e-surveillance and management of …...agro-forestry area of igkv campus of raipur during 2016 38...

E-SURVEILLANCE AND MANAGEMENT OF CONGRESS

GRASS, Parthenium hysterophorus L. THROUGH MEXICAN

BEETLE, Zygogramma bicolorata P. AND RECORD OF

NATURAL ENEMIES OF FEW COMMONLY

ASSOCIATED WEEDS

Ph.D. (Ag.) Thesis

by

Hemkant Chandravanshi

DEPARTMENT OF ENTOMOLOGY

COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE

FACULTY OF AGRICULTURE

INDIRA GANDHI KRISHI VISHWAVIDYALAYA

RAIPUR (Chhattisgarh)

2018

E-SURVEILLANCE AND MANAGEMENT OF CONGRESS

GRASS, Parthenium hysterophorus L. THROUGH MEXICAN

BEETLE, Zygogramma bicolorata P. AND RECORD OF

NATURAL ENEMIES OF FEW COMMONLY

ASSOCIATED WEEDS

Thesis

Submitted to

Indira Gandhi KrishiVishwavidyalaya, Raipur

by

Hemkant Chandravanshi

IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR

THE DEGREE OF

Doctor

of

Philosophy

in

Agriculture

(Entomology)

Roll No.130115028 ID.No. 20131418499

January, 2018

i

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I feel whole hearted to thank my beloved chairman, Dr. (Smt.) Jayalaxmi Ganguli,

Associate Professor, Department of Entomology for her incessant and stead fast

inspiration, laudable counseling and surpassing guidance who conceived, shaped the

problem and provided insightful and indomitable lead with much care and affection

during the period of study.

I express my sincere and profound gratitude to Dr. V. K. Dubey, Head

department of Entomology. College of Agriculture, Raipur, for his inspiring

suggestions and providing me all the necessary facilities, during my study.

With extreme pleasure I thank my whole hearted sense of appreciation for the

other members of my Advisory Committee, Dr. Sanjay Sharma, Principal scientist

(Rice), Department of Entomology, Dr. Nitish Tiwari, Scientist, Department of

Agronomy and Dr. Ravi R. Saxena, Professor, Department of Agricultural Statistics

& Social Science, for providing proper guidance and encouragement throughout the

research work. Without their kind cooperation, it would not have been easy for me to

complete this manuscript.

I am highly obliged to Hon’ble Vice- Chancellor Dr. S.K. Patil, Dr. O.P.

Kashyap, Dean, College of Agriculture and Dr. S.S. Shaw, Director of Instructions,

IGKV, Raipur for providing necessary facilities to conduct the investigation.

I do express my heartiest thanks to the teachers of my department Dr. A. K.

Dubey, Dr. V. K. Koshta, Dr. R. N. Ganguli, Dr. Rajeev Gupta, Dr. H. K.

Chandrakar, Dr. S.K. Shrivastava, Dr. Y. K. Yadu, Dr. GajendraChandrakar, Dr.

NavneetRana, Dr. B. P. Katalam, Dr. Sonali Deole for their constant co-operative

suggestion, encouragement and help during my investigation.

I am thankful to Dr. Randeep Kushwaha, RAEO, Department of Agriculture,

Govt. of Chhattisgarh, for his kind support.

As, dearest is the friends love who have volunteered help at the time of need

for achieving my cherished goal paves me to offer loveable and debted thanks to Payal

iii

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Chapter Title Page

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I

TABLE OF CONTENTS Iii

LIST OF TABLES Vi

LIST OF FIGURES Viii

LIST OF NOTATIONS Xi

ABSTRACT xii

I INTRODUCTION 1

II REVIEW OF LITERATURE 4

2.1: To record the natural enemies of congress grass,

Parthenium hysterophorus L. with special reference to

its management with Mexican beetle, Zygogramma

bicolorata Pallister

4

2.2: To study the e-surveillance of parthenium and other

associated weeds in Kharif and Rabi season

6

2.3: To work out the feeding potential of Mexican beetle,

Zygogramma bicolorata P. under laboratory conditions

9

2.4: To study the bionomics of Mexican beetle, Zygogramma

bicolorata P.under laboratory conditions

10

III MATERIALS AND METHODS 16





16

3.1.1: Location of study 16

3.1.2: Geographical situation& climate 18

3.1.3: Details of study 18



18

3.2.1: Location of study: 18

3.2.2: Geographical situation& climate 18

3.2.3: Selection of villages 20

3.2.4: Details of study: 20



20


3.3.2: Experimental details 20

iv

3.3.2.1: Feeding potential of Mexican beetle 20

3.3.2.2: Food consumption by adult & grubs

Mexican beetle within 24hrs

21

3.4: To study the bionomics of Mexican beetle, Zygogramma

bicolorata P. under laboratory

25


3.4.2: Details of study: 25

3.5: Statistical Analysis 25

IV RESULT AND DISCUSSION 29





29

4.1.1: Agro-forestry area 30

4.1.2: Cropped field area 31

4.1.3: Road side area 33



50

4.2.1: Upland 50

4.2.1.1: Arang block 50

4.2.1.2: Dharsiwa block 50

4.2.1.3: Tilda block 51

4.2.1.4: Abhanpur block 51

4.2.2: Midland 51





4.2.3: Lowland 52





4.2.4: Associated weeds with Porthanium and their

insect pest recorded during 2016-17 at Raipur

64



54

4.3.1: Feeding potential of Mexican beetle 67

4.3.1.1: Early stage 67

4.3.1.2: Pre-reproductive 67

4.3.1.3: Reproductive 67

4.3.2: Food consumption by adult & grubs Mexican

beetle within 24hrs

71

4.4: To study the bionomics of Mexican beetle, Zygogramma 74

v

bicolorata P. under laboratory conditions

VI SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION 80

REFERENCES 88

RESUME 95

vi

LIST OF TABLES

Table Title Page

3.2 The e-surveillance programme conducted through GPS machine at

five villages of four each block of Raipur District

19

4.1aa Mean data of the associated insects with congress grass, P.

hysterophorus recorded under agro-forestry field area of IGKV

campus, Raipur during

35

4.1ab Mean data of the associated insects with congress grass recorded under

field cropped area of IGKV campus, Raipur during 2016

36

4.1ac Mean data of the associated insects with congress grass recorded under

road side area of IGKV campus, Raipur during 2016

37

4.1ba Mean data of the associated insects with congress grass under agro-

forestry area of IGKV campus, Raipur during 2017

40

4.1bb Mean data of the associated insects with congress grass under field

cropped area of IGKV campus, Raipur during 2017

41

4.1bc Mean data of the associated insects with congress grass under road

side area of IGKV campus, Raipur during 2017

42

4.1ca Pooled mean data of the associated insects with congress grass under

agro-forestry field area of IGKV campus, Raipur during 2016 &17

45

4.1cb Pooled mean data of the associated insects with congress grass under

field cropped area of IGKV campus, Raipur during 2016 &17

46

4.1cc Pooled mean data of the associated insects with congress grass under

road side area of IGKV campus, Raipur during 2016 &17

46

4.2a e-surveillance of parthenium and associated insects at Raipur District

in Kharif – Rabi season during 2016

55

4.2b e-surveillance of parthenium and associated insects at Raipur

Districtin Kharif – Rabi season during 2017

58

4.2c Pooled mean of e-surveillance of parthenium and associated insects at

Raipur District in Kharif – Rabiseason during 2016 and 2017

61

4.2d Insect-pest reported on other associated weeds with parthenium at

different block of Raipur District in Kharif – Rabi season during 2016-

17

66

4.3.1a Time taken (days) by Mexican beetle, Zygogramma bicolorata P. for

complete defoliation by different number of beetles releases per plant

under laboratory conditionsduring 2016&2017

68

4.3.1b The mean height and number of leaves per Parthenium plant at 68

vii

different plant stages

4.3.2a Food consumption by different stages of Mexican beetle, Zygogramma

bicolorata P. within 24hrs (in mg) under laboratory conditionsduring

2016&2017

72

4.4a Details of egg related of Mexican beetle, Zygogramma bicolorata

P.under laboratory conditionsduring 2016&2017

76

4.4b Bionomics of the different life stages of Mexican beetle, Z. bicolorata

under laboratory conditions during 2016&2017

78

viii

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure Title Page

3.1 Recording observations on insect pest of Parthenium at IGKV

campus, Raipur, C.G.

17

3.2 Recording observations on insect pest of Parthenium at Arang

block, Raipur, C.G.

17

3.3.1 Mass multiplication of Mexican beetle, Z. bicolorata, reared in cut

plastic tanks covered with nylone net using low cost technology

22

3.3.2 Mass multiplication of Mexican beetle, Z. bicolorata in cages under

laboratory conditions

22

3.3.3 Experiment conducted for testing complete defoliation of different

ages of Parthenium plants by releasing different number of pair

beetles, Z. bicolorata

23

3.3.4 Recording observations on the feeding efficiency of Z. bicolorata at

different stage of Parthenium plants

23

3.3.5 Eggs of Z. bicolorata on leaf of Parthenium 24

3.3.6 Food consumption by grubs and adult Mexican beetle, Z. bicolorata

P. under laboratory condition

24

3.4.1 Recording observations on bionomics of Z. bicolorata in Bio-

control laboratory, Department of Entomology, CoA, IGKV.

27

3.4.2 Bionomics observations of Z. bicolorata with microscope in Bio-

control laboratory, Department of Entomology, CoA, IGKV

27

3.4.3 Eggs of Mexican beetle, Z. bicolorata 28

3.4.4 Grub of Z. bicolorata under microscopic measurement 28

3.4.5 Grub of Mexican beetle, Z. bicolorata 28

3.4.6 Pupa of Mexican beetle, Z. bicolorata 28

3.4.7 Adult of Mexican beetle, Z. bicolorata 28

3.4.8 Male and female of Mexican beetle, Z. bicolorata 28

4.1aa Mean data showing the natural enemies of congress grass under

agro-forestry area of IGKV campus of Raipur during 2016

38

4.1ab Mean data showing the natural enemies of congress grass under

field croppedarea of IGKV campus of Raipur during 2016

38

4.1ac Mean data showing the natural enemies of congress grass under

road side area of IGKV campus of Raipur during 2016

39

4.1ad Mean data showing the natural enemies of congress grass under

agroforestry, field cropped and road side area of IGKV campus of

Raipur during 2016.

39

ix

4.1ba Mean data showing he natural enemies of congress grass under

agro-forestry area of IGKV campus of Raipur during 2017

43

4.1bb Mean data showing the natural enemies of congress grass under

field cropped area of IGKV campus of Raipur during 2017

43

4.1bc Mean data showing the natural enemies of congress grass under

road side area of IGKV campus of Raipur during 2017

44

4.1bd Mean data showing the natural enemies of congress grass under


Raipur during 2017.

44

4.1ca Mean data showing the natural enemies of congress grass under

agro-forestry area of IGKV campus of Raipur during 2016 &2017

48

4.1cb Mean data showing the natural enemies of congress grass under

field cropped area of IGKV campus of Raipur during 2016 &2017

48

4.1cc Mean data showing the natural enemies of congress grass under

road side area of IGKV campus of Raipur during 2016 &2017

49

4.1cd Mean data showing the natural enemies of congress grass under


Raipur during 2016 &2017.

49

4.2aa The data sowing different block of e-surveillance of UL, ML & LL

of enemies on parthenium and other associated weedsduringKharif –

Rabi season during 2016

56

4.2ab The data sowing e-surveillance on parthenium and other associated

weeds at Raipur District in Kharif – Rabi season during 2016

57

4.2ac The data sowing e-surveillance of different enemies of on

parthenium and other associated weeds at Raipur District

duringKharif – Rabi season during 2016

57

4.2ba The data sowing different block of e-surveillance of UL, ML & LL

of enemies on parthenium and other associated weeds duringKharif

– Rabi season during 2017

59

4.2bb The data sowing e-surveillance on parthenium and other associated

weeds at Raipur District in Kharif – Rabi season during 2017

66

4.2bc The data sowing e-surveillance of different enemies of on


duringKharif – Rabi season during 2017

66

4.2ca The pooled data sowing different block of e-surveillance of UL, ML

& LL of enemies on parthenium and other associated weeds during

Kharif – Rabi season during 2016& 17

62

4.2cb The pooled data sowing e-surveillance on parthenium and other 63

x

associated weeds at Raipur District in Kharif – Rabi season during

2016&17

4.2cc The pooled data sowing e-surveillance of different enemies of on


duringKharif – Rabi season during 2016&17

63

4.3.1a The mean day’s data sowing feeding potential of Mexican beetle,

Zygogramma bicolorata P. under laboratory conditionsduring

2016&2017

69

4.3.1b The pooled mean of the feeding potential of different number of

Mexican beetle on different age of Parthenium weeds during

2016&2017

70

4.3.2a The data sowing food consumption by Mexican beetle, Zygogramma bicolorata

P. within 24hrs (in mg) under laboratory conditionsduring

2016&2017

73

4.4a The figure showing average number of eggs, incubation period,

hatching number and hatching percentage of Mexican beetle,

Zygogramma bicolorata P.under laboratory conditions during

2016&2017

77

4.4b The figure showing different life stages of Mexican beetle under

laboratory conditions during 2016&2017

79

xi

LIST OF NOTATIONS/SYMBOLS

Notation Description

cm - Centimeter

mm - Millimeter

% - Per cent

oC - degree celsius

ml - milliliters

gm - grams

hrs - hours

/ - Per

Av - Average

sqm - Square meter

χ2 - chi square

RH - relative humidity

Temp - temperature

ha - hectares

i.e - that is

p - probability

@ - At the rate

Fig - figure

Viz; - namely

xiii

Canthocona bugs (0.02). In case of cropped field and road side area along with

highway also, similar trend was observed with highest number of ants (1.74 and 1.43)

and minimum number of Canthocona bugs (0.09). Descending order of the Mexican

beetle population/ten plants in agro-forestry, cropped field and road side area along

with highwaywas observed in different months as August<July<September<October.

The e-surveillance of parthenium and other associated weeds conducted at four

different blocks (Arang, Dharsiwa, Tilda and Abhanpur) of Raipur District, showed

that the overall mean population of associated insects at upland, midland and lowland

ranged from 0.06 to 2.57/sqm. The data indicated that the maximum population was

exhibited of ants (2.57/m2) and minimum (0.06/m

2) of Canthocona bugs while in case

of the Mexican beetle, Z. bicolorata was highest (2.46/m2) in low land situation. On

the basis of data, it can be concluded that the maximum natural enemies were

observed against Parthenium at Arang block, followed by Dharsiwa with minimum in

Tilda block of Raipur District.

Studies conducted to record associated weeds of Parthenium in Kharif and

Rabi 2016-17 depicted thirty seven weed species. Among the insect pests associated

on them, revealed domination by sucking pests viz; aphids, hoppers and mealy bugs.

Ants were recorded in large number associated with them. Few species of

semiloopers, caterpillars and mites/spiders were also noticed. Two predators namely

Coccinellid beetles and Canthocona bugs were also recorded.

The feeding potential of Mexican beetle on, Z. bicolorata at three age stages

i.e. early, pre-reproductive and reproductive stage of Parthenium grass on the basis of

overall mean data of two years indicated that it differed significantly. The lowest time

taken was (5.17 days) for complete defoliation by five pairs of Mexican beetles

followed by four pairs (9.00 days) and highest in two pairs (14.83 days). Therefore, in

early stage the damage inflicted by Z. bicolorata was more pronounced when it was

applied at early growth stages of the weed. Food consumption by adult and grubs of

Mexican beetle within 24hrs at different stages i.e. first, second, third, fourth instars

xiv

and adults indicated that maximum (11.03mg) foliage was consumed by third instar

grubs followed by fourth instars (7.94mg) and minimum in adults stage (0.74mg).

Among grubs and adult stages of the beetle, the third and fourth instars ingested

maximum.

The fecundity of a single female of Z. bicolorata P. was recorded to be 226.17

eggs. The incubation period ranged between 4.00 to 6.00 days with an average of 5.08

days, whereas, number of hatched eggs ranged from 5.33 to 27.33 with an average of

17.36 and the average per cent egg hatchability was 73.71%. There were four instars

of larval stages (grub) ranging from 3.00, 4.67, 5.17 and 6.00 days of first, second,

third and fourth instar respectively. The overall average larval duration was 18.83 days

while pupation period lasted for 8.67 days and the average adult longevity was found

to be of 81.7 days. The mean duration of life cycle was computed to be of 114.28 days

at 25±2 oc.

xvi

gh U;wure dSaFkksdksuk eRdq.k ¼0-02½ esa ns[kh xbZA Qly ç{ks= vkSj jktekxZ ds lkFk lM+d

fdukjs {ks= ds ekeys esa] leku ço`fÙk, lcls T;knk Øe'k% phafV;ks esa ¼1-74 vkSj 1-43½ vkSj

de ls de dSaFkksdksuk eRdq.k ¼0-09½ ds lkFk ns[kk x;kA eSfDldu chVy vkcknh dk ?kVrs

vkns'k&Øe] —f"k okfudh] Qly ç{ks= vkSj jktekxZ ds lkFk lM+d ds fdukjs ds {ks= esa

fofHkUu eghuksa ds nkSjku] vxLr < tqykbZ < vDVwcj eghus esa ns[kk x;kA

jk;iqj ftys ds pkj vyx&vyx fodkl&[kaMks ¼vkjax] /kjlhok] frYnk vkSj vHkuiqj½

ij vk;ksftr xktj ?kkl vkSj vU; lacaf/kr [kjirokj dh bZ&fuxjkuh us n'kkZ;k fd Åijh]

e/; vkSj fupyh Hkwfe dh lrg dk lEiw.kZr;k vkSlr dhVla[;k dk jsat 0-06 ls 2-57 çfr

oxZehVj FkhA vkadM+ksa us ladsr fn;k fd vf/kdre la[;k ¼2-57½ çfr oxZehVj phfV;ksa esa vkSj

de ls de ¼0-06½ dSaFkksdksuk eRdq.k esa fn[kkA tcfd eSfDldu chVy ds ekeys esa lcls

T;knk ¼2-46½ çfr oxZehVj FkkA vkadM+ksa ds vk/kkj ij] ;g fu"d"kZ fudkyk tk ldrk gS fd

vf/kdre çk—frd nq'euksa dk xktj ?kkl vkSj vU; lacaf/kr [kjirokj ds f[kykQ vkjax

fodkl&[kaM esa blds ckn /kjlhok fodkl&[kaM esa blds lkFk gh U;wure frYnk

fodkl&[kaM] jk;iqj ftys esa ns[kk x;k FkkA

[kjhQ vkSj jch 2016&17 esa xktj ?kkl ds lkFk tqM+s [kjirokjksa dks fjd‚MZ djus ds

fy, fd, x, v/;;uksa esa lSarhl [kjirokj çtkfr;ksa dks n'kkZ;kA mu ij ik, x, dhVksa esa]

jl pwlus okys dhVks dk opZLo irk pyk ftlesa eSuh] Qqndk vkSj pw.khZ eRdq.k ik, x,A

phafV;ksa dh cM+h la[;k muds lkFk tqM+s gq, ntZ fd;k x;A lkFk gh v/kZdq.Myd dhV]

bfYy;k ] lw{e edM+h] ijHk{kh edfM+;ksa dh Hkh dqN çtkfr;ka ns[kh x;hA nks ijHk{kh dhVks

dks Hkh ukfer fd;k x;k tSls dksfDlusfyM Hk`ax rFkk dSaFkksdksuk eRdq.M tks fd de la[;k esa

ntZ fd;s x,A

eSfDldu chVy] tk. ckbdksyksjkVk ih- dk nks lky ds vkSlr vkadM+ksa ds vk/kkj ij

xktj ?kkl ds rhu vk;q voLFkk tSls dh f'k'kq voLFkk] iwoZ&çtuu vkSj çtuu voLFkk ij]

egRoiw.kZ :i ls fHkUu n'kkZ;kA iw.kZr;k fu"i=.k ds fy, lcls de le; ¼5-17 fnu½

eSfDldu chVy ds ikap tksM+s ds ç;ksx ls blds ckn pkj tksM+s ¼9-00½ vkSj lcls vf/kd

le; nks tksM+s ¼14-83 fnu½ esa ns[kk x;kA vr,o] tc bls xktj ?kkl ds çkjafHkd fodkl

xvii

voLFkk esa NksM+k x;k Fkk] rks esfDldu chVy }kjk dh xbZ {kfr dks lcls de le; esa rFkk

vf/kd Li"V :i ls n'kkZ;kA eSfDldu chVy ds fofHkUu vk;q voLFkk vFkkZr~ çFke] f}rh;]

rr̀h;] prqFkZ voLFkkvks vkSj o;Ldksa }kjk Hkkstu xzg.k djus dh {kerk dks çfr 24 ?kaVksa ds

