E

to

Fi

stimating

o Federa

inal Report

g Recrea

lly-Mana

t | 25 Apri

tional Vi

ged Land

il 2017

sitation

ds

prepared for:

Office of Policy

United States D

prepared by:

Christopher Leg

Smith, and Rob

Industrial Econo

2067 Massachus

Cambridge, MA

617/354-0074

y Analysis

Department of th

ggett, Eric Horsc

bert Unsworth

omics, Incorpora

setts Avenue

A 02140

he Interior

ch, Christopher

ated

AC

Thpeinc(BWWEncoSimandrof

CKNOWLED

his report benersonnel provicluding Pame

Bureau of LanWildlife ServicWhite (Forest S

ngineers). Steomments on chmon (Departm

nd Wildlife Seaft report. Th

f the Interior’s

DGEMENTS

nefited from thided commenela Ziesler andnd Managemece); Jerome JaService); and eve Lawson ahapters 3 andment of the Inervice) providhis report was s Office of Po

S

he assistance nts on the sumd Bret Meldrunt); Kevin Ki

ackson (BureaKathleen Per

and Nathan Rd 4. Finally, Snterior Officeded technical

written undeolicy Analysis

of a number mmary sectionum (Nationalilcullen, Phil au of Reclamarales and Wen

Reigner of ResSarah Cline, Ce of Policy Anoversight for

er the Service s.

of individualsns for their resl Park ServiceLePelch, andation); Donaln-Huei Changsource SystemChristian Cronalysis), and Pr the project aFirst authorit

s. A number ospective agene); David Bakd Katie Lyon ld English andg (Army Corpms Group provwley, BenjamPeter Grigelis

and commentsty for the Dep

i

of agency ncies, ker

(Fish and d Eric ps of vided

min s (Fish s on the partment

TA

1. IN

2. E

2

2.

3. N

3.

3.

3.

4. RE

RE

AP

AP

AP

AP

ABLE OF C

NTRODUCT

EXISTING M

.1 Agency Su

National Pa

Bureau of L

Fish and Wi

Bureau of R

Forest Servi

Army Corps

.2 Compariso

NEW TECHN

.1 Social Me

Overview 2

Assessment

.2 Cellular A

Overview 2

Assessment

.3 Remote Se

Overview 3

Assessment

ECOMMEND

EFERENCES

PPENDICES

PPENDIX A.

PPENDIX B.

PPENDIX C.

CONTENTS

ION 1

ETHODS 4

ummaries 4

ark Service 4

Land Manageme

ildlife Service

Reclamation 10

ice 11

s of Engineers

on of Method

NOLOGIES F

dia Data 22

22

27

Activity Data

29

31

ensing Data 3

33

33

ATIONS 35

S 39

:

. GLOSSAR

. PERSONS

MATERIA

. ESTIMATI

NATIONA

ent 6

8

0

15

ds 18

FOR VISITO

29

33

RY OF VISIT

S-PER-VEHI

ALS (NATIO

ING VISITAT

AL MONUME

R COUNTS

TATION TER

CLE DATA C

NAL PARK

TION AT WA

ENT (NATIO

22

RMS

COLLECTIO

SERVICE)

ALNUT CAN

ONAL PARK

ON

NYON

SERVICE)

ii

EXHIB

1. IN

FeyeBuBuCoagthe

BIT 1.1. AN

A

NBFBFATSoAPRLepcoNA2Bye

Feundisareinfde

NTRODUCT

ederal lands anar (Exhibit 1.

ureau of Landureau of Reclaorps of Enginencies”). In ae economic ac

NNUAL RECRE

AGENCY

National Park Seureau of Land ish and Wildlifureau of Reclaorest Service

Army Corps of ETotal ources:

Acreage: NPS (2erales (USACE)

Recreation VisitePelch (USFWSersonal commuommunication

Notes: A. All visitation 015) and USFS . The USACE’s ears due to ch

ederal land mander their jurisstribution of te used to evalfrastructure pcisions regard

ION

nd waters pro.1). These incd Managemenamation (Receers (USACE

addition, localctivity and sp

EATION VIS IT

ervice Management fe Service amation

Engineers

2016a); BLM (20), personal comtation EstimatS), personal counication, Janu, February 201

estimates are (which is an a 2016 visitationanges in data c

anagement agsdiction, incluthose visits, aluate economrojects, assesding policies

ovide recreatioclude areas mant (BLM), the clamation), thE) (hereafter rl communitie

pending assoc

TATION BY A

016a); USFWS mmunication, Fe (for most rec

ommunication, uary 2017; USF7.

for the 2016 cnnual estimaten estimate is locollection met

gencies requiruding the num

and the characic values ands visitor impathat potential

onal opportunanaged by the Fish and Wile Forest Servreferred to as s and busines

ciated with trip

GENCY

ACREAGE M

(IN MILL

(2016); ReclamFebruary 2017.cent year avai December 201FS (2016a); and

calendar year we for the 2011-ower than pubthods, as descr

re accurate damber of visits,cteristics of thd impacts, devacts on naturally impact vis

nities to millie National Paldlife Service

vice (USFS), a“federal land

sses derive sigps to these lo

MANAGED

LIONS)

84 250 150 6.5 193 12

695.5

mation (2015); . ilable): NPS (2016; Jerome Jacd Kathleen Per

with the excep-2015 period).

blicly-available ribed in Chapte

ata on recreati, the spatial a

he visitors thevelop plans foal resources, msitors, conduc

ons of visitorark Service (Ne (USFWS), thas well as the

d managemengnificant bene

ocations.

RECREATION V

ESTIMA

(IN MILLI

CRS (2014); Ka

016b); BLM (20ckson (Reclamarales, personal

ption of BLM (w estimates for er 2.

ion occurringand temporal emselves. Theor transportatimake informect natural reso

1

rs every NPS), the he

e Army t efits from

VISITATION

ATE

ONS)A

331 62 50 28

149 250B 870

athleen

016b); Phil ation),

which is for

recent

g on lands

ese data ion and ed ource

dareslocscaarr

WfedunagFuento dif

In animdequ20poin ranonavcohigfieco

Thagnutheim

Chmeanstaagto veof acr

mage assessmsources acroscated near fedaling. Finallyray of topics r

hile the impoderally-manag

nmonitored acencies must b

urthermore, alormous divervisitors, so th

ffers across si

general, visitd each metho

mplemented, astinations wit

uarter. These s011) and haveopulation surv

the general pndom sample

n-site methodsoiding issues unts on federgh-quality coueld personnel untry implem

his report descencies to char

umber of alterese agencies i

mproving data

hapter 2 focusethods currend the characte

atistics that arencies. With estimate visithicle and pedadministrativross agencies

ments, meet as sites. Busin

deral lands alsy, researchers related to visi

ortance of recrged lands is access points anbe efficient inlthough consirsity in the typhe most accurites.

tation data canod poses uniquand respondenthin a fixed tisurveys lean h recently suff

veys (Groves,population wil

of households, visits are cowith respons

ral lands are punts at sites wor counting t

ment data colle

cribes the metracterize visit

rnative approain the future.collection, do

ses on currentntly used to cheristics of visre generated, aregard to simtation (as opp

destrian countve data (e.g., cs, including th

gency reportinesses, local gso have an intand academicitation.

reation data isa significant cnd are rural in

n designing anstency in datapes of federalrate and cost-e

n be collectedue challenges

nts are asked time period in heavily on mefered from de2007). Furth

ll be extremelds, even whenounted wherese or recall biaprimarily (1) owhere recreatiechnologies uection protoco

thodologies ctation on the laches that capFinally, it proocumentation

t methods. Foharacterize visitors. We alsand we comp

milarities, we fposed to impleters where pracampsite regi

he degree to w

ing requiremegovernments, terest in thesecs use these d

s well-establichallenge becan nature. Withnd implementa collection ml lands and reeffective data

d using eithers. With off-sitto report the nthe past, such

emory (Chu eclining respo

hermore, for mly low, makinn reasonably le they occur, aas. The challeobtaining suffion is widely used at differeols in a consi

currently usedlands under thpitalize on tecovides a serien, and accessi

or each of thesitation, incluso describe hopare and contrfind that all siementing off-actical, and taistrations). Wwhich data co

ents, and efficand other pla

e data for opedata to conduc

ished, charactause many sitth limited opeting data collemethods is desecreational opa collection m

r an on-site orte methods, anumber of triph as the most et al., 1992; Conse rates commany sites, thng it difficult large sample at the recreatienges associa

fficient resourdispersed, anent types of sistent manner

d by federal laheir jurisdictichnology that es of recommeibility of the d

e six agenciesuding the absoow those agenrast data colleix agencies ap-site surveys)ake advantage

We find a numbllection effort

ciently allocatanning agencierations plannct research on

terizing visitates have mult

erating budgetection effortssirable, there

pportunities avmethodology o

r an off-site ma survey is typps taken to sprecent month

Connelly and Bmmon to genehe incidence o

to find visitosizes are used

ion areas, thusated with on-srces to implemnd (2) ensurinsites in all are.

and managemion. It then dimay be usefu

endations for data.

s, we describeolute number ncies use the vection methodpply on-site m), use automate of a variety ber of differents are coordin

2

te scarce ies ning and n a wide-

ation on tiple ts, federal . is

vailable often

method, pically pecific h or Brown,

eral of visitors rs in a d. With s site ment ng that as of the

ment iscusses a ul to

e the of visits visitation

ds across methods ted of types nces nated by a

cenresauadacc

Afin meproto lanforlimactwhpecelanFinbenu

Chdorecintco(5)pe

ntral office, thsolution of thtomated coundressed, the dcess to the sta

fter describingChapter 3 tha

edia data, cellovide technicrecreation da

nd managemer visitor use d

mited by partitivity data arehen visiting rercent. Howevllular data, and cellular actinally, remote lieve they wo

umerous sites.

hapter 4 proviocumentation,commendatioter-agency coordination of ) the developmrsonnel, and (

he availabilitye estimates, th

nters are updadefinitions usatistics.

g current metat may be uselphone activit

cal details regaata, and provident agencies. Wdata collectioncipation bias e somewhat mecreation areaver, there are nd potential isivity data wousensing data

ould be practi

ides a series o and accessib

ons focus on: oordination off reporting mement of guida(6) exploratio

y of methods he method an

ated, the degreed for various

thods in Chapeful in future aty data, and rearding implemde an overall We find that wn at a scale neand evolving

more promisinas and cellphochallenges ressues related tuld likely be are likely usecal for the ge

of recommendbility of visita(1) document

f current data ethods, (4) imance documenon of alternati

documentatind frequency wee to which ds visitation m

pter 2, we desassessments oemote sensingmentation, disassessment owhile social mever before img popularities ng in that visione ownershipelated to the ato privacy. Puseful in furteful for speci

eneration of lo

dations for imation data by ftation of currecollection me

mprovements ints and traininives to curren

on, the spatiawith which c

double countinmetrics, and th

cribe several of visitation, ig data. For escuss research

of its potentialmedia data prmagined, their

of various plitors typicallyp rates are ap

availability anPilot studies uther evaluatinalized applicaong-term visit

mproving the cfederal agencent data colleethods, (3) inin current datng materials f

nt data collect

al and temporaonversion facng of visits ishe provision o

alternative apincluding usinach approachh linking the l usefulness trovide opportr usefulness mlatforms. Cely carry cellphopproaching 10nd spatial resousing social mng their potentations, but wetation statistic

collection, ies. Specifica

ection methodnter-agency ta collection mfor site-level tion methods.

3

al ctors for s of public

pproaches ng social

h, we approach o federal

tunities may be llular ones

00 olution of

media data tial. e do not cs across

ally, the ds, (2)

methods,

2. EX

Thgaprosumcoacrma

2.1 AG

NA

Thacr33recmopa

Infincinfeco(Nvastaco

Vi

XISTING M

his chapter sumther informatovided for eacmmary was dnversations wross agenciesanagement ag

GENCY SUMM

ATIONAL PAR

he National Pares across all 1 million visicreational puronuments, batrkways, and p

formation abocluding NPS formation assonomic impa

NPS, 2016c). Vriety of reaso

affed, are closllection meth

isits to NPS u

Direct ctickets scounts. IWashingcounts a

Proxy csuch as using au

ETHODS

mmarizes thetion about visch agency (N

developed usinwith agency sts. Appendix Agencies use to

ARIES

RK SERVICE

ark System is50 states, the

its occurred arposes in 201ttlefields, recrpreserves.

out visitation leadership, re

sists with operct analysis, nVisitation is nons; some sitesed to the pubhods.

units are estim

counts: Thesesold for specifIn many casegton D.C. meare obtained fo

counts: Thesecounts of occ

utomated coun

e methods useitation and vi

NPS, BLM, USng a combinataff. The fina

A provides defo track and rep

s comprised oe District of Cat NPS sites fo6 (NPS, 2016reation areas,

is currently cesearchers, burational plannatural resourc

not measured es are adminisblic, or do not

mated using a

e include counfic attractionss, these are ce

emorials, visitfor a sample o

e are counts thcupied campsinters, such as

ed by federal isitor characteSFWS, Reclaation of availaal section of tfinitions of keport their visi

of 413 units thColumbia, andfor cultural, hi6b). These site, lakeshores, s

collected to inusinesses, andning, facilitiesce damage asor reported fo

stered by othet have approv

range of meth

nts of people s, backcountryensus counts,tation estimatof times durin

hat are correlaites or traffic

s vehicle, trail

land managemeristics. A sepamation, USFable documenthe chapter coey terms that itation data.

hat cover mord several terriistorical, interes include natseashores, sce

nform a ranged members of s design and msessments, an

for a small numer agencies, wval from NPS

hods, which a

at visitor ceny permits issu, though for stes are based ong a day).

ated with the counts. They

l, and door co

ment agencieparate summa

FS, and USACntation and ompares meth

federal land

re than 84 militories (NPS, rpretative, antional parks, enic rivers an

e of stakeholdf the public. Tmanagement,nd other purpomber of sites

while others armanagement

are listed belo

nters or on theued, and otherome sites, sucon sampling (

total numbery are often obounters. The p

4

s to ary is CE). Each

hods

llion 2016a). d

nd trails,

ders, The , oses for a

re not t on data

ow.

e grounds, r similar ch as the (i.e.,

r of visits, btained proxy

Vicocoest(IRvisda

ApNathe

ThindAtothmu

1 Th

Ef

re

counts apersons site survand schecollectio

Statisticestimatevisitors estimatecounted professi

Flat estiresourcebased on

isitor use statillaborating wnsistency andtimates on theRMA) websitsitation data uta on a month

number

hours ofvisit);

number

other reqparticula

ppendix C proational Monume example cov

he NPS is currdividual is a ct some sites, vher sites, thesultiple entranc

he NPS does not co

fforts are underway

egularly represent v

are combined per vehicle) t

veys conducteedule for colleon form.

