IanRuxtonKyushuInstituteof

TechnologyEAJSKobe

24September2016

DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.14680.08964

1.Satow’scareer–anoverview2.Satow’sVisittoJapanin1884(October

1st–November22nd)Includesa

Paper-NotesontheIntercoursebetweenJapanandSiaminthe17thCentury,readtotheAsiaticSocietyofJapaninTokyoon19November1884

3.Satow’sVisittoJapanin1886(June23rd–September1st)

4.ConcludingRemarks

!  BorninLondonin1843!  PromisingscholaratUniversityCollegeLondon,1859-61

!  StudentInterpreterinChina(ShanghaiandPeking),1861-62

!  EarlyyearsinJapan,1862-69(Bakumatsu,startofMeijiera)

!  FirstHomeLeave,1869-70!  Japan1870-83withhomeleaves1875-76and1883-84

!  Siam1884-87includestwovisitstoJapan[thispresentation]andpromotionfromConsulartoDiplomaticService

!  Italy,Spain,Portugal,Oxford1887-88!  Uruguay1889-93!  Morocco1893-95(awardedK.C.M.G.)!  Japan1895-1900.MinisterwithhomeleaveinMay-October1897(DiamondJubilee)andbetweenposts,May-August1900

!  China1900-06.BritishHighCommissioner,September1900–January1902.ThenMinister.

!  HomeleaveJanuary-June1903.!  LastvisittoJapan,May-June1906.Retiresfrom

DiplomaticService,October1906.!  SecondBritishdelegateattheSecondHague

PeaceConference,June-October1907.!  ScholarofInternationalhistoryanddiplomacy

inretirement.AGuidetoDiplomaticPractice,Longmans,Green&Co.,1917(sixthedition,ed.SirIvorRobertsin2011,withaseventheditionforthcoming)

!  Atendof1883inEnglandSatowappliedforpostofAgentandConsul-GeneralinBangkok.PromotedtoMinister-Residentearlyin1885.LeftLondonforBangkokon25January1884.TravelledviaAden,Penang,Singapore.ReachedBangkokonMarch6th.

!  OnMarch20thSatowwritesprivatelytoF.V.DickinsaboutJapan“Ineverthinkofthatcountrywithouttheliveliestfeelingsofregret.Onewassohappythere,inspiteofthedistancefromEngland,andthetravellingintheinteriorwasdelightful.SometimesIthinkIwasagreatfooltoleaveitsimplyforpromotion.”

!  SimilarregretinletterdatedMarch21sttoWilliamG.Aston:“Thisisnotsuchabadplace,thoughthereismuchthatmakesmeregretJapan.”

!  SatowleavesBangkokonSeptember17th.ReachesNagasakionOctober1st,viaHongKong.

!  Oct.2.“Wentashore&boughtafewpiecesofHirado&Kameyama[porcelain]attheshopofSatoYukichiinFunadaikuMachi.”

!  ReachesKobeOctober4th.Arranges$5permonthpensionforNoguchiTomizo’swidow,tomaximumof$120(seealsoOctober8th).

!  Oct.6.ReachesYokohama,traintoTokyotoseesonsEitaro英太郎　andHisakichi/Hisayoshi　久吉.

!  Oct.6.diary–EntryinromanizedJapanese(romaji)“Hirugokodomowominiittara…Futaritomosokende

otonashikutemedzurashii.Eitarōwaissakunenyorikakubetsuseiganobinai,chieyegatsuita.HisakichiirōshirokuwagaotōtoTheodoreniyokunitari.”

Translation:“Wenttoseethechildrenintheafternoon:botharehealthy,gentleandcharming.Eitarohasn’tgrownmuchsincetheyearbeforelast,butismoresensible.HisakichiisoffaircomplexionandlooksmuchlikemyyoungerbrotherTheodore.”

!  TheseareapparentlySatow’sfirstdiaryreferencestohissons,bornin1881and1883.Adaughterwasbornin1872butsheonlylivedoneyearandfivemonths.