Hkhrj vkadus ij ;g ik;k x;k fd vf/kdre ¼11-03 feyhxzke½ Hk{k.k r`rh; Hkàxd voLFkk

}kjk blds mijkar prqFkZ Hkàxd voLFkk ¼7-94 feyhxzke½ vkSj U;wure esa o;Ld voLFkk ¼0-74

feyhxzke½ esa FkkA

esfDldu chVy dh ,d eknk }kjk dqy vaMk mRiknu 226.17 vkSj 4-00 ls 6-00

fnuksa dh vkSlr Å"ek;u vof/k FkkA tcfd vaMs QwVus dk jsat 5-33 ls 27-33 rd rFkk

vkSlr 17-36 FkkA vaMs QwVus dk çfr'kr 73-71% FkkA Hkàxd ds pkjksa voLFkk;s çFke] f}rh;]

rr̀h; ,oa prqFkZ voLFkk dh le;kof/ks Øe'k% 3.00] 4-67] 5-17 vkSj 6-00 fnu FksA lexz

vkSlr Hkàxd dh vof/k 18-83 fnu Fkh] tcfd 'ka[khdj.k dh vof/k 8-67 fnuksa dh ikbZ xbZ

Fkh rFkk vkSj vkSlr o;Ld vk;q 81-7 fnu dh ns[kh xbZA

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

Congress grass, Parthenium hysterophorus L. belonging to family

Asteraceae commonly known as carrot weed and gajar ghans in hindi is an

invasive weed species in Africa, Australia and Asia. It is a native of tropical and

sub-tropical South and North America. The lightness of the seed, prolific seed

production, adaptability to wide range of habitats, drought tolerance, its ability to

release toxic chemicals against other plants, and its high growth rate allows it to

colonize new areas quickly and extensively.

Parthenium hysterophorus L. is a highly invasive plant of global

significance. It is an herb of geotropical origin which now has spread too many

parts of the world (Adkins and Shabbir, 2014). The weed was accidentally

introduced to India in 1955 through imported food grains and at present has

invaded throughout India in about 35 million hactares of land (Sushil kumar and

Varshney 2007, Sushil kumar 2014).

It is notorious for causing allergic reactions (Kologi et al. 1997) besides a

threat to biodiversity and loss of crop productivity (Adkins and Shabbir 2014,

Sushil kumar, 2014). Management of Parthenium through manual and chemical

methods are effective strategies to control the weed in agricultural fields, but these

are not economical in pastures and large natural areas or wastelands

(Krishnamurthy et al. 1977).

The Mexican beetle, Zygogramma bicolorata Pallister (Coleoptera:

Chrysomelidae) was imported into India in 1983 for the biological control of the

noxious parthenium weed, P. hysterophorus L. Grubs and adult beetles feed

voraciously on the foliage and inflorescence and were mostly confined to congress

weed (Annadurai 1990; Jayanth and Nagarkatti 1997). The bio-ecology (Dhiman

and Bhargava 2005) and in vitro rearing of the beetle on parthenium has been well

documented (Jayanth et al. 1996; Kulkarni et al. 2000). Although the beetle is

known to occur throughout the year, the insect diapauses over an extended period

1

of time in nature (Jayanth et al. 1997) resulting in extensive proliferation of the

weed in its absence.

Classical biological control started with the introduction of a host-specific

leaf-feeding beetle, Z. bicolorata P. from Mexico (Jayanth 1987). In spite of good

information available on Parthenium about insects, fungi and plants infesting it,

countable efforts were made in the past to review all such information at one place.

The paper gives the thin scenario of different groups of bioagents and their status

in controlling Parthenium in India along with the important work carried out in the

world.

Biological control of Parthenium weed is considered to be the most cost

effective, environmentally safe and ecologically viable method (Dhileepan et al.

2000a). It was documented to control Parthenium worth of Rs 10 million in terms

of herbicide cost after initial release of bioagent, Z. bicolorata P. at Jabalpur, India

(Sushil kumar 2006) and it was estimated that this bioagent had checked the spread

of Parthenium in about eight million hectares of land since its release in India.

Omkar and pandey (2009) studied the effect of different temperatures on

reproductive attributes of Z bicolorata. They found that pre-oviposition and

postoviposition period declined with increasing temperature. Oviposition period

decreased from 92.9 to 27.5 days with temperature increment after 27 °C.

The weed suppresses growth of local vegetation and has been reported as a

health hazard for farm laborers causing dermatitis, eczema and asthma (NavBahar

2000). The weed is also a reservoir of tobacco leaf curl virus, mung yellow mosaic

and okra yellow vein mosaic virus (Singh and Singh 1999), groundnut and

sunflower bud necrosis (Chakravarthy 2002), tobacco streak virus (Rao et al. 2003)

and tomato leaf curl virus (Ansari et al. 2004).

In Chhattisgarh also, the congress grass, P. hysterophorus L. is omnipresent

in agricultural/horticultural fields, road side avenues, uncultivated lands and has

become a menace. So far, details of its presence in Raipur district have not been

documented; neither entomological aspects of other associated insect pests has

been studied.

2

Hence, looking to the above aspects, the present piece of work was

formulated entitled “E-surveillance and management of congress grass,

Parthenium hysterophorus L. through Mexican beetle, Zygogramma bicolorata

P. and record of natural enemies of few commonly associated weeds” under the

following objectives:

1. To record the natural enemies of congress grass, Parthenium hysterophorus

L. with special reference to its management with Mexican beetle,

Zygogramma bicolorata Pallister.

2. To study the e-surveillance of parthenium and other associated weeds in

Kharif and Rabi season.

3. To work out the feeding potential of Mexican beetle, Zygogramma

bicolorata P. under laboratory conditions.

4. To study the bionomics of Mexican beetle, Zygogramma bicolorata

P.under laboratory conditions.

3

CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

This chapter deals with the brief account of research work done on the related

aspects by various workers from the state, country and abroad. The literature

pertaining to the present investigation entitled, “E-surveillance and management

of congress grass, Parthenium hysterophorus L. through Mexican beetle,

Zygogramma bicolorata P. and record of natural enemies of few commonly

associated weeds” was conducted in the Bio-control laboratory, Department of

Entomology, CoA, IGKV, Raipur including four blocks of Raipur district during

2016 & 2017 were collected and grouped under the following headings.

2.1: To record the natural enemies of congress grass, Parthenium hysterophorus L.

with special reference to its management with Mexican beetle, Zygogramma

bicolorata Pallister,

2.2: To study the e-surveillance of Parthenium and other associated weeds in

Kharif and Rabi season,

2.3: To work out the feeding potential of Mexican beetle, Zygogramma bicolorata

P. under laboratory conditions,

2.4: To study the bionomics of Mexican beetle, Zygogramma bicolorata P.under

laboratory conditions.

2.1: To record the natural enemies of congress grass, Parthenium

hysterophorus L. with special reference to its management with Mexican

beetle, Zygogramma bicolorata Pallister.

Kumari et al. (2014) reported that the invasion of Parthenium

hysterophorus L. and its impact on agriculture fields in different cultivated crops in

Bilaspur. A total number of 28 species under 27 genera and 16 families was

distributed in three study sites (Koni, Sakri & Kota) of cultivated fields in Bilaspur

C.G. These study sites were located in different altitudinal zones responding

different conditions in the this study. The number of species per sites ranged from

13 to 24. In the Sakri, number of species was ranged from 17 to 27, and the relative

4

density of plant species ranged between 0.77 with Heteropogon contortus,

Solanum surratense, Vernonia cinneria and Leucas aspera and 22.92 (Parthenium

hysterophorus). In the Kota, number of species was ranged from 14 to 28, and the

relative density of plant species ranged between 0.85 including Ageratum

conyzoides, Heteropogon contortus, Triticum aestivum and 29.06 (Zea mays) and

30.91 (Parthenium hysterophorus). In the Agriculture field, number of species was

ranged from 15 to 28, and the relative density of plant species ranged between 0.58

(Leucas aspera) and 26.23 (Triticum aestivum). The above work gives information

about the weeds harmful to herbs, crops and medicinal plants. Parthenium weed

can suppress and crowd out other weed species, and could form a single dominant

population in the invasion area, causing serious threat to plant community

biological diversity.

Jayanth and Nagarkatti (1987) started the biological control of Parthenium

with the introduction of a hostspecific leaf-feeding beetle, Zygogramma bicolorata

Pallister from Mexico. It was introduced by the Indian Institute of Horticultural

Research (IIHR), Bangalore for the management of Parthenium. It became

abundant within three years after introduction, resulting in a significant reduction

in Parthenium density in local areas (Jayanth and Bali, 1994a; Jayanth and

Visalakshy, 1996). Since then, the beetle dispersed over an area of more than 9000

km2 (Gupta, 2008) and weed suppression was evident in many parts of the state

(Gupta et al., 2004).

Singh (1997) considered use of biological control agents and exploitation

of competitive plants or the most economic and practical way of managing

Parthenium. During last few years much emphasis has been given to control

Parthenium through various biological agents like insects, pathogens and

competitive plants. In past, attempts were made to review work on biological

control of Parthenium in context to India, Australia and global situations as

reported by Singh, 1989&1997, Sushilkumar 1993, Sushilkumar and Bhan 1995,

McFadyan 1992, Dhileepan and McFadyen, 1997, Evans 1997 and Dhileepan and

Senaratne (2009).

5

Shenhmar et al. (1998) studied on the release of Z. bicolorata near Phillaur,

Jalandhar district, Indian Punjab, for the biological control of

the Parthenium weed. The areas were surveyed during 1994-97, and on 4

September 1996 the beetle was observed on Parthenium weeds in Morinda and

Ropar districts. Adults of Z. bicolorata were observed on 40-day-old sunflower

plants in an isolated field near Nawanshahr district in May 1997. A total of 5

beetles/plant were observed over a 10-day period. Z. bicolorata feeding was

observed on the leaves of some Parthenium hybrid plants. Egg-laying was not

observed.

Visalakshy et al. (1998) experimented field releases of Z. bicolorata for

biological control trials against P. hysterophorus which resulted in successful

control of the weed in different parts of India. Adults underwent diapause in the

soil from October to May, emerging with the onset of the monsoon rains. A survey

was carried out to determine whether delay in rainfall could affect emergence of

diapause adults. It was found that a delay of rainfall for more than 45 days could

reduce the emergence of adults significantly. In such areas, new releases may have

to be carried out for effective control of the weed.

Srikanth et al. (1988) surveyed the natural enemies of congress weed

(Parthenium hysterophorus) in Karnataka, India, during February 1987 which

revealed that a large number of plants were attacked by Orthezia insignis. Nymphs

and adults occurred on all parts of the plant and black sooty mould was seen on

severely infested plants.


Kharif and Rabi season.

Char et al. (1975) reported the common tailed mealy bug Ferrisia virgata,

mites Tetranychus cucurbitaeand Tetranychus sp. (Puttaswamy et al., 1976, Rajulu

et al., 1976) aphid, Aphis fabae and mealy bug, Pseudococcussp on Parthenium.

(Rajulu et al., 1976)

6

Kumar et al. (1979) in a survey in Tamil Nadu at 104 places during

October 1975 to October 1979 recorded many insects, a mite and few diseases on

Parthenium. They further reported that the Cerembycid borer, Obereasp. was also

found to kill this weed significantly. Earias sp. used Parthenium as an alternate

host (Thontadarya and Hiremath, 1978).

Thangavelu (1980) and Srikant et al. (1988) reported severe attack of a bug

Leptocentrustaurusand a scale insect, Orthezia insignis in Mysore and Bangalore

respectively.

Shenhmar et al. (1998) carried out a survey of Zygogramma bicolorata on

Parthenium spp. in Indian Punjab and adjoining states. The Chrysomelid was

generally found in small numbers and its populations were unable to suppress the

weeds.

McClay et al. (1995) surveyed North America was from bases at

Monterrey and Cuernavaca, Mexico, and Temple, Texas. A total of 262

phytophagous arthropod species was collected on P. hysterophorous by various

methods including hand picking, dissection, rearing and sweeping; 144 of these

species were found to feed on the plant at some stage of their life cycle. The orders

represented most abundantly were Coleoptera (33.2%), Homoptera

(22.95), Lepidoptera (20.2%) and Hemiptera (18.3%). Two fungal

pathogens, Puccinia abrupta var. partheniicola and P. melampodii, were also

observed. An index of similarity was used to make pair wise comparisons between

the phytophagous arthropod communities on different plant taxa. These

comparisons showed that the fauna of P. hysterophorus was most similar to that of

ragweeds (Ambrosia spp.). Six insect species that were shown to be stenophagous

were shipped to Australia for further testing and possible field release.

Bennett (1977) studied the biology of P. hysterophorus and its

associated insects and pathogens together with the results of field surveys carried

out in Mexico and the USA. Insects recorded from P. hysterophorus in Mexico and

the USA as well as the West Indies and South America

7

Mc Fadyen (1979) conducted a preliminary survey of the natural enemies

of P. hysterophorus in Brazil and Argentina to determine if suitable insects were

available for the biological control of the plant in Australia, where it was a serious

rangeland weed. The insects found are listed and their host specificity and damage

caused is discussed.

Cock, M. J. W. (1981) had surveyed and assessed natural enemies of

Mikania spp. in the Neotropics. The evidence of an eriophyiid mite, Acalitus sp.,

the curculionid, Pseudoderelomus baridiiformis, a thrips, perhaps Liothrips

mikaniae, and a cassid, Omoplata marginata was noted. The feeding preferences

of L. mikaniae were studied in the laboratory at Curepe. Substantial adult feeding

occurred only on Mikania micrantha . But very minor feeding occurred on P.

hysterophorus and Piper marginatum. Oviposition occurred on M. micrantha and

larvae developed normally only on M. micrantha and M. vitifolia. L. mikaniae is

therefore, considered suitable for introduction to SE Asia. Tests were also made on

the flower feeding species, Apionluteirostre. The results suggested a narrow host

range, possibly restricted to M. micranthaand M. vitifolia.

Kumar et al.(1979) conducted a survey in Tamil Nadu from October 1975

to October 1976 on the natural enemies of the weed, larvae and adults of the stem-

boring scolytid, Hypothenemus eruditus (Westw.) caused widespread wilting of the

weed, leading to good natural control; however, this beetle is known to attack

several crops in different parts of the world. A cerambycid borer, Oberea sp. was

also found to kill the plant. The other natural enemies found

including Parasaissetia nigra (Nietn.), (Saissetia nigra), S. coffeae (Wlk.), Coccus

longulus (Dgl.), Ceroplastes sp., Ferrisia virgata (Ckll.) (Ferrisia

navirgata), Nipaecoccus viridis (Newst.) (Pseudococcus corymbatus Green, Icerya

seychellarum(Westw.), Aphis gossypii Glov., Oxyrhachis tarandus (F.), Telingana

campbelli Dist., Coccosterphus minutus (F.), Chrysocoris stollii (Wolff), Dolycoris

indicus Stal, Ptochusovulum Faust, Monolepta signata (Ol.), Neorthacris

simulans (Bol.) (Orthacris simulans), Tetranychus cinnabarinus (Boisd.) and

several diseases. Unidentified natural enemies included a cerambycid and a

8

dipteran stem-borer. Most of the natural enemies were known to attack crops;

hence, the weed may serve as an alternative food-plant for many of them.

Kulshretha and Kumar (2013) surveyed different areas of Agra region for

three consecutive years (2008, 2009 and 2010) to record per cent incidence by

Chrysomelid beetles in randomly selected areas of gajar-ghas growing plants.The

data was taken week wise and pooled on monthly basis.

Dhiman and Bhargava (2005) reported that the incidence was maximum

(87.09% and 76.19%) in August months at it was observed to start March months

of 2009 and2010.

2.3: To work out the feeding potential of Mexican beetle, Zygogramma

bicolorata P. under laboratory conditions.

Aguirre-Uribe and Corrales (1992) carried out a survey was of

the insects feeding on wild and cultivated guayule (Parthenium argentatum)

in Mexico during 1979-80. A total of 40 insects were found, with the following

being potentially important: 4 species from the Curculionid genus Smicronyx,

damaging seeds; Pityophthorus sp., damaging stems of 26% of wild plants; the

mirid Lygus mexicanus and Polymerus sp., attacking seeds and leaves; 4 species of

the Cicadellid genus Empoasca attacking seeds and leaves; and a species from the

lyonetiid genus Bucculatrix, which fed on buds and young leaves, affecting 52% of

plants. A total of 32 species which attacked the plants occasionally are also listed.

Gupta and Sood (2002) conducted a survey during August 2001 in 5

districts of Himachal Pradesh, India, to determine the ecology of Zygogramma

bicolorata, a potential biological control agent against parthenium weed. The

beetle was best established in the Kangra district, where an average 72.8% (43.5-

100%) of Parthenium were infested and the insect population per infested plant

was also high (mean 8.5, 1.3-18.3) with similar in Hamirpur district. The impact

of defoliation on plant growth was evident at Hamirpur and Kangra, where 89-

100% of the plants were infested and the population of damaging stages (larvae

and adults) was high (73.5 and 58.6%, respectively).

9

Sanghmitra and Basu (2004) noticed during the survey of insect and fungal

infestation in P. hysterophorus plants from July to September 2003, it was

observed that a large number of insects were feeding on P. hysterophorus leaves

and flowers. The percentage of damage was very high (up to 90%). The insect was

identified as Listronotus setosipennis. This is thought to be the first report of L.

setosipennis from India.

Aherkar et al., (2014) surveyed on the activity of Z. bicolorata in Akola

District of Maharashtra, India, indicated that grubs and adults were feeding on X.

strumarium were recorded at five different spots on top, middle and

bottom leaves of five plants at each location. The observed on the plant compared

to the Parthenium, indicating that X. strumarium was less preferred for egg laying.

An average of 1.6 eggs per plant was noticed egg laying mostly on old leaves. An

average of 4.4 grubs per leaf was found feeding on old leaves of X. stumarium and

adults were also seen feeding on the leaf, with an average of 7.4 adults per plant.

Sushillkumarand Bhan (1997b) studied the effect of defoliation of

Parthenium by the Mexican beetle and mechanical damage in terms of changes in

total phenol (TP) and carbohydrate content. Total phenol and carbohydrate content

when quantitated in relation to 30 and 50% of local damage of leaves by beetles

revealed that amount of phenols decreased by 4.03 and 4.95 fold at 30 and 50%

defoliation of parthenium, respectively.