cal correlatioes for other arentering the v

e is produced at the visitor

onal judgmen

imates: A flaes that cannotn historical in

istics staff in with parks to dd reliability ofe publicly-acce (https://irm

using methodhly basis via I

of recreation

f recreation an

of recreation

quested informar attraction w

ovides an exament, locatedvers the estim

rently workincountable visivisitors who ese visitors are ces per day ar

onduct systematic a

y to establish ratio

visitor and group c

with a multipto estimate toed periodicallyecting person

on estimates:reas. For examvisitor center for the additi

r center. This nt.

at, or constantt be monitorednformation an

the NPS Socidevelop site-spf data collecticessible Intega.nps.gov/Stas approved byIRMA. Units

and non-recr

nd non-recrea

and non-recr

mation, such within the par

ample calculatd near Flagstamation of recre

ng to operatioit. However, tenter multiplecounted ever

re common, t

and cyclical data c

onale and support f

haracteristics vita

plier (e.g., camotal use. The my.1 Appendix

n-per-vehicle

: Some visitatmple, at Fort Sare counted b

ional visitors method is ba

t, estimate of d in a cost-eff

nd/or professio

ial Science Prpecific data cion across un

grated Resourats/). Personny the Social Sare required

reation visits;

ation use (i.e.,

reation overni

as visitation rk (NPS, 2016

tion for estimaff, AZ. Thereeation and no

nalize the rulthis rule is noe times in a sinry time they ethe NPS appli

collection to acquir

for socioeconomic

l to use calculation

mpers per occmultipliers arx B contains adata, along w

tion estimatesScott Nationaby hand, and that enter thesed on histori

visitation is uffective way. Tonal judgmen

rogram are recollection metits, and publi

rce Managemnel at each NPScience Progrto report the

, visits scaled

ight stays; an

associated wi6c).

mating visits toe is no overnion-recreation

le that one entot always impngle day are o

enter. For moies adjustmen

re information nee

monitoring and to

ns.

cupied campse developed f

an example prwith an examp

s are based onal Historic Sita regression-b

e park but are ical informati

used for someThese estimatnt.

esponsible forthods, ensurinshing visitatioent Applicati

PS unit collectram and submfollowing inf

d by average h

nd

ith special eve

o Walnut Canght use at thisvisits and hou

trance per dayplemented cononly counted ost parks whent factors to co

eded to update the

pilot studies that

5

site or from on-rotocol ple data

n te, based not

ion and/or

e tes are

r ng on ons t

mit the formation:

hours per

ents or a

nyon s unit, so urs only.

y per nsistently. once. At re orrect for

e multipliers.

will more

duestvis

Ththepro

WdarepHoho

In coexspematra

BU

ThlocsitlanFosinNapa

Infsitmacores

2 A

uplicate reporttimated visitssitor survey.

he visitor use e user to searcovided:

annual r

monthly

counting

other sit

hile parks areta by hour or porting instruowever, they ow a persons-p

addition to thnducted periopenditure datecific surveysanagement plansportation p

UREAU OF LA

he BLM manacated primariltes hosted appndscapes and or example, thngle road thatational Conserking and num

formation abotes.2 This infoanagement, ecmmunicationsponsible for

small number of B

ting. At Greas are reduced b

statistics are ch for a park

recreation visi

y public use re

g and reportin

te-specific inf

e required to rby day. Thes

uctions for eacdo not providper-vehicle es

he visitor use odically to cota for economs are used to sans, wilderne

plans, and lon

AND MANAGE

ages over 3,60ly in the westproximately 6recreation ex

he Yaquina Ht passes throuervation Area merous design

out visitation ormation is usconomic impa

n, December 2developing si

LM sites are closed

at Smoky Mouby fixed perc

published on using a map o

itation;

eport;

ng instruction

formation (e.g

report visitatise data are avach park descride documentastimate was d

statistics desllect addition

mic impact anasupport planness and backcng-range interp

MENT

00 recreation tern United St62.4 million vxperiences, wiead Lighthough an entrancin Nevada is nated parking

is currently csed to supportact analysis, a2016). The BLite-specific m

d or inactive.

untains Natiocentage based

IRMA as theor search bar,

ns; and

g., traffic cou

ion at the monailable by speibe the “recip

ation supportindeveloped or w

cribed abovenal informatioalyses (WSU,ning applicatiountry manag

rpretive plans

sites on apprtates (BLM, 2

visits (BLM, 2ith both diffu

use in Oregonce booth, whea 197,000-ac

g areas.

collected at alt site and landand other purLM has over

methods to est

onal Park, for d on results fro

ey are develop, and the follo

unts by locatio

nthly level, soecial request. pe” for estimang the estimawhen it was l

, site-specificon about visito, 2016). In maons. Examplegement plans.

roximately 252016a). In 202016b). Thesuse and concenn is a 100-acreereas the Red cre site access

ll open and acd-use planningrposes (David150 field offi

timate visitati

example, totom a site-spec

ped. The portowing inform

on).

ome parks alsThe counting

ating visitationation approachlast updated.

c surveys are ors, such as any cases, thees include vis, long range

50 million acr015, BLM recrse sites featurentrated visitoe site accessibRock Canyon

sible via road

ctive BLM recg, facilities

d Baker, persoices, each of wion. While thi

6

al cific

tal allows mation is

so collect g and n. h, such as

ese site-sitor use

res reation e diverse r access. ble by a n

dside

creation

onal which is is grants

indtraspe

Th

Sitjuddato RMBL

A wh

3 Th

co

dividual field ack visitation ecific method

he methods lis

Automaused to minto visiassociatand otheobservat

Counts includinAbout 4data, therecreatioin some envelopself-repo

Other cuse a coat some visitors visitatioand Larr

te-level countdgment are entabase on an estimate total

MIS database LM site:

number

number

number

“visit” beginshen the visitor

he BLM does not co

onvert automated c

offices flexibvaries substa

ds is often lim

sted below ar

ated traffic ameasure traffitation estimated with recreer visit charactions and prof

based on feeng permits (e.g440 BLM recre BLM requesonal activitiescases to estimes or other simorted informa

counts based mbination of sites. For exafor a period on is based solry Ridenhour

ts and supporntered into BLannual basis. l visitation (poffers the fol

of visits;

of visitor day

of recreation

s when a visitr leaves. For

onduct any formal

counts into visitati

bility and autoantially (Moismited or nonex

e used to trac

and trail counfic volume or tes using infoation, numbe

cteristics. Thifessional judg

e data: Visitag., overnight reation sites csts that visitors, and other vmate the percemilar registraation about vi

on observatif observation aample, BLM sof time at a sitlely on profes, personal com

rting informatLM’s RecreatThe database

personal commllowing inform

ys by activity;

permits issue

tor enters BLMexample, a vi

surveys or rely on

on estimates.

onomy, the acey, 2008). Fuxistent.

ck visitation a

nters: At somfoot traffic o

ormation abouer of visitors ps informationgment.3

ation is trackecamping), reg

charge fees (Drs self-report isit characterientage of visi

ation forms, osit characteris

ion and profand professiostaff might rete in their patssional judgemmmunication

tion from on-stion Manageme uses this infmunication, Drmation about

; and

ed.

M lands for risit might inc

information from

ccuracy of thurther, the doc

at BLM sites.

me sites, automn trails. Thesut the percentper vehicle, len is based on a

ed at some sitegistrations, an

DOI and USDgroup size, leistics. On-siteitors who do n

or to evaluate stics.

fessional judgonal judgmentecord the numtrol logs. In oment (Moisey, December 2

site observatiment Informaformation in sDavid Baker, t annual recre

recreational plude a short d

other agencies to

e methods uscumentation o

mated countere counts are ctage of vehiclength of time a mixture of o

es using fee dnd fee envelo

DA, 2015). Foength of stay,e observationnot comply wthe accuracy

gment: BLMt to estimate v

mber of observther cases, esy, 2008; Davi2016).

ions or profesation System (site-specific fDecember 20

eation visitatio

urposes and edog-walk or a

generate informat

7

ed to of site-

rs are converted les on site, on-site

data, opes. r these , s are used

with fee of the

M staff also visitation ved stimated id Baker

ssional (RMIS) formulas 016). The on at each

ends a multi-

tion needed to

dalenpeda“avdifsimpeallbo

RMHoarerep

In coWyealspe

F IS

Thwi15apenDewiwetheproan20

4 Th

na

bo

ar

co

y camping tringths into an ople visiting ys is also repverage” visitoffer significanmilar when agrmits issued blow visitors tooat launches, n

MIS is an inteowever, BLMe reported at tports (BLM, 2

addition to collects informaashington Staar at about 20so provide infrsonal commu

SH AND WILD

he USFWS mildlife refuges0 million acrproximately 5vironmental eecember 2016ildlife refugesetland managee USFWS to sogramming, balysis, and vi

016).

he types of recreat

ational conservatio

oat launches); Spec

reas or backcountry

ommercial entities

ip. The estimaestimate of 12for one hour orted by activor (David Bakntly from “visggregated to tby BLM in exo use BLM senational conse

ernal system aM staff can pre

the national a2016b).

ollecting infoation about viate University0 BLM sites. formation abounication, De

DLIFE SERVIC

manages the Ns and 38 wetlaes of land and50 million viseducation and6). Informatios and 35 wetlaement districtsupport operabudget requesisitor satisfact

tion permits issued

on areas); Expanded

cial Area Permits (e

y areas); and Comm

providing recreati

ate of “visitor2-hour visitoreach would bvity using BLker, personal sitor days” forthe national lexchange for reervices and faervation areas

accessible onlepare custom and state level

ormation abouisitor charactey to administeThese survey

out visitor demecember 2016

CE

ational Wildland managemd water (USFsits in 2016 fod interpretatioon about visitaand managemts are closed tational plannists, natural restion (Phil LeP

d by the BLM includ

d Amenity Permits

e.g., for noncomm

mercial Competitiv

onal services).

r days” standar days. One p

both yield oneLM formulas t

communicatir a site or a stevel. “Recreaecreation fees

acilities such as, and special

ly to BLM pereports upon ls in the BLM

ut recreation veristics. To ther and analyzeys primarily fomographics a6).

life Refuge Syment districts. FWS, 2016). Tor hunting, fison (Phil LePeation is curren

ment districts. to the public. ing, facilities source damagPelch, persona

de Standard Ameni

s (e.g., for recreati

mercial uses of sele

ve, Group, and Eve

ardizes recreaperson visitinge visitor day. that describe ion, March 20tate, though th

ation permits”s paid by visias visitor cenl recreation ar

ersonnel (Correquest. Agg

M’s annual “Pu

visits and visihis end, the Be 150 to 400 v

focus on visitoand activities (

ystem, whichTogether, the

The refuge syshing, wildlif

elch, personal ntly collectedThe remainin Visitation inmanagement

ge assessmenal communic

ty Permits (e.g., fo

ional facilities or s

ect “special” areas

ent Permits (e.g., f

ation visits ofg for 12 hoursThe number othe activities 017). “Visits”he figures are

” reflect the nutors.4 These

nters, campgroreas (BLM, 2

ay et al., 2007gregated visitaublic Land St

itor days, the LM partners visitor surveyor satisfaction(David Baker

h includes 560ese cover mo

ystem receivedfe observationcommunicati

d at about 460ng refuges an

nformation is u, recreationalts, economic ation, Decem

or use of visitor ce

services such as cam

such as off-highwa

for organized group

8

f different s or 12 of visitor of an ” may e fairly umber of permits

ounds, 2016b).

7). ation data tatistics”

BLM with

ys each n, but they r,

0 national re than d n, and ion,

0 national nd used by impact

mber

enters or

mpgrounds or

ay vehicle

p events or

ToEseststrpriremsetThind

Eaup

o guide visitatstimation Wortimating visitrategies for: (imarily in desmote or roadltting,” requirihe formation odividual refug

Direct ovideo ca

Traffic visitor cwith info(e.g., nurecreatio

Patrols:number used to edistricts method

Self-regbooks, trare not cas group

Entrancabout 10and boat(e.g., at to visits

Surveystraffic-stcharactesatisfact

Indirectprofessilimited s(USFWS

ach year, betwpload their vis

tion estimatiorkbook in 200ation, which 1) refuges “wsignated areasess refuges wing a broader of a specific pge or wetland

observation: ameras).

counters: Aucenters to recoformation fromumber of visiton, etc.) (see “

: Public use aof recreationestimate the tand refuges woffers a usefu

gistration: Serail registers, collected. Visp size, length

ce fee station06 refuges chating (DOI andentrance stati.

s: Visitation itop surveys),

eristics like grtion, and more

t estimation onal judgmensite observatiS, 2005).

ween August asitation inform

on and reporti05. The workbare listed belo

where visitor as” (focused on

where “visitor mix of visita

plan for estimd management

Visits are cou

utomated traford vehicles em direct obserors per vehicl“Surveys” be

areas (e.g., boal visits is coutotal number owith diffuse aul alternative

elf-reported inand voluntar

sitors are askeof visit, and r

ns and permiarge fees for d USDA, 201ions or visitor

information iswhich provid

roup size, lene.

based on pront is used to eons with assu

and Septembemation to the U

ing, the USFWbook describeow. Broadly sactivities are rn the use of tr

r activities occation estimatiomating visitatio

t district.

unted either d

ffic counters aentering sites.rvation or surle, percentage

elow).

oat ramps or punted over a of visits in thaccess or dispto traffic cou

nformation is ry hunting or ed to provide recreation act

its: About 35 activities suc

15). Fees are cr centers) or a

s collected viade informatiogth of stay, re

ofessional judestimate visitaumptions abou

er, refuges anUSFWS’s Re

WS developedes seven diffespeaking, thereached by roraffic countercur primarily on methods (Uon is left to th

directly or ind

are placed on The traffic crveys to estime of vehicles

parking lots) aset period of at area. For w

persed recreatunters.

collected frofishing permiinformation a

tivities pursue

refuges chargch as overnighcollected eithat self-pay sta

a surveys (e.gon about visitaecreational ac

dgment: In sation. This maut visitor patt

nd wetland maefuge Annual

d the Visitatioerent methods workbook ou

oad and occurrs); and (2) min an unconf

USFWS, 200he discretion

directly (e.g.,

entrance roadcounts are commate total visit

engaging in

are patrolled atime. This sa

wetland managtion sites, the

m visitors viaits in cases wabout their vied.

