North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota Revised May 2018

Emerald Ash Borer

E1634 Revised

Biology and Integrated Pest Management in North Dakota

Lake

Mic

higa

n

L akeH

uro n

L a ke Erie

L a ke Superior

MOIL

INOH

MIPA

WVVA

MD

WIMN

KY

Lake Ontar io

NY

IA

TN

KS

CTMA

NH

NC

GA

CO

NJ

AR

LATX

NE

DE

OK

AL

SC

VTIron

Elk

Del ta

Wil l

Ti oga

Pike

Lee

Luce

Cook

Texas

York

Eri e

Kent

Marq uette

Pike

Al ger

Potter

Ogl e Centre

Pol k

Ray

Cass

McL ean

Dent

LinnRoss

Chi ppewa

Berks

Bates

Knox

Gogebi c

La S al l e

How el lBarry

Fulton

Pike

Huron

Lycom i ng

Sani l ac

Baraga

Henry

Iroquoi s

Adam s

Al len

Cli nton

Mac on

McK ean

Bureau

Ontonagon

Butl er

Sal i ne

Bay

Bradford

Lake

Augusta

Lee

Iron

Ozark

Bedford

Shannon

Henry

Vernon

Boone

Warren

Randol ph

Clea rfi el d

Frankl i n

Al legan

Petti s

Wayne

Clay

Bath

Luzerne

Cass

Ioni a

Oakl and

Hal ifax

Blai r

Butl er

Shel by

Indi ana

Kane

Wayne

Som erset

Clare

Mac ki nac

Houghton

Crawford

Taney

Knox

Pike

Lake

Logan

Benton

Oregon

Knox

Kanawha

Tuscol a

Wood

Bucks

Hol t

Phel ps

Dougl as

Edgar

Wayne

Rip l ey

Jay

Al cona

Knox

Livi ngston

Carrol l

Rall s

Ford

Barry

School craft

Peori a

Adai r

Mi l l er

Lake

Sagi naw

Iosco

Eaton

Laclede

Call away

Johnson

Perry

Fayette

Stark

Dade

Clay

Darke

Lancaster

Osage

Licki ng

ClarkNod away

Clark

New aygo

Coles

Lapeer

HancockVerm il i on

Vigo

Frankl i n

Cham pai gn

Me nomi nee

Col e

Sci oto

Greene

Chester

Hardy

Calh oun

WrightScott

Mac oupi n

Bedford

Lincol n

Lewi s

Camden

Jasper

Reynol ds

Greenbri er

Cass

Mac on

Me rcer

Fayette

Dal l as

Mad ison

Piatt

DeKal b

Lenawee

Chari ton

Wayne

Mon roe

Mason

Jackson

Audrai n

Frankl i n

Al pena

Sangam on

Barton

Perry

Clari on

Adam s

Clay

Stoddard

Gal l i a

Stone

Charl es

Rush

Camb ri a

Pittsyl vani a

Cass

Preston

Boone

Cedar

St. Cl ai r

Sul li van

Pocahontas

Rale i gh

St. Cl ai r

Fayette

Pike

Clay

Grant

Garrett

Mari on

Cli nton

Venango

Harri son

Loui sa

Di ckinson

Morgan

Cooper

New ton

Wayne

Mon roe

Roane

Logan

Pope

Pulaski

Wise

Perry

Huron

Schuyl ki l l

St. Cl ai r

Mason

White

Brown

Jasper

Greene

Parke

Al len

Logan

White

Lorai n

Crawford

Chri sti an

Hunti ngdon

Bond

Uni on

Adam s

Oscoda

Genesee

Clark

Ottawa

Grati ot

LaPorte

Mari es

Berri en

Morgan

Seneca

Ni chol as

Carter

Me rcer

Al legheny

Greene

Greene

Jackson

Uni on

Fauqui er

Wayne

Dunkl i n

Cheboygan

Ceci l

Tazewel l

Gi bson

Ingham

Perry

Davi ess

Antri m

Posey

Rocki ngham

Mon tcal m

Rip l ey

Butl er

Oceana

Branch

Jackson

Scott

Gi les

Mon roe

Me igs

Washi ngton

Cli nton

Otsego

Kankakee

Osceol a

Shel by

Putnam

Clark

Al bem arl e

Grant

Mi ngo

Pendl eton

Jasper

Isabel l a

Trum bul l

Boone

Bol li nger

Lewi s

Westmo rel and

Platte

Gentry

Carrol l

Nob l e

Athens

Floyd

Dauphi n

Mason

Ow en

Perry

Emm et

Hi ll sdal e

Ashtabul a

Warren

Nel son

Fulton

Mi am i

Ogem aw

Sm yth

Hardi n

Page

Sussex

Russel l

Carrol l

Wythe

Nob l e

Henry

Patri ck

Gl adwi n

Putnam

Frederi ck

Frankl i n

Putnam

Me costaMi dl and

White si de

Bel mont

Carol i ne

McH enry

Randol ph

Prebl e

Kalk aska

Carrol l

Webster

Bland

Lawrence

Well s

Portage

Wood

Susquehanna

Henry

Washi ngton

Vin ton

Duboi s

Fulton

Henry Loudoun

Jefferson

Porter

Pulaski

Mari on

Beaver

Braxton

Forest

Mi am i

Crai g

Lafayette

Hi ghl and

Lincol n

Ritchi e

Me rcer

Sal i ne

Jefferson

Hancock

Jackson

Mon roe

Wexford

Washtenaw

Balti m ore

Elk hart

Chri sti an

Lucas

Webster

Atchi son

Van Buren

Musk ingum

Arm strong

How ard

Cli nton

Grundy

Me rcer

Mad ison

Man istee

Mon roe

DeKal b

Kent

Grundy

Ham pshi re

Eri e

Crawford

Cli ntonShel by

Tazewel l

Wayne

St. Loui s

Tucker

Rich l and

Shel by

Sul li van

Mac om b

Mi ffl i n

Fulton

Sul li van

Me di na

Carrol l

Cli nton

Benton

Mari on

Mari on

Livi ngston

Hol m es

Jackson

Greene

Pemi scot

Fairf i el d

St. Mary's

Davi ess

Pickaway

New Mad ri d

Camp bel l

Hanover

Geauga

Jo Davi ess

Kosci usko

Brunswi ck

Andrew

Mad ison

Mon tgom ery

Guernsey