Anti-Clockwise from top centre: Ernest Satow (1843-1929), Takeda Kane (1853-1932), daughter (1872-1873), Eitaro (1880-1926), Hisayoshi (1883-1972)

(The Ernest Satow Album, Yokohama Archives of History, pub. Yurindo, Heisei 13, 2001)

!  October10th.“ToMiya-no-shitawiththe[MinisterFrancisRichard]Plunketts&[RaymonddeB.M.]Layard.Leftby8o’clocktrain,drovedowntheTôkaidôasfarasYamazaki,alittleontheTokiôsideofwhatseemstobeinrealitysam-maye-bashi山前橋,&walkeduptoFuji-yaby6.”ReturnstoTokyoonOctober14th.NextdaySatowcallsonCorpsDiplomatiquecolleaguesandJapaneseministers.

!  October16th–DinneratInoueKaoru’shouseforSirGeorgeBowen,GovernorofHongKong.“Plunketthasclearlyimprovedourrelations[fromthewaytheyhadbeenwithParkes].”

!  November2nd.“Dinedwith[BasilHall]Chamberlaintomeet[Lt.AlbertGeorgeSidney]Hawes,whoreturnedfromEnglandafewdaysago.Havenearlyconcludedpurchaseofahouse[forhisfamily]inFujimi-chō,Shichōme.”

!  ThehousewasbetweenYasukunishrineandHoseiUniversity.

A.G.S. Hawes

Francis Plunkett

YokohamaArchivesofHistoryphotograph

Photograph courtesy Greg Johnson

!  November3rd.BallatRokumeikanforMikado’sbirthday.!  November6th.“DinnergiventomeattheKō-yō-kwanby

oldDate[MunenariofUwajima],YoshidaKiyonari,ShiwodaSaburo.”

!  Nov.7.“GardenPartyatthePalace.TheMikadolookedmoreidioticthanever,&c[ou]ld.onlymumblesomeinarticulatewordsw[hi]ch.meantnothing;heishorriblyugly.LittleTakehitolookednice.Dinedwith[seismologistJohn]Milne,metDr.Henderson&alawyernamedLathamfromShanghai.The[Fujimi-cho]housebought&paidfortoday.”

!  ThedescriptionoftheEmperorinMay1868inADiplomatinJapan(p.371)islessnegative.

!  PrinceArisugawaTakehito有栖川宮威仁親王(1862-1913).CareerofficerintheImperialJapaneseNavy.

!  November8–15.TriptoNikko.!  November15.“Startedat8.15.TheviewoftheNikkō

mountainsfromtheferrywasmagnificent,includingalsoShirane&Akagi:muchmoresnowthan3daysagowhenIwentupNio-hô-zan.Assoonaswegotontothedykesaw[Mount]Fuji,Asama,Haruna&justthetopsofYatsu-ga-takepeeringovertheChichibuhills,quitewhitec.[with]snow.”

!  Nov.18.Lunchedwith[LePoer]Trench.BrinkleyandGubbinsthere.DinedwithHawesatRoku-mei-kwan.SawBrinkleythere.ToldhimIw[ou]ld.notattempttodisturbhispossessionoftheIidamachihouse,andthatifitwerenotsold,Okanewouldbegladtohavehimasatenantaslongashechosetoremain.”

!  ApparentlythisisthefirstdiaryreferencetoKaneTakeda.

This was a large house bought for 600 yen by Satow in Meiji 6 (1873). The land was leased for 30 years from January 1, 1874 at 5 rio per annum. After the Takeda family moved to what is now Fujimi-cho 4-chome, it was rented to Basil Hall Chamberlain for two years from 1886 at 40 yen per month. See pp.94,-95 The Ernest Satow Album (Yokohama Archives of History, pub. Yurindo, 2001).

!  SatowapparentlyreadthispaperonNovember19,1884totheAsiaticSocietyofJapan–butitis74pageslong!Didhereadasummary?

!  ThepaperismainlyanintroductionofseveralseriesoflettersbetweenJapanandSiam.Startsin1606.Finishesabout1670.

