun is specific or general.

– They can include words from other parts of speech:• Articles: a, an, the• Demonstratives: this, that, these, those, such• Indefinite pronouns: any, all, both, each, many, few• Numbers: one, two, three• Possessive nouns: Jacob’s, the Queen of England’s• Possessive adjectives: my, your, his, her, its, our, their



• Identify commonly confused determiners– Articles: a, an, the• General (indefinite) a, an – use before singular count nouns

but not before plural or noncount nouns. Use a before nouns that begin with a consonant sound. Use an before nouns that begin with a vowel sound.• Specific (definite) the – use before nouns that refer to a

specific person, place, or thing. Do not use the before languages, sports, and most city and country names.

general specific

EX: Tomas needs to buy a new car, but the cars in the showroom are too expensive.



• Identify commonly confused determiners– Indefinite pronouns: many, few, much, little• Use many and few with count nouns.• Use much and little with noncount nouns.

EX: Many people have tried to develop new products, but few inventions are really successful.

EX: Some say that NASA spends too much money on very little research.



• Identify commonly confused determiners– Demonstratives: this, that, these, those, such

• Use this and these to refer to things that are physically close to the speaker at the present time. Use this before singular nouns and these before plural nouns.

• Use that and those to refer to things that are physically far from the speaker or in the past or future. Use that before singular nouns and those before plural nouns.

EX: This computer can fit easily in my backpack. They are very small these days!

EX: In the 1950s, computers were invented. In those years, computers were very large. I wouldn’t want that type of computer.



• Let’s practice!

– Do Practice 6 on page 407.

– Check your answers with your partner.



• Identify prepositions– Prepositions are words that show concepts such as

time, place, direction, and manner. They serve a grammatical function by showing connections or relationships between ideas.

– Warning: Don’t translate prepositions from your first language! The best way to learn them is to memorize them in connection with other words.

– Look at the list of common prepositional expressions on page 411



• Let’s review!

– What is the definition of a noun? What are the two types of nouns?

– List six noncount nouns.– Make the following nouns plural:• tooth, backseat driver, brother-in-law, kiss, leaf, day

– List four determiners.– Complete the following prepositional expression:• afraid…, listen…, forget…, feel…, think…, interested…




• Topic: Pronouns

• Theme: Inventions and Discoveries

• Alternative Extra Homework (HW 7): pg. 415 –The Writer’s Desk

– Write a paragraph describing a historical figure whom you admire. You could write about a famous politician, actor, writer, artist, scientist, or religious leader. Explain what that person did that was admirable.



• Identify pronoun case– Pronouns are words that replace nouns, other

pronouns, and phrases. To make your writing flow better, use pronouns to avoid repeating nouns.

– There are three main pronoun cases: subjective, objective, and possessive. See the chart on page 416 for examples.

– Note the spelling and punctuation problems with possessive pronouns on page 417.

EX: The ancient maps are her’s, but the book is their’s.


hers theirs


• Identify pronouns in comparisons– Avoid making errors in pronoun case when the

pronoun follows than or as. Using the wrong case (subjective or objective) may have an unintended effect on the meaning of the sentence.

EX: I like ancient history as much as him. objective case (I like ancient history as much as I like him.)

EX: I like ancient history as much as he. subjective case(I like ancient history as much as he does.)

– See page 419 for comparisons with than.



• Identify pronouns in prepositional phrases– In a prepositional phrase, the words that follow the

preposition are the objects of the preposition. Therefore, always use the objective case of the pronoun after a preposition.

EX: To her, learning about history is not important.

EX: Between you and me, our history class is very interesting.



• Identify pronouns with and or or– Use the correct case when nouns and pronouns are

joined by and or or. If the pronouns are the subject, use the subjective case. If the pronouns are the object, use the objective case.

EX: Him and me had to do a presentation on the Incas.

EX: The instructor asked he and I to present first.


He and I

him and me


• Identify relative and reflexive pronouns– Relative pronouns can join two phrases or clauses.• who, whom, whoever, whomever, which, that, whose

EX: The archeologist whom you met is speaking later today. He is the only lecturer at the conference who specializes in Mayan culture.

– Use reflexive pronouns when you want to emphasize that the subject does an action to himself or herself.• See chart on page 423.

EX: History often repeats itself.



• Identify indefinite pronouns– Use indefinite pronouns when you refer to people or

things whose identity is not known or is unimportant. – See the chart on page 426.– Some indefinite pronouns are singular while others

are plural. Make sure they match in number with other pronouns.