Singh (1997) reported, three insects namely defoliating beetle, Z.

bicolorata P. (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), the flower feeding weevil Smicronyx

lutulentus Dietz (Coleoptera: Curculionidiae) and the stem boring moth Epiblema

strenuana (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) based on the success in Australia,

were imported in India from 1983 to 1985.

Sushilkumar and Varshney (2007) reported in Madhya Pradesh that heavily

infested Parthenium sites were replaced at many places by deliberate broadcasting

of seeds of Charota, Cassia tora during March- April.

McClay (1980) surveyed for three years in Monterrey (Mexico) and

recorded a total 159 species of phytophagous insects on Parthenium besides many

10

unidentified species. Based on this survey, about nine insect species were

introduced in Australia for biological control of Parthenium.

Javaid et al., (2006) during field surveys of different Parthenium growing

areas in the province of Punjab from 2003-05, we found severe attacks of a mealy

bug species in an undisturbed area in Punjab University, Quaid-e-Azam Campus

Lahore. The mealy bugs were found feeding on leaves, stems and flower heads

of Parthenium. Five other weed species namely Boerhavia diffusa, Achyranthes

aspera, Malvestrum tricuspidatum, Sidaspinosa and Xanthium strumarium were

attacked by the mealy bug.

Chakravarthy (2002) reported from Tumkur, Karnataka, India, during

August-November 2002 on the feeding behaviour of Zygogramma beetles

on Parthenium and sunflower.

Kulkarni and Kulkarni (2000) studied on P. hysterophorus plants in 20

locations in north Karnataka, India, for the presence of Z. bicolorata during August

1999. The densest population of beetles was observed in Dharwad (10.4

beetles/plant), followed by Bijapur (5.6 beetles/plant) and Raichur (3.2

beetles/plant).

Kumar and Bhan (1998) released a biological control agent, the

chrysomelid beetle, Zygogramma bicolorata to suppress Parthenium, Parthenium

hysterophorus using was released following host specificity tests in

Bangalore,India, in 1984. Adults were collected from Bangalore and released in

1991 at Vindhyanagar, Madhya Pradesh. Although few insects were observed three

years after the initial release in and around Vindhyanagar, a 1996 survey revealed

that Z. bicolorata has spread up to 28 km from the release site, which confirms the

dispersal and establishment of the bio-logical control agent in relation to ecological

factors and the role of Z. bicolorata in integrated parthenium management.

11

2.4: To study the bionomics of Mexican beetle, Zygogramma bicolorata

P.under laboratory conditions.

Omkar and Pandey (2008) worked on development and survival of

different stages of Z. bicolorata at constant temperatures (20º, 25º, 27º, 30º and

35ºC) and revealed that development was fastest with maximum surviving

individuals at 27°C. They concluded that 27ºC was the most suitable for mass

rearing of Z. bicolorata.

Dhiman and Bhargawa (2005) suggested Z. bicolorata Pallister

(Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) as an important biocontrol agent of Partheniurn

weed. Male Z. bicolorata measured 5.20 to 7.12 mm with an average of 6.67 mm

and female 6.0 to 8.0 mm in length with an average of 7.36 mm. Female laid eggs

either singly or in groups, in an average 40 eggs on leaves, flower, stem and buds

of Parthenium plants. Hatching percentage was highest in April and July, there

were four larval stages of creamy white colour. Larval duration extended from 3-5

days for 1st instar, 3-3.5 days for 2nd instar, 2-3 days for 3rd instar and 4-8 days

for 4th instar, larvae and adult were voracious feeders for Parthenium weed. 4th

instar larvae after growth dropped down on the soil near food plant root for

pupation upto a depth of 10 crns. Pupation period normally lasted for 10 to 12

days. Maximum population of adult Z. bicolorata and larvae were recorded in July

to mid September. and May. However, during the year peak population of weed

was recorded in April, May and July to September and minimum in the month of

December and January. During winter in last week of November. most of the adult

prepare to hibernate and pupae proceed for diapause, overwintering in adult and

diapause in pupae last upto mid February. taking a duration of about 2.5 to 3

months in district Saharanpur and adjacent area. Thus, the beetle has been well

established in the locality and naturaly control the weed upto good extent.

McClay (1983) during surveys in Mexico found potential biological

control agents of the Neotropical annual P. hysterophorus , which had become a

serious problem in Australia following its accidental introduction there. The

delphacid Stobaeraconcinna (Stǻl) was found comparatively rare at sites in Nuevo

León, Tamaulipas and San Luis Potosıacute˜; it was not found on plants other

12

than P. hysterophorus. Laboratory studies on its biology showed that the eggs were

laid in the stems, there were 5 nymphal instars and development from egg to adult

lasted 30-56 days. It could only reproduce on P. hysterophorus and Ambrosia

confertiflora of the 11 species of Compositae tested. At high population densities,

it caused yellowing of the leaves and spindly growth.

Bennett and McClay (1979) carried out surveys in the southern USA

and Mexico in 1976 for natural enemies of the noxious weed P. hysterophorus to

assess the possibility of its biological control in Australia, a more extensive

programme of research on those natural enemies found in Mexico was begun in

1978. It is based in Monterrey, Nuevo Leon. The arthropods found in Mexico and

thought sufficiently promising for further study are listed, as are species of

Compositae at present being used in initial (mainly multiple-choice) tests on food-

plant ranges. The most promising insect appears to be the weevil Smicronyx

lutulentus Dietz, adults of which were very common on P. hysterophorus in Nuevo

Leon and Tamaulipas up to November 1978, being found on the stems, finer

branches, flowers and buds. The related species P. confertum is the only other

plant on which the weevil has so far been found. The eggs are laid in the young

flower heads, and the larvae feed in the seeds. They pupate in the soil. Other

promising arthropods include a species of Ophraella that is possibly O. sexvittata

(Lec.), Aceria parthenii Keifer (Eriophyes parthenii) and an unidentified red aphid.

Henderson and Albrecht (1988) suggested that females were more tolerant

of extremes of temperatures than males, resulting in female-biased sex ratios.

However, percentage life span spent by immature stages of Z. bicolorata was

similar across all five temperatures (20º, 25º, 27º, 30º and 35ºC), indicating an

isomorphic development rate (Jarosik et al., 2002; Omkar et al., 2008). Decrease in

the incubation period of Z. bicolorata with increase in temperature probably results

from accelerated embryogenesis, causing early hatching of neonates (Ivanovic and

Nenadovic, 1999).

Pandey et al (2001) reported male’s length as 6.00 mm and female 6.80

mm. Female lays eggs either singly or in groups ranging from 2 to 80 eggs on

13

leaves flower, stem and buds of Parthenium plants with an average of 40

eggs.Above said authors mentioned 60-65 eggs per day while Jayanth and Bali

(1993 a) recorded 45 eggs per day. Eggs are yellow or orange in colour which

hatch in 6-7 days in July and August and in 8-10 days in October and March with

an average of 7 days.This variation in egg number laid per day may be due to

climatic factors or due to single or multi time copulation. Maximum number of

damaged eggs in natural condition was recorded in June, perhaps due to

dehydration. Hatching percentage is highest in the month of April and July. A

group of 5 male and 5 female can lay 1500 eggs or more in 15 days. This indicates

the magnitude of reproductive power, which is a positive point for the control of

the weed.

Overwintering in adult and diapause in pupae lasted upto mid-February for

2.5 to 3 months in district Saharanpur and adjacent area. Few adults and larvae

have been observed upto December feeding on Parthenium,This duration is

variable according to ecoclimatic zones of the country. Mahadevappa (1997)

recorded 6-8 months period of summers and winter in Dharwad (Karnataka),

Visalakshy et al. (1998) recorded diapause from October to May and the

adult emergence with the onset of monsoon rains.The beetle is well established in

this locality and naturally controls the weed upto good extent. However, there is a

need of mass multiplication of the beetle so that these may be available to the

farmers and environmentalis at low cost for release in field to eradicate weed

completely.

Many workers in India representing different climatological conditions

have studied the biology of the beetle and reported variation in the various

biological parameters viz.,egg period (5 days), grub period (11-13 days), pupal

period (10-12 days), egg to adul temergence (27-29 days), eggs per female (1695-

3360), per cent hatching (30-53), preoviposition period (10-70 days), sex ratio

(female %) 1:0.40, male longevity (122-271days), female longevity (109-198

days), oviposition period (89-138 days) and postoviposition period (1-21 days)

(Jayanth and Bali, 1992).

14

Aherkaret al. (1992) from Prabhani reported egg period (2-6 days), grub

period (15-20 days), pupal period (10-12 days), egg to adult emergence (27-38

days), eggs per female (551), male longevity (30 days), female longevity (38

days)).

The whole life cycle took about 6-8 weeks and there may be up to 4

generations/year, depending on rainfall and food availability (McFadyen, 1992). In

autumn due to shorter days and cooler temperatures, adult beetles diapause in the

soil. The dipausing adults emerge in spring in response to rainfall, increased

temperature and longer days. Adult beetles can live up to 2 years and usually spend

around 6 months diapausing in the soil during autumn and winter (McFadyen,

1993).

Gautam et al. (2006) studied the biology of Z bicolorata adults collected

from Delhi (semi-tropical), Jammu (Jammu and Kashmir; temperate), Jabalpur

(Madhya Pradesh; semi-tropical) and Haridwar (Uttaranchal; foothills), India,

under laboratory conditions (26 ± 1°C and 60±5% relative humidity). The pre-

oviposition period lasted for 5-10, 7-10, 3-7 and 7-8 days for the Delhi, Jammu,

Jabalpur and Haridwar populations, respectively. The incubation period was 3-5

days in all populations. The larval period was longest (16-20 days) for the Jammu

population. The pupal period required 7-11 days for theDelhi population, and 6-10

days for the other populations. The total developmental period lasted for about 19-

28, 22-30, 18-27 and 18-26 days for the Delhi, Jammu, Jabalpur and Haridwar

populations, respectively. Fecundity (903 eggs per female), egg hatchability

(75.60%), and female/male ratio (1.63) were greatest for the Jammu population.

Adult longevity for this population (65.8 days for male and 62.4 days for the

female) was only slightly inferior to that recorded for the Jabalpur population (74.6

and 66.7 days, respectively). The peak ovulation period occurred on the second

week after emergence except in the Jabalpur population (fourth week after

emergence). Larval survival was highest for the Delhi population (53.35%),

followed by the Jabalpur (46.67%), Jammu (40.07%) and Haridwar(33.36%)

populations.

15

CHAPTER III

MATERIAL AND METHODS

This chapter deals with the material and methods used under different

objectives of the experiment entitled, “E-surveillance and management of

congress grass, Parthenium hysterophorus L. through Mexican beetle,


associated weeds” was conducted at the Department of Entomology, IGKV,

Raipur, during 2016 & 2017. The material and methods are presented here with

the following sub headings:




3.2: To study the e-surveillance of parthenium and other associated weeds in








beetle, Zygogramma bicolorata Pallister

3.1.1: Location of study:

Population of Mexican beetle, Z. bicolorata was recorded at three locations

of IGKV campus namely research field area of agricultural and horticultural crops,

agro-forestry field area and road side along NH-6 from administrative building to

College of Agriculture, Raipur.

16

Fig. 3.1: Recording observations on insect pest of Parthenium at IGKV campus, Raipur, C.G.

Fig. 3.2: Recording observations on insect pest of Parthenium at Arang block, Raipur, C.G.

17

3.1.2: Geographical situation& climate:

Raipur is situated in the central part of the Chhattisgarh state and lies at

21.16 N latitude and 81.36 E longitude at an altitude of 298 metres above the

mean sea level.Raipur district comes under dry sub-humid agro-climatic region.

3.1.3: Details of study:

Ten plants from each of these three locations were selected randomly and

the number of eggs, grubs and adult beetles were recorded throughout the study

period in both years. Other insect pests associated with parthenium were also

recorded along with their numbers.

3.2: To study the e-surveillance of parthenium and other associated weeds in

Kharif and Rabi season


The e-surveillance programme of parthenium and other associated weeds

was conducted at four different Blocks (Arang, Dharsiwa, Tilda and Abhanpur) of

Raipur district in Chhattisgarh. The study was conducted at the prone areas of

different villages in Raipur districts. Five villages from each block were identified

and five respondents from each village were selected for the study during kharif-

rabi cultivation in the year 2016 and 2017.

3.2.2: Geographical situation& climate

Raipur is situated in the central part of the Chhattisgarh state and lies at

21.16 N latitude and 81.36E longitude at an altitude of 298 metres above the

mean sea level.

Arang lies at N-21o 11’41.46”, E-81

o 58’11.44”,

Dharsiwa- N-21o 24’29.46”, E-81

o 40’19.16”,

Tilda- N-21o 33’04.88”, E-81

o 47’51.72” and

Abhanpur- N-21o 03’14.98”, E-81

o 45’04.87”

with dry sub-humid agro-climatic conditions.

18

Table-3.2: The e-surveillance programme conducted through GPS machine at five

villages of four each block of Raipur District

S.No

.

Block/village

name

Latitude (N) Longitude (E)

Degree

(0)

Minute

(')

Second

(")

Degree

(0)

Minute

(')

Second

(")

A Arang N 210 11’ 41” E 81

0 58’ 11”

1 Palaud N 210 10’ 59” E 81

0 50’ 60”

2 Parshada N 210 11’ 45” E 81

0 49’ 17”

3 Rico N 210 11’ 46” E 81

0 47’ 39”

4 Umariya N 210 13’ 17” E 81

0 49’ 54”

5 Sendh N 210 11’ 52” E 81

0 48’ 13”

B Dharsiwa N 210 24’ 29” E 81

0 40’ 19”

1 Serikheri N 210 14’ 38” E 81

0 44’ 21”

2 Jora N 210 14’ 31” E 81

0 42’ 40”

3 Temri N 210 12’ 12” E 81

0 42’ 23”

4 Dharampura N 210 12’ 54” E 81

0 42’ 56”

5 Banrasi N 210 11’ 29” E 81

0 43’ 18”

C Tilda N 210 33’ 04” E 81

0 47’ 51”

1 Neora N 210 33’ 46” E 81

0 48’ 42”

2 Dondekala N 210 20’ 24” E 81

0 45’ 42”

3 Murra N 210 27’ 41” E 81

0 38’ 76”

4 Tulsi N 210 31’ 55” E 81

0 48’ 33”

5 Dondekhurd N 210 19’ 29” E 81

0 45’ 59”

D Abhanpur N 210 03’ 14” E 81

0 45’ 04”

1 Rakhi N 210 01’ 42” E 81

0 39’ 18”

2 Nardaha N 210 30’ 31” E 81

0 76’ 22”

3 Tekari N 210 05’ 37” E 81

0 39’ 51”

4 Rakhi-2 N 210 01’ 48” E 81

0 39’ 53”

5 Kurud N 210 18’ 74” E 81

0 70’ 31”

19

3.2.3: Selection of villages

The following five villages were selected from each block as mentioned

below:

i. Arang block: Palaud, Parshada, Rico, Umariya and Sendh,

ii. Dharsiwa block: Serikheri, Jora, Temri, Dharampura and Banrasi,

iii. Tilda block: Neora, Dondekala, Murra, Tulsi and Dondekhurd,

iv. Abhanpur block: Rakhi, Nardaha, Tekari, Rakhi-2 and Kurud.

In each village, five respondents were selected randomly in potential growing

area during kharif-rabi cultivation in the year of 2016 and 2017.


For this investigation, the observations of weeds were recorded though GPS

machine on the basis of visual/magnifying glass from upland, midland and lowland

in one sqm at five locations i.e. five farmers from each selected villages during

Kharif and Rabi season. Parthenium and different associated weeds like annual/

perennial were observed to find out the population of insect pests associated at

different critical plant stages.



3.3.1: Location of study

The feeding potential of Mexican beetle, Zygogramma bicolorata P. was

conducted in the Bio-control laboratory, Department of Entomology, IGKV,

Raipur, Chhattisgarh.

3.3.2: Experimental details

3.3.2.1: Feeding potential of Mexican beetle, Z. bicolorata P.

The Mexican beetles and leaves of Parthenium food were collected from

the IGKV fields and maintained in the Bio-control laboratory and used for testing

the feeding potential at different growth stages of Parthenium. For this, experiment

was set up under completely randomized design (CRD) comprising of three

different age groups of Parthenium plants i.e. early stage (Av.19.33cm and Av.

20

7.33 leaves), pre-reproductive (non-flowering, Av. 34.66cm and Av. 18.66 leaves)

and reproductive (flowering, Av. 54.70cm and Av. 32.33 leaves) and replicated

thrice. On each potted plant four treatments comprising of beetles of 2, 3, 4 and 5

pairs were released. Observations were recorded on alternate days for the number

of insects established and time taken (number of days) for complete defoliation of

plants at each stage. The data obtained from the experiment was transformed

accordingly and analyzed statistically.

3.3.2.2: Food consumption by adult and grubs of Mexican beetle, Z. bicolorata

P.

For determining the food consumption of Mexican beetle, Z. bicolorata P.

experiment was conducted in the Bio-control laboratory, Department of

Entomology, IGKV, Raipur, Chhattisgarh at 25-30°C and 60 ± 5% RH,. Newly

hatched different instars of grubs were taken for food utilization study. Grubs from

different instars maintained separately as stock culture were used for the study. The

newly emerged different stages of beetles i.e. first, second, third, fourth instars and

adults were released on to previously weighed leaf of host plant in different petri

dishes (10 cm. dia.) provided with moist filter paper and allowed to food for 24

hrs. The experiment was replicated thrice. At the end of each day of the

experiment, the filter paper was cleaned with a fine camel hair brush to collect the

excrement. After consumption of host plant leaves were measured on weight basis.

The amount of food consumption was estimated by the formula given

below:-

Food consumption = total food given to grubs & adult (wt) – Left over food by grubs & adult (wt)

21

Fig. 3.3.1: Mass multiplication of Mexican beetle, Z. bicolorata, reared in cut plastic tanks covered with nylon net using low cost technology

Fig. 3.3.2: Mass multiplication of Mexican beetle, Z. bicolorata in plastic basins covered with plastic net under laboratory conditions

22

Fig. 3.3.4: Recording observations on the feeding efficiency of Z. bicolorata at different stage of Parthenium plants

Fig. 3.3.3: Experiment conducted for testing complete defoliation of different ages of Parthenium plants by releasing different number of paired beetles, Z. bicolorata

23

Fig. 3.3.5: Eggs of Z. bicolorata on leaf of Parthenium leaves.

Fig. 3.3.6: Food consumption by grubs and adults of Mexican beetle, Z. bicolorata P. under laboratory condition.

24

3.4: To study the bionomics of Mexican beetle, Z. bicolorata P.under

laboratoryconditions


The bionomics of the Mexican beetle, Z. bicolorata P. was studied under

laboratory conditions in the Bio-control laboratory, Department of Entomology,

IGKV, Raipur, Chhattisgarh.


In this experiment fresh leaves of parthenium were provided in petridishes

on which single pair of newly emerged Z. bicolorata beetles was released. The

observations were recorded on fecundity, incubation period and duration of larval

(grub) instars, pupal and longevity of male and female beetles.

3.5: Statistical Analysis

The data obtained under various experiments were tabulated and subjected

to statistical analysis as per requirement. Data in percentage were subjected to

angular transformation whereas numerical data were transformed to square root

transformation before subjected to statistical analysis (Gomez and Gomez, 2010).