Uni on

Warren

Me rcer

Morgan

Jefferson

McD owel l

Kala mazoo

Suffol k

Orange

Grayson

Harri son

Wyom i ng

Colu m bi a

Mi ssaukee

Carbon

McD onal d

Coshocton

Sum m i t

Mad ison

Presque Isl e

Carrol l

Morgan

Fairfax

Mon roe

Am herst

Botetourt

Buchanan

Randol ph

Washi ngton

Rockbri dge

Dougl as

Jersey

Musk egon

Harford

Frankl i n

Surry

Livi ngston

Ashl and

Am el i a

Hocki ng

Me cklenburg

Cald wel l

Mon roe

St. Ch arl es

Hi ckory

Morrow

Warren

Benzi e

New ton

Lehi gh

Woodford

Di nwi ddi e

Wabash

Marshal l

Gi lm er

Jackson

Pauldi ng

DeKal b

Brown

Arenac

McD onough

Fayette

Roscom m on

Al legany

Adam s

Cler m ont

Randol ph

Bucki ngham

Marti n

Brown

Wil li am s

Charl otte

Lake

Scotl and

Schuyl er

Stark

Del aware

Cuyahoga

Upshur

Tuscarawas

Ham il ton

Wetzel

De Wi tt

Pulaski

PutnamLawrence

Dorchester

Essex

Spencer

Frankl i n

Colu mbi ana

Tyl er

Stephenson

Washi ngton

Lawrence

Wirt

Washi ngton

St. Jo seph

Cabel l

Hi ghl and

Harri son

BooneWinne bago

Warren

Augl ai ze

Warri ck

Crawford

Cumb erl and

Shi awassee

Al leghany

Orange

Harri son

DuPage

Came ron

Fountai n

Ham il ton

Defi ance

Marshal l

Effi ngham

Decatur

Snyder

Southam pton

Mon iteau

Wyandot

Mah oni ng

Ham il ton Mari on

Kendal l

Ti ppecanoe

Wyom i ng

Starke

Buchanan

Lebanon

Culp eper

Washi ngton

Scott

Mi neral

Sandusky

Gal lati n

Rich l and

Jenni ngs

Del aware

Crawford

Barbour

Johnson

St. Jo seph

Whitl ey

Van Wert

Lunenburg

Mon tmorency

Wil li am son

Me nard

LaGrange

Cham pai gn

Mon tgom ery

Mou ltri e

Hend ri cks

Ti pton

Worth

Wicom i co

Lawrence

Washi ngton

Leel anau

Mad ison

Mon tgom ery

Johnson

Lawrence

Rock Isl and

Steuben

How ard

Hancock

Berkel ey

Charl evoi x

Marshal l

Jefferson

Ottawa

Schuyl er

Chesterfi el d

FluvannaScott

Mon ongal i a

Di ckenson

Massac

How ard

Crawford

Nottoway

Stafford

Cumb erl and

Uni on

Powhatan

Clarke

Floyd

Tayl or

Fayette

Hardi n

Ohi o

Juni at

a

Gasc

onad

e

Mon t-gomery

Frederi ck

Shenandoah

Worcester

Tal botMon tgom ery Carol i ne

Lackawanna

Sum mers

Mi ssi ssi ppi

Jefferson

Acco

mac

k

Cape Gi rardeau

Roanoke

St. Francoi s

Calhoun

Mon t-gomery

Calh oun

Hen-derson

Hunti ng-to n

Ste. G enevi eve

Kewe enaw

Calvert

Spotsyl vani a

Dear-born

Som erset

Barthol om ew

Prince George's

Mon tgom ery

Henri co

Grand Traverse

Morgan

Anne Arundel

Dodd

ridg

e

Chesapeake

Pulaski

North-umbe rl and

Goochl and

Wab

ash

Northa

m pton

Warren

Greensvi l l e

Appom attox Isle of

Wight

Vermil l i on

Edwa

rds

YorkCumb erl and

Prince Wil li am

Prince Edward

Al exander

Queen A

nne's

Putnam

King Wi l l i am

New K ent

Rich m ond

Gl oucester

Greene

Virg ini a Beach

King and

Queen

Del aware

Jeff

erso

n

Prince

G eorge

Rappa-hannock

Ohi o

Swi tzerl and

Vander-burgh

Westmo rel and

Lancaster

Charl es Ci ty

Black-ford

Jam es Ci ty

Mi ddl esex

King George

Mon tour

Pleasan

ts

Brooke

North-umbe rl and

Nort

ham

pton

Phil a

del p

hia

Hancock

Math ews

Norfol k

New port News Ham pton

Danvi l l e

Balti m ore City

St. Loui s City

Lynch-burg

Rich mon d Ci ty

Portsm outh

Arl ington

Petersburg

Bristol

Poquoson

Gal ax

Al exandri a

Hopewel l

Man assas

Marti nsvi l l e

Wil li am sburg

Bedford Ci ty

DC

Price

Dane

Pol k

Clark

Vil as

Grant

Rusk

Sawyer

Bayfi el d

Iron

Onei da

Dunn

Dougl as

Sauk

Mara thon

Iowa

Forest

Tayl or

Rock

Dodge

Mari nette

Oconto

Wood

Lincol nBarron

Ashl and

Jackson

Mon roe

Vernon

Juneau

Chi ppewa

Burnett

Portage

Shaw ano

Adam s

Langl ade

Green

Pierce

Buffal o

Door

Colu m bi a

BrownWaupaca

Washburn

St. Croi x

Rich l and

Eau Clai re

Fond du Lac

Waushara

Crawford

Lafayette

Outagam i e

Walw orth

Florence

WaukeshaJefferson

Man itowoc

Winne bago

Raci ne

Calu m et

La C rosse

Pepi n

Sheb oyganMarq uette

Kenosha

Me nomi nee

Trem -pealeau

Was

hing

ton

Kewa

unee

Green Lake

Ozaukee

Mi l waukee

St. Loui s

Cass

Pol k

Lake

Itasca

Bel tram i

Pine

Cook

Ai tki n

Koochi chi ng

Clay

Roseau

Otter Tai l

Marshal l

Becker

Todd

Stearns

Lyon

Pope

Kittson

Swi ft

Renvi l l e

Morri son

Rice

Carlton

Wil ki n

Hubb ard