ge an entrancht camping, hher by staff meations, then co

g., mail, telepation and visictivities, visito

ome cases, ay involve coterns and beha

anagement di Performance

9

on s for utlines r

more fined 5, p. 2). of the

using

ds or near mbined tation

and the ample is gement patrols

a guest where fees

sit, such

e fee, and hunting, embers onverted

phone, and t or

ombining avior

stricts e Plan

(Rpeactderecactviswo

In cowirefabactsat

ThagFispaincprorecactcoAlcome

BU

Restacam20Jacwawa

DurecFecoInf

RAPP) databasrsonnel. The tivity (e.g., hufined as somecreational acttivity (e.g., husits. For examould be count

addition to gllect informatith the U.S. Gfuges (Sextonout visitor detivities, numbtisfaction (e.g

he USFWS alencies, and nshing, Huntinrticipation in cluding but noovide estimatcreation days tivity, and denducted everylthough the sumparable witethodology (D

UREAU OF RE

eclamation maates, with 289mping, hiking

015). These prckson, personater supplies aater.

ue to resourcecreation manaederal partnersunty, and cityformation abo

se. This databRAPP databaunting, fishineone who entivity. A “visitunting). A vis

mple, if a visitted as a hiking

athering data tion about vis

Geological Surn et al., 2012; emographics (ber of personsg., satisfaction

so partners wational conse

ng, and Wildlifishing, hunt

ot limited to Utes of participby activity, tmographic chy five years aurvey has beeth results fromDOI and DOC

ECLAMATION

anages approx9 separate siteg, fishing, wilroject areas atnal communicand producing

e constraints aagement to a ps (e.g., NPS),y governmentout visitation

base is an intease tracks the

ng, wildlife obers a refuge ot” occurs whesitor engagingtor takes a hikg visit and als

on site, the Usitor characterrvey (USGS) Dietsch et al

(e.g., age, incs per party, spn with service

with the U.S. Crvation organife-Associateting, and wildUSFWS lands

pants by recretrip and equipharacteristics and relies on aen conducted sm surveys conC, 2011).

ximately 6.5 es (or “projecldlife viewingttract more thcation, Januarg hydroelectr

and shared jurpartner agenc, over 156 arets), and the reis currently c

ernal system atotal number

bservation) foor wetland maen a visitor eng in multiple ke and goes hso as a huntin

USFWS perioristics. Most rfrom 2010 to., 2013). Thesome), trip chapending in loces, facilities, a

Census Bureanizations to prd Recreation.

dlife viewing ts. The reportsational activi

pment expendof participan

a stratified ransince 1955, re

nducted earlie

million acresct areas”) provg, boating, anhan 28 millionry 2017). Givric energy, mo

risdiction of lcy. Of the 289e managed byemaining areacollected at al

accessible onlr of visitors anor each USFWanagement dingages in a paactivities is c

hunting in a reng visit.

odically condurecently, the U

o 2012 to survse surveys praracteristics (cal communitand recreation

au, state-level roduce the “N.” The surveythroughout ths generated uty, the numbe

ditures of visitnts (USFWS, 2ndom sampleesults from reer than 1991 d

s of land and wviding recreat

nd other activin recreation vven the agencyost recreation

lands, Reclam9 project area

y a non-Federaas are managell Reclamation

ly to USFWSnd number of

WS site. A “vistrict to engagarticular recre

counted as muefuge, that vis

ucts off-site sUSFWS collavey visitors atovided inform(e.g., recreatioties), and visinal opportuni

fish and wildNational Survy focuses on rhe United Statsing the surveer of trips andtors engaged 2015). The su

e of US houseecent reports due to change

water in 17 wtion access foities (Reclam

visits per year y’s role in ma

n occurs on or

mation usuallyas, 102 are maal partner (e.g

ed by Reclamn project area

10

S f visits by isitor” is ge in a eational ultiple sitor

surveys to aborated t 78 mation onal itor ities).

dlife vey of recreation tes, ey data d in each

urvey is eholds. are not

es in the

western or

mation, (Jerome

anaging r near

y cedes anaged by g., state, ation. as and is

useab

ReitsThVideare

Eaest(Rdavistraenpla(Jecosam

Recorec

FO

Thwiarenaof

5 Th

nu

ed to support out public us

eclamation us regional offi

his decentralizisitation to proscribed in otheas managed

Automaan assum

On-site and log

Fee collmanaginpersonal

ach regional otimate for a p

RUDR) databatabase accesssitation data facks the numbgage in recreaace to accounerome Jacksounted each timme day.

eclamation dollected by Recreation and o

OREST SERVIC

he USFS manilderness areaeas; 9 nationational preserv“sites” as def

he RUDR database

umber of campsites

resource mane (Jerome Jac

ses a decentraces, area officzed approach oject areas mher sections oby Reclamati

ated or manumed number o

camp hosts:visitation cou

lection: At song partner entl communicat

office, area ofproject area anase sometime sible only to Rfor each projeber of “visits,”ation on a giv

nt for situationn, personal come they enter

oes not collecteclamation’s moperational pl

CE

nages 193 millas; 155 national scenic areasves (CRS, 201fined by the U

also stores informa

s, miles of trails, c

nagement plackson, person

lized approacces, and manaresults in theanaged by Fef this chapterion or non-Fe

ual traffic couof persons per

Some projecunts.

ome project artrance fees aretion, Decemb

ffice, or manand uploads it ibetween Lab

Reclamation sect area and fo” which occuven day. Reclns where a visommunicationr a Reclamatio

t data on visitmanaging parlanning.

lion acres of lal forests; 22 s; and 7 natio14; USFS, 20USFS, includi

ation on revenues,

concessionaires, ex

anning, econonal communic

ch to track visaging partner

e application oederal partnerr. The methodederal partner

unts: These cr vehicle to es

ct areas rely o

reas, overnighe used to estim

ber 2016).

aging partner into Reclama

bor Day and mstaff. The RUor each Recla

ur when a perslamation doessitor enters a n, December on site, even

tor characterirtners, Reclam

land in 42 sta national gras

onal monumen016b). Any oing campgrou

expenditures, and

xclusive use permit

omic impact acation, Decem

sitation at its prs to develop of a wide rangrs is tracked uds used to tracrs are listed be

counts are usustimate visita

on on-site cam

ht camping femate visitatio

generates an ation’s Recreamid-October.

UDR databaseamation regionson enters Res not currentlysite multiple 2016). As a rif those entra

istics. Where mation may us

ates and Puertsslands; 20 nants, volcanic mf these units munds, alpine s

d recreational faci

ts, etc.).

analysis, and imber 2016).

project areas,site-specific mge of method

using the methck visits to prelow.

ually combineation.

mp hosts to ge

ees, parking fon (Jerome Ja

annual visitatation Use DatRUDR is an stores currenn.5 The datab

eclamation lany have a methtimes in the s

result, visitorsances occur du

these data arese them to inf

to Rico, incluational recreamonuments, amay contain aski areas, picn

lities (e.g., inform

11

inquiries

, allowing methods.

ds. hods roject

ed with

enerate

fees, and ackson,

tion ta Report internal

nt base nds to hod in same day s are uring the

e form its

uding 403 ation and a number nic areas,

mation about

boonsce

Vithe(Eto (2)deassunan

Thnarecthi20provisvisgra

A of Thcorep

Th(2)

6 A

Vi

na

7 Fo

wh

oating sites, ann national foreenic byways l

isitor use estime National Vinglish et al., 2produce estim) to produce dmographics, vsesses visitati

nits in the coualysis, econom

he NVUM protional forest, creation” (Enis definition, a

005). The lengogram focusesit (e.g., to obsit, an individassland. Visi

two-stage samsite days is d

he population nceptualized presents a sin

hree character) existence of

Site typareas), otrailheadpreviousnationalNational

“viewing occasion”

ewing occasions oc

ational forests. Ad

or NVUM purposes,

hich are selected f

nd swimmingests, and an adlocated on or

mates for landsitor Use Mo2002; Zarnocmates of the vdescriptive invisit durationion at one-fiftntry every fivmic valuation

ogram definesnational grasglish et al., 20as are visits togth of a recre

es on “last-exibtain supplies)dual may visitits to individu

mpling approadrawn. A site

of site days fas a matrix w

ngle day withi

ristics are usef proxy data, a

pe: All sites aovernight use d providing hs three categol forest), and vl Forest).

” occurs when an i

ccur on lands outsi

dditional details are

some of the 155 n

for data collection

g areas. Nearldditional 300 near national

ds under the jnitoring prog

ch et al., 2011volume of recformation abo

ns, satisfactionth of all Natiove years.7 Usen, budgeting,

s a recreationsland or desig002). Visits bo simply use

eation visit caniting” visitors) are not count multiple “situal sites are de

ach is used today is define

for an individwhere each coin the calenda

d for stratificand (3) expec

are classified adeveloped sitiking access t

ories (e.g., traviewing corri

ndividual enjoys th

de of USFS jurisdic

e provided below i

national forests are

every year.

ly 149 million million viewl forests (USF

jurisdiction ofgram (NVUM). This moni

creation at natout that visitan, and spendinonal Forest Syes of NVUM and forest pla

n visit as “onegnated wilderby employeesa restroom or

an range from s so that visitonted multiple tes” within thefined as recr

o estimate vised as a contindual National olumn represear year (Zarno

cation prior tocted use level

as either day-tes (e.g., camto a wildernes

ailhead provididor sites (e.g

he scenery while si

ction, such as on st

in this section.

e combined, resulti

n recreation vwing occasionFS, 2016a).6

f the USFS arM), which was

itoring progrational forests ation, includinng (USFS, 20ystem units evestimates incanning.

e person enterrness area fors and contractr obtain informa few minute

ors who brieftimes. Durine national forreation site vi

itation. In thnuous 24-hour

Forest Systements a single soch et al. 201

o sampling sit.

-use developempgrounds), w

ss area), geneding hiking org., public road

imply passing by o

tate or federal hig

ing in 120 National

visits occur ans occur annua

re generated t initiated in 2

am has two goand grasslandng visitor acti016c). The Nvery year, cov

clude econom

ring and exitinr the purpose tors are exclumation (Zarnes to many dafly leave a siteng a single recrest or nationaisits.

e first stage, ar period at a sm unit can be site exit and e1, pg. 2).

te days: (1) sit

ed sites (e.g., wilderness siteeral sites not ir hunting acced providing vi

r through USFS-ma

hways that pass th

l Forest System un

12

nnually ally on

through 2000 oals: (1) ds, and ivities,

NVUM vering all

mic impact

ng a of

uded from noch et al., ays. The e during a creation al

a sample single site.

ach row

te type,

picnic es (e.g., in the ess to a iews of a

anaged land.

hrough

its, 24 of

In unestthethr

8 At

9 Fo

fo

Proxy dhaving pavailablExamplecountersrecreatiothe accu

Expecteuse leveexpectathigher e

the second stniversity persotimate the nume exception oree types of d

Automdepartiobtainepoint norder t

Manuaa randoTwo-thhave ththird arwith rehour shvehicle

Intervhour sh(i.e., thconducintervirecreatover) i

t pedestrian access

or example, most v

or the last time in t

data: All sitesproxy informae that is expees include dats, and lift tickon visits at theuracy of estim

ed use level: els (very high,tions regardinexpected exitin

tage, field peronnel—are dember of last-ef viewing cor

data for every

mated countsing the site thed by installinnear the entranto enter.8

al counts: Momly-selectedhirds of the sahe heaviest flore assigned toeadings from hift, to converes.

views: Interviehift. Field pehere is no samcting an intervew begins wition visitors. is asked addit

s points, infra-red

visitors exit day use

the morning.

s are classifiedation. Sites wcted to be clota from fee en

ket sales at skie site and is a

mates of recrea

All site days , high, mediumng the flow ofng visitor flow

rsonnel—incleployed on seexiting visitorrridor sites ansampled site

: Automated hroughout the ng a temporarnce to the site

anual counts d six-hour shiampled site daow of last-exio the other shthe automatert the 24-hour

ews with vehersonnel attemmpling of vehiview with anoith screening For these vehional question

pedestrian counter

e sites for the last

d as either hawith proxy infosely related tnvelopes at cai areas. Whenavailable yearation site visit

in the calendum, low, or nof last-exiting rws are sampl

luding USFSelected site dars leaving the

nd sites with pday:

counts of all entire 24-houry vehicle coue that all (or n

of all people ift (either 8 Aays are assigniting recreatio

hift.9 These md counter at tr automated c

hicle occupantmpt to intercepicles), providother visitor wquestions to ihicles, a randons to obtain g

rs are used.

time during the af

aving “proxy”formation havto the volumeampgrounds, n this type ofr round, it cants.

dar year are asone) based onrecreation visled at higher r

employees, cays to gather de site on that dproxy data, fie

people or vehur period. Thunter, such asnearly all) veh

or vehicles leAM to 2 PM oned to the shional visitors;

manual countsthe beginningcount to an es

ts during the rpt all exiting

ded that they awhen the vehidentify vehicomly-selected

general data o

fternoon, while mo

” information ve informatioe of recreationpermanent tr

f proxy data cn be used to im

ssigned to onn site managersitors. Site darates.

contractors, andata that allowday. Specificaeld personnel

hicles enterinhese counts ars a pneumatichicles must pa

eaving the sitr 2 PM to 8 P

ift that is expethe remainin

s are used, togg and end of thstimate of exit

randomly-selvehicles for i

are not busy icle passes bycles with last-d occupant (a

on trip charact

ost visitors exit ove

13

or not n n visits. raffic covers all mprove

e of five rs’ ays with

nd ws one to ally, with l gather

ng and re c tube, at a ass by in

te during PM). ected to g one-

gether he six-ting

lected six-interviews

y. The -exiting age 16 or teristics,

ernight sites

Atcalexgasubregthe

Viocpaprowhestthech

Intto whin intprovehocosto

Adovrepco

ViViregTh

10 If

includivehiclefor thenationaforest v

t proxy sites, librate the propected to havther informatbmitting fee egistration, ande proxy variab

iewing corridocur on lands oss through naogram if travehile on the cotimates if eithe primary puroosing that p

terview and censure the sa

here it is consone direction

terviews are covided one cahicle counts a

our shift: (1) mmmercial veh

opping point.

dditional viewverflights, traiporting units nducted with

isitor use dataisitation estimgional levels, he estimates o

f a safe stopping po

ing persons pe are used to c sampled siteal forest are uvisits.

data collectiooxy data sourve the most lation on factorenvelopes), nd duplicate reble to an estim

or sites are unoutside of USational forestselers are experridor. Trips

her (1) the prirpose of the trarticular trave

count proceduafety of field psidered safe ton (the directioconducted at aan be identifieand interviewmanual traffichicles passing

wing occasionn rides, or traand included these individ

a are publishemates are gene

with separateof site visits ar

oint cannot be iden

er vehicle andconvert the 24

e day. Data onused to conver

on on sampledrce. Field perst-exiting recs such as nonon-recreation

egistrations. Tmate of uniqu

nique in that “SFS jurisdictios. Viewing coected to spendon viewing cmary purposerip, but viewinel route.