!  (ForthefullpaperseeTransactionsoftheAsiaticSocietyofJapan,13,pt.2,November1884,pp.139-210)

“During the century which elapsed from the discovery of Japan by Fernam Mendez Pinto [1509-83] and the almost complete closure of the country to foreign intercourse in 1636, its people abandoned their old habits of seclusion, and a spirit of enterprise arose which prompted them to undertake long voyages, extending even to the remote coasts of Western Europe. The Embassy despatched in 1582 under the auspices of the Jesuit missionaries to Philip II and the Pope was a conspicuous sign of the times, and thirty years later the mission of Hashikura Rokuyemon [1571-1622] was equally celebrated. The merchants of Ōzaka, Hirado and Nagasaki eagerly embarked in the trade to Annam, Tonquin, Cambodia and Siam, to Formosa, the Philippine Islands and the Malay peninsula. Japanese mariners engaged themselves on board the vessels of all the nations that frequented the open ports, and a small number even made a voyage to England and back. Others found employment as soldiers in the service of the Dutch in Macassar and Amboyna, or displayed their audacity and talent for stratagem in the capture of the Dutch Governor of Taiwan. Vessels suitable for navigating the open seas replaced the small junks in which they had formerly ventured timidly down the Yellow Sea, or crossed the straits of Krusenstern and Broughton by passing from island to island, and entered a spirited competition with the sailing ships of their European rivals for the trade of the Far East.”

!  23June.SatowreachesNagasaki.!  “Violentraincameonabouttenandpreventedourgoing

ashore.[Lt.Col.Fairfax]EllisofR.A.[RoyalArtillery]and[Lt.Col.G.]BarkerofR.E.[RoyalEngineers]goingroundtheworldtoexamine&reportoncoastdefences.AlsotheRev.[Hugh]Waddell,wife&familymissionariesofTokyo.[ConsulJamesJoseph]Ensliecameofftoseeme,andtherainhavingceased,wentonshore,anddrankteawithhim&young[studentinterpreterArthurMorrison]Chalmersattheoffice.Leftjustbeforedark.”

!  25[June]Kōbe.“Ellis,Barker&Iwiththedoctorwenttothe[Nunobiki]waterfallintheforenoon,andclimbedthenceuptothehalfwayridgetowardsMayasan[Mt.Maya].Ifeltveryfatigued,andhadnodifficultyininducingtheotherstoturnback.Afterwards[ConsulJames]Troupcameofftoseeme,andIwenttodrinkteawithhimandhiswife.WetookGen[era]l.Cameron,wife&3dau[ghter]s.onboardhere,&leftat10p.m.”

!  GeneralSirWilliamGordonCameron(1827-1913)wasaBritishsoldierandcolonialadministrator.CommanderofBritishTroopsinChina,HongKongandtheStraitsSettlements,1885-89.

!  OnJune27thSatowreachesYokohama.Attackoffever.

!  28June.“CameuptotheLegation[inTokyo]tolunch&waskeptby[Dr.Erwin]BaelzandLadyPlunkett,sosentdownformytraps[personalbelongings].Wasverymuchscoldedfornotcomingupyesterdayatonce,oratleastdirectlyafterfeverfitwasover.[Margin:Sieboldcametoseeme&toldoutlineoftheConference’sfinaldetermination.]”

!  29June.“BegantoreadTreatyrevisionpapers.Seethat[SirFrancis]PlunketthasgotF.O.permissiontoworkindependentlyofotherPowersifnecessary.[HenrySpencer]Palmer’s…letterstothe“Times”byacoincidenceharpedagooddealonthesameidea.Iseeitallnow.IneverbelievedtheF.O.w[ou]ld.doit.ConferencehasgonebacktoInouye[Kaoru]’spropositionsof1882.Plunkett&[GermanMinisterTheodorvon]Hollebenproposedthis,afterithadbeendiscoveredthattheotherschemeputforwardinMaylastwasunworkable.Frenchmanmuchdisgustedattheturnthingshavetaken.”