The data recorded on all the traits related to bionomics of Mexican beetle

contributing characters under all the season were statistically analyzed as follows.

Mean

Mean is the value of observation of genotypes of a series. It represents the

standard average value over fluctuations in the environment. Mean was calculated

by the following formula:

X̅ = Σ Xi/n

Where, Σ Xi = summation of all the observations

n = total number of observations

Range

Range is the difference between the highest and the lowest value of a series

of observations and thus provides the information about the extent of variability

present in the treatments.

25

Range = Highest value – Lowest value

Analysis of variance

The mean data of each replication was used to analysis of variance using

CRD design. The model for experimental design used i.e., Completely

Randomized Design can be expressed as follows: Yi = µ + vi + ei

Where,

µ = General mean

ti = Effect of ith

treatments

ei = Error component

The skeleton of the analysis of variance are as follows:

Table: ANOVA table for CRBD design

Sources of

variation

Degree of

freedom

Sum of

squares

Mean sum

of squares

Computed F Tabular F

5% 1%

Treatments t-1 SSt MSSt Fcal

Fd.f.

(e, v)

Fd.f.

(e, v) Error t(r-1) SSe MSSe

The following formulae were used for the estimation of standard error,

critical difference and coefficient of variance:

a. SEm±= 𝐸𝑀𝑆

𝑟

b. C. D. = 2𝐸𝑀𝑆

𝑟× t at error d. f. (5%)

c. C. V. % = EMS

GM × 100

Where,

r = Number of replications, d.f. = Degree of freedom

v = Number of treatment, S.S. = Sum of square

C.D. = Critical difference, C.V. = Coefficient of variance

M.S.S = Mean sum of squares, E.M.S. = Error mean square

S.Em± = Standard error of mean, G.M. = Grand mean

26

Fig. 3.4.1: Recording observations on bionomics of Z. bicolorata in Bio-control laboratory, Department of Entomology, CoA, IGKV.

Fig. 3.4.2: Recording observations on bionomics of Z. bicolorata under trinocular digital microscope in Bio-control laboratory, Department of Entomology, CoA, IGKV.

27

Fig. 3.4.3: Eggs of Mexican beetle, Z. bicolorata Fig. 3.4.4: Grub of Z. bicolorata under microscopic measurement.

Fig. 3.4.5: Grub of Mexican beetle, Z. bicolorata Fig. 3.4.6: Pupa of Mexican beetle, Z. bicolorata

Fig. 3.4.7: Adult of Mexican beetle, Z. bicolorata Fig. 3.4.8: Male and female of Mexican beetle, Z. bicolorata

28

CHAPTER IV

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

This chapter deals with the result and discussions obtained under different

objectives of the experiment entitled, “E-surveillance and management of

congress grass, Parthenium hysterophorus L. through Mexican beetle,


associated weeds” conducted at the Department of Entomology, IGKV, Raipur

during 2016 & 2017. The result and discussions are presented here with under the

following sub headings:
















College of Agriculture, Raipur. Observations were recorded on the number of

adults, grubs and other insect pests associated with Parthenium at three selected

locations on ten randomly selected plants throughout the study period are presented

in table- 4.1aa, 4.1ab, 4.1ac, 4.1ba, 4.1bb, 4.1bc, 4.1ca, 4.1cb & 4.1cc and fig.-

4.1aa, 4.1ab, 4.1ac, 4.1ad, 4.1ba, 4.1bb, 4.1bc, 4.1bd, 4.1ca, 4.1cb, 4.1cc & 4.1cd

follows:

29

4.1.1: Agro-forestry field area

In the survey of agro-forestry field area, the average population of

Mexican beetle (egg, grubs and adults) on ten randomly selected plants in agro-

forestry field area ranged from (0.00 to 1.50, 0.00 to 0.30 and 0.00 to 0.50),

respectively. The highest number of eggs (1.50/plant) of Mexican beetle was

observed during July followed by August i.e. (0.40/plant) while grubs (0.30/plant)

and adults (0.50/ plant) were recorded in August followed by (0.20/plant) and

(0.33/ plant) in July respectively.

As far as other insect pests associated with Parthenium was concerned

maximum population of ants (2.60/plant) was recorded in December followed by

aphids (2.50/plant) in January. Semilooper and Canthocona bugs with 0.01/plant

on January-May, March and July, respectively during 2016.

The overall months average of Mexican beetle, Z. bicolorata P. (egg, grubs

and adults) population was noticed as 0.16, 0.04 and 0.07/plant, respectively while

average of other insect pest associated with Parthenium was observed to be

maximum (1.17/ten plants) in aphids followed by ants (1.02/ten plants) and

minimum in Canthocona bugs ( 0.02/plant) during 2016.

In second year i.e. in 2017 the average population of Mexican beetle (egg,

grubs and adults) on ten plants in agro-forestry area ranged from (0.00 to 0.95,

0.00 to 0.20 and 0.00 to 0.30), respectively. Maximum eggs (0.95/plant) of

Mexican beetle was observed in July followed by August (0.30/plant), the grubs

(0.20/plant) and adults (0.30/plant) was observed maximum in August and

minimum (0.10/plant) and (0.23/plant) in July, respectively. Whereas, other insect

pest associated with Parthenium ranged from 0.00 to 2.60/plant. The highest

population of ants (2.60/plant) was recorded in December followed by (1.60/ten

plants) in March and lowest (0.01/plant) in semilooper in March, spider and

Canthocona bug in July. The overall months average of Mexican beetle (egg, grubs

and adults) population was observed as 0.10, 0.03 and 0.04/plant, respectively

while average of other insect pests associated with Parthenium was observed to be

maximum (0.87/plant) in ants followed by aphids (0.71/plant) and minimum in

Canthocona bugs and cow bugs (0.02/plant).

30

The pooled analysis of two years data of Mexican beetle (egg, grubs and

adults) on ten plants in agro-forestry area ranged from (0.00 to 1.23, 0.00 to 0.25

and 0.00 to 0.40), respectively. The highest number of eggs (1.23/plant) of

Mexican beetle was observed in July followed by August i.e. 0.35/plant while

grubs (0.25/plant) and adults (0.40/plant) was exhibited maximum in August

followed by (0.15/plant) and (0.28/plant) in July, respectively.

As far as, other insect pests associated with Parthenium was concerned it

ranged from 0.00 to 2.60/plant. Maximum population of ants (2.60/plant) was

recorded in December followed by aphids (2.50/plant) in December and January.

Whereas minimum in semilooper in March and Canthocona bugs in July

i.e.0.01/plant, respectively during 2016 and 2017

The overall pooled data of two years depicted the mean population of

Mexican beetle (egg, grubs and adults) as 0.13, 0.03 and 0.06/ plant, respectively

while other insect pest associated with Parthenium was observed maximum (0.94/

plant) in aphids and ants, respectively followed by mealy bugs (0.45/plant) and

minimum in Canthocona bug (0.02/plant)

4.1.2: Cropped field area

The average population of Mexican beetle (egg, grubs and adults) on ten

plants in cropped field area ranged from (0.00 to 2.90, 0.00 to 2.30 and 0.00 to

2.30), respectively. The highest number of eggs (2.90/plant) of Mexican beetle was

observed during of August the followed by July i.e. 2.50/plant while grubs

(2.30/plant) and adults (0.80/plant) was recorded maximum in August and

September months followed by (2.20/plants) and (0.60/plants) during July and

October, respectively.

Other insect pests associated with Parthenium ranged from 0.00 to

6.20/plant. Maximum population of aphids (6.20/plant) was recorded in October

followed by (6.10/plant) in September and minimum of semilooper in March,

Canthocona bugs in July, ladybird beetle in June, August and Spittle bug in August

i.e. 0.01/plant, respectively during 2016.

The overall months average of Mexican beetle (egg, grubs and adults)

population was found to be 0.61, 0.48 and 0.19/plant, respectively while average

of other insect pests associated with Parthenium was observed maximum

31

(2.03/plant) of ants followed by aphids (1.88/plant) and minimum of Canthocona

bug ( 0.12/plant) during 2016.

In the second year, average population of Mexican beetle (egg, grubs and

adults) on ten plants in cropped field area ranged from (0.00 to 1.90, 0.00 to 1.30

and 0.00 to 0.80), respectively. Maximum eggs (1.90/plant) of Mexican beetle was

observed in August followed by September (1.20/plant), grubs (1.30/plant) and

adults (0.80/plant) was observed maximum in August and September months and

minimum (0.50/plant) and (0.33/plant) in October and July, respectively. In case of

other insect pest associated with Parthenium was concerned it ranged from 0.00 to

4.10/plant. The highest population of aphids (4.10/plant) was recorded in

September and lowest (0.01/plant) in leaf miner in March, Spittlle bugs in August,

lady bird beetle in June, July, August and Canthocona bugs in July.

The overall months of average Mexican beetle (egg, grubs and adults)

population was observed as 0.43, 0.30 and 0.19/plant, respectively while other

insect pest associated with Parthenium showed maximum (1.45/plant) in ants

followed by aphids (1.22/plant) and minimum in semilooper ( 0.14/plant).

The pooled analysis of two years data of Mexican beetle, Z. bicolorata P.

(egg, grubs and adults) on ten plants in cropped field area ranged from (0.00 to

2.40, 0.00 to 1.80 and 0.00 to 0.80), respectively. The highest number of eggs

(2.40/plant) of Z. bicolorata was observed in August followed by July i.e.

2.00/plant while grubs (1.80/plant) and adults (0.80/plant) was exhibited maximum

on August and September followed by (1.70/plant ) and (0.60/plant) in July and

October, respectively.

Other insect pests associated with Parthenium ranged from 0.00 to

4.70/plant, in which maximum population of aphids (4.70/plant) was recorded in

October followed by (3.00/plant) in November and minimum number of spiders,

lady bird beetles and Canthocona bugs of 0.01 in March, July, July, August and

July, respectively.

The overall pooled data of two years, mean population of Mexican beetle

(egg, grubs and adults) was recorded as 0.52, 0.39 and 0.19/plant, respectively

while other insect pest associated with Parthenium was observed to be maximum

32

(1.74/plant) of ants followed aphids (1.55/plant) and minimum in Canthocona bugs

(0.09/plant).

4.1.3: Road side area

The average population of Z. bicolorata (egg, grubs and adults) on ten plants in

road side area ranged from (0.00 to 7.40, 0.00 to 5.30 and 0.00 to 8.50),

respectively. The highest eggs (7.40/plant) of Mexican beetle was observed in

August followed by July i.e. 6.50/plant while grubs (5.30/plant) and adults

(8.50/plant) was exhibited maximum in August followed by (0.20/plant) and

(1.00/plant) in July and September, respectively. Other insect pest associated with

Parthenium ranged from 0.00 to 2.80/plant. Maximum population of mealy bugs

(2.80/plant) was recorded in September followed by (1.80/plant) in October and

minimum population of semilooper was noticed in March and Canthocona bugs

was observed in July as 0.01/plant, respectively during 2016.

The overall months of average of Mexican beetle (egg, grubs and adults)

population was recorded as 1.84, 0.46 and 0.90/plant, respectively while other

insect pest associated with Parthenium observed was maximum (0.98/plant) of

mealy bugs followed by ants (0.70/plant) and minimum of Canthocona bugs

(0.02/plant) during 2016.

In second year, average population of Mexican beetle (egg, grubs and

adults) on ten plants in road side area ranged from (0.00 to 5.70, 0.00 to 4.30 and

0.00 to 7.50), respectively. Maximum eggs (5.70/plant) of Mexican beetle was

observed in August followed by September (5.40/plant), the grubs (4.30/plant) and

adults (7.50/plant) was observed maximum in August and minimum (0.20/plant)

and (0.33/plant) on July, respectively. Other insect pest associated with Parthenium

ranged from 0.00 to 2.80/plant. The highest population of mealy bugs (2.80/plant)

was recorded in September and lowest (0.01/plant) of semilooper in March and

Canthocona bugs in July.

The overall mean population of Mexican beetle (egg, grubs and adults)

population was observed to be of 1.43, 0.38 and 0.82/plant, respectively while

other insect pest associated with Parthenium was observed as maximum

(0.94/plant) of mealy bugs followed by ants (0.70/plant) and minimum of

Canthocona bugs (0.02/plant).

33

The pooled analysis of two years data of Mexican beetle (egg, grubs and

adults) on ten plants in road side area ranged from (0.00 to 2.40, 0.00 to 1.80 and

0.00 to 0.80), respectively. The highest eggs (2.40/plant) of Mexican beetle was

observed on August followed by July i.e. 2.00/plant while grubs (1.80/plant) and

adults (0.80/plant) was exhibited maximum in August and September followed by

(1.70/plant) and (0.60/plant) in July and October, respectively. As far as other

insect pests associated with Parthenium was concerned; it ranged from 0.00 to

5.10/plants. The maximum population of aphids (4.70/plant) was recorded in

September followed by (4.70/plant) in October and minimum in case of semilooper

during March, lady bird beetle from June to August and Canthocona bugs in July

i.e. 0.01/plant, respectively during 2016 and 2017.

The overall pooled data of two years, showed that the mean population of

Mexican beetle (egg, grubs and adults) was recorded to be 0.48, 0.36 and

0.17/plant, respectively while other insect pests associated with Parthenium was

observed to be maximum (1.62/plant) in ants followed by aphids (1.43/plant) and

minimum in spittle bugs (0.14/plant).

Gupta and Sood (2002) who conducted survey in August 2001 in 5 districts

of Himachal Pradesh, India, to determine the ecology of Zygogramma bicolorata, a

potential biological control agent against parthenium weed also reported mean

maximum infestation in the month of August with 8.50/plant, which is in

agreement with the present finding.

Similarly Dhiman and Bhargava (2005) also reported that the incidence of

Z.bicororata was maximum (87.09% and 76.19%) in August months which is in

accordance with the present studies.

34

4.1

aa:

Mea

n d

ata

of

the

ass

oci

ate

d i

nse

cts

wit

h c

on

gre

ss g

rass

, P

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s re

cord

ed u

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ld a

rea o

f IG

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pu

s, R

aip

ur

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rin

g 2

016

S.

No.

Bio

-ag

ents

/Mo

nth

Agro

fore

stry

Ja

n

Feb

M

ar

Ap

r M

ay

Ju

n

Ju

l A

ug

Sep

O

ct

No

v

Dec

M

ean

1

Zy

go

gra

mm

a (

Eg

g)

0.0

0

0.0

0

0.0

0

0.0

0

0.0

0

0.0

0

1.5

0

0.4

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0

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6

2

Zy

go

gra

mm

a (

Gru

bs)

0

.00

0.0

0

0.0

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0.0

0

0.0

0

0.0

0

0.2

0

0.3

0

0.0

0

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0

0.0

0

0.0

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3

Zy

go

gra

mm

a A

du

lts

0.0

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0.0

0

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0.0

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4

Mea

ly b

ug

0

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0.4

0

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0.6

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11

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Red

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0.0

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13

Sp

ider

0

.40

0.5

0

0.6

0

0.4

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0.3

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Can

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0.0

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tal

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3.5

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0

4.1

3

8.1

1

4.7

9

*T

he

dat

a sh

ow

s A

v. o

f fo

rtnig

htl

y i

nte

rval

35

4.1

ab

: M

ean

data

of

the

ass

oci

ate

d i

nse

cts

wit

h c

on

gre

ss g

rass

rec

ord

ed

un

der

fie

ld c

rop

ped

are

a o

f IG

KV

ca

mp

us,

Raip

ur

du

rin

g

2016

S.

No.

Bio

-ag

ents

/Mo

nth

Fie

ld c

rop

ped

are

a

Ja

n

Feb

M

ar

Ap

r M

ay

Ju

n

Ju

l A

ug

Sep

O

ct

No

v

Dec

M

ean

1

Zy

go

gra

mm

a (

Eg

g)

0.0

0

0.0

0

0.0

0

0.0

0

0.0

0

0.0

0

2.5

0

2.9

0

1.4

0

0.5

0

0.0

0

0.0

0

0.6

1

2

Zy

go

gra

mm

a (

Gru

bs)

0

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0.0

0

0.0

0

0.0

0

0.0

0

0.0

0

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0

2.3

0

0.6

0

0.5

0

0.2

0

0.0

0

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3

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0.0

0

0.0

0

0.0

0

0.0

0

0.0

0

0.3

3

0.5

0

0.8

0

0.6

0

0.0

0

0.0

0

0.1

9

4

Mea

ly b

ug

0

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0.4

0

0.9

0

0.7

0

0.0

0

0.7

0

0.2

0

0.7

0

0.0

0

0.8

0

0.7

0

0.7

0

0.5

4

5

Ap

hid

1

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0.3

0

0.5

0

0.5

0

0.0

0

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0

0.0

0

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0

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0

6.2

0

3.5

0

2.5

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8

6

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t (s

mal

l/la

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1

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0

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0

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7

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ital

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g

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0

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9

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9

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1

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8

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0.0

0

0.0

0

0.0

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0.0

0

9

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f m

iner

0

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0.6

0

1.7

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0.8

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0.7

5

0.8

0

0.0

0

0.0

0

0.0

0

0.0

0

0.0

0

0.0

0

0.4

5

10

Sem

ilo

op

er

0.8

0

0.9

0

0.0

1

0.0

0

0.0

0

0.0

0

0.0

0

0.0

0

0.0

0

0.0

0

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0

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4

11

Lad

y b

ird

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tle

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12

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g

0.0

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0

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ider

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1.5

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0

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0

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9

1.3

0

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0

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3

14

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tho

con

a bu

g

0.0

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0.0

0

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0

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15

Co

w b

ug

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tal

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11

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11

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0

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0

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0

*T

he

dat

a sh

ow

s A

v. o

f fo

rtnig

ht

inte

rval

36

4.1

ac:

Mea

n d

ata

of

the

ass

oci

ate

d i

nse

cts

wit

h c

on

gre

ss g

rass

rec

ord

ed u

nd

er r

oad

sid

e are

a o

f IG

KV

ca

mp

us,

Raip

ur

du

rin

g

2016

S.

No.

Bio

-ag

ents

/Mo

nth

Road

sid

e

Ja

n

Feb

M

ar

Ap

r M

ay

Ju

n

Ju

l A

ug

Sep

O

ct

No

v

Dec

M

ean

1

Zy

go

gra

mm

a (

Eg

g)

0.0

0

0.0

0

0.0

0

0.0

0

0.0

0

0.0

0

6.5

0

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0

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0

2.5

0

0.0

0

0.0

0

1.8

4

2

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gra

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a (

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0

0.0

0

0.0

0

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3

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0

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0

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4

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ly b

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0

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0

0.4

0

0.2

0

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0

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0

1.8

0

0.7

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0

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5

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hid

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6

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t (s

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7

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g

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10

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0

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0

0.0

0

0.0

0

0.0

0

0.0

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0.0

0

0.0

0

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0

0.3

0

0.0

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11

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tle

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12

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g

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0.0

0

0.0

0

0.0

0

0.0

0

0.0

0

0.0

0

0.0

0

0.0

0

0.0

0

0.0

0

0.0

0

0.0

0

13

Sp

ider

0

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0.5

0

0.6

0

0.4

0

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9

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0

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0

0.4

0

0.4

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14

Can

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15

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25

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*T

he

dat

a sh

ow

s A

v. o

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ht

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37

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Tab

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a:

Mea

n d

ata

of

the

ass

oci

ate

d i

nse

cts

wit

h c

on

gre

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of

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2017

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Bio

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ents

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nth

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fore

stry

Jan

F

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Ap

r M

ay

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n

Ju

l A

ug

Sep

O

ct

No

v

Dec

M

ean

1

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go

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mm

a (

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g)

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0

0.0

0

0.0

0

0.0

0

0.0

0

0.0

0

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0

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0

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2

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13

S

pid

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9

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0

0.3

0

0.4

2

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5

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8

14

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0

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15

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0

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0

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0

0.0

0

0.0

0

0.3

0

0.4

2

0.3

2

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2

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2

To

tal

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0

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1

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1

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0

1.8

0

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0

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2

3.8

3

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1

3.0

4

3.1

3

6.5

8

2.9

5

*T

he

dat

a sh

ow

s A

v. o

f fo

rtnig

ht

inte

rval

40

Tab

le 4

.1b

b:

Mea

n d

ata

of

the

ass

oci

ate

d i

nse

cts

wit

h c

on

gre

ss g

rass

un

der

fie

ld c

rop

ped

are

a o

f IG

KV

ca

mp

us,

Raip

ur

du

rin

g

2017

S.