Norm an

Crow Wi ng

Marti n Fil l m oreMow erNob l esRock

Brown

Grant

Redw ood

Murray

Wright

Si bl ey

Lake of th e Woods

Dougl as

Goodhue

Kandi yohi

Jackson

Winona

Me eker

Dakota

Lincol n

Farib aul t Freeborn

Ol msted

Isanti

Anoka

Blue E arth

Stevens

Dodge

Houston

Mi l le Lacs

Wadena

Hennepi n

Kanabec

McL eod

Steel e

Traverse

Chi ppewa

Scott

Lac q ui Parl e

Wabasha

Benton

Ni col l et

Chi sago

Penni ngton

Carver

Mah nom en

WasecaCottonwood

Big S tone

Le S ueur

Pipestone

Red Lake

Yel low Medi ci ne

Watonwan

Sherb urne

Clea rwater

Was

hing

ton

Ram sey

Pike

Ohi o Clay

Pulaski

Logan

Bel l

Hardi n

Lewi s

Tri gg

Hart

Graves

Knox

Chri sti an

Casey

Adai r

Todd

Barren

Floyd

Wayne

Laurel

Warren

Harl an

Hopki ns

Lesl i e

Al len

Butl er

Uni on

Ow en

Grayson

KnottDavi essPerry

Nel son

Carter

Bath

Lee

LyonWhitl ey

Shel by

Mad isonBreathi tt

Morgan

Mari on

Scott

Esti l l

Clark

Lincol n

Call oway

Me ade

Green

Bull i tt

Henry

Larue

Rowan

Fle mi ng

Brecki nri dge

Grant

Lawrence

Mon roe

McC reary

Hend erson

Boone

Cald wel l

Tayl or

Greenup

Jackson

Letcher

Russel lMuh lenberg

Marshal l

Mason

Ball ard

Jefferson

Webster

Ell i ott

Fayette

Wolfe

Bourbon

Harri son

Crittenden

Me rcer

Marti n

Boyl e

Boyd

Fulton

Johnson

Edm onson

Hi ckm an

Cli nton

Powel l

Si mpson

Ow sl ey

Carli sl e

Frankl i n

Bracken

Ol dham

Me nifeeSpencer

Livi ngston

McL ean

Mag offi n

Me tc al fe

Rockcastl e

Garrard

Pendl eton

Cumb er-land

Washi ng

ton

McC racken

Kenton

Hancock

Ni chol as

Ande rson

Carrol

lTri mbl e

Wood-ford

Camp-bel l

Jessa-mi ne

Mon t-gomery

Gallati

n

Robertson

Essex

Eri e

Lewi s

St. Law rence

Frankl i n

Ham il ton

Ul ster

Onei da

Steuben

Cli nton

Del aware

Herki m er

Otsego

Osw ego

Sul li vanAl legany

Jefferson

Warren

Suffol k

Orange

Cattaraugus

Cayuga

Chenango

Ti oga

Chautauqua

Broom e

Saratoga

Greene

WayneMon roe

Dutchess

Ontari o

Fulton

Onondaga Mad ison Al bany

Colu m bi a

Ni agara

Wyom i ng

YatesLivi ngston

Schoh ari e

Renssel aer

Genesee

Cortl and

Tom pki ns

Orl eans

Chem ung

Schuyl er

Nassau

Putnam

Mon tgom ery

Wash-ington

Seneca

Westchester

Rockl and

Schene ctad

y

Kings

Que ens

Bronx

Rich m ond

New York

Linn

Sac

Lee

Pol k

ClaySi oux

Tam a

Lyon

Cass

Kossuth

Ida

Iowa

Page

Clay ton

Jasper

Benton

Cli nton

Adai r

Story

Cedar

Dal l as

Jones

Boone

Plym outh

Davi s

Mi l l s

Mon ona

Floyd

Fayette

Butl er

Shel by

Woodbury

Carrol l

Hardi n

Tayl or

Mari on Keokuk

ScottHarri son

Jackson

Webster

Wright

Greene

Lucas

Wayne

Guthri e

Uni on

Crawford

Johnson

Calh oun

Warren

O'Bri en

Dubuque

Frankl i n

Henry

Grundy

Mad ison

Hancock

Clarke

Loui sa

Marshal l

Mah askaPottawattam i e

Decatur

Al lam akee

Ham il ton

Rin ggol d

Palo A l to

Adam s

Del aware

How ard

Buchanan

Cherokee

Frem ont

WorthWinne shi ek

Brem er

Emm et

Mon roe

Poweshi ek

Mi tchel l

Wapel l o

Pocahontas

Audubon

Osceol a

Blac k H awk

Chi ckasaw

Buena Vi sta

Appanoose Van Buren

Washi ngton

Cerro Gordo

Hum bol dt

Musc ati ne

Di ckinson

JeffersonDes Moi nes

Winne bago

Mon tgom ery

Gi les

Shel by

Pol k

Wayne

Knox

Dyer

Mau ry

HenryObi on

Scott

Sevi er

Gi bson Blo unt

Fayette

Carrol l

Hardi n

Mon roe

Greene

Wil son

Lincol n

Perry

Cocke

Mari on

Hi ckm an

Frankl i n

Sum ner

Morgan

Ti pton

Rhea

Mad ison

Weakl ey

Roane

Hardem an

Lawrence

McN ai ry

Ham il ton

Di ckson

Clay

Benton

Coffee

Haw ki ns

White

Hayw ood

Stew art

Davi dsonCumb erl and

Bedford

Warren

Putnam

Camp bel l

Sul li van

McMi nn

Fentress

Wil li am son Rutherford

Sm ith

Overton

Ble dsoe

Carter

Lewi s Grundy

Hum phreys

Hend erson

Mac on

Clai borne

DeKal b

Robertson

Lauderdal e

Uni on

Mon tgom ery

Bradl ey

Jackson

Cannon

Chester

Loudon

Jefferson

Crockett

Houston

Marshal lDecatur

Lake

Meigs

Johnson

Ande rson

Grai nger

Cheat-ham

Uni coi

Washi ngton

Van Buren

Hancock

Pickett

Sequatchi e

Moo re

Ham bl enTrousdal e

Ti pton

Litch fi el d

Hartford

Fairf i el d

New L ondon

Tol land

Wind ham

New H aven

Mi ddl esex

Reno

Ford Butl er

GoveEll i s

Ness

Elk

Finney