ures are modifpersonnel. Fio do so. Secon associated wa safe stoppined.10 Finally,

ws, field persoc counts focusg through in o

ns occur outsiam tours. Thein the viewin

duals (English

ed online at hterated at the ne estimates ofre classified a

ntified, then interv

d number of s4-hour vehicln the numberrt estimates o

d site days focrsonnel visit tcreational visincompliance (n visits, groupThese data arue recreation v

“visits” to theon, such as onorridor sites ad at least 15 mcorridors are ie of the trip isng forest scen

fied somewhairst, an automond, the countwith the inter

ng point withi, rather than s

onnel alternatesed on determone direction a

ide of these viese viewing ong occasion esh et al. 2002).

ttp://apps.fs.fenational forestf site visits anas: “day use d

view information is

sites visited. le count into ar of sites visiteof site visits to

cuses on inforthe site duringitors. They co(i.e., percentap size, numbere used to convisits.

ese sites (or “vn state or fed

are only incluminutes withinincorporated s recreation, onery was the m

at for viewingmated traffic c

ter only monirview locationin the corridosimultaneousle between two

mining the numand (2) interv

iewing corridoccasions are stimates, but .

fed.us/nfs/nrmt, multi-fores

nd national fodeveloped,” “

s transferred from

Data on persa visitation esed within eaco estimates of

rmation neceg the six-houronduct interv

age of visitorsr of nights pe

nvert an annua

viewing occaeral highway

uded within thn a national fin the NVUMor (2) recreatimain reason f

g corridor siteounter is onlyitors vehicles n for the site)

or, such as a rely conductingo tasks duringmber of non-views at the sa

dor sites durindocumented surveys are n

m/nvum/resultt, and Forest

orest visits pro“overnight use

another viewing c

14

ons per stimate ch f national

ssary to r period

views to s not er al total for

asions”) s that

he NVUM forest M ion is not for

es in order y installed traveling . Third, est area,

g manual g the six-

afe

ng scenic by USFS

not

ts/. Service

ovided. e

corridor site.

decanis of depa20Napoduvepoco

Ex

AR

ThProacr20 11 P

(O

veloped,” “unn go to multipalways at leasspecial eventveloped separticipants. A

009 or 2010-2ational Forestortal provides uration, grouphicle, number

ortal provides de, county, an

ample Ca lcu

Field pe(crossing

During t(travelinvehiclesvehicle c

Interviewthe exition avera

Field peautomat24-hour

With 0.5estimatewhich arvehicle, period (

RMY CORPS O

he USACE reoject Site Areres in 44 state

017).11 These

Personal communic

OMBIL) database, w

ndeveloped arple sites withist as large as t and organizerately from thnnual estimat014. The est

t System unitscustomizable size, satisfacr of annual vicustomizablend state.

la t ion for a

ersonnel arriveg both lanes),

the six-hour sng in both dires leaving the scounted by th

ws conducteding vehicles aage, in these 1

ersonnel returnted vehicle coperiod.

526 exiting veed 100 vehiclere assumed tothere are an e130 = 100 x 0

OF ENGINEER

creation progeas, or PSAs)es (USACE, 2sites received

ation reflects infor

which is not publicly

reas (general in a national fthe corresponed camp use vhe sampling ptes are availabimates can bes desired. In e summaries oction with visiisits, and active maps depict

Sampled S it

e at 8:00 AM, then remain

shift, the vehiections), whilsite, providinghe pneumatic

d with 30 exitare completing15 vehicles.

n to the site aounter. A tota

ehicles per vees have exitedo be completinestimated 1300.5 x 2.6).

RS

gram is compr across more 2016; Kathleed about 250 m

rmation stored in t

y accessible.

forest area),”forest, the sitnding nationavisits is also aprocess describle for one ofe tailored by taddition to usof interview dit, number of vities (includting the numb

e Day witho

M, set up a pne on site until

icle counter rele the field peg an estimate tube (0.526 =

ting vehicles ig a recreation

at 8:00 AM onal of 190 vehi

ehicle countedd the site (100ng a recreatio0 recreation v

rised of 4,989than 400 wat

en Perales, pemillion visits i

the USACE Operatio

” or “wildernete visit estimaal forest visit eavailable. Thibed above byf two five-yeathe user to focse estimates, data, includinf sites visited, ing primary a

ber of survey

ut Proxy Dat

eumatic tube c2:00 PM.

ecords a total ersonnel manuof 0.526 exit

= 50/95).

indicate that 1n visit and tha

n the next dayicles have bee

d by the pneu0 = 0.526 x 1on visit. Assuvisits to the sit

9 recreation siter resource personal commin 2016 for hi

ons and Manageme

ess.” Becauseate for a nationestimate. The

hese figures ary simply tallyar periods, eitcus on any suthe USFS onl

ng demographnumber of ax

activity). Finarespondents b

ta

counter at the

of 95 vehicleually counts 5ting vehicles

15 (or 50 percat there are 2.6

y to retrieve then recorded d

umatic tube, a90), 50 perce

uming 2.6 peote during the

ites (also calleprojects on 12munication, Feiking, campin

ent Business Inform

15

e visitors nal forest e quantity re

ying all ther 2005-ubset of line

hics, visit xles per ally, the by ZIP

e site exit

es 50 for every

cent) of 6 people,

he during the

an ent of ople per 24-hour

ed 2 million ebruary ng,

mation Link

bopebopoCathefac(U

Vilis

Aubecalcowhvelendainico

12 T

as

13 S

fo

oating, fishingrsonal commu

ody of water, tool or potentiaanyon Park is e PSA level acilities manag

USACE, 2015

isits to USACted below and

Automacombine

TransacRecreati

RevenuManage

Ratio escombinesmall/recamping

Third-pstate/locPerales,

utomated coucause many Plibrated to enunts to estimahich collect inhicles associangth of stay, ata collection pitial screeningnducted a rou

The 2016 estimate s described below i

everal types of cou

ocused beams.

g, swimming, unication, Fetypically a lakal flood heighone of 26 PS

and estimates gement, recreaa; USACE, 2

CE sites are esd described in

ated countersed with on-sit

ction data: Cion Reservatio

e data: Overnment System

stimates: Ested with an assmote PSAs w

g.

party estimatcal parks, nonpersonal com

nters are partPSAs have a snsure an accurate total visitanformation abated with recrand other visiprotocol is tog question), reund of on-site

is lower than pubin this section.

unters are used, in

picnicking, abruary 2017)ke or river, an

ht. Most projeSAs at Canyonare producedation program013).

stimated usingn the followin

s: These inclute surveys to e

Camping and son Service (N

night use revem (CEFMS).

imates based sumed occupa

with no autom

tes: Independnprofit parks, mmunication,

ticularly effecsingle or limitrate count is oation. The loabout the numbreation, the peit characterist interview anesulting in a ue surveys at a

licly-available esti

ncluding pneumatic

and other recr.12 Most USAnd include theects contain nun Lake in Tex

d for all PSAsm evaluation,

g several metng paragraphs

ude traffic andestimate visit

shelter transaNRRS) (www

enue data fro

on the numbancy rate. Th

mated counters

dent estimatesand private eFebruary 201

ctive for enumted road entry

obtained, and ad factors are ber of people ercentage of vtics. If a vehicnd count the vunique estimasubset of PSA

imates for recent

c tubes, inductive l

reation uses (KACE projects e adjacent lanumerous PSAxas. Visitations to support U

and economi

thods and datas.

d trail countetation.

action data frow.recreation.go

m the Corps

er of parking ese are used ps for day use

s from leased ntities (USAC17).

merating day uy system.13 A“load factorsdeveloped usper vehicle, t

vehicles depacle exits a sitevehicle at its late of visits. TAs to develop

years due to chan

loops, magnetome

Kathleen Peraare oriented a

nd up to maximAs. For exampn data are col

USACE managic impact anal

a sources, wh

rs, which are

om the Nationov).

of Engineers

spaces or camprimarily at or no charge

areas manageCE, 2015b, K

use at USACEAll counters ars” are appliedsing on-site suthe percentagarting for the le multiple timast departure

The USACE rp load factors

ges in data collect

eters, breakbeams,

16

ales, around a mum ple, llected at gers with lysis

hich are

nal

Financial

mpsites

for

ed by Kathleen

E sites re d to the urveys, e of last time,

mes, the (using an

recently

tion methods,

and infrared

(Upe

NRThof sepestfro

Sonu“dusecamest

Apma20visabTh

AlReausoftrach

Th“Vweresavest

ThwiCaclainc

14 H

de

USACE, 2015nding inform

RRS transactihe NRRS systoccupants pe

parately fromtimate is convom the NRRS

ome USACE Pumber of parkispersed landed to estimatempsite are cotimate visitati

pproximately arina, or local

017). At somesitation data, ove. At the ot

he USACE ac

ll data sourceseporting Systetomated counftware conver

affic counters aracteristics f

he visitor use Value to the Nebsite providesource projectailable from ttimate as well

he USACE haith assistance ambridge, Maassified for thcludes a revie

Historically, a uniqu

eveloping general l

a; USACE, 2mation collecti

ion and CEFMtem provides er site. In CE

m other revenuverted into anS data.

PSAs are remking spaces ands.” These sitee visitation. In

ombined with ion.

44 percent ofl YMCA chap

e of these PSAand coordinatther PSAs, th

ccepts these es

s described abem (VERS) onter readings (rts the raw co(e.g., whethe

from on-site s

statistics are Nation” (http:/es state and nats. It does nothe USACE ul as separate e

as been workifrom the U.S

assachusetts. he purpose of ew of best pra

ue load factor was

load factors that ca

013).14 Addition approval f

MS financial dthe number oFMS, revenu

ues, and can bn estimate of o

mote and offernd campsites aes do not charnstead, assumthe number o

f PSAs are oppter) (KathleeAs, the USACtes with the o

he third-party stimates as-is

bove are enteon a monthly b(i.e., without

ounts into visier they providsurveys.

published onl//www.corpsrational report

ot provide statupon request. estimates for

ing since 201S. Department

This effort inmanagement

actices for aut

developed for eve

an be applied to co

tional surveysfrom the Offi

data provide of nights that ues collected fbe extracted oovernight visi

r little capacitavailable is smrge for parkin

med occupancof parking spa

perated by thien Perales, pe

CE maintains roperator to imentities colle

s and includes

red into the Ubasis. USACEapplication o

itation estimade one-way or

line in a sectiresults.us/recrts, as well as rtistics at the PEach report pvarious use c

1 to update itt of Transportncludes a revit and data colltomated coun

ery individual coun

ounters with simila

s are planned ce of Manage

information asites are occufrom overnighon a monthly bits using a loa

ty for recreatimall). These ang or campingcy rates per paaces and camp

ird-party entitersonal commresponsibility

mplement the mct visitation ds them in thei

USACE’s VisE personnel e

of a load factoates using infor two-way cou

ion of the USreation/recfasreports for inPSA level, buprovides an ocategories (e.g

ts visitor use dtation’s Volpiew of how relection (USA

nters (USACE

nter. In contrast, th

ar characteristics.

for the near fement and Bu

about overnigupied and the ht use are repbasis. The revad factor deve

ion use (i.e., tareas are refeg, so fee data arking space apsites in these

ties (e.g. a stamunication, Fey for collectinmethods descdata independir visitation st

sitation Estimenter the “rawor) and the VEormation abouunts) and

ACE websitestfacts.cfm). Tdividual wate

ut this informaoverall visitatig., water cont

data collectioe Center in

ecreation sitesACE, 2011). ItE, 2015a). The

he USACE is curren

17

future, udget.

ght use. number

ported venue eloped

the erred to as cannot be and per e areas to

ate park, ebruary ng cribed dently. tatistics.

mation and w” ERS ut the

e called The er ation is ion tact).

n system,

s are t also e

ntly

visthi

Futercoocpea sIf recvis

Tochproindlimin foremstato Dean

2.2 CO

Ferecacrdifincna

ThavImtheregareof

15 A

sitation informis writing refl

uture informatrms of “visitsnstitutes a sincasions, regarrson during a

site four timesa camper staycreation days sitor hours (i.

o complementaracteristics uoduce load fadividuals undmitations; origfollow-up surr economic im

mployed at theatistical sampmanagement

emographic ind ethnicity.

OMPARISON O

ederal land macreation on laross individuafferences in thcluding reservtional parks,

he way in whiailable to man

mportant consie typical modgistration is ree staffed by arecreation at

A discussion of thes

mation postedlects 2012 dat

tion will be b,” “recreationngle person enrdless of the l

any reasonables in a day, he ys on site for of use. The ee., time spent

t estimates ofusing three diactors captureder 18 years ogin ZIP code)rveys online,

mpact analysee discretion oling techniquon basic visi

nformation co

OF METHODS

anagement agands within thal sites withinhe types of fevoirs, grasslanlarge tracts of

ich visitors innagers for deviderations inc

de of entry (e.equired, whetgency personthe site. Site

se outdated estima

d on the USAta and estimat

ased on the mn days of use,”ntering a USAlength of staye portion withor she is couthree days, he

estimate of “1t on site) divid

f visitation, thifferent types targeted infold; whether o

). Second, at which gather

es. Third, the f Project or D

ues. The primaitor satisfactioollected on th

gencies use a heir jurisdiction agencies (Exederally-manands, ski areasf forest land,

nteract with thveloping accu

clude whetherg., vehicle, pether visitors p

nnel. The prefes where very

ation methods is be

CE’s Value ttion methods

methods descr” and “12-houACE site for ry. A “recreatiohin a day on t

unted as one ve or she is cou

12-hour visitoded by 12.

he USACE coof surveys. F

ormation abouor not any memsome sites, rer additional dUSACE has

District/Divisiary purpose oon with recreahese cards incl

wide variety on. Methods xhibit 2.1). T

aged recreatios, historic builand urban pa

hese disparateurate and costr entrances to edestrian, bik

pay an entry fferred methody little recreati

eyond the scope of

to the Nation that are no lo

ribed above anur visitor dayrecreation on on day of usethe same trip.

visit and one runted as one

or days” is the

ollects informaFirst, the on-sut the party (embers have mespondents ar

demographic aa comment caion leadershipof these cards ation areas anludes ZIP cod

of methods tovary both acr

This is not suron sites acrossldings and mo

arks.

e sites impactst-effective me the site are c

ke, OHV, or bfee, and whethd may also vaion is expecte

f this document.