!  29Junecontd.“Restofthecabinetaresupposednottobeveryfriendly.ConferenceisnowadjournedtillOctober,inorderthatthehomeGov[ernmen]ts.mayhavetheirsay.Supposetheyallagree,(&theFr[ench].manisprob[ably].theonlyadverseone)thentheJapanesehavetocompletetheircodesandpresenttheminanauthorizedEnglishversiontothePowerswithin2yearsoftheratification.Ifthatisdone,theJap[ane]se.willthrowopenthecountrywithjurisdictionoverforeignersoutsideTreatylimits,&after3yearsmoretheywillhavejurisdictioninthe[foreign]settlements.Soitallturnsontheirbeingreadywiththeircodes.TheconferencemayalsogotoshipwreckonthedetailsinOctober&thatismorethanprobable.Plunkett&Hollebenworkingtogether.Itō[Hirobumi]’sleaningsareGerman,Inouye’sAmerican.ViolentrivalrybetweentheAmerican&GermanadvisersoftheF.O.”

!  July2.“CalledonItō[Hirobumi]byapp[oin]tm[en]t.Hewasverygracious.Talkedagreatdealab[ou]t.Siam,&alittleaboutTreatyRevision&R[ai]lw[a]ys.Lookssomewhatold&worn.HeisnowMinisterPresidentoftheCouncil&hasimmensepower;theothersaredwarfs.Idonotquiteunderstandhowhesh[ou]ld.havesomuchpreponderance.”

!  July3.“CalledonGotō[Shōjirō]withPlunkett.”GotōShōjirō後藤象二郎(1838-97)wasaleaderoftheFreedomandPeople’sRightsMovement(JiyūKenminUndō)withItagakiTaisuke.TheyfoundedtheLiberalPartyin1881.

!  “Itw[ou]ld.takehimseveralinterviewstoexplainallhisviews.TheF.RR.[ForeignRepresentatives]werekeptinignoranceoftherealstateofthingsbytheGov[ernmen]t.Theballs&socialentertainments,Ladies’Bazaar&soonweredustthrownintheeyesofForeignPowers.”

!  7July.“CalledonMutsu[Munemitsu],whosaidmuchthesamethingsasGotō,butmoremoderately.Itisquite12yrs.sinceIhaveseenhim,buthebecamefriendly&openalmostatonce…HeknowsthechiefpointsofTreatyrevision,butistroubledab[ou]t.theapptmt.ofjudges.ProfesseshimselfveryEnglishintendency.Doesnotthinktherewillbeanygreatinfluxofforeignersorforeigncapital.Doesnotwishthetransitionperiodtobetoolong.Thinksitnecessarytodiminishthelandtaxby10millions,toimposeincometax,&deathduties.Muchillicittobaccodealing.”

!  9July.“CalledonŌkuma[Shigenobu].Schoolisnotquitesoflourishingasmightbe,owingtocompetitionofstate-supportedschoolsw[hi]ch.givegreateradvantages.Countryverypoor,owingtocontractionofthecurrency;noopeningforinvestmentincommerce,sopeopleputitintogov[ernmen]t.bonds&c.Hollownessofgov[ernmen]t.credit.Butworstofallthepolicesystem;mustbechangedfr[om].toptobottom.Brutalityofpoliceofficers,chosenfr[om].Shizoku[士族],whotreatlowerclassesasbeingofanotherrace.”

!  TokyoSenmonGakkowasfoundedbyOkumain1882.ItwasformallyrenamedWasedaDaigaku(WasedaUniversity)onacquiringuniversitystatusin1902.

!  July12.“CalledonMori[Arinori],whoisnowMin[iste]r.ofeducation;hetalkednothingelse.IsfriendlytotheRomajikai,butbelievestheresultaimedatbythemwillbereachedthro’thewiderknowledgeofEnglishw[hi]ch.theteachingofthatlanguageinallthemiddleschoolswillbringabout”.

!  July16.“ReturnedYamao[Yozo]’scall.HetalkedagooddealaboutŌyeTaku&hisassociates,&didnotseemtothinkmuchofMutsuoranyofthem.ThentoaJapanesedinneratCountInouye’shouseonTorii-zaka,whereBrinkleylivedandafterhimAnderson.Yamagata,Yoshikawa(originallyadoctorofAwaniShikoku)youngSameshima,Asada,asec[retar]yofInouye’swhoalmosttalkedmyheadoffafterdinner,&severalotherJap[ane]se.Kirkwood,Stevens,Denison,Palmer&Brinkley.”