• Let’s practice!– Do Practice 6 on page 427.



• Pronoun-antecedent agreement– A pronoun must agree with its antecedent, which is

the word to which the pronoun refers. Antecedents are the nouns, pronouns, and phrases that the pronouns have replaced, and they always come before the pronoun.

– Pronouns must agree in person and number with their antecedents.

EX: The archeologist was frustrated because she could not raise enough money for her expedition.

EX: China has many salt mines. They are quite old.



• Avoid vague pronouns and pronoun shifts– Vagueness occurs when a pronoun could refer to

more than one antecedent.EX: Frank asked Tony where his map of Greece was.

– Pronoun shifts result when a pronoun changes in person or number for no particular reason.

EX: The director of the museum encouraged their employees to be on time.


(Whose map is it: Frank’s or Tony’s?)

his


• Let’s review!– What is a pronoun?– What are the three pronoun cases?– What is an antecedent?– Do Final Review on pages 433 – 434.



• Topic: Adjectives and Adverbs

• Theme: Health Care

• Alternative Extra Homework (HW 7): pg. 436 –The Writer’s Desk

– Write a paragraph describing how people can best protect their health.



• Identify adjectives– Adjectives describe or modify nouns and

pronouns. They add information explaining how many, what kind, or which one.

– You can place adjectives before a noun or after a linking verb such as be, look, appear, or smell.

EX: The young unemployed man received a scholarship to medical school.

EX: He was shocked, but he was happy.



• Problems with adjectives– Adjectives ending in –ful or –less. Remember that

–ful ends in one l and –less ends in double s.– Adjectives ending in –ed and –ing (participial adjs.)• When the adjective ends in –ed, it describes the person’s

or animal’s expression or feeling. The related noun receives this feeling or expression. • When the adjective ends in –ing, it describes the quality of

the person or thing. The related noun evokes a feeling or expression.

– Always make an adjective singular, even though the noun is plural.



• Let’s practice!


– Check your answers with your partner.



• Identify adverbs– Adverbs add information to adjectives, verbs, or

other adverbs. They give more specific information about how, when, where, and to what extent an action or event occurred.

– Adverbs often end in –ly. You may change an adjective into an adverb by adding –ly.

– Frequency adverbs are words that indicate how often someone performs an action.

– Be sure to put them in the correct order in the sentence. See page 441.



• Identify comparative and superlative forms– Use the comparative form to show how two

persons, things, or items are different. EX: Dr. Jonas Salk was a better researcher than his

colleague. EX: Dr. Sabin is more famous for his research on the

polio virus than Dr. Enders.– Use the superlative form to compare three or

more items.EX: Dr. Salk was the youngest scientist to receive

funding for polio research.



• Forming the comparative and superlative– Add –er and –est endings to one-syllable adjectives

and adverbs.EX: tall taller than the tallest

– Add more or most to adjectives and adverbs of two or more syllables.

EX: dangerous more dangerous than the most dangerous



• Using irregular comparatives and superlatives– Some adjectives and adverbs have unique

comparative and superlative forms.

Adj/Adv Comparative Superlative good, well better than the bestbad, badly worse than the worstsome, much, many more than the mostlittle less than the leastfar farther, further the farthest, the

furthest



• Let’s review!– What is an adjective? An adverb?– What are the comparative and superlative forms

of the following adjectives?• fat, important, tired, silly, good, angry, beautiful

• Let’s practice!– Do Practice 9 on page 448.


Meeting 7 – Mid-term Review

• Some details about the mid-term exam– When: March 5, 2010 at 9:15 AM

– Duration: 75 minutes (the first block of class; we will continue class after the exam)

– Total points: 100 (10% of final grade)

– Point distribution: 20 questions (multiple choice, true/false, fill in the blank) = 70 points; 1 complete paragraph typed on MS Word = 30 points

– Covers: chapters 16 – 23, 25 – 29; notes, activities, and lectures in class

– Let’s play a review game!


Meeting 7 – Homework

• Please do the following for homework:– Review for the mid-term exam– Read chapters 1 and 2– HW 7 for extra credit

• Remember that all homework is due at the beginning of each class.

• See you next week!


eap 1540c advanced composition 1

Documents

nouns nouns

content words

proper nouns

common nouns

adverbsfunction words

function wordsword classes

correct paragraph formatting

subjectverb agreement