website at theonger in use.1

nd will be repys.” A “visit”

one or more e” is a visit by. If a day visitrecreation dayvisit and thre

e number of re

ation about vsite surveys ue.g., number omobility or senre invited to pand expendituard program, p and does nois to provide

nd visitor centde, age, gende

o characterizeross agencies rprising, gives the United Sonuments, ico

s the suite of easures of vis

concentrated oboat), whetherher or not ent

ary with the imed to occur m

18

e time of 5

ported in ”

y a single tor enters y of use. ee ecreation

isitor used to of nsing participate ure data which is

ot utilize feedback ters. er, race,

e and

en the States, onic

methods sitation. or diffuse, r trances mportance

may not

watheag

Ouwi

Ou

arrant expensie public is noencies may d

ur review idenith regard to t

On-site collectiomail, or

Automacountersconcentrentrancepedestriprovide identifyicase of v

Adminisuch datcampingtickets, bThese dacompliaroutinely

ur review iden

CentralresponsicontrolleNPS, dastatisticaapplied collectiofederal) data collit developrovidincountersfactors fby publiindividu

ive data collet central to th

devote fewer r

ntified severahe methods u

data collection, rather thanweb) to chara

ated counterss to track visitrated locatione roads; automan entrances. an estimate oing the purpovehicle count

istrative datata are availablg registrationsbackcountry pata provide a

ance is minimy collected fo

ntified substa

lization of daibility for dataed or delegate

ata collection al personnel dat all sites. In

on methods enwho managelection methoops methodolng recommends, as well as refor translatingic or private thual sites.

ection methodhe mission of resources to c

al common thrused to charac

ion: All agenn relying on oacterize visita

s: All agencietation, particu

ns. The countmated pedestr

Conversion of the numberose of the visitters, the numb

a: All agenciele and reliabls (e.g., from wpermits, huntnear census oal. They are

or managemen

antial differen

ata collectiona collection aed to individuand analysis

develop, revien contrast, thentirely to indi those sites (U

ods for site mogies centralldations relateecommendatig automated chird parties, t

ds. Further, psome land m

characterizing

reads across fcterize visitati

ncies implemeoff-site generaation.

es rely at leasularly at sites ters are typicarian counters mfactors are de

r of recreationt (recreation vber of persons

es make use oe. Examples www.recreatiting permits, aof visits to cealso relativelnt purposes.

nces across ag

n: Agencies dand analysis mual sites and ois centrally coew, and revisee BLM, USFWividual sites oUSFWS does

managers). Thly for the subed to the placeions related tocounts into recthe USACE d

providing recranagement ag

g recreation.

federal land mion:

ent some formal-population

t to some extewhere visitor

ally vehicle cmay be deploeveloped thronal visits per cversus non-res per vehicle.

of administratof administraon.gov providand boat laun

ertain sites, asly inexpensive

gencies in the

differ in the dmethodologiesoutside partneontrolled. We estimation m

WS, and Reclor to the partns provide a refhe USACE usset of sites thement/calibrao the developcreation visit

delegates data

reation opportgencies, and t

management a

m of on-site dn surveys (e.g

ent on automrs enter in a founters instal

oyed to cover ough on-site scount. This i

ecreation) and

tive data at siative data incded by the NR

nch registratiossuming non-e, as the data

following are

egree to whics is centrally ers. At the U

With these two methods that amation deleg

ners (federal aference documes a hybrid ap

hat it managesation of vehicpment of convs. For sites m

a collection to

19

tunities to these

agencies

data ., phone,

ated few lled on

studies to nvolves

d, in the

ites where lude RRS), ski

ons.

are

eas:

ch

SFS and agencies, are gate data and non-ment on pproach: s, le

version managed o the

16 D

co

Documecollectioto have tthat cleaThe NPSpubliclydevelop As far aReclamato estimdocumendocumenneither asites.

Spatial temporathe mostsite. Wiunit. Thagenciesvisitatiocountersspecial r

Converwith whcountersused to dobservatrotates dfor counfixed “mbe the onon-site m

Eliminaattempt factors fcommonexiting”

Documentation is so

onsistent methodol

entation of mon methodolothe most com

arly describe iS also provide

y-available doan estimate;

s we are awaration) do not ate visitation nt for data cont providing bagency has do

and temporaal resolution ot detailed estiith the excepthe USFS deves use permanen estimates, ms or campgrourequest.

sion factors fhich they impls (i.e., for condevelop convtions), and thdata collectionnters every timmultipliers” tonly other agenmethodology

ation of doubto eliminate d

from on-site sn. The USAC visitors when

omewhat easier fo

logy across all sites

methods: Ageogies are documplete docume

its data colleces reasonable

ocumentation there are fewre, the remainhave publiclyat individual

ollection (USFbest practicesocumentation

al resolution of visitation esimates, with mtion of the USelops an annuent automatedmore detailedunds) and tem

for automatelement studienverting automversion factorse extent to whn across sites me it collectso their automancies that havused to devel

ble counting: double countisurveys for m

CE and USFSn calibrating

r the USFS to deve

s.

encies differ iumented. Of entation.16 It ction and estime documentatifocuses only

w details regarning agenciesy-available dol sites. The UFWS, 2005), as for automaten of the specif

of estimatesstimates avaimonthly visitaSFS, other ageual estimate fod counters or d spatial (e.g.,mporal (e.g., d

ed counters: es to develop cmated counts s (i.e., use of hich those stuevery year, anew counts a

ated counts, ave detailed inlop these mul

Agencies difing of visits.

most parks wheare the only aautomated co

elop than for other

in the degree all the agencihas publicly-

mation methoion of methodon the detaile

rding the ratios (USFWS, Uocumentation

USFWS has deand the USACed counters (Ufic methods ap

s: Agencies dilable. The Nation estimateencies providor each unit eadministrativ

, at the level odaily) data are

Agencies difconversion fato recreation on-site surve

udies are docuand it developat a unit. All and the NPS anternal documltipliers.

ffer in the extThe NPS incere multiple eagencies that ounters, thereb

r federal agencies,

to which theiies, the USFS-available docodology for alds for each sited steps requionale for thosSACE, BLM

n of the methoeveloped a guCE has develUSACE, 2015pplied at indi

iffer in the spNPS appears to

es available fode annual estimevery fifth yeave data to genof individual ve often availab

ffer in the freactors for auto visits), the m

eys vs. on-siteumented. Theps conversionother agencie

and USACE amentation relat

tent to which corporates adjentrances per focus only onby avoiding d

as the USFS applie

20

ir data S appears cuments ll sites. te, but the ired to

se steps. , and

ods used uidance loped a 5a), but vidual

atial and o provide for every mates by ar. When nerate vehicle ble by

quency omated

method e e USFS

n factors es apply appear to ted to the

they ustment day are

n “last-double

es a

EXHIB

On-sitUse oUse oData CDocumContrEstimOnlineFrequEstimRegulConveIndivi

EliminVisits

BIT 2.1. CO

te Data Collectf Automated Cf AdministrativCollection andmentation Cenrolled ation Methods e

uency of Unit-Lates ar Developmenersion Factors fdual Automate

nate Double Co

17 T

countingalso usewithin afor doubday. Fothe C&Oin the sit

Definitidefine vbroadly agenciesactivitievisits. Invisits froranger s

Public adetailed visitatioUSACEdown byonline, tstate in t

OMPARISON O

tion Counters ve Data trally

Posted

Level

nt of for ed Counters

ounting of

The NPS website als

g individuals s survey data

a single nationble counting oor example, a O Canal withite-specific tot

ions for visitavarious visitat

consistent acs in that a sings (e.g., fishin

n addition, whom its estimattation), it app

access to visitvisitation estn statistics on

E provides estiy activity. Ththough the BLtheir annual “

OF EXISTING

NPS

Monthly

(at some

sites)

so provides monthl

who leave a sa to avoid dounal forest duriof individualsvisitor to Wain the same datals.

ation metricsion metrics (A

cross agenciesgle person en

ng and huntinghile the USFStes (e.g., to us

pears that the

tation statisttimates are ponline, with estimates by sitehe remaining LM includes a“Public Land

METHODS

BLM

Annual

Unknown

ly-level estimates.

site temporariuble counting ing a single trs who visit sepashington D.Cay (NPS sites

s: Agencies dAppendix A).s, the USFWSntering a site tg) on a singleS explicitly exse a restroomremaining ag

tics: Agenciesosted online. timates brokee for a single agencies do na total visitatiStatistics” rep

USFWS R

Annual

Unknown

ily during thevisitors who

rip. None of parate federal

C. might visit s), and each v

differ in the w. While definS differs someto pursue twoe day is countxcludes some

m or obtain infgencies do not

s differ in theThe NPS and

en down by unyear online, w

not post site-sion estimate fports.

RECLAMATION

Annual

Unknown

eir visit. The visit multiplethe agencies l sites within the National

visit would be

way in which nitions of a “vewhat from o

o different reced as two sep types of veryformation fromt.

e extent to whd USFS both nit and by yewith estimatespecific visitafor the countr

USFS

Every 5th Year

21

USFS e sites adjusts the same Mall and

e counted

they visit” are ther

creational parate y brief m a

hich post ar.17 The s broken

ation data ry and by

USACE

Annual

PrimaMetricDefiniVisitaWebsi

ary Recreation c(s) (see Appenitions) tion Estimatesite

Visitation ndix A for

s Posted on

NPS

Visits and Hours

BLM

Visits and Days

USFWS R

Visits

RECLAMATION

Visits

USFS

Visits

22

USACE

Visits and Days

3. NE

Ovapreprecact

3.1 SO

OV

SoresExFliapusiallprointfed

Theit

EW TECHN

ver the past deproaches for port discussescreational vistivity data, an

OCIAL MEDIA

VERVIEW

ocial media ussearchers to axamples incluickr), geotaggplications (e.ging GPS-enablow users to inovider, and soterface (API).derally-manag

here are severther voluntari

Photo shdevice swith theassuminthe imagphoto. CFacebooavailablcontinua

Locatiothe locat

NOLOGIES

ecade, rapid tmonitoring ans potential opits to federall

nd remote sen

DATA

sers who visitacquire informude location mged tweets, ang., Strava). Tbled devices snput a locatioome provider. Researchersged lands.

ral mechanismly or involunt

haring: Whensuch as a smare photo are stong the individuge file is uploCompanies caok and Instagre (e.g., Flickrally evolving.

n sharing: Stion from whi

FOR VISIT

technologicalnd quantifyinportunities foly-managed lansing data.

t recreation simation about lmetadata assocnd recreation The visitor’s gsuch as smarton manually. s allow public can mine the

ms by which starily:

n an individurtphone, the tored as metadual has not pu

oaded to a phoan then choosram), store it r). Standard p.

Some social mich they take

TOR COUNT

l changes havng visitor use or using theseands, focusing

ites often leavlocations thatciated with phtrip routes sh

geographic lotphones, but sLocation dat

c access to these data to ob

social media u

ual takes a photime, date, andata (EXIF daurposefully choto sharing sitse whether or for internal p

practice for th

media platforma particular a

TS

ve led to a varand behavior

e new approacg on social m

ve digital foott they visited hotographs po

hared through ocation is primsome social mta are stored bhe data via an btain informat

users share th

otograph withd geographic

ata) linked to hosen to disabte, this metadnot to strip o

purposes, or mhe retention o

ms allow useraction, such a

iety of new r. This sectioches to estima

media data, cel

tprints, allowon specific daosted online (specialized

marily establismedia platformby the platformapplication p

tion about vis

heir location d

h a GPS-enablocation assothe image fileble geotaggin

data accompanout the metadamake it publicof photo metad

rs to voluntarias visiting a ge

23

n of the ate llular

ing ates. (e.g.,

shed ms also m program its to

data,

bled ociated e, ng. When nies the ata (e.g., cly data is

ily share eocache

Anuse2020bikof vaserGhMialsal.Ko

Onof sig(20est(PUWamtemFoFethe

18 A

in

19 S

es

or postinhave thelocationaccount)

Path shpath thapopular informatMapMyresearchsharing p

n important aders upload ap

013); Twitter u017); and Strake rides and rthis wealth oriety of settinrvices, primarhermandi et ainin et al., 20so taken adva, 2016), geoc

orpilo et al., 2

nly a handful recreation on

gnificant expl013), who evatimates of annUD) is definehile the autho

mount of variamporal variatior example, thestival at the Be 2011 Occup

A geocache is a sma

ternet for “geocac

imilar findings are

stimates of annual

ng a tweet.18 e option to aun. If the user i), then this lo

aring: A vart they took duwith runners tion” (VGI) s

yRide, GPSieshers varies by personal data

dvantage of spproximately 4users post nea

ava has releaseruns (Strava, 2of social medings. Many aprily Flickr (W

al., 2016; Sont16; Stienmetz

antage of data caching (Cord2017).

of studies havn public landsloration alongaluated visitanual visitationed as a Flickr ors find that Pation in use reion in PUDs d

here is a distinBlack Rock Dpy protests at

all container conce

ching” game partic

reported in Keele

trips to Iowa lakes

With Twittertomatically gis public (the cation inform

riety of smartpuring a trip anand bikers an

services. Exas, and Wikiloccompany, an

a.

ocial media d40 to 50 milliarly 400 millied maps show2017). In the a data, using

pplications to Wood et al., 20

ter et al., 201z and Fesenmfrom geotagg

d et al., 2015),

ve attempted s, and all haveg these lines aation data at 8n to annual Fluser posting

PUDs are posiemains unexpdoes appear tnct annual spi

Desert in NevaZucotti Park

ealed in an outdoor

ipants who try to f

r et al. (2015), wh

s.

r, for examplegeotag their tw

default settinmation is avail

phone apps and share that pnd are referreamples includc. The availa

nd users typic

data is relatedion geotaggedion geotaggedwing the pathslast few yearit to analyze date have rel

013; Levin et 6, and Sessio

maier, 2016). ged tweets (F, and VGI ser

to relate socie focused on gappears to hav836 sites throulickr “photo uat least one pitively correla

plained.19 At to closely follike in PUDs dada, and therein lower Man

r location. The coo

find it with the ass

o compare PUDs fr

e, users with Gweets with a png when creatlable to resear

allow users to path with oth

ed to as “volunde Strava, Endability of thescally have the

d to its scale. d photos everd tweets everys of nearly 10

rs, researchersoutdoor recre

lied on data fral., 2015; To

ons et al., 201To a lesser ex

Forst and Fostrvices (Camp

ial media datageotagged phve been conduughout the wouser days.” Aphoto from onated with visiindividual sitlow expected during the wee was anothernhattan.

ordinates of the ge

sistance of a GPS-e

rom a similar Flick

GPS-enabled precise geograting a Twitterrchers.

trace out the hers. These apnteered geogr

domondo, e recorded paoption to opt

For examplery year (Woody year (Mapb00 million coms have taken aeation and tourom photo shaorrisi et al., 206) and Instagxtent, researcter, 2015; Nguelo and Mend

a to external ehotographs. Tucted by Wooorld, relating

A photo user dne site on oneitation, a substes, the withinvisitation pat

eek-long Burnr spike in PUD

eocache are posted

enabled device.