!  July17–23.Hakone.July24–August15.Nikko.

!  Aug.24.“SpentthistimeatHakone;itrainedmostlyeveryday,&theonly2walksIhasweretoGongenofMotoHakone,&onceonthehillstowardsMishima,wheretheviewwasfinealongthecoastandoverIdzu[Izu伊豆],tho’thelakeandm[oun]t[ai]ns.roundwereenvelopedincloud-rack[groupsofdriftingclouds].ThushadtimetowriteseveralquiresofChiengmaijournal.”

!  ThisistheaccountofSatow’striptoChiengmaifrom1December1885to4March1886.

!  26Aug.“WenttocallonGotōShōjirōbyapp[oin]tm[en]t.Afteragooddealofdesultorytalkinw[hi]ch.hiswifetookpart,theconvers[atio]nturneduponKimOkkyun.Gotōthoughtthelatterhadbeenveryhardly[harshly]treated.”

!  KimOk-gyun金玉均(1851-94).ReformistactivistwhoparticipatedtoadvanceWesternideasandscienceinKorea.

!  29Aug–30.“GettingdowntoKȏbein“Thibet”.OldRev.ForbesCapelonboard.GladtofindhehasnointentionofcomingtoBangkok.Gowlandcamedownfr[om].Ōzaka,&aftertiffining[lunching]withhimattheTroupswherealsowerethePownallsoftheR[ai]lw[a]y.dept.returnedwithhimtoŌzakatolookoverhiscollectionoffindsfr[om].dolmens,w[hi]ch.areverygood.Spenttheafternoonwithhim&returnedby6.25train.Extremelygoodmantogiveupawholeday,&comeallthatwayforme.Gotawayat11p.m.”

!  WilliamGowland(1842-1922).EnglishminingengineerfamousforhisarchaeologicalworkatStonehengeandinJapan.Calledthe“FatherofJapaneseArchaeology”.InJapan1872-88.

!  1Septr.“ReachedNagasakiabout9andleftalittlebeforesix.Wentashoreto[J.J.]Enslie,&thentothecuriodealerSatōwhereIbought5piecesSatsuma,1ōkawachi,2Kameyamaand4piecesofoldHirado;alsoasuzuribako[writingbox硯箱]ofgoldlacquerwithirisesoninsideoflid,&afubako[boxforletters文箱],decoratedwithquailandflowers:26yenforthewholelotofporcelain,33yenforthetwopiecesoflacquer.AlsoatFuruya’stwopiecesofsepulchralpotteryfor2½yen.”

!  5September–reachedHongKong.

!  1.SiamwasaGoodCareerMoveForErnestSatow,postingtoSiam(confirmedto

himbyletterwhenhewasonleaveinLondonon13January1884)openeduptheveryrarechanceofpromotionfromtheConsulartotheDiplomaticService.HedidnotdislikeSiamatfirst(thoughlatertheclimate,lackofgoodfriendsandmaybeignoranceofthelanguageworehimdown),butheverysoonmissedJapanand–onepresumes,thoughhedoesnotwritethisinhisdiaries–hisfamily.

!  2.HemaintainedhisscholarlyactivitiesandreadapaperonJapan-SiamrelationstotheAsiaticSocietyofJapanin1884.

!  3.ReturningtoJapanforvacations(R&R)allowedhimtoreconnectwithJapaneseandforeignfriends,acquaintancesandfamily.HewasabletogaugethesituationregardingTreatyRevisionandgeneralpoliticalandeconomicconditionsofJapan.UltimatelyhehopedtoberepostedthereasMinister,andhewas-from1895to1900.

!  4.HewasabletobuytheFujimi-chohousein1884fortheTakedafamily:Okane,EitaroandHisayoshi.

! ThankyouforListening!! ご清聴ありがとうございました。