No.

Bio

-ag

ents

/Mo

nth

Fie

ld c

rop

ped

are

a

Ja

n

Feb

M

ar

Ap

r M

ay

Ju

n

Ju

l A

ug

Sep

O

ct

No

v

Dec

M

ean

1

Zy

go

gra

mm

a (

Eg

g)

0.0

0

0.0

0

0.0

0

0.0

0

0.0

0

0.0

0

1.5

0

1.9

0

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0

0.5

0

0.0

0

0.0

0

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3

2

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a (

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0.0

0

0.0

0

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0

1.3

0

0.6

0

0.5

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0.0

0

0.0

0

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0

3

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0.0

0

0.0

0

0.0

0

0.0

0

0.3

3

0.5

0

0.8

0

0.6

0

0.0

0

0.0

0

0.1

9

4

Mea

ly b

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0

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0.2

0

0.5

0

0.7

0

0.0

0

0.7

0

0.2

0

0.7

0

0.0

0

0.4

0

0.2

0

0.5

0

0.3

8

5

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hid

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0

0.5

0

0.5

0

0.0

0

0.0

0

0.0

0

1.5

0

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0

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0

2.5

0

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6

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t (s

mal

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0.6

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1.6

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7

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ital

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9

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0

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0

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0

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1

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8

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0

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0

9

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iner

0

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0.3

0

0.0

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0.8

2

0.7

5

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0

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0

0.0

0

0.0

0

0.0

0

0.0

0

0.0

0

0.2

5

10

Sem

ilo

op

er

0.8

0

0.9

0

0.0

1

0.0

0

0.0

0

0.0

0

0.0

0

0.0

0

0.0

0

0.0

0

0.0

0

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0

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4

11

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y b

ird

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tle

0.5

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0

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0.0

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0.2

0

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0

0.0

0

0.0

0

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0

12

Red

uvid

bu

g

0.0

0

0.0

0

0.0

0

0.0

0

0.0

0

0.0

0

0.0

0

0.0

0

0.0

0

0.0

0

0.0

0

0.0

0

0.0

0

13

Sp

ider

1

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1.5

0

0.5

0

0.7

0

0.0

0

0.7

0

0.2

0

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0

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0

0.0

0

0.0

0

0.0

0

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4

14

Can

tho

con

a bu

g

0.0

0

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0

0.0

0

0.0

0

0.0

0

0.0

0

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1

0.0

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0.0

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0.0

0

0.0

0

0.0

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0.0

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15

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w b

ug

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7

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tal

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5.5

2

2.2

5

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5

9.9

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8.8

0

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0

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0

3.6

0

6.0

1

*T

he

dat

a sh

ow

s A

v. o

f fo

rtnig

ht

inte

rval

41

Tab

le 4

.1b

c: M

ean

data

of

the

ass

oci

ate

d i

nse

cts

wit

h c

on

gre

ss g

rass

un

der

road

sid

e are

a o

f IG

KV

ca

mp

us,

Raip

ur

du

rin

g 2

017

S.

No.

Bio

-ag

ents

/Mo

nth

Road

sid

e

Ja

n

Feb

M

ar

Ap

r M

ay

Ju

n

Ju

l A

ug

Sep

O

ct

No

v

Dec

M

ean

1

Zy

go

gra

mm

a (

Eg

g)

0.0

0

0.0

0

0.0

0

0.0

0

0.0

0

0.0

0

4.5

0

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0

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0

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0

0.0

0

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3

2

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a (

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0.0

0

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0

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0

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0

0.0

0

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0

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0

0.0

0

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0

0.0

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8

3

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0.5

0

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6

0.0

0

0.8

2

4

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ly b

ug

0

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0.3

0

0.4

0

0.2

0

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0.0

0

1.7

0

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0

0.9

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5

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hid

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0.0

0

0.0

0

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0

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0

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6

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t (s

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0.6

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0.6

0

0.7

0

7

Sp

ital

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g

0.0

0

0.0

0

0.0

0

0.0

0

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0

0.0

0

0.0

0

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0

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8

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0

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0

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0.0

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9

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0

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0.0

0

0.2

0

0.3

0

0.7

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7

10

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0

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0

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1

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0.0

0

0.0

0

0.0

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0.0

0

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0.0

7

11

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0

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0

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0

0.0

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12

Red

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g

0.0

0

0.0

0

0.0

0

0.0

0

0.0

0

0.0

0

0.0

0

0.0

0

0.0

0

0.0

0

0.0

0

0.0

0

0.0

0

13

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ider

0

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0.5

0

0.2

0

0.5

0

0.6

0

0.9

0

0.6

0

0.4

0

1.7

0

0.4

0

0.4

0

0.4

0

0.5

8

14

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tho

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a bu

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0.0

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15

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0.6

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0.0

0

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0

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0.1

0

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0

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0

0.3

3

To

tal

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0

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*T

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dat

a sh

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s A

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rea

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017

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Jan

Feb

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Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

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Oct

Nov

Dec


Mon

ths

Zyg

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Feb

Mar

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43

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d: M

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data

showingt

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nem

ies o

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s gra

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nder

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201

7.

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Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec


Mon

ths

Zyg

ogra

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data

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du

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g 2

016 &

17

S.

No.

Bio

-ag

ents

/Mo

nth

Agro

fore

stry

Jan

F

eb

Mar

Ap

r M

ay

Ju

n

Ju

l A

ug

Sep

O

ct

No

v

Dec

M

ean

1

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go

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mm

a (

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g)

0.0

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0.0

0

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0

0.0

0

0.0

0

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0

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13

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0

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0

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0

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9

0.3

0

0.5

1

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0

0.3

5

0.4

1

0.4

0

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3

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2

14

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3

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5

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7

*T

he

dat

a sh

ow

s A

v. o

f fo

rtnig

ht

inte

rval

45

4.1

cb:

Poole

d m

ean

data

of

the

ass

oci

ate

d i

nse

cts

wit

h c

on

gre

ss g

rass

un

der

fie

ld c

rop

ped

are

a o

f IG

KV

ca

mp

us,

Raip

ur

du

rin

g

2016 &

17

S.

No.

Bio

-ag

ents

/Mo

nth

Fie

ld c

rop

ped

are

a

Jan

F

eb

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49



The e-surveillance programme of Parthenium and other associated weeds

was conducted at four different Blocks (Arang, Dharsiwa, Tilda and Abhanpur) of

Raipur, Chhattisgarh. For this investigation, the observations of weeds were

recorded though GPS machine on the basis of visual/magnifying glass from

upland, midland and lowland in one sqm area of five locations i.e. five farmers

field under each selected village during Kharif and Rabi season were included.

Parthenium and other associated weeds like annual/perennial were observed to find

out the population of insect pests associated at the different critical plant stages.

The observations were recorded at periodical intervals and presented in table-4.2a,

4.2b &4.2c and fig.-4.2aa, 4.2ab, 4.2ac, 4.2ba, 4.2bb, 4.2bc, 4.2ca, 4.2cb & 4.2cc

as follows:

4.2.1: Upland

4.2.1.1: Arang block

During first year i.e. in 2016 the maximum average population (3.87) /sqm

of ants was noticed followed by spider (0.89) whereas minimum (0.01)/sqm of

caterpillars compared with the population of Mexican beetle was recorded of

(0.80) /sqm at Arang block.

During second year also highest population (2.87) /sqm was recorded in

case of ants followed by spider whereas minimum (0.79)/sqm of caterpillars and

(0.76)/sqm of Mexican beetle, while lowest (0.04) in case of Canthocona bugs

were recorded at Arang block.

Pooled analysis of two years data scored maximum (3.37) /sqm of ants

followed by Mexican beetle (0.78/sqm) while minimum population was recorded

of Canthocona bugs i.e. 0.04 at Arang block.

4.2.1.2: Dharsiwa block

During first year, the maximum average population (2.87)/sqm were

noticed of ants and minimum (0.04)/sqm in case of mealy bugs as compared with

the population of Mexican beetle (0.82) /sqm was recorded.

50

During second year also the highest population (1.87) /sqm was recorded in

ants and minimum (0.01)/sqm of Canthocona bugs while (0.86)/sqm of Mexican

beetles were recorded at Dharsiwa block.


followed by Mexican beetle (0.84/sqm) and minimum of Canthocona bugs i.e.

(0.01) /sqm.

4.2.1.3: Tilda block

During the first year, maximum average population (3.87) /sqm was

noticed in case of ants and minimum (0.01)/sqm of Canthocona bugs as compared

with the population of (0.65)/sqm Mexican beetle was recorded.

During second year also, similar trend of highest population (2.87) /sqm

was recorded in ants and minimum (0.06)/sqm in cow bugs while (0.61)/sqm of

Mexican beetle was observed at Tilda block.

Pooled analysis of two years data scored maximum (3.37) /sqm in ants,

(0.84)/sqm Mexican beetle and minimum of Canthocona bugs i.e. (0.01) /sqm.

4.2.1.4: Abhanpur block

During the first year, maximum average population of (3.88) /sqm was

noticed in case of ants and minimum (0.01)/sqm of Canthocona bugs as compared

with the population (1.85)/sqm of Mexican beetle.

During the second year, highest population (2.88) /sqm was also recorded

in case of ants and minimum (0.02)/sqm in lady bird beetle while (1.61)/sqm of

Mexican beetle at Abhanpur block.

Pooled analysis of two years data scored maximum (3.38) /sqm in ants

followed by Mexican beetle (1.73/sqm) and minimum of Canthocona bugs i.e.

(0.01)/sqm.

4.2.2: Midland



noticed of ants and minimum (0.02)/sqm of cow bugs, semilooper and lady bird

beetles. The population of Mexican beetles was recorded to be (1.42)/sqm.

51

During the second year also highest population (1.86) /sqm was recorded in

case of ants and minimum (0.02)/sqm of semilooper while Mexican beetle was

observed to be (1.32)/sqm at Arang block.


and Mexican beetle (1.37/sqm) while minimum in cow bug i.e. (0.02) /sqm.



noticed in ants and minimum (0.01)/sqm of semilooper, where as the population of

Mexican beetle was recorded to be (1.42)/sqm.

During the second year also ants dominated with highest population (1.86)

/sqm and minimum (0.02)/sqm of cow bugs while (1.32)/sqm of Mexican beetle

population was recorded at Dharsiwa block.


(1.37/sqm) of Mexican beetle and minimum of semilooper, spittle bugs and cow

bugs i.e. (0.02) /sqm, respectively.


During the first year i.e. in 2016 maximum average population of (1.95)

/sqm was noticed in case of ants and minimum (0.01)/sqm of Canthocona bugs

while the population of Mexican beetle was recorded as (0.40)/sqm.

During the second year, again ants recorded highest population (1.76) /sqm

and minimum (0.02)/sqm in cow bugs and semilooper, respectively while

(1.32)/sqm of Mexican beetle were observed at Tilda block.


(0.36/sqm) of Mexican beetle and minimum of cow bugs and semilooper i.e. (0.02)

/sqm, respectively.



noticed in ants and minimum (0.01)/sqm in Canthocona bugs where as the

population of Mexican beetle was recorded as (1.40)/sqm.

52

In the second year also ants recorded highest population (2.76) /sqm and

lowest (0.10)/sqm in Canthocona bugs while (1.32)/sqm of Mexican beetle were

recorded at Abhanpur block.

Pooled analysis of two years data scored maximum (3.26) /sqm in ants

and Mexican beetle (1.36/sqm) and minimum in Canthocona bugs i.e. (0.06) /sqm.

4.2.3: Lowland



noticed in case of Mexican beetles and minimum (0.01)/sqm in cow bugs and

Canthocona bugs.

During second year, the highest population (2.76) /sqm was recorded in

ants and minimum (0.03)/sqm of semilooper while (1.70)/sqm the in case of

Mexican beetle were recorded at Arang block. Pooled analysis of two years data

scored maximum (2.33) /sqm in ants followed by Mexican beetle (2.20/sqm) and

minimum in Canthocona bugs i.e. (0.01) /sqm.


During the first year, the maximum average population of (1.70) /sqm was

noticed in Mexican beetle and minimum (0.02) /sqm in mealy bugs and

semilooper.

During second year, the highest population (1.33) /sqm was recorded in

ants and minimum (0.02)/sqm in semilooper while (0.70)/sqm of Mexican beetle at

Dharsiwa block.


followed by Mexican beetle (1.20/sqm) and minimum of Canthocona bugs and

semilooper i.e. (0.02) /sqm.



noticed in case of Mexican beetle and minimum (0.08)/sqm in caterpillar.

53

In the second year also similar highest population of (2.70) /sqm was

recorded in Mexican beetle and minimum (0.06)/sqm of lady bird beetle at

Dharsiwa block.

Pooled analysis of two years data scored maximum (2.20) /sqm in Mexican

beetle and minimum in cow bug i.e. (0.10) /sqm.



noticed in case of Mexican beetle and minimum (0.01)/sqm in Canthocona bugs.

In the second year also highest population of (3.70) /sqm was recorded in

Mexican beetle and minimum (0.10)/sqm in cow bugs at Abhanpur block.

Pooled analysis of two years data scored maximum (3.75) /sqm in Mexican

beetle and minimum in lady bird beetle i.e. (0.05) /sqm.

On the basis of overall block (Arang, Dharsiwa, Tilda and Abhanpur) on

upland, midland and lowland was ranged from 0.01 to 3.62, 0.01 to 2.81 and 0.10

to 2.73, respectively during 2016. The maximum population was exhibited

(3.62)/sqm in ants and minimum in (0.01)/sqm in Canthocona bugs on lowland and

midland was also noticed (02.81) /sqm highest in ants and lowest in (0.01)/sqm in

Canthocona bugs while maximum (3.80)/sqm was recorded in Mexican beetle and

minimum in (0.01)/sqm in Canthocona bugs.

On the basis of overall block (Arang, Dharsiwa, Tilda and Abhanpur) on


to 2.73, respectively during 2017. The maximum population was exhibited (2.62)

/sqm in ants and minimum in (0.01) /sqm in Canthocona bugs on lowland and

midland was also noticed (1.76) /sqm highest in ants and lowest in (0.02) /sqm in

cow bugs while maximum (3.70) /sqm was recorded in Mexican beetle and

minimum in (0.10) /sqm in Canthocona bugs and cow bugs.

On the basis of pooled data of two years overall block i.e. at Arang,

Dharsiwa, Tilda and Abhanpur on upland, midland and lowland was ranged from

0.01 to 3.62, 0.01 to 2.70 and 0.10 to 2.73, respectively. The maximum population

was exhibited (3.12) /sqm in ants and minimum in (0.01) /sqm of Canthocona bugs

on lowland and midland was also noticed (1.76) /sqm highest in ants and lowest in

54

Tab

le-4

.2a:

e-su

rvei

llan

ce o

f p

art

hen

ium

an

d a

ssoci

ate

d i

nse

cts

at

Raip

ur

Dis

tric

t in

Kh

ari

f – R

abi

seaso

n d

uri

ng 2

016

S.

No

. E

nem

ies/

Blo

ck

U

L

ML

L

L

GM

A

ran

g

Dh

ars

iwa

T

ild

a A

bh

an

pu

r

Mea

n A

ran

g

Dh

ars

iwa

T

ild

a A

bh

an

pu

r

Mea

n A

ran

g

Dh

ars

iwa

T

ild

a A

bh

an

pu

r

Mea

n

1

Mex

ican b

eetl

e 0

.80

0.8

2

0.6

5

1.8

5

1.0

3

1.4

2

1.4

2

0.4

0

1.4

0

1.1

6

2.7

0

1.7

0

2.7

0

3.8

0

2.7

3

1.4

1

2

Ap

hid

s 0

.09

0.9

0

0.1

0

0.1

0

0.3

0

0.0

0

0.0

0

0.1

0

0.1

0

0.0

5

0.0

0

0.1

0

0.7

0

0.6

0

0.3

5

0.1

5

3

Mea

ly b

ugs

0.1

9

0.0

4

0.0

7

0.6

6

0.2

4

0.1

0

0.2

0

0.2

0

0.3

0

0.2

0

0.0

7

0.0

2

0.2

0

0.4

0

0.1

7

0.2

7

4

Co

w b

ug

s 0

.06

0.0

6

0.0

5

0.3

1

0.1

2

0.0

2

0.0

3

0.0

2

0.2

0

0.0

7

0.0

1

0.0

0

0.1

0

0.1

1

0.0

6

0.1

0

5

Ho

pp

ers

0.4

0

0.2

1

0.2

1

0.6

1

0.3

6

0.5

0

0.3

0

0.2

0

0.4

0

0.3

5

0.5

7

0.2

7

0.2

7

0.4

7

0.4

0

0.3

4

6

Sem

ilo

op

er

0.4

0

0.3

3

0.1

4

0.1

0

0.2

4

0.0

2

0.0

1

0.0

2

0.1

0

0.0

4

0.0

4

0.0

2

0.1

0

0.7

0

0.2

2

0.2

1

7

Cat

erp

illa

r 0

.01

0.1

1

0.1

1

0.4

0

0.1

6

0.1

0

0.1

2

0.1

5

0.1

7

0.1

4

0.8

0

0.1

8

0.0

8

0.7

0

0.4

4

0.2

6

8

Sp

ittl

e b

ug

s 0

.21

0.0

9

0.0

1

0.9

0

0.3

0

0.0

8

0.0

2

0.1

0

0.3

0

0.1

2

0.0

7

0.0

4

0.1

8

0.2

8

0.1

4

0.2

2

9

Sp

ider

/mit

es

0.8

9

0.7

9

0.8

9

0.8

1

0.8

4

2.8

5

1.8

5

1.9

5

2.9

5

2.4

0

1.4

8

1.3

8

1.4

8

1.5

8

1.4

8

0.8

8

10

Ants

3

.87

2.8

7

3.8

7

3.8

8

3.6

2

2.8

6

2.8

6

1.7

6

3.7

6

2.8

1

2.3

3

1.2

3

1.8

3

3.7

3

2.2

8

2.2

4

11

Lad

y b

ird

bee

tle

0.2

0

0.0

9

0.0

8

0.2

0

0.1

4

0.0

2

0.1

0

0.3

0

0.7

0

0.2

8

0.0

8

0.6

0

0.6

0

0.1

0

0.3

5

0.1

3

12

Can

tho

cona

bu

gs

0.0

3

0.0

0

0.0

1

0.0

1

0.0

1

0.0

0

0.0

0

0.0

1

0.0

1

0.0

1

0.0

1

0.0

0

0.0

0

0.0

1

0.0

1

0.1

0

13

Oth

ers

0.6

0

0.2

1

0.7

0

1.2

0

0.6

8

0.5

9

0.5

9

0.3

5

2.0

0

0.8

8

0.3

6

0.2

7

0.1

6

1.2

0

0.5

0

0.5

5

*M

ean p

opula

tion =

Aver

age

popula

tion o

f eg

g, n

ym

ph/g

rubs/

larv

ae a

nd a

dult

s of

five

farm

er’s

fie

ld i

n f

ive

vil

lages

fro

m e

ach b

lock

55

Fig.