r dataset to survey

24

devices aphic r

precise pps are raphic

aths to t out of

, Flickr d et al.,

box, mpleted advantage urism in a aring 015; ram (De

chers have uyen et des, 2016;

estimates The first od et al. external

day day.

stantial n-year tterns. ning Man Ds during

d on the

y-based

Resoc(20InsnathepamoPaphpoFlobein

Finet NPmoThanmoduvisdaest

Thwiexde(Eposhoan

20 U

as

ecently, two ucial media da016), in a posstagram phototional parks iey describe asrks, althoughonthly visitatiark in South Ahotos posted oosted by uniquorida) to montween the twoInstagram us

nally, in an anal. (2016) com

PS, focusing oonthly PUDs,hey find that td that the moodel to accura

ummy variablesitation for eata can still shtimates of tot

he spatial resothin a site, whamine the spetermining whxhibit 3.1). T

opularity of spow the densitd Grand Cany

Using statistical ter

s “fixed effects” in

unpublished stata to accuratester presentatios posted betwn Finland ands the “number

h few details rion patterns a

Africa. Stienmonline betweeue users at Canthly visitationo measures ise during the s

nalysis focusempare geotagon 2007 to 20, with dummythe coefficiendel’s predictiately predict ves, as these va

ach park.20 Ashow temporal al visitor coun

olution of sochich can be uecific locationhether or not tThese locationpecific attractity of geotaggeyon national p

rminology consisten

the paper.

tudies have reely reflect temion, compare ween 2014 and South Africr of social meregarding the are similar acrmetz and Fesen

n 2012 and 2astillo de San n estimates fo

s poor, which study period.

ed on 38 natiogged Flickr PU012. The NPSy variables incnt associated wions are reasovisitation is liariables implis the authors atrends in parknts” (p. 708).

ial media datauseful for infrans of geotaggthey were takn data allow fions within a ed photographparks.

nt with the analysi

eported mixemporal trends

the number ond 2015 with ca. They findedia users” ananalysis are pross the two dnmaier (2016015, compariMarcos Natio

or the same sithe authors a

onal parks in UDs to monthS monthly viscorporated towith the PUDonably accuraikely dependeicitly calibratacknowledgek visitation, b.

a allows for aastructure pla

ged photos or ken within thefor a low-costpark. For ex

hs taken from

is of panel data, th

d results relatin visitation.

of monthly gemonthly visit

d a strong corrnd official visprovided. Thdata sources a6) evaluate geing the numbeonal Monumeite from the Nattribute to the

the western Uhly visitation sitation estim

o control for yDs variable is sate. Howeverent on the usete the model t, “Without da

but may produ

analyses of vianning. One ctweets, rather

e overall bount evaluation o

xample, Levinm various area

hese park-specific d

ted to the abilDi Minin et a

eotagged Flicktation statisticrelation betwesitation estimahey also find tat Kruger Nateotagged Instaer of monthlyent (in St. Au

NPS. The relae exponential

United States,estimates fro

mates are regreyear, month, astatistically si, the ability o

e of park-specto match averata to calibratuce less certa

isitor movemecould, for exar than simply

ndaries of a paof the relativen et al. (2015,as within Yell

dummy variables a

25

lity of al. kr and cs at 54 een what ates at the that tional agram y photos ugustine, ationship l growth

, Sessions om the essed on and park. ignificant

of the cific rage NPS te, PUD ain

ents ample,

y ark

e , Fig. 5) lowstone

are described

EXHIB

BIT 3.1. MA

Sou

Thintet theMecoVGin dewhthepro

21 T

an

AP OF TWEET

urce: Developed

he growing potra-park moveal. (2017) rece routes that tendes (2016) llection. RathGI data from Portugal. Thveloping visihen counting e relative use obabilities to

This is similar to the

nalyze their movem

T LOCATIONS

d using mapping

opularity of Vements for bikcruited voluntthey travel whalso rely on V

her than recruGPSies and u

he use of VGItation estimatpedestrian/biklevels suggesentrances wit

e approach used in

ments within sites (

S NEAR THE

g tool available a

VGI services akers and runnteers using a vhen visiting anVGI, but theyuiting volunteuse the data toI for this type tes, but it couker visits at psted by VGI dth greater use

n studies that provi

(e.g., D’Antonio et

NATIONAL M

at https://www.m

allows for eveners/walkers (variety of spo

an urban foresy take a slighteers, they obtao examine moof analysis is

uld improve thparks with numdata could be e.

ide physical GPS de

t al. 2010).

MALL

mapbox.com/blo

en more detai(Exhibit 3.2). orts tracking ast park in Finltly different aain pre-existinountain bikings not likely tohe efficiency merous entranused to assig

evices to voluntee

g/twitter-map-ev

iled evaluatio For example

applications tland.21 Campapproach to dang, publicly-ag routes withio be useful in of sampling snces. For exa

gn higher sele

ers, allowing resear

26

very-tweet/.

ons of e, Korpilo o share

pelo and ata available in parks

strategies ample, ection

rchers to

EXHIB

BIT 3.2. ILL

NE

Sou

lev

AS

Wpomeor of madifinfimbadarec

Thsel

LUSTRATIVE

EAR ACADIA N

urce: Created us

vels, ranging from

SESSMENT

ith regard to eotential uses foeasures of relmonths at indthe relative m

anagement agffer greatly acformative, de

mprove the effsed approachta could potencreation sites

he primary dislf-selected sub

HEAT MAP O

NATIONAL PA

sing StravaLabs

m dark red (heav

estimating visfor social medlative use. Firdividual sitesmagnitude of gencies. The across agenciesspite their we

ficiency of samhes to estimatintially provid– information

sadvantage ofbset of visitor

OF STRAVA R

ARK

tool at www.lab

vy use) to light b

sitation to feddia data, focusrst, the data c. Second, the recreation use

agencies’ on-ss, so low-costeaknesses. Thmpling for aging visitation de useful inforn that typicall

f social mediars. Social me

UNNING/WAL

bs.strava.com/he

blue (light use).

derally-managsed primarily could be used

data could pre estimates desite estimatest, independenhird, measuregencies such a

(e.g., Englishrmation abouly requires re

a data is that tedia users ten

LKING/BIKIN

eatmap). The col

ged lands, weon its potentito estimate re

rovide an indeveloped by fs are not perfent estimates oes of relative uas the USFS th et al., 2002)ut visitor destiesource-intens

they only reflnd to have mo

G TRIPS WIT

lors depict relati

e envision fouial to provideelative use ac

dependent assefederal land ect and methof relative use use could be uthat use samp). Fourth, socinations withisive surveys t

lect the behavore years of fo

27

THIN AND

ve use

ur e low-cost cross days essment

odologies may be

used to pling-cial media in to collect.

viors of a ormal

EXHIB

edCoto infSeare

BIT 3.3. PE

AB E B So7

Colikexwiscehisthafacapnathewime

ThmaIns

ucation, are yord et al., 201post georefer

formation at aessions et al. (e geotagged.

ERCENTAGE O

CATEGO

All U.S. Adults y Age Ages 18-29 Ages 30-49 Ages 50-64 Ages 65+ ducation High school or Some college College graduay Household In Less than $30, $30,000 - $49, $50,000 - $74, $75,000+ ource: Pew Re - April 4, 2016

ompounding tkely vary withample, may binter (when thenic parks sucstorical parks at Yosemite ict that Smokyps such as Strtural runninge likelihood thithout cell covemories of the

he rapid changakes the evalustagram use, f

younger, and 5) (Exhibit 3

renced data reall, while othe(2016) report,

OF U.S. ADUL

RY

r less

ate ncome 000 999 999

search Center.6. Retrieved fr

the problem ih the timing abe more likelyhey would neech as Yosemisuch as Getty

s the most phy Mountain Nrava or GPSie, hiking, or bihat visitors wverage may be visit begin t

ges in technoluation of timefor example,

are wealthier .3). Further, elated to theirers will choos, for example,

LTS WHO US

FACEBOOK

68%

88% 79% 61% 36%

56% 77% 77%

65% 68% 70% 76%

. 2017. Social Mom: http://ww

s that the suband location oy to take photed to remove ite may be moysburg Nation

hotographed nNational Park i

es are more liiking routes.

will post visit-re less likely tto fade.

logies and thee trends particstymied attem

r than the geneonly a subset

r visits onlinese to post info, that only thr

E SELECTED

IN

Media Fact Sheww.pewinterne

set of users wof the trip. Vitographs durintheir gloves t

ore likely to tnal Battlefield

national park iis the most viikely to post i Finally, cell related informto post after th

e popularity ocularly difficumpts by Stien

eral populatiot of social me. Some will cormation that ree percent of

SOCIAL MED

NSTAGRAM

28%

59% 31% 13% 5%

19% 35% 32%

29% 27% 30% 30%

eet. Based on set.org/fact-she

who post georisitors to Glacng the summeto take a pictutake photograd. In fact, Levin the United isited. Alonginformation frcoverage at t

mation onlinehey have left

of particular sult. The recen

nmetz and Fes

on (Li et al., 2edia users willchoose not tois not georef

f Flickr photo

DIA PLATFOR

TWIT

21

3622186

142428

18162630

survey conducteet/social-med

referenced datcier National er than duringure). And vis

aphs than visitvin et al. (201 States, despi

g similar linesfrom trips to pthe park may e: visitors to p

the park and

social media pnt explosion osenmaier (201

28

2013; l choose

o post any ferenced. ographs

RMS

TTER

1% 6% 2% 8% 6% 4% 4% 8% 8% 6% 6% 0% ted March dia/.

ta will Park, for g the sitors to tors to 15) find ite the s, users of parks with impact

parks their

platforms of 16) to

relprege

Finestowacc

3.2 CE

OV

Thpe20duentra

Thmotraforass“prec

Thgemotheattkntria20(A

late geotaggededict whetheroreferenced d

nally, an additimates involv

wned by the pcess or (2) su

ELLULAR ACT

VERVIEW

he Pew Researcent of adult

015) (Exhibit uring visits to ormous amou

avel and recre

he primary forobile device cansfer, a CDRr billing purpsociated with assive” mobicorded; it is s

he base stationolocated. Phyobile device te base of a cetached to the tnowledge of thangulation alg

00-300 metersAlexander et a

d Instagram pr a given sociadata in future

itional risk asves future unclatform provi

ubstantially in

TIVITY DATA

arch Center ests 18-29 years3.4). When trecreation sit

unt of metadaeation behavio

rm of this meconnects to th

R is created. Coses. They cthe cellular a

le data, as theimply recorde

n ID in the CDysically, a “bto the providell tower, and tower. Everyhe base statiogorithm, it is s) the user’s loal. 2015).

photos to trenal media platfyears.

sociated withcertainty abouiders, and they

ncrease the pri

stimates that as old) own cethese cellphontes with cell cata that researor (see review

etadata is the “he cellular netCDRs are rouontain the timactivity, amone user does noed as a matter

DR is what alase station” i

er’s cellular neit connects to

y base station n ID allows talso feasible

ocation within

nds in park visform will con

h relying on sout the availaby could chooice of access.

approximatelyellphones in thnes are used fcoverage, theyrchers have rews by William

“call detail retwork for a phutinely collectme, date, baseng other detaiot actively chr of course fo

llows the useris a piece of eetwork. In ruro the mobile dis associated

the analyst to to more precn the geograp

sits. Further, ntinue to prov

ocial media dbility of the dase at any time

y 92 percent ohe U.S. (Pew for communicy leave digitaecently begunms, 2016 or Sh

ecord,” or CDhone call, textted and storede station ID, ails. CDR meta

hoose to allowor all users.

r’s cellphone electronic equral areas, it isdevice throug

d with a speciflink the CDR

cisely specify phic area serv

it is impossibvide access to

data to derive ata. The datae to either (1)

of adults (andResearch Cen

cation or dataal traces, provn to use to evahoval and Ah

DR. Every timt message, or

d by cellular pand mobile deadata are refe

w cellular activ

activity to beuipment that cs typically locgh antennae thfic geographicR to that area.(within appro

ved by the bas

29

ble to

visitation a are ) withhold

d 98 nter,

a transfers viding an aluate has, 2016).

me a r data providers evice ID erred to as vity to be

e connects a cated at hat are c area, so . Using a oximately se station

EXHIB

BIT 3.4. PE

Sou

Ret

Alaftthean(e.cousisinin de

CDwisercoassnalocbe

1

ERCENTAGE O

urce: Pew Resea

trieved from: htt

lthough CDRster removing ese cases, the onymized ID.g., see Girardnsider Alexaning CDRs frongle city and athe analysis, vices.

DR data can pithin a recreatrved by a singuld calculate sociated with tionwide datacation (e.g., btween 5:00 P

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

OF U.S. ADUL

arch Center. 201

tp://www.pewint

s are confidenpersonally idprovider repl

D. Providers hdin et al., 200nder et al. (20om cellular pra relatively shcovering the

potentially be tion site on a gle base statiothe number othat base stat

a over time, obase stations aM and 9:00 A

LTS WHO OW

17. Mobile Fact

ternet.org/fact-sh

ntial, cellular dentifiable infolaces the uniq

have also shar9). As an illu

015), who sturoviders coverhort period ofcellular activ

used to calcuspecific day. on linked to aof unique devtion and (2) d

one could alsoassociated witAM), thus allo

WN A CELLPH

Sheet. Based on

heet/mobile/.

providers havformation (e.gque ID associred aggregateustration of th

udied transporring a two-mof time, more tvities associat

ulate the num Suppose, for

a cell tower invices by simpldeleting duplio assign everyth cellular actowing for an

HONE

n surveys conduc

ve shared theg., see Alexaniated with theed CDR data whe scale of certation patternonth period. than eight billted with two m

mber of uniquer example, than the center ofly (1) identifyicate device IDy device ID totivity that typanalysis of vi

cted 2002-2016.

em with researnder et al. 201 mobile devicwith some resll phone activ

ns in the BostDespite foculion CDRs wemillion uniqu

e cellular deviat a recreationf the site. Anying all CDRsDs. By evaluo a specific “hpically takes pisitor origins.