Clark

Logan

Lyon

Gray

Rice

Cowl eyBarber

Clay

Lane

Sum ner

Rooks

Trego

Rush

Linn

Sm ith

Me ade

Rawl i ns

Jewel l

Thom as

Pratt

Mari on

Barton

Cloud

Chase

Russel l

Kiowa

Phil l i ps

Ril ey

Kearny

Scott

Norton

Sherm an

Sal i ne

Graham

Osage

Wall ace

Harper

Ham il ton

DecaturCheyenne

King m an

Sedgwi ck

Pawnee

Greenwood

Marshal l

Osbo rne

Lincol n

Morri sGreel ey

Mi am i

Grant

Al len

Morton

Sheri dan

Ottawa

Coffey

Brown

Wich i ta

Stevens

Di ckinson

Nem aha

Mi tchel l

Stafford

Republ i c

Wil son

Stanton

Sew ard

Hodg em an

McP herson

Labette

Jackson

Com anche

Haskel l

Bourbon

Neosho

Ell sworth

Washi ngton

HarveyEdwa rds

Frankl i n

WabaunseeGeary

Pottawatom i e

Crawford

Shaw nee

Cherokee

Dougl as

Ande rson

Johnson

Chautauqua

Woodson

Jefferson

Mon tgom ery

Atchi son

Doni phan

Leaven-worth

Wyandotte

Worcester

Berkshi re

Frankl i n

Essex

Bristol

Mi ddl esex

Plym outh

Ham pden

Ham pshi re

Norfol k

Barnstabl e

Dukes

Suffol k

Nantucket

Coos

GraftonCarrol l

Me rrim ack

Cheshi re

Sul li van

Hi ll sborough

Bel knap

Rocki ngham

Strafford

PittWake

Bladen

Dupl i n

Hyde

PenderRobeson

Uni on

Wil kes

Berti e

Moo re

Sam pson

Craven

Onsl ow

Nash

Colu m bus

Hal ifax

Beaufort

Swai n

Surry

Anson

Randol ph

Burke

JohnstonIredel l

Rowan

Ashe

Brunswi ck

Wayne

Mac on

Chatham

Jones

Gui lford

Hoke

HarnettLee

Marti n

Buncom be

Stokes

Lenoi r

Davi dson

Stanl yHayw ood

Frankl i n

Granvi l l e

Jackson

Person

Pol k

Dare

Gates

Caswel l

Cald wel l

Warren

Tyrrel l

Cumb erl and

Wil son

Mad ison

Orange

Clay

Gaston

ForsythYadki n

Rich m ondClev el and

Cherokee

Catawba

Rutherford

Rocki ngham

Davi e

McD owel l

Vance

Edgecom be

Yancey

Lincol n

Me cklenburg

Avery

Northa m pton

Cabarrus

Graham

Durham

Hertford

Greene

Watauga

Hend erson

Washi ngtonAl leghany

Carteret

Paml i co

Al amance

Mon tgom ery

Scotl and

Camden

Transyl vani a

Mi tchel l Al exander

Chowan

Currituck

Perqui m ans

Pasquotank

New Hanover

Ware

Burke

Cli nch

Hal l

Laurens

Lee

Earl y

Bull och

Wayne

Floyd

Charl ton

Long

Coffee

Worth

Ema nuel

Fulton

Camden

Dodge

Screven

Bryan

GradyDecatur

Pol k

Troup

Carrol l

Brooks

Harri s

Libe rty

Thom as

Dool y

Colq ui tt

Appl i ng

Wil kes

Gl ynn

Cobb

Irwi n

Jones

Echol s

Sum ter

Bartow

Gi lm er

Ti ft

Mac on

Tel fai r

Mi tchel l

Rabun

Coweta

Berri en

Lowndes

Tattnal l

Walker

Fanni n

Baker

Tal bot

Uni on

Tayl or

Washi ngton

Elb ert

Hancock

Bibb

Greene

Stew art

Pierce

Wil cox

Crisp

Upson

Pike

Jasper

Mari on

ClayBrantl ey

Hart

Henry

Mon roe

Twi ggs

Chatham

Putnam

Cook

Gordon

Bacon

Mi l l er

Randol ph

Gwi nnett

Heard

Terrel l

Toom bs

Morgan

Wil ki nson

Effi ngham

Houston

Jenki ns

Cherokee

Walton

Jackson

Turner

Banks

Atki nson

Pauldi ngDeKal b

White

Calh oun

Lincol n

Johnson

Pulaski

WarrenNew ton

Bald wi n

Lump ki n

Colu m bi a

Wheel er

Mad ison

Crawford

Rich m ond

Butts

Dade

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·0 250125

MilesUSDA/APHIS/PPQ4/30/2018map by dbopp

2018 EAB County Detections

EAB County Detections 2002-2017

DISCLAIM ER: These data, and all the information contained therein, have been collected by the U.S. Department of Agriculture'sAnimal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS),or by its cooperators on APH IS’ behalf , for restricted governmentpurposes only and is the sole property of APHIS. Data may bedisseminated on a need-to-know basis only and must be usedfor their intended government purpose(s). All information containedwithin these data are subjec t to required Federal safeguards andshall only be shared and/or used cons is tent with the Trade Secrets Act [18 U.S.C. 1905], the Privacy Act of 1974, as amended[5 U .S.C. 552a], the Freedom of Information Act [5 U.S.C. 552],the conf identiality provis ions of the Food Security Act of 1985[7 U .S.C. 2276], Sect ion 1619 of the Food, Conservation, andEnergy Act of 2008 [7 U .S.C . 8791], and other applicable Federal lawsand im plem enting regulat ions , as well as with the confidentiality ornon-disclosure prov isions of any other agreement entered into between APHIS and a cooperator.