--4.

2aa:

The

dat

a so

win

g di

ffer

ent b

lock

of e

-sur

veill

ance

of U

L, M

L &

LL

of e

nem

ies o

n pa

rthe

nium

and

oth

er a

ssoc

iate

d w

eeds

duri

ngK

harif

– R

abi s

easo

n du

ring

201

6

0

0.51

1.52

2.53

3.54

4.5

UL

ML

LL

Av of enemies pol'n

Land

Ara

ng

Mex

ican

bee

tleAp

hids

Mea

ly b

ugCo

w b

ugHo

pper

sSe

milo

oper

Cate

rpill

ers

Spitt

al b

ugSp

ider

/mite

sAn

tsLa

dy b

ird b

eetle

Cant

hoco

na b

ugO

ther

s0

0.51

1.52

2.53

3.5

UL

ML

LL

Av of enemies pol'n

Land

Dha

rsiw

a M

exic

an b

eetle

Aphi

ds

Mea

ly b

ug

Cow

bug

Hopp

ers

Sem

iloop

er

Cate

rpill

ers

Spitt

al b

ug

Spid

er/m

ites

Ants

Lady

bird

bee

tle

Cant

hoco

na b

ug

Oth

ers

0

0.51

1.52

2.53

3.54

4.5

UL

ML

LL

Av of enemies pol'n

Land

Tild

a M

exic

an b

eetle

Aphi

ds

Mea

ly b

ug

Cow

bug

Hopp

ers

Sem

iloop

er

Cate

rpill

ers

Spitt

al b

ug

Spid

er/m

ites

Ants

Lady

bird

bee

tle

Cant

hoco

na b

ug

Oth

ers

0

0.51

1.52

2.53

3.54

UL

ML

LL

Av of enemies pol'n

Land

Abh

anpu

r M

exic

an b

eetle

Aphi

ds

Mea

ly b

ug

Cow

bug

Hopp

ers

Sem

iloop

er

Cate

rpill

ers

Spitt

al b

ug

Spid

er/m

ites

Ants

Lady

bird

bee

tle

Cant

hoco

na b

ug

Oth

ers

56

Fig.

--4.

2ab:

The

dat

a so

win

g e-

surv

eilla

nce

on p

arth

eniu

m a

nd o

ther

ass

ocia

ted

wee

ds a

t Rai

pur

Dis

tric

t in

Kha

rif –

Rab

i sea

son

duri

ng 2

016

Fig.

--4.

2ac:

The

dat

a so

win

g e-

surv

eilla

nce

of d

iffer

ent e

nem

ies o

f on

part

heni

um a

nd o

ther

ass

ocia

ted

wee

ds a

t Rai

pur

Dis

tric

t dur

ingK

harif

– R

abi s

easo

n du

ring

201

6

0

0.51

1.52

2.53

3.54

UL

ML

LL

Av of enemies pol'n

Land

Rai

pur

Mex

ican

bee

tleAp

hids

Mea

ly b

ugCo

w b

ugHo

pper

sSe

milo

oper

Cate

rpill

ers

Spitt

al b

ugSp

ider

/mite

sAn

tsLa

dy b

ird b

eetle

Cant

hoco

na b

ugO

ther

s

0

0.51

1.52

2.53

3.54

Av of enemies pol'n

Land

Rai

pur

UL

ML

LL

0

0.51

1.52

2.5

Raip

ur D

istr

ict

Av of enemies pol'n

Mex

ican

bee

tle

Aphi

ds

Mea

ly b

ug

Cow

bug

Hopp

ers

Sem

iloop

er

Cate

rpill

ers

Spitt

al b

ug

Spid

er/m

ites

Ants

Lady

bird

bee

tle

Cant

hoco

na b

ug

57

Ta

ble

-4.2

b:

e-s

urv

eill

an

ce o

f p

art

hen

ium

an

d a

sso

cia

ted

in

sects

at

Ra

ipu

r D

istr

icti

n K

ha

rif –

Ra

bi

sea

son

du

rin

g 2

01

7

S.

No

. E

nem

ies/

Blo

ck

U

L

ML

L

L

GM

A

ran

g

Dh

ars

iwa

T

ild

a

Ab

ha

np

ur

Mea

n A

ran

g

Dh

ars

iwa

T

ild

a

Ab

ha

np

ur

Mea

n A

ran

g

Dh

ars

iwa

T

ild

a

Ab

ha

np

ur

Mea

n

1

Mex

ican b

eetl

e 0

.76

0.8

6

0.6

1

1.6

1

0.9

6

1.3

2

1.3

2

0.3

2

1.3

2

1.0

7

1.7

0

0.7

0

2.7

0

3.7

0

2.2

0

1.4

1

2

Ap

hid

s 0

.20

0.3

0

0.2

0

0.2

0

0.2

3

0.0

0

0.0

0

0.1

0

0.1

0

0.0

5

0.0

0

0.1

0

0.0

0

0.6

0

0.1

8

0.1

5

3

Mea

lyb

ug

0

.13

0.0

7

0.0

7

0.6

7

0.2

3

0.4

0

0.3

0

0.3

0

0.4

0

0.3

5

0.0

8

0.0

3

0.3

0

0.5

0

0.2

3

0.2

7

4

Co

wb

ug

0

.06

0.0

6

0.0

6

0.6

1

0.2

0

0.0

2

0.0

2

0.0

2

0.2

0

0.0

7

0.0

0

0.0

0

0.1

0

0.1

0

0.0

5

0.1

0

5

Ho

pp

ers

0.5

2

0.2

0

0.1

1

0.5

1

0.3

4

0.6

0

0.3

0

0.3

0

0.3

0

0.3

8

0.4

7

0.1

7

0.2

7

0.3

7

0.3

2

0.3

4

6

Sem

ilo

op

er

0.4

4

0.3

4

0.2

4

0.1

4

0.2

9

0.0

2

0.0

2

0.0

2

0.2

0

0.0

7

0.0

3

0.0

2

0.2

0

0.9

0

0.2

9

0.2

1

7

Cat

erp

illa

r 0

.00

0.1

0

0.1

0

0.8

0

0.2

5

0.1

2

0.1

2

0.1

2

0.1

0

0.1

2

0.0

8

0.0

8

0.8

0

0.7

0

0.4

2

0.2

6

8

Sp

ittl

e b

ug

s 0

.21

0.0

8

0.0

9

1.0

9

0.3

7

0.0

4

0.0

2

0.0

0

0.3

0

0.0

9

0.0

8

0.0

4

0.3

8

0.3

8

0.2

2

0.2

2

9

Sp

ider

/mit

es

0.7

9

0.6

9

0.7

9

0.7

1

0.7

4

1.8

5

0.8

5

0.9

5

1.9

5

1.4

0

0.4

8

0.3

8

0.4

8

0.5

8

0.4

8

0.8

8

10

Ants

2

.87

1.8

7

2.8

7

2.8

8

2.6

2

1.8

6

1.8

6

1.7

6

2.7

6

2.0

6

2.3

3

1.3

3

1.7

3

2.7

3

2.0

3

2.2

4

11

Lad

y b

ird

bee

tle

0.1

0

0.1

0

0.0

9

0.0

2

0.0

8

0.2

0

0.1

0

0.0

0

0.7

0

0.2

5

0.0

8

0.0

6

0.0

6

0.0

0

0.0

5

0.1

3

12

Can

tho

cona

bu

gs

0.0

4

0.0

1

0.0

0

0.0

0

0.0

1

0.0

0

0.0

0

0.1

0

0.1

0

0.0

5

0.0

0

0.0

0

0.0

0

1.0

0

0.2

5

0.1

0

13

Oth

ers

0.5

8

0.0

8

0.8

0

1.0

0

0.6

2

0.4

6

0.3

6

0.3

5

1.0

0

0.5

4

0.2

6

0.2

7

0.2

6

1.2

0

0.5

0

0.5

5

To

tal

6.6

9

4.7

5

6.0

2

10

.23

6.9

2

6.8

9

5.2

7

4.3

4

9.4

3

6.4

8

5.5

9

3.1

8

7.2

8

12

.76

7.2

1

6.8

7

*M

ean p

opula

tion =

Aver

age

popula

tion o

f eg

g, n

ym

ph/g

rubs/

larv

ae a

nd a

dult

s of

five

farm

er’s

fie

ld i

n f

ive

vil

lages

fro

m e

ach b

lock

58

Fig.

--4.

2ba:

The

dat

a so

win

g di

ffer

ent b

lock

of e

-sur

veill

ance

of U

L, M

L &

LL

of e

nem

ies o

n pa

rthe

nium

and

oth

er a

ssoc

iate

d w

eeds

dur

ingK

harif

– R

abi s

easo

n du

ring

201

7

0

0.51

1.52

2.53

3.5

UL

ML

LL

Av of enemies pol'n

Land

Ara

ng

Mex

ican

bee

tleAp

hids

Mea

ly b

ugCo

w b

ugHo

pper

sSe

milo

oper

Cate

rpill

ers

Spitt

al b

ugSp

ider

/mite

sAn

tsLa

dy b

ird b

eetle

Cant

hoco

na b

ugO

ther

s0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.81

1.2

1.4

1.6

1.82

UL

ML

LL

Av of enemies pol'n

Land

Dha

rsiw

a M

exic

an b

eetle

Aphi

ds

Mea

ly b

ug

Cow

bug

Hopp

ers

Sem

iloop

er

Cate

rpill

ers

Spitt

al b

ug

Spid

er/m

ites

Ants

Lady

bird

bee

tle

Cant

hoco

na b

ug

Oth

ers

0

0.51

1.52

2.53

3.5

UL

ML

LL

Av of enemies pol'n

Land

Tild

a M

exic

an b

eetle

Aphi

ds

Mea

ly b

ug

Cow

bug

Hopp

ers

Sem

iloop

er

Cate

rpill

ers

Spitt

al b

ug

Spid

er/m

ites

Ants

Lady

bird

bee

tle

Cant

hoco

na b

ug

Oth

ers

0

0.51

1.52

2.53

3.54

UL

ML

LL

Av of enemies pol'n

Land

Abh

anpu

r M

exic

an b

eetle

Aphi

ds

Mea

ly b

ug

Cow

bug

Hopp

ers

Sem

iloop

er

Cate

rpill

ers

Spitt

al b

ug

Spid

er/m

ites

Ants

Lady

bird

bee

tle

Cant

hoco

na b

ug

Oth

ers

59

Fig.

--4.

2bb:

The

dat

a so

win

g e-

surv

eilla

nce

on p

arth

eniu

m a

nd o

ther

ass

ocia

ted

wee

ds a

t Rai

pur

Dis

tric

t in

Kha

rif –

Rab

i sea

son

duri

ng 2

017

Fig.

--4.

2bc:

The

dat

a so

win

g e-

surv

eilla

nce

of d

iffer

ent e

nem

ies o

f on

part

heni

um a

nd o

ther

ass

ocia

ted

wee

ds a

t Rai

pur

Dis

tric

t dur

ingK

harif

– R

abi s

easo

n du

ring

201

7

0

0.51

1.52

2.53

UL

ML

LL

Av of enemies pol'n

Land

Rai

pur

Mex

ican

bee

tleAp

hids

Mea

ly b

ugCo

w b

ugHo

pper

sSe

milo

oper

Cate

rpill

ers

Spitt

al b

ugSp

ider

/mite

sAn

tsLa

dy b

ird b

eetle

Cant

hoco

na b

ugO

ther

s

0

0.51

1.52

2.53

3.5

Av of enemies pol'n

Land

Rai

pur

UL

ML

LL

0

0.51

1.52

2.53

Aran

gDh

arsiw

aTi

lda

Abha

npur

Av of enemies pol'n

Land

Rai

pur

Mex

ican

bee

tle

Aphi

ds

Mea

ly b

ug

Cow

bug

Hopp

ers

Sem

iloop

er

Cate

rpill

ers

Spitt

al b

ug

Spid

er/m

ites

Ants

Lady

bird

bee

tle

Cant

hoco

na b

ug

Oth

ers

60

Tab

le-4

.1c:

Po

ole

d m

ean

of

e-su

rvei

llan

ce o

f p

art

hen

ium

an

d a

ssoci

ate

d i

nse

cts

at

Raip

ur

Dis

tric

t in

Kh

ari

f –

Ra

bis

easo

n d

uri

ng

20

16

an

d 2

01

7

S.

No

. E

nem

ies/

Blo

ck

U

L

ML

L

L

GM

A

ran

g

Dh

ars

iwa

T

ild

a A

bh

an

pu

r

Mea

n A

ran

g D

ha

rsiw

a T

ild

a A

bh

an

pu

r

Mea

n A

ran

g D

ha

rsiw

a T

ild

a A

bh

an

pu

r

Mea

n

1

Mex

ican b

eetl

e 0

.78

0.8

4

0.6

3

1.7

3

1.0

0

1.3

7

1.3

7

0.3

6

1.3

6

1.1

1

2.2

0

1.2

0

2.7

0

3.7

5

2.4

6 1

.52

2

Ap

hid

s 0

.15

0.6

0

0.1

5

0.1

5

0.2

6

0.0

0

0.0

0

0.1

0

0.1

0

0.0

5

0.0

0

0.1

0

0.3

5

0.6

0

0.2

6 0

.19

3

Mea

ly b

ugs

0.1

6

0.0

5

0.0

7

0.6

6

0.2

4

0.2

5

0.2

5

0.2

5

0.3

5

0.2

8

0.0

8

0.0

2

0.2

5

0.4

5

0.2

0 0

.24

4

Co

w b

ug

s 0

.06

0.0

6

0.0

6

0.4

6

0.1

6

0.0

2

0.0

3

0.0

2

0.2

0

0.0

7

0.0

1

0.0

0

0.1

0

0.1

1

0.0

5 0

.09

5

Ho

pp

ers

0.4

6

0.2

1

0.1

6

0.5

6

0.3

5

0.5

5

0.3

0

0.2

5

0.3

5

0.3

6

0.5

2

0.2

2

0.2

7

0.4

2

0.3

6 0

.36

6

Sem

ilo

op

er

0.4

2

0.3

4

0.1

9

0.1

2

0.2

7

0.0

2

0.0

2

0.0

2

0.1

5

0.0

5

0.0

4

0.0

2

0.1

5

0.8

0

0.2

5 0

.19

7

Cat

erp

illa

r 0

.01

0.1

1

0.1

1

0.6

0

0.2

0

0.1

1

0.1

2

0.1

4

0.1

4

0.1

3

0.4

4

0.1

3

0.4

4

0.7

0

0.4

3 0

.25

8

Sp

ittl

e b

ug

s 0

.21

0.0

9

0.0

5

1.0

0

0.3

3

0.0

6

0.0

2

0.0

5

0.3

0

0.1

1

0.0

7

0.0

4

0.2

8

0.3

3

0.1

8 0

.21

9

Sp

ider

/mit

es

0.8

4

0.7

4

0.8

4

0.7

6

0.7

9

2.3

5

1.3

5

1.4

5

2.4

5

1.9

0

0.9

8

0.8

8

0.9

8

1.0

8

0.9

8 1

.23

10

Ants

3

.37

2.3

7

3.3

7

3.3

8

3.1

2

2.3

6

2.3

6

1.7

6

3.2

6

2.4

4

2.3

3

1.2

8

1.7

8

3.2

3

2.1

6 2

.57

11

Lad

y b

ird

bee

tle

0.1

5

0.1

0

0.0

9

0.1

1

0.1

1

0.1

1

0.1

0

0.1

5

0.7

0

0.2

7

0.0

8

0.3

3

0.3

3

0.0

5

0.2

0 0

.19

12

Can

tho

cona

bu

gs

0.0

4

0.0

1

0.0

1

0.0

1

0.0

1

0.0

0

0.0

0

0.0

6

0.0

6

0.0

3

0.0

1

0.0

0

0.0

0

0.5

1

0.1

3 0

.06

13

Oth

ers

0.5

9

0.1

5

0.7

5

6.5

0

2.0

0

0.5

2

0.4

7

0.3

5

1.5

0

0.7

1

0.3

1

0.2

7

0.2

1

1.2

0

0.5

0 1

.07

To

tal

6.6

9

7.2

2

5.6

4

6.4

6 1

6.0

3

8.8

4

7.7

3

6.3

8

4.9

5 1

0.9

1

7.4

9

7.0

6

4.5

0

7.8

4 1

3.2

2 8

.15

*M

ean p

opula

tion =

Aver

age

popula

tion o

f eg

g, n

ym

ph/g

rubs/

larv

ae a

nd a

dult

s of

five

farm

er’s

fie

ld i

n f

ive

vil

lages

fro

m e

ach b

lock

61

Fig.

--4.

2ca:

The

poo

led

data

sow

ing

diff

eren

t blo

ck o

f e-s

urve

illan

ce o

f UL

, ML

& L

L o

f ene

mie

s on

part

heni

um a

nd o

ther

ass

ocia

ted

wee

ds d

urin

g Kh

arif –

Rabi

seas

on d

urin

g 20

16&

17

0

0.51

1.52

2.53

3.54

UL

ML

LL

Av of enemies pol'n

Land

Ara

ng

Mex

ican

bee

tleAp

hids

Mea

ly b

ugCo

w b

ugHo

pper

sSe

milo

oper

Cate

rpill

ers

Spitt

al b

ugSp

ider

/mite

sAn

tsLa

dy b

ird b

eetle

Cant

hoco

na b

ugO

ther

s0

0.51

1.52

2.5

UL

ML

LL

Av of enemies pol'n

Land

Dha

rsiw

a M

exic

an b

eetle

Aphi

ds

Mea

ly b

ug

Cow

bug

Hopp

ers

Sem

iloop

er

Cate

rpill

ers

Spitt

al b

ug

Spid

er/m

ites

Ants

Lady

bird

bee

tle

Cant

hoco

na b

ug

Oth

ers

0

0.51

1.52

2.53

3.54

UL

ML

LL

Av of enemies pol'n

Land

Tild

a M

exic

an b

eetle

Aphi

ds

Mea

ly b

ug

Cow

bug

Hopp

ers

Sem

iloop

er

Cate

rpill

ers

Spitt

al b

ug

Spid

er/m

ites

Ants

Lady

bird

bee

tle

Cant

hoco

na b

ug

Oth

ers

01234567

UL

ML

LL

Av of enemies pol'n

Land

Abh

anpu

r M

exic

an b

eetle

Aphi

ds

Mea

ly b

ug

Cow

bug

Hopp

ers

Sem

iloop

er

Cate

rpill

ers

Spitt

al b

ug

Spid

er/m

ites

Ants

Lady

bird

bee

tle

Cant

hoco

na b

ug

Oth

ers

62

Fig.

--4.

2cb:

The

poo

led

data

sow

ing

e-su

rvei

llanc

e on

par

then

ium

and

oth

er a

ssoc

iate

d w

eeds

at R

aipu

r D

istr

ict i

n Kh

arif –

Rabi

seas

on d

urin

g 20

16&

17

Fig.

--4.