30

rchers 15). In ce with an searchers vity data, ton area sing on a ere used

ue mobile

ices used n site is

n analyst s uating home” place

DehaEsthe20(ERavicvathealo

AS

Thwathe(re

Ona gcanpadifda

Anwiexseppefar

Hofedthasitlimde

22 A

st

av

23 T

ac

espite the promve been relati

stonia have useir country, li

008) and the nurostat, 2014

asanen and Kocinity of a Finlidation. Sime temporal anong the New Y

SESSMENT

he potential usays parallel toe attractiveneelative to on-s

ne potential apgiven park. Tn be useful inrticular subsefficult to deteta collection.

nother potentiith multiple reample, indiviparately at earcentage of vr enough apar

owever, with derally-managat many remotes that do havmited. Ratherrived from co

Airsage, a company

udy that relates CD

vailable (Airsage, 2

The data would be

cross the visit (e.g.

mise of cellulively scarce.2

sed CDRs to ainking CDR-bnumber of ferr). However, tolehmainen (2nnish ski reso

milarly, Girardnd spatial pattYork City wa

se of cellular o the potentialss of cellular site data colle

pplication woThus, even if tn describing vet of visitors.2

ct using stand

ial applicationecreation sitesiduals who goach site. Withvisitors who vrt that they are

regard to genged lands, the

ote recreation ve cellular cor than GPS-baommunication

y that collects and

DRs in the United S

2016).

less useful for desc

, phone calls to fa

lar activity da2 In a series oanalyze spatiabased estimatry passengersthese studies d2008) use CD

ort, but no extdin et al. (200erns of cellul

aterfront, but

activity data l use of socialactivity data

ection), and in

ould be in chathe activity davariation in us23 This may bdard visitation

n would be ins. If two recro to both sitesh CDR data, itisit both sitese associated w

nerating compe use of cellulareas lack ceverage, the spased location ns with a near

analyzes wireless s

States to national p

cribing within-day

amily or friends in t

ata, applicatioof studies oveal and temportes to externals traveling betdo not focus

DR data to evaternal visitatio09) used aggrelar activity neexternal visit

to assess visil media data flies in its trem

n the spatial a

aracterizing reata reflect these across daysbe helpful in in data, or in r

n examining oreation sites as in the same t would be re

s within the sawith different

prehensive, lolar activity da

ellular coveragpatial resolutidata, informarby base stati

signaling data from

park and national f

usage patterns, as

the evening).

ons related to er the last decral patterns ofl data on hotetween Finlandon visits to oualuate cellulaon estimates wegated hourly

ear a temporartation estimat

itation at recrefor the same pmendous scal

and temporal r

elative activite behavior of s, months, or identifying tereducing the f

overlap in useare located in day are typic

elatively simpame day, provt base stations

ong-term estimata is currentlge (Exhibit 3ion of the datation on geogon. Although

m several cellular p

forest visitation da

s cellular use would

outdoor recreade, researchf tourism behel nights (Ahad and Estoniautdoor recrea

ar activity in twere availably CDR data tory outdoor artes were unav

eation sites ispurpose. In ple, its low cosresolution of

ty levels acroa subset of viyears for that

emporal trendfrequency of o

e estimates asthe same regially counted

ple to estimatevided that thes.

mates of recrely limited by t.5). Furtherma can be som

graphic locatioh cellular prov

providers, recently

ata, but a final rep

d not be evenly dis

31

eation hers in havior in as et al., a ation sites. the e for

o analyze t exhibit

vailable.

s in many particular, st the data.

ss time at isitors, it t s that are on-site

sociated ion, for

e the e sites are

eation on the fact

more, at ewhat ons is viders

y completed a

port is not yet

stributed

EXHIB

canmestathenedifsitcelass

BIT 3.5. CE

Soures

In thorecpeacraptrip

Asdadaor cu

n use trianguleters (Alexanation. As a ree provider’s ctworks typicafficult to sepate (e.g., in an llular activitiesociated with

ELLPHONE CO

urce: Federal Coearch/maps/3gor

addition, cellose who (1) ocreation site. netration rateross activitiesproach 100 pps, this bias w

s with social mta to derive vta. The data substantially stomer percep

lation algorithder et al. 201

esult, the spaticellular netwoally have low arate cellular aadjacent townes of visitors.two adjacent

OVERAGE IN

ommunications rbetter-number-p

lular activity own cellular d

The degree oes vary regions within parksercent, and as

will decrease.

media data, a visitation estimare owned byincrease the

ptions related

hms to locate 5), standard Cial resolution

ork. In rural adensities, pro

activities takin, on a nearby It can also mt recreation si

THE WESTER

Commission (FCproviders-ye-20

data reflect thdevices and (2of bias will unnally, and cells. However, as more and m

significant rimates involvey cellular provprice of acces

d to privacy; e

the user to wCDR data onl

n of the data dareas where moviding poor ing place outsy highway, ormake it difficuites.

RN UNITED S

CC). Retrieved 15/

he behavior o2) choose to unfortunately dl phone usageas cellphone p

more visitors b

isk associatedes future unceviders, and thss at any timeeven the appe

within approxily links record

depends criticamany recreatiospatial resolu

side the bounr from ferriesult to separate

STATES

from: https://ww

of a biased samuse those devidiffer across se rates vary acpenetration ra

bring their cel

d with relyingertainty about hey could choe. Providers aearance of an

imately 200 tods to the nearally on the deon sites are loution. This candaries of a rec in coastal aree the cellular

ww.fcc.gov/repo

mple of visitoices during a sites, as cell pcross parks anates continue llphones on re

g on cellular at the availabiliose to withhoare sensitive terosion of pri

32

o 300 rest base ensity of ocated, n make it creation eas) from activities

orts-

ors – visit to a

phone nd even to

ecreation

activity ity of the

old access to ivacy

mawh

Finfutdiscoon

Apqudeviscophma

3.3 RE

OV

ReTybuga

Fevisvetherelmorevet

AS

Thvissenthaobjsat

24 N

bu

ay cause custohat data provi

nally, while cture technologsrupt the abilist satellite ph

n cellular netw

part from thesuantify visitatitailed informsitors would nntractors. Al

hotos or texts)ay still be a si

EMOTE SENSI

VERVIEW

emote sensingypically, remout a more incluther data abou

ederal agenciesits for decadhicles from aereby inducinly on infraredonitoring the views of recenal. (2013), Ki

SESSMENT

he use of satelsitation on fednsing is limiteat make it diff

bjects (Staplettellite-based r

Note that the use o

ut these technologi

omers to switiders are allow

cell use is becgical change ity of the data

hones or increworks.

se purely techion, cellular uation about thnot want this lthough the C), and only proignificant con

NG DATA

g can be definote sensing apusive definitiout visits.24

es have used oes. The stand

a distance (albng changes in d counters to qinfra-red radint developmeittelson & As

llite- or aircraderal lands wed by periodi

fficult to counton et al., 201remote sensin

f social media and

ies were discussed

tch providers.wed to provid

coming rather may lead to a

a to accuratelyeased availabi

hnical concernusers may havhe time and loinformation tDRs would bovide locationncern for man

ned as gatheripplications invon of the term

on-site “remodard inductivebeit, a very sh

the electric cquantify visitaiation emittedents in these tssociates et al

aft-based remould be extrec cloud cover

nt individuals 4). We are n

ng. Aircraft-b

measures of cellu

in sections 3.1 and

. Furthermorde to analysts.

r ubiquitous inalternative comy reflect visitility of wifi ne

ns regarding tve substantialocation of all to be viewed bbe anonymizens accurate to

ny individuals

ing data aboutvolve gatheri

m could cover

ote” sensing tee loop vehicle

hort distance) current withination at pedesd by visitors atypes of on-si. (2013), Ben

mote sensing fomely challengr, vegetation, and distingui

not aware of abased imagery

ular traffic can also

d 3.2.

re, future regu.

n the United Smmunicationation trends. etworks could

the use of cell privacy conccellular activby governmed, do not incl

o the nearest bs.

t an object froing data from r the use of on

echniques to ge counter, foras they pass o

n the loop. Atstrian entrancas they pass bte counter tec

nz et al. (2013

for long-term mging. Satellitand resolutio

ish them fromany visitor couy shows more

o be interpreted as

ulations may r

States (Exhibn mechanisms For exampled reduce futur

lular activity cerns. CDRs vities, and maent employeeslude content (base station, p

om a distancea satellite or

n-site equipm

gather data abr example, couover a wire lot many sites, aces, remotely by the device. chnologies, se3) and Leggett

monitoring ote-based remoon levels (~0.5m animals andunt studies the promise, as

s remote sensing ap

33

restrict

it 3.4), s that e, low-re traffic

data to provide

any s or (e.g., privacy

e. aircraft,

ment to

bout unts oop, agencies

For ee Turner tt (2015).

f ote 5 meters)

d other hat rely on

it can

pplications,

proNR20al.theagthereqins

WpomeforstiexforUnbeet ma

Twof haBlanmotraanis moenusaratint

25 T

be

26 In

ovide higher rRDA-based a017a) and in c, 1994; Normerefore be impencies.25 An ey only proviquired to obtastantaneous c

ith regard to ootential for speemory costs. r several montching them ttremely usefurwarding thronfortunately, en developedal., 2013). Fuanagers to rej

wo additional either Bluetos a unique meuetooth and/od anonymousounted to a roansportation sd continuallyapproximatelore useful, as abled. Krzemage within Zites continue tto attractive a

The use of newer te

e substantial if app

nstantaneous count

resolutions anssessments of

creel studies tomandeau, 2003

practical for ladded complde “instantanain visit duratounts can be

on-site remotecialized visitRelatively in

nths at a time,together to prul, as the videough time percost-effective

d, so video-baurthermore, thect the use of

sensing technooth or Wi-Fi edia access coor Wi-Fi havesly recorded, toadside sign ostudies (e.g., Ry broadcast a uly 50 to 100 mmany pedest

minski and Hiion National Po climb, the d

alternatives to

echnologies such as

plied across numero

ts are sometimes a

nd is less affef beach visitao evaluate use3). However,long-term vislication with b

neous” counts tions so that thconverted to

te sensing, timtor count stud

nexpensive ga recording phovide time-la

eo footage canriods with little, reliable softased counts arhere can be sif cameras.

nologies that enabled devi

ontrol (MAC)e been disabletogether with

or post. BluetRSG, 2016), aunique MAC

meters. In pedtrians carry ceiles (2016) usPark. If Bluedetection of Mo standard aut

s drones or aerosta

ous sites for long p

also referred to as

ected by cloudation (e.g., Bye at large site, aerial overflsitor counts acboth satellite-of use levels

he visitor-houestimates of v

me-lapse digitdies, given drame cameras ahotographs at apse video foon be reviewedle or no visitaftware for autore still too expignificant priv

show tremenices. Every B) address thated). This uniqh the date and tooth detectoras many neweaddress. The

destrian studiellphones andsed Wi-Fi detetooth installaMAC IDs at sitomated vehic

ats may reduce the

periods of time.

“persons at one ti

ds. It has beeyrd et al., 200es with diffuselights can be ecross numerou- and aircraft-s; on-site interur estimates gvisits (Legget

tal photographramatic recentare available pre-specified

otage. For lowd quickly by aation (e.g., Aromating thesepensive for wvacy concern

ndous promiseBluetooth andt it broadcastsque MAC add

d time, using ars have been uer vehicles are detection raies, Wi-Fi detd have Wi-Fi ection in a stu

ations and cellite entrances cle or pedestri

e cost of aerial ima

me,” or PAOT esti

en used in sev1; Horsch et ae access (Pollexpensive andus sites by fe-based countsrviews wouldgenerated by tt, 2017).26

hy offers tremt reductions inthat can be d

d time intervaw-use sites, than analyst by rnberger et ale counts has n

widespread usens that may le

e involve the d Wi-Fi enables continually dress can be da specialized dused in many

re Bluetooth eange for thesetection is pote(but not Blueudy of shuttlelphone ownercould feasiblian counters.

agery, but the cost

mates.

34

veral al., lock et d may deral s is that d still be

mendous n eployed

als and his can be fast-., 2005). not yet e (Turner ad site

detection ed device (unless detected device

y recent enabled e studies entially etooth) e bus rship ly develop

t would still

4. RE

ThpofedananIEint

Th

27 F

In

ECOMMEND

his chapter prootentially imprderal agenciesd an inter-aged IEc on Marc and do not nter-agency wo

he specific rec

1. Docummethodthose malso necwell-doof agenare con

Documindividuarchiveover timspeciali

For agebarriersagenciebarriersmanageor profesketch oAdditio

2. Inter-aused to and eve

For details, see 4/2

teragency Worksho

DATIONS

ovides a serierove the colles. The recomency workshorch 20, 2017.2

necessarily reorkshop.

commendatio

mentation of cds currently usmethods and ecessary for in

ocumented dancy-generatednsistent with it

mentation of daual site and th

ed, allowing ame that could ized studies, s

encies where ds to documentes consider a ps. For exampers to determiessional judgeof their data conal details co

agency coordestimate visi

en expected, g

25/17 memorandum

op on Recreation V

es of recommeection, docum

mmendations aop on recreati27 The recomeflect the view

ns are as follo

current data sed to develop

ensuring that tnformed use oata collection d estimates ants Information

ata collectionhe agency levanalysts and m

affect the estsuch as effort

data collectioting site-levelphased approle, in the firstine which siteement. In thecollection meould be obtain

dination of cuitation differ wgiven variatio

m from Eric Horsch

Visitation Data: Sum

ended tasks thmentation, andarose out of inion visitation

mmendations pws of DOI pe

ows:

collection mp visitation ethey are appliof the estimatemethodology

nd allow DOI n Quality Gu

n methods shovels. The docmanagers to utimates. The ts to develop

on efforts are l methodolog

oach to documt year, the goaes use automae second yearethod, even if ned in future y

urrent data cwidely acrosson across sites

h, Robert Unsworth

mmary and Next St

hat, if implemd distribution nformation gathat was join

provided belorsonnel or of

methods: An stimates is cried consistentes in policy a

y will increaseto evaluate w

uidelines (DOI

ould be develocumentation sunderstand me

documentatioratios of visit

decentralizedgies. We recomentation in oal could be toated counters,r, sites could pf it is just a fewyears.

collection mes agencies. Ts with respect

h, Chris Smith, and

teps.”

mented, couldof visitation athered for th

ntly facilitatedow were devef the participan

understandinritical to evalutly through tim

analysis. Have external acc

whether the mI, 2017).

oped at both tshould be dateethodologicalon should dests to automate

d, there appeaommend that torder to minimo simply surve, administrativprovide a thumw sentences.

ethods: The mThis is understt to visitor act

Chris Leggett, “M

35

d data by

his report d by DOI loped by nts at the

ng of the uating me. It is

ving a ceptance

methods

the ed and changes scribe any ed counts.