United States Department ofAgriculture

May 1, 2018EAB County Detections

Cooperative Emerald Ash Borer Project

Janet J. Knodel, Extension Entomologist Joseph D. Zeleznik, Extension Forester Gerald M. Fauske, Collection Manager Patrick B. Beauzay, Research Specialist Charles R. Elhard, Plant Protection Officer, North Dakota Department of Agriculture

DistributionEmerald ash borer is native to Asia, where it can be found on several species of ash and is not considered a pest. Emerald ash borer most likely was transported to North America as larvae or pupae embedded in ash pallets, crates or packing material transported by cargo ships. As of April 2018, EAB has spread to 33 states and three Canadian provinces (Figure 1). Information on EAB’s most current distribution can be found at these websites:

www.emeraldashborer.info/about-eab.php

The Emerald ash borer (EAB), Agrilus planipennis, is an invasive, metallic, wood-boring beetle (Coleoptera: Buprestidae) that is a major cause of ash tree decline and mortality in the Midwest. This highly destructive pest attacks only species of ash (Fraxinus spp.).

Emerald ash borer was introduced to North America accidentally in the mid-1990s and was detected first in southeastern Michigan in 2002. Unlike native borer insects, which typically only attack trees already in decline, EAB attacks stressed and healthy trees. Emerald ash borer has been responsible for killing more than 25 million ash trees in less than a decade.

Cover photograph – Emerald ash borer adult (L. Bauer, USDA Forest Service Northern Research Station, Bugwood.org)

Figure 1. New county detections of emerald ash borer as of May 1, 2018 (USDA APHIS PPQ and USDA Forest Service). In addition, emerald ash borer was recently confirmed in Winnipeg, Canada on December 2017 (not shown on map) and in Sioux Falls, Minnehaha County, South Dakota on May 9, 2018 (added to map).

Figure 5. Serpentine tunnel created by emerald ash borer larva (G. Fauske, NDSU)

2

IdentificationFigure 2. Size of emerald ash borer adult compared with a penny (H. Russell, Michigan State University, Bugwood.org)

Adults are recognized as metallic, wood-boring beetles (Family Buprestidae) by their short saw-toothed antennae, blunt head and elongate yet compact body with metallic coloration.

The adult EAB is distinguished from other North Dakota Buprestidae by its size (about ½ inch or 13 millimeters [mm]), overall metallic green with coppery reflections on the pronotum (shieldlike body segment behind the head), and the bright metallic red of the upper surface of the abdomen (Figures 2 and 3).

The elytra (hard front wing covers) and membranous hind wings must be spread apart completely to view the dorsal surface of the abdomen. The abdomen projects beyond the elytra as a blunt-ended spine.

Eggs are oval to round, less than 0.039 of an inch (1 mm) in diameter, and although white when laid, they rapidly turn red-orange (Figure 4). Because eggs are laid in bark crevices, they are not readily observed.

Larvae create characteristic serpentine tunnels beneath the bark of their host ash trees (Figure 5). Tunnels curve at near right angles so that the tunnel length, as measured in a straight line from start to end point, is less than half of the actual total tunnel distance through the wood.

EAB larvae (Figure 6) are recognized by their enlarged and flattened pronotum, elongate body shape with abdominal segments one to seven trapezoidal, abdominal segment eight bell-shaped, and the last abdominal segment round with two spines (urogomphi, Figure 7).

Table 1. Larvae of ash-boring insects in North Dakota: comparison with emerald ash borer.

Character Emerald ash borerRed-headed

ash borer Carpenterworm Ash/lilac borerAsh bark beetles

Larva Prepupa Larva Larva Larva Larvae

Length (late instar)

0.71 inch (18 mm)

0.51 inch (13 mm)

0.39 inch (10 mm)

3 inches (75 mm)

0.59 inch (15 mm)

0.12 inch (3 mm)

Shape thin and wormlike

thick and wormlike

thick and wormlike

caterpillarlike caterpillarlike grublike

Thoracic legs absent absent present present present absent

Prolegs absent absent absent present present absent

Urogomphi present present absent absent absent absent

Figure 3. Emerald ash borer adult (D. Cappaert, Bugwood.org)

Figure 4. Emerald ash borer egg (H. Liu, Michigan State University, Bugwood.org)

Figure 6. Emerald ash borer larva (Pennsylvania Department of Conservation and Natural Resources – Forestry Archive, Bugwood.org)

Figure 7. Comparison of prepupa of emerald ash borer (left) and red-headed ash borer (right). Circle shows two spines (urogomphi) on emerald ash borer larva (G. Fauske, NDSU)

3

Overwintering larvae excavate a deeper chamber at the end of their tunnel and take on a compact appearance, with body segments somewhat telescoped together. At this point, they are called prepupae. A comparison of common wood-boring ash insect larvae is provided in Table 1.

Pupae have the characteristic shape of the adult beetle, with short, serrate antennae and blunt spine at the tip of the last abdominal segment (Figure 8). Newly formed pupae are white.

As the beetle within develops, the pupa takes on the adult form. When the adult emerges, the pupal exuvia (shed skin) remains in the pupal chamber. By contrast, two other common ash-boring insects, ash/lilac borer (Podosesia syringae) and carpenterworm (Prionoxystus robiniae), have the pupal skin partially or mostly extruded from the adult exit hole. Buprestids of the genus Agrilus, such as EAB, leave D-shaped emergence holes (Figure 9).

Figure 8. Emerald ash borer pupa (K. Law, USDA APHIS PPQ, Bugwood.org)

Figure 9. D-shaped emergence hole of emerald ash borer (D. Miller, USDA Forest Service, Bugwood.org)

Life CycleThe EAB is a holometabolous insect, meaning it undergoes complete metamorphosis. The EAB has four life stages: egg, larva, pupa and adult. The life cycle of the EAB is completed in about one to two years. In northern states, such as North Dakota, larvae are expected to take two years to mature and complete development due to the colder climate and shorter growing season.