2cc:

The

poo

led

data

sow

ing

e-su

rvei

llanc

e of

diff

eren

t ene

mie

s of o

n pa

rthe

nium

and

oth

er a

ssoc

iate

d w

eeds

at R

aipu

r D

istr

ict d

urin

gKha

rif –

Rab

i sea

son

duri

ng 2

016&

17

0

0.51

1.52

2.53

3.5

UL

ML

LL

Av of enemies pol'n

Land

Rai

pur

Mex

ican

bee

tleAp

hids

Mea

ly b

ugCo

w b

ugHo

pper

sSe

milo

oper

Cate

rpill

ers

Spitt

al b

ugSp

ider

/mite

sAn

tsLa

dy b

ird b

eetle

Cant

hoco

na b

ugO

ther

s

0

0.51

1.52

2.53

3.5

Av of enemies pol'n

Land

Rai

pur

UL

ML

LL

0

0.51

1.52

2.53

Raip

ur D

istr

ict

Av of enemies popul'n

Mex

ican

bee

tle

Aphi

ds

Mea

ly b

ug

Cow

bug

Hopp

ers

Sem

iloop

er

Cate

rpill

ers

Spitt

al b

ug

Spid

er/m

ites

Ants

Lady

bird

bee

tle

63

(0.03) /sqm in cow bugs while maximum (2.46)/sqm was recorded in Mexican

beetle and minimum in (0.05)/sqm in cow bugs.

The data of overall Raipur District of upland, midland and lowland ranged

from 0.06 to 2.57. The maximum population was exhibited (2.57) /sqm in ants and

minimum in (0.06) /sqm in Canthocona bugs while compared with the Mexican

beetle was noticed maximum (2.46) /sqm.

Similar findings were reported by Kulkarni and Kulkarni (2000) who studied

on P. hysterophorus plants in 20 locations in north Karnataka, India, for the

presence of Z. bicolorata and found that the densest population of beetles was

observed in Dharwad (10.4 beetles/plant), followed by Bijapur (5.6 beetles/plant)

and Raichur (3.2 beetles/plant). The beetle population is in line with the population

recorded at Raichur,Karnataka.

Bennett (1977) and Kumar, et al., 1979 , reported larvae and adults of the

stem-boring scolytid, Hypothenemus eruditus (Westw.) causing widespread

wilting of the weed, leading to good natural control and also a cerambycid borer,

Oberea sp. was also found to kill the plant, however both were not recorded in the

present studies from Raipur district of Chhattisgarh.

4.2.4: Associated weeds with Parthenium and their insect-pests recorded

during 2016-17 at Raipur district

Studies conducted on associated weeds with Parthenium in different blocks

of Raipur district, resulted thirty seven weed species. Insect pests associated with

weeds recorded during Kharif and Rabi season of 2016 and 2017, revealed that

sucking pests such as aphids, hoppers dominated the weeds; followed by caterpillar

and mealy bugs. Maximum population of aphids were recorded on Latjira,

Achyranthe saspera L., Kantedarchauli, Amaranthus spinosus L., Choulai,

Amaranthus virdis L., Satyanashi, Argemone maxicana L., Aak/madar, Calotropis

gigantean L., Silyari, Celosia argentea L., Bathua, Chenopodium album L.,

Scorpion weed, Heliotropium indicum L., Gunima, Leucas aspera L., Chirpoti,

Physallis minima L. and Gokhru, Xanthium strumarium L.; Hoppers, were

recorded with nine weed species namely Sawa, Echinochloa colona L., T grass,

Paspalum conjugatum P., Baru, Sorghum halepense L., Motha, Cyperus difformis

L., Kantedarchauli, Amaranthus spinosus L., Aak/madar, Calotropis gigantean L.,

64

Charota, Cassia tora L. and Gokhru, Xanthium strumarium L.; Mealy bugs were

recorded on five weed species viz; Aak/madar, Calotropis gigantean L., Scorpion

weed, Heliotropium indicum L., Pignut, Hyptissu aveolens L., Ramphul/Barmsiya,

Lantana camara L., Gokhru, Xanthium strumarium L.; Ants were found associated

with the above sucking pests to consume the honey dew secreted by these insects.

Apart from these, few semiloopers and spiders were also observed. Among

predators, Coccinellid beetles and Canthocona bugs were also observed.

Exploiting insect pests for eco-friendly management of invasive and locally

associated weeds is being done all over the world (Heimpel and Mills, 2017) thus

reducing the need for pesticides including India. The present study recorded thirty

seven weed species, on which a number of insect pests were noticed viz; sucking

pests such as aphids, hoppers and mealy bugs, along with few caterpillars and

semiloopers. These insects can be studied in further details and can be useful tools

in weed management.

65

Tab

le-4

.2d

: In

sect

-pes

t re

port

ed o

n o

ther

ass

oci

ate

d w

eed

s w

ith

pa

rth

eniu

m a

t d

iffe

ren

t b

lock

of

Ra

ipu

r D

istr

ict

in K

ha

rif –

Ra

bi

sea

son

du

rin

g 2

016

-17

S.

No.

N

am

e of

ass

oci

ate

d w

eed

s In

sect

-pes

ts

Mex

ican

b

eetl

e

Ap

hid

s M

ealy

b

ug

C

ow

b

ug

H

op

per

s S

em

iloo

per

C

ate

rp

illa

r

Sp

ittl

e

bu

gs

Sp

ider/

m

ites

A

nts

L

ad

y b

ird

b

eetl

e

Can

thoco

na

bu

g

Oth

ers

Loca

l n

am

e

Bota

nic

al

na

me

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

1

Vip

er g

rass

D

ineb

rare

tro

fle

xa V

ahl.

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

2

S

aw

a

Ech

ino

chlo

a c

olo

na

L.

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

3

Bad

asaw

a

Ech

ino

chlo

a c

rusg

all

L.

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

4

Gan

tegaw

ta

Het

ero

po

go

n c

on

tort

us

L.

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

5

Bla

dy g

rass

Im

per

ata

cyl

ind

rica

L.

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

6

Bad

auri

Is

cha

emu

m r

ug

osu

m S

ali.

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

7

T g

rass

P

asp

alu

mco

nju

ga

tum

P.

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

8

Bea

rd g

rass

P

oly

po

go

n m

on

spel

ien

sis

L.

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

9

Bar

u

So

rgh

um

ha

lep

ense

L.

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

1

0

Chri

stm

as g

rass

T

hem

eda

arg

uen

s L

. x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

11

Sw

eet

signal

gra

ss

Uro

chlo

a p

lati

gin

ea

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

12

Mo

tha

Cyp

eru

s d

iffo

rmis

L.

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

13

Lat

jira

A

chyr

an

thes

asp

era

L.

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

14

Mah

akw

a

Ag

era

tum

co

nyz

oid

es L

. x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

1

5

Kan

ted

arch

auli

A

ma

ran

thu

s sp

ino

sus

L.

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

16

Cho

ula

i A

ma

ran

thu

s vi

rdis

L.

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

17

Sat

yanas

hi

Arg

emo

ne

ma

xica

na

L.

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

18

Ku

kurm

uta

B

lum

eala

cera

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

19

Aak/m

adar

C

alo

tro

pis

gig

an

tea

n L

. x

x

x

20

Phug

gab

ail

Ca

rdio

sper

mu

m h

ali

caca

bu

m L

. x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

21

Char

ota

C

ass

ia t

ora

L.

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

2

2

Sil

yar

i C

elo

sia

a

rgen

tea

L.

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

2

3

Asi

atic

pen

ny

wo

rt

Cen

tell

a a

sia

tica

L.

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

2

4

Bat

hua

Ch

eno

po

diu

m a

lbu

m L

. x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

25

Kan

kau

a/K

ena

Co

mm

elin

a b

eng

ha

len

sis

L.

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

26

Mac

hhar

ia

Co

rch

oru

s a

estu

an

s L

. x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

27

Til

iace

ae

Co

rch

oru

s o

lito

riu

s L

. x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

28

Am

arb

el

Cu

scu

ta c

hin

ensi

s Y

un.

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

29

Bad

idud

hi

Eu

ph

orb

ia g

enic

ula

ta O

rt

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

30

Cho

tid

ud

hi

Eu

ph

orb

ia h

irta

Ort

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

31

Sco

rpio

n w

eed

H

elio

tro

piu

m i

nd

icu

m L

. x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

32

Pig

nut

Hyp

tis

sua

veo

len

s L

. x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

33

Ram

phu

l/B

arm

siya L

an

tan

a c

am

ara

L.

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

3

4

Gu

nim

a

Leu

cas

asp

era

L.

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

35

Chir

po

ti

Ph

ysa

llis

min

ima

L.

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

36

Pat

har

-Chat

a

Tri

an

them

a p

ort

ula

cast

rum

L.

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

37

Go

khru

X

an

thiu

m s

tru

ma

riu

mL

. x

x

x

x

x

x

66



4.3.1: Feeding potential of Mexican beetle, Z. bicolorata P.

To test the feeding potential of Mexican beetle, Z. bicolorata, different

numbers of beetles i.e. 2, 3, 4 and 5 pairs were released on three different stages of

host plant (early stage, pre-reproductive and reproductive) of Parthenium grass.

Observations were recorded on every alternate day for the number of insects

established, mortality and time taken (number of days) for complete defoliation of

plant at each stage are presented in table-4.3.1.a & 4.3.1.b and fig.-4.3.1.a &4.3.1.b

as follows:

4.3.1.1: Early stage

Results of the experiments conducted in the first year i.e. during 2016, all the

treatments showed significant differences between each other. Maximum time

taken for complete defoliation was (6.6 days) by two pairs followed by (5.66 days)

by three pairs while minimum time taken was (2.00 days) by five pairs.

During second year, the maximum time taken for complete defoliation was

(7.33 days) by two pairs followed by (4.33 days) three pairs whereas, minimum

time taken was (1.33 days) by five pairs.

4.3.1.2: Pre-reproductive

During 2016, testing of the feeding efficiency of Z. bicolorata at pre-

reproductive age of host plants revealed maximum time taken (11.00 days) for

complete defoliation by two pairs followed by (8.66) in three pairs while minimum

time taken was (3.33 days) by five pairs of beetles.

During 2017, the maximum time taken was (11.33 days) for complete

defoliation by two pairs followed by (10.33 days) in three pairs whereas, minimum

time taken was (4.66 days) by five pairs of beetles. The results of these

experiments were significantly superior with overall treatments.

4.3.1.3: Reproductive

During 2016, the feeding efficiency of Z. bicolorata at reproductive age of

host plants depicted maximum time taken (14.33 days) for complete defoliation by

67

4.3

.1a:

Tim

e ta

ken

(d

ays)

by

Mex

ican

bee

tle,

Zyg

ogra

mm

a b

icolo

rata

P. fo

r co

mp

lete

def

oli

ati

on

by d

iffe

ren

t n

um

ber

of

bee

tles

rele

ase

s p

er

pla

nt

un

der

lab

ora

tory

con

dit

ion

sdu

rin

g 2

016&

2017

S. N

o.

Tre

atm

ents

E

arl

y s

tage

Pre-

rep

rod

uct

ive

R

epro

du

ctiv

e

GT

2016

2017

Mea

n

2016

2017

Mea

n

2016

2017

Mea

n

1

Tw

o p

air

s 6.6

6

(2.6

8)

7.3

3

(2.8

0)

7.0

0

11.0

0

(3.3

9)

11.3

3

(3.4

4)

11.1

7

14.3

3

(3.8

5)

15.3

3

(2.9

8)

14.8

3

11.0

0

2

Th

ree

pair

s 5.6

6

(2.4

8)

4.3

3

(2.2

0)

5.0

0

8.6

6

(3.0

3)

10.3

3

(3.2

9)

9.5

0

12.3

3

(3.5

8)

13.6

6

(3.7

6)

13.0

0

9.1

7

3

Fou

r p

air

s 3.6

6

(2.0

4)

3.3

3

(1.9

6)

3.5

0

6.3

3

(2.6

1)

5.3

3

(2.4

1)

5.8

3

8.6

6

(3.0

3)

9.3

3

(3.1

4)

9.0

0

6.1

1

4

Fiv

e p

air

s 2.0

0

(1.5

8)

1.3

3

(1.3

5)

1.6

7

3.3

3

(1.9

6)

4.6

6

(2.2

7)

4.0

0

5.0

0

(2.3

5)

5.3

3

(2.4

1)

5.1

7

3.6

1

Tota

l 17.9

8

16.3

2

17.1

5

29.3

2

31.6

5

30.4

9

40.3

2

43.6

5

41.9

9

29.8

9

SE

M

CD

@ 5

%

CV

(%

)

0.4

08

0.7

43

15.7

13

0.3

33

0.6

06

13.8

56

0.6

45

1.1

74

15.2

46

0.5

27

0.9

59

11.5

31

0.5

00

0.9

10

8.5

89

0.5

27

0.9

59

8.3

62

*D

ata

in p

aren

thes

is s

ho

ws

squ

are

roo

t tr

ansf

orm

atio

n

*T

he

dat

a sh

ow

s A

v.

of

thre

e re

pli

cati

ons

4.3

.1b

: T

he

mea

n h

eigh

t an

d n

um

ber

of

leaves

per

Pa

rth

eniu

m p

lan

t at

dif

fere

nt

pla

nt

stages

.

* D

ata

sh

ow

s m

ean

of

two y

ears

S. N

o.

Pla

nt

stages

M

ean

pla

nt

hei

gh

t (c

m)

Mea

n n

um

ber

of

leaves

/pla

nt

1

Ear

ly s

tage

19.3

3

7.3

3

2

Pre

-rep

roduct

ive

34.6

6

18.6

6

3

Rep

roduct

ive

54.7

0

32.3

3

68

Fig.-4.3.1.a: The mean day’s data sowing feeding potential of Mexican beetle, Zygogramma bicolorata P. under laboratory conditionsduring 2016&2017

0

2

4

6

8

2016 2017 Mean

Early stage

Av o

f day

Two pairs Three pairs Four pairs Five pairs

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

2016 2017 Mean

Pre-reproductive

Av o

f day


02468

10121416

2016 2017 Mean

Reproductive

Av o

f day


69

Fig.

-4.3

.1.b

: T

he p

oole

d m

ean

of t

he f

eedi

ng p

oten

tial o

f di

ffer

ent

num

ber

of M

exic

an b

eetle

on

diff

eren

t ag

e of

Par

then

ium

w

eeds

dur

ing

2016

&20

17

0.00

2.00

4.00

6.00

8.00

10.0

0

12.0

0

Two

pairs

Thre

e pa

irsFo

ur p

airs

Five

pai

rs

Av of days

Mex

ican

bee

tles

70

two pairs followed by (12.33 days) in three pairs while minimum time taken was

(5.00 days) by five pairs.

During 2017, the maximum time taken (15.33 days) for complete defoliation

by two pairs followed by (13.66 days) in three pairs whereas, minimum time taken

(5.33 days) by five pairs. The results of these experiments significantly superior

to overall treatments.

On the basis of overall mean days of two years data indicated that feeding

efficiency of Z. bicolorata on different age of host plant i.e. early stage, pre-

reproductive and reproductive treatments were significantly superior. The highest

time taken (14.83 days) for complete defoliation by two pairs of beetles followed

by (13.00 days) by three pairs whereas, minimum time was taken by five pairs of

Mexican beetle (5.17 days) for complete defoliation.

4.3.2: Food consumption by adult & grubs Mexican beetle, Z. bicolorata P.

The different stages of beetles i.e. first, second, third, fourth instars and

adults were released on host plant in different petri dishes. Observations were

recorded on the quantity of food eaten by different life stages of Z. bicolorata

within 24hrs as per the data presented in table-4.3.2a and fig.-4.3.2a the all the

treatments showed significant differences among each other. In the first year, food

consumption of Z. bicolorata was maximum (11.01mg) by third instar grubs

followed by fourth instar (8.10mg) and minimum food was consumed by adult

stage (0.73mg); similar mode of feeding was observed during 2017, also in which

the highest amount of food consumed was by third instar grubs (11.04mg).

followed by fourth instar (7.77mg) and minimum by adults (0.75mg).

Overall two years data indicated that food consumption of Z. bicolorata was

maximum (11.03mg) by third instar grubs followed by fourth instar (7.94mg) and

minimum by adults (0.74mg).

71

4.3

.2a:

Food

con

sum

pti

on

by d

iffe

ren

t st

ages

of

Mex

ican

bee

tle,

Zyg

ogra

mm

a b

icolo

rata

P. w

ith

in 2

4h

rs (

in m

g)

un

der

lab

ora

tory

con

dit

ion

sdu

rin

g 2

016&

2017

S. N

o.

Lif

e st

age

Food

con

sum

pti

on

by g

rub

s &

ad

ult

wit

hin

24h

rs (i

n m

g)

2016

2017

Mea

n

1

I-in

star

2.5

0

(1.7

3)

2.4

7

(1.7

2)

2.4

8

2

II-I

nst

ar

5.2

0

(2.3

9)

5.2

3

(2.3

9)

5.2

2

3

III-

Inst

ar

11.0

1

(3.3

9)

11.0

4

(3.4

0)

11.0

3

4

IV-I

nst

ar

8.1

0

(2.9

3)

7.7

7

(2.8

8)

7.9

4

5

Adult

s 0.7

3

(1.1

1)

0.7

5

(1.1

2)

0.7

4

Tota

l 27.5

4

27.2

6

27.4

0

SE

M

CD

@ 5

%

CV

(%

)

0.0

78

0.1

38

2.4

52

0.1

47

0

.26

0

4.6

78

* D

ata

in p

aren

thes

is s

ho

ws

squ

are

root

tran

sform

atio

n

*T

he

dat

a sh

ow

s A

v.

of

thre

e re

pli

cati

ons

72

Fig.

-4.3

.2:

The

dat

a so

win

g fo

od c

onsu

mpt

ion

by M

exic

an b

eetle

, Zyg

ogra

mm

a bi

colo

rata

P. w

ithin

24h

rs (

in m

g) u

nder

labo

rato

ry

cond

ition

sdur

ing

2016

&20

17

024681012

2016

2017

Mea

n

Food consumption (in mg)

Year

s

I-ins

tar

II-In

star

III-In

star

IV-In

star

Adul

ts

73

4.4: To study the bionomics of Mexican beetle, Zygogramma bicolorata P.

under laboratory conditions

Studies on the bionomics of the Mexican beetle, Z. bicolorata P.was

conducted under laboratory conditions in the Bio-control laboratory, Department

of entomology, CoA, IGKV, Raipur. In this experiment the fresh leaves of

Parthenium were provided in petridish along with single pair of newly emerged Z.

bicolorata beetles. Observations were recorded on fecundity, incubation period and

duration of larval (grub) instars, pupal and longevity of male and female beetles

are presented in table-4.4a & 4.4b and fig.- 4.4a & 4.4b the female Z. bicolorata

as recorded under laboratory conditions showed that it laid eggs either singly or in

groups ranging from 5.83 to 29.33 eggs on leaves, flower, stem and buds of

Parthenium with an average of 18.85 eggs. The eggs were yellowish orange in

colour. The incubation period was in between 4.00 to 6.00 days with an average of

5.08 days. Mean number of hatching eggs ranged from 5.33 to 27.33 with an

average of 17.36 while average per cent of egg hatching was 73.71%. There were

four larval instars (grubs) i.e. first, second, third and fourth instars with an average

larval duration extending from 3.00 to 6.00 days for different stages of grubs. The

duration of larval period was 3.00 days for first instar, 4.67 days for second instar,

5.17 days for third instar and 6.00 days for fourth instars with an overall average

larval duration of 18.83 days while pupation period lasted 8.67 days and the adult

longevity was observed to be of 81.7 days.