Females can lay 60 to 90 eggs in their lifetime. They deposit individual eggs on the bark surface or in bark cracks and crevices from mid-May through July. Eggs hatch one to two weeks later.

Larvae bore into the tree by chewing into the inner bark and cambium, creating serpentine (S-shaped) galleries. Larvae feed during the summer, usually from late June through October. These galleries increase in size as the larvae grow and feed. Larval galleries have been found in trunks and branches measuring as small as 1 inch in diameter.

When EAB larval densities are high, the tree’s water and nutrient flow can be interrupted, causing crown dieback and death during a two- to five-year period, depending on the tree’s size and relative health.

Larvae overwinter in a small gallery and pupate in early spring (April or May) of the following year. Based on the degree day (DD) accumulations, adults first emerge at 450 to 550 DD (using a base temperature of 50 F or 10 C), which in North Dakota is from mid-June through mid-July. Peak emergence is at 900 to 1,100 DD, from mid- to late July. Research indicates that winter temperatures colder than minus 30 F will cause about 98 percent mortality of EAB larvae. However, larvae found on the south side of trees often were not dead due to heat from sun in winter. In areas with harsh winter climate, the spread of EAB and time it takes to kill a tree is expected to be longer.

Adults live for only three to six weeks and feed on foliage for one to two weeks prior to mating. Foliar feeding by EAB adults causes little damage to the ash tree (Figure 10). They mate and repeat the life cycle.

Figure 10. Emerald ash borer adult feeding on an ash leaf (D. Miller, USDA Forest Service, Bugwood.org)

4

Figure 11. Green ash tree (N.D. Tree Handbook, NDSU)

Potential HostsEmerald ash borer attacks and kills all of the North American ash species in native woodlands, shelterbelts and urban forests.

In North Dakota, the most common ash species is green ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanica, Figure 11). Black ash (F. nigra, Figure 12), Manchurian ash (F. mandshurica) and white ash (F. americana) are uncommon in urban areas; however, these species also are susceptible to EAB, although Manchurian ash does have some level of resistance to this pest.

Note that EAB will infest healthy and unhealthy ash trees, large and small (down to 1 inch or 2.54 centimeters [cm] in diameter), and all of the named cultivars. Mountain-ash (Sorbus spp.) is not susceptible to EAB because it is not a true ash tree.

Figure 12. Black ash tree (N.D. Tree Handbook, NDSU)

Damage The vast majority of damage comes from feeding by the larvae in the phloem tissue, just under the bark. EAB larval galleries (Figure 13) also can extend into the sapwood. This feeding behavior damages the vascular system of the tree, blocking water and nutrient transport.

Visible symptoms of damage are dieback of the tree crown (Figure 14) and excessive sprouting (epicormic branches) along the main stem of the tree (Figure 15). However, these symptoms are unlikely to be seen during the first year of infestation. Instead, dieback probably will be observed only in trees that have been infested for three years or longer.

Figure 13. Larval galleries of emerald ash borer (S. Katovich, USDA Forest Service, Bugwood.org)

Figure 14. Dieback of tree crown (J. Zeleznik, NDSU)

Figure 15. Epicormic branching from tree attacked by emerald ash borer (Michigan

Department of Agriculture,

Bugwood.org)

5

Keep in mind that environmental stress and diseases, such as ash yellows, commonly are responsible for symptoms similar to EAB infestation. Woodpeckers are attracted to EAB-infested trees, and excessive pecking damage by woodpeckers may be another visible symptom of EAB presence (Figure 16).

The potential economic cost incurred by EAB is enormous. The most basic expenses will be those of tree removal and replacement. Finding a qualified contractor who holds a North Dakota contractor’s license and has liability insurance for tree removal is important. For more information, see “Why Hire an Arborist” at www.treesaregood.org/treeowner/ whyhireanarborist.

Beyond removal and replacement, the loss of benefits provided by ash trees will be enormous and expensive. Shelterbelts protect farmsteads, fields and livestock from harsh, drying winds in the summer and they capture snow in the winter, acting as living snow fences along highways and around many communities. In urban EAB-infested areas where ash trees have been destroyed, the loss of shade/protection from ash trees has resulted in increased costs associated with summer air conditioning and lawn watering, and home heating in the winter.

Figure 16. Woodpecker damage on emerald ash borer-infested tree (G. Fauske, NDSU)

Integrated pest management involves pest monitoring and the use of multiple control strategies (cultural control, plant resistance, biological control and pesticides) to mitigate losses from insect pests.

Monitoring and SurveyingSeveral methods are being used in survey efforts for EAB. Large purple prism traps (Figure 17) are used in government-sponsored survey programs for EAB and are very visible to the public in parks and recreation areas.

Prism traps are pre-coated with an insect-trapping adhesive. Lures are attached to the trap and are effective in the field for 20 days as an attractant. The chemical component of the lure has gotten better in recent years but still has room for improvement. Prism traps are hung over sturdy branches in the mid to lower canopy of ash trees of at least 8 inches (20 cm) in diameter before EAB emergence is expected.

In addition to the prism traps, girdled “trap trees” also have been used for locating EAB, but this method is time-consuming and, therefore, expensive. Other traps that have been developed included green funnel and prism traps, but these are not widely used in the U.S.

Simple visual monitoring by the general public is also critical because the trapping materials and techniques have not been perfected yet. If you suspect that EAB is in your ash trees, contact one of the organizations listed at the end of this publication.

Cultural ControlOne of the main cultural methods for preventing the spread of EAB is NOT MOVING INFESTED FIREWOOD, LOGS OR NURSERY STOCK to uninfested areas. Much of the rapid spread of EAB outside of its original detection sites near Detroit, Michigan, was due to direct, human-assisted movement of these products. Larvae of EAB are hidden underneath the bark of living trees or boards cut from infested logs where they can be transported easily into non-EAB-infested areas.