The results on the development of the beetle on Parthenium leaves were in

agreement with (Pandey et al., 2001) who reported grub, pupal and total

developmental period to be 13, 10 and 29 days, respectively, while Jayanth and

Geetha Bali (1997) observed the periods to be 4-6, 14-16, 8-10 and 28-30 days,

respectively. Adult longevity was 120 days and the fecundity was 65 eggs per day.

Bali (1993 a) recorded 45 eggs per day. Eggs were yellow or orange in colour

which hatched in 6-7 days in July and August and in 8-10 days in October and

March with an average of 7 days Pandey et al. (2001) recorded it as 4 days while

Jayanth and Bali (1993 a) reported it as 5 days. This variation in egg number laid

per day may be due to climatic factors or due to single or multi time copulation.

Maximum number of damaged eggs in natural condition was recorded in June,

74

perhaps due to dehydration. Hatching percentage is highest in the month of April

and July. A group of 5 male and 5 female can lay 1500 eggs or more in 15 days.

This indicates the magnitude of reproductive power, which is a positive point for

the control of the weed. According to Pandey et al. (2001) the pre pupae burried

themselves only upto 1-3 cms deep in soil, for pupation. Pupation period normally

lasts for 10-12 days but it may be increased to 15-20 days in summer (June) and

winter (November) This increased longevity may be attributed due to climatic

change.

75

4.4

a:

Det

ail

s of

egg r

ela

ted

to M

exic

an

bee

tle,

Zyg

ogra

mm

a b

icolo

rata

P.u

nd

er l

ab

ora

tory

con

dit

ion

sdu

rin

g 2

016&

2017

S. N

o.

Date

A

v e

gg

(No.)

D

ate

M

ean

in

cub

ati

on

per

iod

(days)

M

ean

nu

mb

er o

f eg

g h

atc

hin

g

Mea

n e

gg h

atc

hin

g (

%)

1

01-0

7-1

7

15.6

7

05-0

7-1

7

4.0

0

13.5

0

72.2

2

2

03-0

7-1

7

29.3

3

08-0

7-1

7

5.0

0

27.0

0

91.1

3

3

04-0

7-1

7

5.8

3

09-0

7-1

7

5.0

0

5.3

3

47.3

7

4

05-0

7-1

7

13.1

7

10-0

7-1

7

5.0

0

12.3

3

78.9

3

5

06-0

7-1

7

20.8

3

11-0

7-1

7

5.0

0

18.5

0

74.1

3

6

07-0

7-1

7

20.1

7

12/0

7/1

7

6.0

0

18.6

7

95.0

1

7

08-0

7-1

7

10.1

7

13/0

7/1

7

5.0

0

9.5

0

31.9

1

8

09-0

7-1

7

30.0

0

14/0

7/1

7

5.0

0

27.3

3

92.2

4

9

10-0

7-1

7

15.5

0

15/0

7/1

7

5.0

0

14.5

0

79.4

8

10

11-0

7-1

7

25.0

0

17/0

7/1

7

6.0

0

23.1

7

78.4

6

11

13-0

7-1

7

20.5

0

18/0

7/1

7

5.0

0

18.5

0

60.3

2

12

15-0

7-1

7

20.0

0

20/0

7/1

7

5.0

0

20.0

0

83.3

3

Av

18.8

5

Av 5

.08

17.3

6

73.7

1

*D

ata

sho

ws

mea

n o

f si

x r

epli

cati

ons

76

Fig.

-4.4

a: T

he f

igur

e sh

owin

g av

erag

e nu

mbe

r of

egg

s, in

cuba

tion

peri

od,

hatc

hing

num

ber

and

hatc

hing

per

cent

age

of M

exic

an b

eetle

,

Zygo

gram

ma

bico

lora

ta P

.und

er la

bora

tory

con

ditio

ns d

urin

g 20

16&

2017

0102030405060708090100

05101520253035

12

34

56

78

910

1112

Av per cent

No.of days

Av e

gg (N

o.)

Av in

cuba

tion

perio

d(da

ys)

Av e

gg h

atch

ing(

No.

)Av

egg

hat

chin

g (%

)

77

4.4

b:

Bio

nom

ics

of

the

dif

fere

nt

life

sta

ges

of

Mex

ican

bee

tle,

Z.

bic

olo

rata

un

der

lab

ora

tory

con

dit

ion

s d

uri

ng 2

016&

2017

S. N

o.

Inse

ct l

ife

stage

Av s

ize

(in

mm

) M

ean

(d

ays)

L

ength

W

idth

1

Fec

undit

y

- 226.1

7 e

ggs

2

Egg s

ize

1.5

0

0.5

8

-

3

Incu

bat

ion

per

iod

-

5.0

8

4

1st

inst

ar g

rub

1.6

2

0.5

8

3.0

0

5

2nd i

nst

ar g

rub

2.4

0

0.7

4

4.6

7

6

3rd

inst

ar g

rub

4.5

0

1.5

0

5.1

7

7

4th

inst

ar g

rub

5.8

0

2.0

0

6.0

0

8

Tota

l la

rval

dura

tion

-

18.8

3

9

pupal

per

iod

5.7

5

2.8

0

8.6

7

10

Adult

longev

ity

a.

Mal

e

b.

Fem

ale

6.5

0

7.2

0

3.5

0

3.6

0

81.7

*D

ata

sho

ws

mea

n o

f th

ree

rep

lica

tio

ns

78

Fig.

-4.4

b: T

he fi

gure

show

ing

diff

eren

t life

stag

es o

f Mex

ican

bee

tle u

nder

labo

rato

ry c

ondi

tions

dur

ing

2016

&20

17

0102030405060708090

1st i

nsta

r gru

b 2

nd in

star

gru

b3r

d in

star

gru

b4t

h in

star

gru

bgr

ub p

erio

dpu

pal p

erio

dAd

ult l

onge

vity

Av days

Inst

ars

Inse

ct li

fe st

ages

Tota

l lar

val

dura

tion

79

CHAPTER -V

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION

The summary, conclusion and suggestions for future work of the experiment

entitled “E-surveillance and management of congress grass, Parthenium

hysterophorus L. through Mexican beetle, Zygogramma bicolorata P. and

record of natural enemies of few commonly associated weeds” conducted at the

Department of Entomology, IGKV, Raipur during 2016 & 2017, are mentioned

under the following objectives:










SUMMARY







College of Agriculture, Raipur District.

To agro-forestry area, the overall months of average of Mexican beetle (egg,

grubs and adults) population was noticed 0.16, 0.04 and 0.07/plant, respectively

while average other insect pest associated with Parthenium was observed

maximum (1.17/plant) in aphids followed by ants (1.02 plant) and minimum in

canthocona bug ( 0.02/plant) during 2016. During 2017, the average Mexican

80

beetle (egg, grubs and adults) population was observed 0.10, 0.03 and 0.04/ten

plants, respectively while average of other insect pests associated with Parthenium

was observed as maximum (0.87/plant) in ants followed by aphids (0.71/plant)

and minimum in Canthocona bugs and cow bugs (0.02/plant).Whereas, The overall

pooled data of two years, showed the mean population of Mexican beetle (egg,

grubs and adults) as 0.13, 0.03 and 0.06/plant, respectively while other insect pest

associated with Parthenium was observed as 0.94, 0.45, and 0.02/plant of aphids,

mealy bugs and Canthocona bugs, respectly.

Incropped field area, the overall months of average of Mexican beetle (egg,

grubs and adults) population was noticed as 0.61, 0.48 and 0.19/plant, respectively

while average of other insect pest associated with Parthenium was observed as

maximum (2.03/plant) in ants followed by aphids (1.88/plant) and minimum in

Canthocona bugs (0.12/plant) during 2016. In the second year i.e. in 2017

Mexican beetle (egg, grubs and adults) population was observed 0.43, 0.30 and

0.19/plant, respectively while other insect pest associated with Parthenium was

observed as maximum (1.45/plant) in ants followed by aphids (1.22/plant) and

minimum in semilooper (0.14/plant). The overall pooled data of two years depicted

the mean population of Mexican beetle (egg, grubs and adults) as 0.52, 0.39 and

0.19/ten plants, respectively while other insect pest associated with Parthenium

was observed maximum (1.74/plant) in ants followed aphids (1.55/plant) and

minimum in Canthocona bugs (0.09/plant).

In road side area, the average Mexican beetle (egg, grubs and adults)

population was recorded as 1.84, 0.46 and 0.90/plant, respectively while other

insect pest associated with Parthenium was observed maximum (0.98/plant) in

mealy bug followed by ants (0.70/plant) and minimum in Canthocona bugs

(0.02/plant) during 2016. During 2017, the Mexican beetle (egg, grubs and adults)

population was observed as 1.43, 0.38 and 0.82/plant, respectively while other

insect pest associated with Parthenium was observed as maximum of (0.94/plant)

in mealy bugs followed by ants (0.70/plant) and minimum in Canthocona bugs

(0.02/plant). The overall pooled data of two years, the mean population of Mexican

beetle (egg, grubs and adults) was recorded 0.48, 0.36 and 0.17/plant, respectively

while other insect pest associated with Parthenium was observed maximum

81

(1.62/plant) in ants followed by aphids (1.43/plant) and minimum in spittle bugs

(0.14/plant).

Gupta and Sood (2002) who conducted survey in August 2001 in 5 districts

of Himachal Pradesh, India, to determine the ecology of Zygogramma bicolorata, a

potential biological control agent against parthenium weed also reported mean

maximum infestation in the month of August with 8.50/plant, which is in

agreement with the present finding.

Similarly Dhiman and Bhargava (2005) also reported that the incidence of

Z.bicororata was maximum (87.09% and 76.19%) in August months which is in

accordance with the present studies.



The e-surveillance programme of Parthenium and other associated weeds

was conducted at four different Blocks (Arang, Dharsiwa, Tilda and Abhanpur) in

Raipur District of Chhattisgarh. On the basis of overall block (Arang, Dharsiwa,

Tilda and Abhanpur) on upland, midland and lowland ranged from 0.01 to 3.62,

0.01 to 2.81 and 0.10 to 2.73, respectively during 2016. The maximum population

was exhibited of (3.62)/sqm in ants and minimum in (0.01)/sqm in Canthocona

bugs on lowland. In midland also highest population of (02.81)/sqm in ants and

lowest of (0.01)/sqm in Canthocona bugs while maximum (3.80)/sqm was

recorded in Mexican beetle and minimum in (0.01)/sqm in Canthocona bugs.

In 2017, the overall block (Arang, Dharsiwa, Tilda and Abhanpur) on


to 2.73, respectively. The maximum population was exhibited by ants (2.62)/sqm

and minimum in (0.01)/sqm in case of Canthocona bugs. Similarly on lowland and

midland also highest population of ants (1.76)/sqm and lowest in (0.02)/sqm in

cow bugs were recorded. while maximum Mexican beetle (3.70)/sqm were

recorded.

On the basis of pooled data of two years overall block i.e. at Arang,

Dharsiwa, Tilda and Abhanpur on upland, midland and lowland ranged from 0.01

to 3.62, 0.01 to 2.70 and 0.10 to 2.73, respectively. The maximum population was

exhibited by ants (3.12)/sqm and minimum in (0.01)/sqm in canthocona bug on

82

lowland and midland was also noticed (1.76)/sqm highest in ants and lowest in

(0.03)/sqm in cow bug while maximum (2.46)/sqm was recorded in Mexican

beetle and minimum in(0.05)/sqm in cow bugs.

The data of overall Raipur District of lowland, midland and lowland was

ranged from 0.06 to 2.57. The maximum population was exhibited (2.57)/sqm in

ants and minimum in (0.06)/sqm in canthocona bug while compare with the

Mexican beetle was noticed maximum (2.46)/sqm.

Similar findings were reported by Kulkarni and Kulkarni (2000) who studied

on P. hysterophorus plants in 20 locations in north Karnataka, India, for the

presence of Z. bicolorata and found that the densest population of beetles was

observed in Dharwad (10.4 beetles/plant), followed by Bijapur (5.6 beetles/plant)

and Raichur (3.2 beetles/plant). The beetle population is in line with the population

recorded at Raichur,Karnataka.

Bennett (1977) and Kumar, et al., 1979 , reported larvae and adults of the

stem-boring scolytid, Hypothenemus eruditus (Westw.) causing widespread

wilting of the weed, leading to good natural control and also a cerambycid borer,

Oberea sp. was also found to kill the plant was not recorded in the present studies

from Raipur district of Chhattisgarh.

Studies conducted to record associated weeds of Parthenium in Kharif and

Rabi 2016-17 depicted thirty seven weed species. Among the insect pests

associated on them revealed, domination by sucking pests viz; aphids, hoppers and

mealy bugs. Ants were recorded in large numbers in association with them. Few

species of semiloopers, caterpillars and mites/spiders were also noticed. Two

predators namely Coccinellid beetles and Canthocona bugs were also recorded.

Exploiting insect pests for eco-friendly management of invasive and locally

associated weeds is being done all over the world (Heimpel and Mills, 2017) thus

reducing the need for pesticides including India. The present study recorded thirty

seven weed species, on which a number of insect pests were noticed viz; sucking

pests such as aphids, hoppers and mealy bugs, along with few caterpillars and

semiloopers. These insects can be studied in further details and can be useful tools

in weed management.

83



The feeding potential of Mexican beetle, Z. bicolorata, on the basis of overall

mean of two years data indicated that the treatments were significantly superior

over each other. The highest time taken was (14.83 days) for complete defoliation

by two pairs of beetles followed by (13.00 days) three pairs whereas, minimum

time taken was by five pairs of Mexican beetles (5.17 days). Overall two years of

data indicated that food consumption of parthenium was maximum (11.03mg) by

third instar grubs followed by fourth instars (7.94mg) and minimum in adults stage

(0.74mg).

5.4: To study the bionomics of Mexican beetle, Zygogramma bicolorata

P.under laboratory conditions

The studies on the bionomics of Mexican beetle, Z. bicolorata P.was

conducted under laboratory conditions. Revealed that the female Z. bicolorata laid

eggs either singly and/or in group on ranging from 5.83 to 29.33eggs on leaves

flower, stem and buds of parthenium with an average of 18.85 eggs. The

incubation period was in between 4.00 to 6.00 days with an average of 5.80 days.

The number of hatched of eggs ranged from 5.33 to 27.33 with an average of

17.36 while per cent of egg hatching was 73.71%. There were four larval instars

(grubs) stages i.e. first, second, third and fourth instars with average larval duration

of 3.00 to 6.00 days. It was 3.00, 4.67, 5.17 and 6.00 days for first, second, third

and fourth instars respectively, with overall average larval duration of 18.83 days.

Pupal period was of 8.67 days and adult longevity was noticed to be of 81.7 days.

The results on the development of the beetle on parthenium leaves were in

agreement with Pandey, Joshi, and Tiwari (2001), who reported grub, pupal and

totaldevelopmental period to be 13, 10 and 29 days, respectively, while Jayanth

and Geetha Bali (1997) observed the periods to be 4-6, 14-16, 8-10 and 28-30

days, respectively.Adult longevity was 120 days and the fecundity was 65 eggs per

day. Provision of soil facilitated 75% pupation under in vitro conditions (Gautam,

2002).

84

Bali (1993 a) recorded 45 eggs per day. Eggs are yellow or orange in colour

which hatch in 6-7 days in July and August and in 8-10 days in October and March

with an average of 7 days Pandeyet al. (2001) recorded it as 4 days while

Jayanthand Bali (1993 a) reported it as 5 days. This variation in egg number laid

per day may be due to climatic factors or due to single or multi time copulation.

Maximum number of damaged eggs in naturel condition was recorded in June,

perhaps due to dehydration. Hatching percentage is highest in the month of April

and July. A group of 5 male and 5 female can lay 1500 eggs or more in 15 days.

This indicates the magnitude of reproductive power, which is a positive point for

the control of the weed.

CONCLUSION

A survey of natural enemies of congress grass with special reference to its

management with Mexican beetle /plant data in agro-forestry area indicated that

the mean of egg (0.13), grubs (0.03) and adults (0.06) population was exhibited

maximum in August month. It was followed by July and September. It was

similar to recorded in cropped fieldand road side area along with highway that

is (0.52, 0.39 & 0.19) and (0.48, 0.36 & 0.17), respectively Whereas, other

insect pest associated with Parthenium was observed on February to March

months that is maximum sown (0.94) in aphids and ants, respectively and

minimum in Canthocona bugs (0.02). In case of cropped field and road side

area along with highway was also similar observed highest (1.74&1.43) in ants

with minimum in Canthocona bugs (0.09). Descending order of the Mexican

beetle population/ten plants in agro-forestry, cropped fieldand road side area

along with highway observed with in different months were as August < July <

September < October.

The e-surveillance programme of Parthenium and other associated weeds was

conducted at four different Blocks (Arang, Dharsiwa, Tilda and Abhanpur) of

Raipur District, the overall mean population of lowland, midland and lowland

was ranging from 0.06 to 2.57/sqm. The data indicated that the maximum

population was exhibited (2.57)/sqm in ants and minimum in (0.06)/sqm in

Canthocona bugs while in case of the Mexican beetle was noticed highest

85

(2.46)/sqm. On the basis of data, it can said that the maximum enemies were

observed against Parthenium and other associated weeds at Arang block. It was

followed by Dharsiwa with minimum was sown in Tilda block of Raipur

District.

Record of associated weeds of Parthenium in Kharif and Rabi 2016-17 depicted

thirty seven weed species. Among the insect pests associated on them, revealed

domination by sucking pests viz; aphids, hoppers and mealy bugs. Ants were

recorded in large number in associated with them. Few species of semiloopers,

caterpillars and mites/spiders were also noticed. Two predators namely

Coccinellid beetles and Canthocona bugs were also recorded.

The feeding potential of Mexican beetleon three age stages: early stage, pre-

reproductive and reproductive of Parthenium grass on the basis of overall mean

day of two years the data indicated that feeding efficiency of Z. bicolorata on

different age of host plant i.e. early stage, pre-reproductive and reproductive

treatments were sown significantly superior. The lowest time taken (5.17 days)

for complete defoliation by five pairs of Mexican beetle followed by three pairs

(13.00) and highest in two pairs (14.83 days)).Whereas, food consumption by

adult & grubs Mexican beetle within 24hrs at different stages i.e. first, second,

third, four instars and adults were indicated that maximum (11.03mg) eaten by

third instar grubs followed by four instars (7.94mg) and minimum in adults

stage (0.74mg).

The fecundity of single female of Z. bicolorata ranged from 5.83 to 29.33eggs

with an average of 18.85 eggs. The incubation period varied between 4.00 to

6.00 days with an average of 5.80 days, whereas, number of hatching of eggs

ranged from 5.33 to 27.33 with an average of 17.36 while per cent of egg

hatching was found to be 73.71%. There were four instars (grubs) stages i.e.

first, second, third and fourth instars with an average larval duration extending

from 3.00 to 6.00 for different stages of grubs, i.e. 3.00, 4.67, 5.17 and 6.00

days for 1st, 2

nd, 3

rd and 4

th instars respectively, with average larval duration of

18.83 days, pupal period of 8.67 days and adult longevity was 81.7 days.

86

SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER WORK

1. Potential of other associated insect pests of Parthenium should be studied.

2. More studies on management aspects should be worked out.

3. Impact of Charota, Cassia tora as replacer of Parthenium weed should be

studied.

87

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