Another cultural control method is TIMELY REMOVAL OF EAB-INFESTED TREES and then chipping the trees to a small size - less than 1 inch (2.54 cm) - on each of two sides or burning the trees that were removed. This will kill EAB and help prevent further spread. Many cities are proactively removing and replacing diseased or unhealthy ash trees. This has been done to increase diversity of tree species with new plantings to prepare for the arrival of EAB.

Plant ResistanceIn North America, all native species of Fraxinus are susceptible to EAB, although some species are preferred more than others. For example, blue ash (F. quadrangulata) is a less-preferred species. However, researchers have observed that ash trees native to Asia have reduced larval tunneling and only stressed trees (for example, from drought) are colonized.

Ash trees in the native range of EAB may be more resistant because their natural defenses have co-evolved throughout time. Researchers are studying Asian ash species as a possible source of resistance genes against EAB. Identification of resistant ash genotypes is important for reforestation and maintaining a market demand for ash in the nursery industry.

INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT of Emerald Ash Borer

Figure 17. Purple prism trap used for surveying for emerald ash borer (K. Law, USDA APHIS PPQ, Bugwood.org)

INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT of EAB

6

Biological ControlBiological control involves the use of natural enemies (predators or parasitoids) to control insect pests naturally. Biological control primarily is being targeted at EAB in forests. The EAB has no known predators other than woodpeckers that occasionally feed on larvae and kill about 30 to 50 percent of large EAB larvae.

In 2007, three species of hymenopteran parasitoids (wasps) from China were released for biocontrol of EAB by the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) Forest Service and USDA’s Animal Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS). Two introduced parasitoids, Spathius agrili (Braconidae) and Tetrastichus planipennisi (Eupelmidae), attack EAB larvae. The other introduced parasitoid, Oobius agrili (Encyrtidae), parasitizes EAB eggs. In 2015, an external larval parasitoid, S. galinae (Braconidae, Figure 18), was released from Russia.

Two of the released parasitoids, O. agrili and T. planipennisi, are established and are being widely released. However, S. agrili remains unconfirmed in northern areas. Spathius galinae is being observed but this is too early to confirm establishment.

In addition, researchers are surveying extensively for indigenous natural enemies of EAB. A native wasp, Atanycolus sp. (Braconidae, Figure 19), has been found parasitizing EAB larvae in Michigan. Another native solitary wasp, Cerceris fumipennis (Crabronidae), captures buprestid beetles, including EAB, as prey and provisions its ground nest with the beetle prey as food for it developing young. This solitary wasp also is used as a new biosurveillance tool for the detection and survey of EAB populations.

Parasitism of EAB eggs by O. agrili was observed to be near 22 percent. For T. planipennisi, larval parasitism was at 20 percent in young ash trees and 50 to 80 percent in ash saplings, and it is spreading rapidly in all EAB-infested parts of North America. Researchers are optimistic that a combination of introduced and native parasitoids will help reduce EAB densities below a tolerance threshold so that ash trees can survive in the forest ecosystem.

Figure 18. Eulophid wasp, Tetrastichus planipennisi, of emerald ash borer (D. Cappaert, Bugwood.org)

Figure 19. Braconid wasp, Atanycolus cappearti, of emerald ash borer (D. Cappaert, Bugwood.org)

Insecticide ControlResearch has demonstrated that insecticides can protect individual ash trees from EAB effectively. Insecticides are recommended only if the EAB infestation is within 15 miles (24 kilometers), or the ash trees are in an EAB-infested (or quarantined) area.

Making insecticide applications when EAB has not been detected in your area is a waste of time and money. Trees that show more than a 25 percent canopy decline are not likely to recover from EAB damage and should not be treated with insecticides. The guidelines in the position statement by the North Dakota Department of Agriculture, North Dakota Forest Service and NDSU Extension Service on the use of insecticide treatment for EAB should be followed. Visit the following website for the position statement:

www.nd.gov/ndda/sites/default/files/legacy/resource/ Joint_PositionStatementonPesticideUse.pdf

Four types of insecticide applications are available for controlling existing infestations and/or preventing EAB infestations (Table 2):

n Soil-applied systemic insecticidesn Trunk-injected systemic insecticidesn Basal trunk sprays of systemic insecticidesn Broadcast foliar sprays applied to trunk, main

branches and foliage

Results of efficacy testing are available at www.emeraldashborer.info. The insecticides available for the homeowner are limited, so tree care professionals may be needed for the application of insecticidal control of EAB.

When using any pesticide, remember to ALWAYS READ, UNDERSTAND AND FOLLOW ALL CURRENT LABEL DIRECTIONS.

Soil-applied Systemic InsecticidesSystemic insecticides are applied to the soil as a drench or through an injection technique, absorbed by the roots and then translocated throughout the tree.

The best timing for soil injection and drenches is likely early to mid-May in North Dakota. A fall application also can be made as an alternative timing, but generally is not as effective.

Insecticide uptake and translocation may take up to four to six weeks in trees with trunks smaller than 12 inches (30.5 cm) in diameter. Larger trees with trunks greater than 12 inches (30.5 cm) in diameter require more time for uptake, so treatment should be initiated earlier.

7

Table 2. Insecticides registered in North Dakota for control of emerald ash borer by professionals and homeowners.

Larger trees also may require two different treatment techniques for effective EAB control. Homeowners trying to treat trees larger than 15 inches (38 cm) in diameter should consider having a professional treat their trees because higher rates and multiple applications may be necessary for effective EAB control.

For soil drenches, only a bucket or watering can is needed for application. Any mulch or leaf debris should be removed before applying the soil drench because imidacloprid binds to organic materials.

Soil injections place the insecticide near the root zone 2 to 4 inches (5 to 10 cm) below the soil surface and about 18 inches (46 cm) from the trunk near the highest density of tree roots. Specialized equipment is needed to perform soil injections, and applications primarily are conducted by professionals.

Soil drenches/injections should be applied when soils are moist but not saturated or extremely dry. When droughty, water the soil around the base of the tree prior to application.

Although soil-applied systemic insecticides have demonstrated effective control of EAB in some studies, results have been inconsistent. Some university studies of soil-applied systemic insecticide have shown poor control due to differences in pest pressures, tree sizes and other conditions in field.

Trunk-injected Systemic InsecticidesTrunk injections are available for use only by tree professionals (Figure 20 and 21).

Trunk-injected insecticides are used frequently in situations in which soil treatments are not practical due to saturated soil conditions, porous sandy soils or other sensitive environments.

The recommended treatment timing is when the ash leaves are starting to emerge but before EAB eggs hatch, usually mid-May to mid-June. Although trunk injections are absorbed quicker than soil treatments, they still require three to four weeks to translocate throughout the tree.

Trunk injections should be performed when temperatures are not hot (greater than 90 F or 37 C) and soil conditions are not dry. Morning is typically the best application time.

One of the negatives of using this technique is that it wounds the tree, which can affect the tree’s long-term health. However, researchers found that a single injection of emamectin benzoate applied mid-May or early June provided excellent (greater than 99 percent) control of EAB for at least two years, even under high pest pressures.

Imidacloprid trunk injections resulted in less mortality and varying degrees of EAB control. Overall, trunk-injected emamectin benzoate provided the highest level of EAB control when compared with other insecticide products and application techniques.

Figure 20. Trunk injection for control of emerald ash borer (D. Cappaert, Bugwood.org)

Figure 21. Mauget capsule injection for control of emerald ash borer (D. Cappaert, Bugwood.org)

Application Method Active Ingredient Example of Trade Name(s)Professional (P) or

Homeowner (H) Use

Life Stage L - larvae A - adult

Soil-applied systemic as drench or injection

imidacloprid Amdro – Tree & Shrub Care Concentrate P or H LBayer Advanced Tree & Shrub Insect Control P or H LBioadvanced – Tree & Shrub Insect Control P or H LCompare-N-Save – Systemic Tree & Shrub Insect Drench P or H LMartin’s – Dominion Tree & Shrub Insect Concentrate P or H LMerit (75WP, 75WSP, 2F) P LXytect (2F,75WSP) P L

dinotefuran Safari 20 SG P LZylam Liquid Systemic Insecticide P or H L

Trunk injection bidrin Inject-A-Cide B P L or Aemamectin benzoate Tree-äge or Arbomectin P L or Aimidacloprid IMA-jet 10, Imicide P L or A

Trunk injection Systemic trunk spray

dinotefuran Safari 20 SG P L or AZylam Liquid Systemic Insecticide P or H L or A

Broadcast foliar sprays applied to trunk, main branches and foliage

bifenthrin Onyx P or H Acarbaryl Sevin SL P or H Acyfluthrin Tempo P or H Apermethrin Astro P or H A

3M-5-18, 6M-1-13

Basal Trunk Sprays of Systemic InsecticidesDinotefuran, a systemic insecticide, is labeled for bark sprays for control of larval or adult stages of EAB. Applications are made to the lower 5 to 6 feet of the trunk using a regular garden sprayer. Dinotefuran penetrates the bark and then is translocated throughout the tree.

Studies found that efficacy of basal trunk sprays of dinotefuran were variable and similar to trunk-injected imidacloprid. Efficacy was better and control was more consistent on smaller trees than on larger trees.

Broadcast Foliar Sprays Applied to Trunk, Main Branches and FoliageInsecticides can be sprayed on the trunks, branches and foliage to kill EAB adults as they feed on foliage and newly hatched EAB larvae before they bore into the tree. This technique does not kill larvae already feeding internally in the tree. They are available to homeowners and professional applicators, depending on the label restrictions.

For good control, non-systemic insecticide sprays need to have complete coverage and be properly timed for adult EAB emergence. In North Dakota, that means treatments would need to be repeated at least two times per year and as many as four times per year. Therefore, these treatments are very difficult to apply effectively. Using DD accumulations, the first applications should occur at 500 DD and additional sprays should be applied every four weeks to account for the long period of adult EAB activity.

When properly applied, bifenthrin, cyfluthrin and carbaryl all provided greater than 75 percent mortality of EAB in university studies. No efficacy data was available for permethrin.

What to Do if You Suspect EABIf you suspect that your ash trees are infested with EAB, official confirmation is critical. Individuals from the following organizations or agencies are able to help you determine if EAB is infesting trees:

North Dakota Forest Service 701-231-5138

North Dakota Department of Agriculture 701-328-4765 or 701-220-0485

NDSU Extension Service 701-231-8143

NDSU Plant Diagnostic Laboratory 701-231-7854 or 701-231-7064

Local city forester

Local county Extension agent

Note that other insect pests, diseases or stresses can cause dieback of tree crowns and sprouting along the main stem. True confirmation of EAB can come only by locating insects and having them identified by experts. Suspected larvae and adults of EAB will be forwarded from the North Dakota Department of Agriculture to experts at the USDA-APHIS for official confirmation.

For additional information on EAB, visit the following:

Websites:

www.aphis.usda.gov/aphis/ourfocus/planthealth/plant-pest-and-disease-programs/pests-and-diseases/emerald-ash-borer/ct_emerald_ash_borer

www.emeraldashborer.info

www.dontmovefirewood.org/

www.nd.gov/ndda/plant-industries/pest-survey-and-outreach/emerald-ash-borer-eab

www.cerceris.info/index.html

www.hungrypest.org

ReferencesHerms, D.A. and D.G. McCullough. 2014. Emerald ash borer invasion of North

America: history, biology, ecology, impacts, and management. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 59: 13-30.

Herms, D.A., D.G. McCullough, D.R. Smitley, C.S. Sadof, R.C. Williamson and P.L. Nixon. 2009. Insecticide options for protecting ash trees from emerald ash borer. North Central IPM Center Bulletin. 12 pp.

Hahn, J., D.A. Herms and D.G. McCullough. 2011. Frequently asked questions regarding potential side effects of systemic insecticides used to control emerald ash borer. University of Minnesota Extension, Michigan State University and The Ohio State University Extension, 4 pp. www.emeraldashborer.info

This publication was also authored by James S. Walker, Graduate Student, NDSU, 2013.

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