ar to be these

mize these ey site ve data, mbnail

methods tandable tivities

arch 20, 2017

and thecomparmeasurestablis

The priSpecificwho enfew minmultipldefinitiuse of twhich vdiscussvisitor d

An ancof inforand pedreliabili

3. Inter-aconsistereportinconsistewell as collectigeograpare coneventuavisitatioRecreat

4. Improvby agenexpressquality visitatioto all agmethod

In our oinvolvewithin tbut it isother atissue w

e configurationrisons or aggrrement concepshed to develo

imary focus shcally, agencie

nter and exit anutes (e.g., toe federal siteson of a “last-this particularvisitors are le definitions fodays, and con

illary benefit rmation aboutdestrian countity, ease of us

agency coordent visitation ng visitation eency in the spin the approa

ion methodolophic areas (e.g

nsistent acrossally facilitate on estimates ation.gov).

vements in cuncy. Some agsed a desire toof their data.

on, it is difficgencies and sds that are pot

opinion, the me the eliminatithe same days likely to be attractions loca

would be to en

n of site entraregations to bpts are necessop these defin

hould be on des should hava site multipleo use a restroos in a single dexiting recrear definition doaving for the

for alternativensider definin

to periodic int automated cters, and it wose, and recent

dination of remetrics, agen

estimates. Fopatial and temach to presentogies. If site-g., states), it ws agencies. Ethe creation oacross all fede

urrent data cencies that ha

o improve the Given the w

cult to identifyites. Howevetentially broad

most significaion of double. The extent a significant cated near site

nsure that only

ances. Howee meaningful

sary. We reconitions.

developing a sve a consistente times, visitoom or ask for day. Our recoationist” be uoes necessitatlast time. Th

e visitation meng and measur

nter-agency ccounters. Manould be usefut technologica

eporting methncies should hor example, itmporal resolutting supportin-level estimatwould be desi

Establishing coof a single weeral land man

collection meave decentralieir data collecide variety ofy cross-cuttiner, there are sdly relevant.

ant improveme counting of vto which thisconcern at locentrances. O

y “last-exiting

ver, in order l, consistent dommend that a

standard definnt approach toors who only s

directions), aommendation

used as a startite intercept suhe working gretrics, such asring a commo

coordination wny agencies u

ul to regularlyal advances.

hods: In addhave consistet would be detion of the repng informatiotes are aggregirable to haveonsistent repoebsite providinagement age

ethods: Exisized data coll

ction methodsf methodolog

ng improvemeseveral improv

ment to currentvisitors who e is an issue wcations with r

One approach g recreationis

for inter-agendefinitions of a working gro

nition of a “vo addressing vstop at the siteand visitors wn is that the Uing point, althurveys to idenroup could als visitor houron set of activ

would be the euse automatedy share ideas o

dition to develnt approachesirable to havported estimaton such as datgated to broade aggregationorting methoding public accencies (e.g., ho

ting data qualection effortss and in turn ties used to es

ents that woulvements to cu

t methods woenter and leav

will differ acrorestaurants, stto addressing

sts” are count

36

ncy key oup be

visit.” visitors e for a

who enter USFS

hough the ntify so s or

vities.

exchange d vehicle on cost,

loping s to

ve tes, as a der n units that ds could cess to osted by

lity varies s have the stimate ld apply urrent

ould ve a site oss sites, tores, or g this ed.

An addsophistiof automdetailedor the cfor site remote “plot wprofess

Finallysubstituevery vThe samagencieas simpcountincountinpotentiasites.

5. Developersonappear materiamateriaaccuratthat agedocume

Guidanpracticaet al., 2visitatiothe evacalibratconvertand doc

In ordedevelopcoveredagencie

ditional area foicated automamated counted analyses of cellular netwovisits and allsites with low

watcher” gameional judgem

, agencies shoute simple, savisit be countempling methoes to implemeply counting vng visits less fng more carefually reduce ag

pment of guinel: With theto have devel

als related to eals are criticalte approachesencies considents and more

nce documentsal, user-friend

2017b). Theyon data; the seluation and seting, and maint automated ccumentation;

r to accommop simple, pracd by the guidaes.

or potential imated countersers that incorptemporal use

ork to upload lowing for reaw visitation, pe cameras) co

ment.

ould carefullympling-baseded on every dodology used ent, but alternvisits every thfrequently, agfully. Of courgencies’ abilit

idance docume exception ofloped compreestimating visl to ensuring tto quantifyin

er developinge applied train

s and trainingdly, and inclu should coverelection of anelection of vantaining automounts to visitand safety pr

odate alternatctical video-bance documen

mprovement i. For exampl

porate data log patterns. Madata to the in

al-time identiperiodic counould replace e

y consider datd strategies foday at every si

by the USFSnative, simplerhird year or ongencies may brse, less frequty to evaluate

ments and trf the USFWSehensive guidsitation for usthat personneng and characg such materining tools suc

g materials foude concrete er topics such n appropriate arious types omated countets; selecting arotocols.

tive learning sbased trainingnts. These tra

involves the ule, agencies sggers, thus alany newer da

nternet, thus efication of eq

nts based on tistimates that

ta needs and tor methodologite (e.g., a cen may be too cr approaches n a sample ofbe able to shifuent visitor coe detailed tim

raining materS, NPS, and Udance documese by site-leveel implement ccterizing visitaals, includingch as instructi

or site-level prexamples (e.gas: the motivestimation m

of automated cers; implemenand using prox

styles, we recg tools that demaining tools c

use of more hould considellowing for mata loggers useeliminating thquipment failuime-lapse vidare based larg

the potential tgies that requnsus-based apcomplex for smay be feasib

f days each mft resources toounts would

me trends for in

rials for site-USFS, agencieents or traininel managers. consistent andation. We recg both writtenional videos.

rofessionals sg., USFS, 200ation for colle

method for a gcounters; settnting surveys xy data; field

commend thatmonstrate top

could be share

37

er the use more

e Wi-Fi e need ures. At deo (e.g., gely on

to uire that pproach). some ble, such

month. By owards

ndividual

-level es do not ng

These d commend

n

should be 7; Horsch ecting iven site;

ting up, to forms

t agencies pics ed across

28 W

sy

m

6. Explorin earliedesiredon-site availabsignificprovidethese dauncerta

That saestimatmay beadvantaimplemcell phoimplemenabledcharactthese exunique Bluetoo

We recommend tha

ystems. If universa

ay provide opportu

ration of alterer sections of

d, we do not bdata collectiole via social m

cant promise aers show the mata given the

ainty regardin

aid, with the wtion methods te feasible in thages and disad

ment pilot projones during re

mented to deted during their teristics that dxit interviewsMAC IDs, al

oth/Wi-Fi-bas

at DOI monitor the

al radio-frequency

unities for cost-effe

rnatives to cuf this report, ielieve there a

on. That is, emedia, cellulaat present.28 Omost potentiapotentially lag future data

widespread adthat rely on uhe near futuredvantages of jects at one orecreation visi

ermine whethevisits, and w

differ from viss, field personllowing for cosed counts.

evolution of vehic

identification (RFID

ective monitoring

urrent data cf robust, long

are currently astimating visar activity, or Of the big da

al, but we do narge error rateaccess.

doption and uunique Bluetoe. In order to these methodr more sites toits. For examer or not visit

whether visitorsitors withoutnnel could useomparisons o

le transponder tec

D) transponders ar

of unique vehicles

collection meg-term visitatiany viable altitation by lev

r remote sensiata options, CDnot recommenes, low spatia

use of cell phoooth/Wi-Fi ID

better undersds, we recommo better under

mple, an exit sutors’ leave Blrs with cell pht cell phones.e temporary sf manual visi

chnologies currentl

re eventually pre-in

s entering parks.

ethods: As diion statistics aternatives to cveraging big ding does not sDRs from celnd that agencl resolution, a

ones, site-leveDs from cell phstand the potemend that agerstand visitorurvey could bluetooth/ Wi-Fhones have In combinat

sensors to gathtor counts ver

ly used for automa

nstalled in new veh

38

iscussed are careful, data show llular ies use and

el hones

ential encies r use of be Fi

tion with her rsus

ted toll

hicles, they

RE

Ah

Ai

Al

Ar

Be

BL

BL

By

Ca

Ch

Co

EFERENCE

has, Rein, Anmobile posManageme

irSage. 2016. and US FoTechnologHighway A

lexander, LauDestinationTransporta

rnberger, A., techniquesManageme

enz, R.J., S. estimationA&M Tran

LM. 2016a. Rhttps://ww

LM. 2016b. 2https://ww

yrd, H., E. Enlost use vaFish and WDepartmenMarch.

ampelo, Mariaservices toRecreation

hu, A., D. EisMeasuringOfficial Sta

onnelly, N. AFishing Ef87.

S

nto Aasa, Anttsitioning dataent, 29(3), 46

TechBriefingorest Service Ugy ImplementAdministratio

uren, Shan Jian Trips by Puation Researc

W. Haider, s: A comparient, 36(2): 31

Turner, and n study. Prepansportation In

Recreation andww.blm.gov/w

015 Public Lww.blm.gov/pu

nglish, D. Liptaluation reportWildlife Servint of Natural R

a B., and Ricao assess mounn and Tourism

enhower, M. g Recall Erroratistics, 5, 13

. and T. L. Brffort Estimate

ti Roose, Ulara for tourism s9-486.

g: Estimating Units from Ceation Program

on, U.S. Depa

ang, Mikel Muurpose and Timch Part C, 58:

and C. Braison of count7-327.

T. Qu. 2013ared for the nstitute. Janua

d Visitor Servwo/st/en/prog/R

and Statisticsublic_land_st

ton, N. Meadt. National Oce, MarylandResources. Pr

ardo M. Noguntain bike use m, 15: 82-88.

Hay, D. Morr in Self-Repo-39.

rown. 2011. “s in New Yor

r Mark, Siiri surveys: An E

Recreationalell Phone Samm, Office of Fartment of Tra

urga, and M.Cme of Day In: 240-250.

andenberg. 20ting and vide

3. PedestrianHouston-Galvary.

vices. Availab/Recreation.ht

s. Available otatistics/index

de, and T. Tomceanic and A

d Department repared for th

ueira Mendesin protected

rganstein, J. Norted Fishing

“Effect of Recrk,” Fisheries

Silm. 2008. EEstonian case

l Visitors to Nmple Data - DFederal Land ansportation.

C. Gonzalez. nferred from M

005. Evaluateo observatio

n and bicyclisveston Area

ble online at: tml. Accessed

online at: x.htm. Access

masi. 2001. CAtmospheric A

of the Envirohe Chalk Poin

s. 2016. "Comareas." Journ

Neter, and J. Wand Hunting

call Period ons Managemen

Evaluating pa study. Touris

National Park DRAFT. Coor

Highway, Fe

2015. “OriginMobile Phone

ting visitor-mn data. Envir

st counts andCouncil by t

d 3/1/2017.

sed 3/1/2017.

Chalk Point oiAdministrationonment, Marynt Trustee Cou

mparing webshnal of Outdoo

Waksberg 199Activities. Jo

n Annual Fresnt and Ecolog

39

assive sm

Service rdinated ederal

n-e Data,”

monitoring ronmental

d demand the Texas

l spill: n, U.S. yland uncil.

hare r

92. ournal of

shwater gy, 18, 83-

Co

Co

Co

D'A

Di

Di

En

Eu

Fo

Gh

Gi

ongressional RData.” Dehttps://fas.

oray KE, L. KLand ManaConsulting

ord, Anna F., Indicator fGradients, 162.

Antonio, A., 2010. GPSAreas: ExaPark and R

i Minin, E., T2016. SociPreference

ietsch, A.M., visitor surv754. Avail

nglish, D. B. KService NaUnited StaGeneral Te

urostat. 2014. Statistics. http://ec.eureport.pdf.

orst, Jeremy aSeattle’s UInformatioSeattle, W

hermandi, A.,treatment spp.297-304

irardin, Fabien2009. Townetwork acUrban Plan

Research Servecember 29, 2org/sgp/crs/m

Klyne, and V. agement. Natg. Prepared fo

Franz Roeßigfor Recreation

Preferences a

Monz, C., LaS-based Measuamples of MeRecreation Ad

enkanen, H., ial Media Dates of People in

Sexton, N.R.vey 2012—Inlable online at

K., S. M. Kocational Visitoates Departmeechnical Repo

Feasibility SAvailable on

uropa.eu/euro Accessed 3/

nd Malena FoUrban Parks.” on Systems foashington. Au

, 2016. Analysystems using4.

n, Andrea Vawards estimatictivity they genning and Urb

vice (CRS). 22014. Availabmisc/R42346.p

Josupait. 200tional Visitor or the Bureau

ger, and Ninanal Ecosystemand Motivatio

awson, S., Newurements of B

ethods and Apdministration

Hausmann, Ata for Analysin National Pa

, Koontz, L.Mndividual refut: https://pub

cis, S. J. Zarnr Use Monito

ent of Agriculort SRS-57.

tudy on the Unline at: ostat/documen1/2017.

oster. 2015. Capstone Pro

or Sustainabiliugust 21.

ysis of intensitg geotagged p

accari, Alexanng the presenenerate. 11th ban Managem

2014. “Federable online at: pdf. Accessed

07. DeliverabUse Monitorof Land Man

a Schwarz. 20m Services in ons." Landsca

wman, P., PeBackcountry Vpplications fro, 28(3).

A., Heikinheiming Spatio-Tearks. Conferen

M., and Conk,uge results: Ubs.usgs.gov/ds

noch, J. Stanleoring Process:lture, Forest S

Use of Mobile

nts/747990/62

“Using Openoject, Masterity Managem

ty and spatialphotos from so

ndre Gerber, Ance of visitorsInternational

ment.

al Land Owne

d 3/1/2017.

le 3: Final Rering Pilot Evanagement.

015. "GeocacUrban Areasape and Urba

ettebone, D. aVisitors in Paom Three Cas

mo, V., Järv, emporal Pattence presentati

, S.J. 2013. N.S. Geologicas/754/. Acces

ey, and J. Ros: Research MService, South

e Positioning

225717/MP-C

n Data to Mod’s Program in

ment, Universi

l patterns of pocial media.

Assaf Biderms from the aggl Conference o

ership: Overv

eport to Bureaaluation. Cora

hing Data as : Exploring San Planning,

and Courtemaarks and Protese Studies. Jo

O. and Toivoerns and Naturion.

National wildlal Survey Datssed 3/1/2017

ss. 2002. ForeMethod Docum

hern Research

Data for Tou

Consolidated-

del Recreationn Geographic ty of Washin

public use in nWater Resear

man, and Carlogregate mobilon Computer

40

view and

au of ay Gurnitz

an Spatial 144: 151-

anch, A., ected ournal of

onen, T., re-Based

ife refuge ta Series .

est mentation. h Station,

urism

-

n in

gton,

natural rch, 105,

o Ratti. le phone rs in

Gr

Ho

Ho

Ke

Ki

Ko

Kr

Le

Le

Le

Li

Ma

roves, R. M. 2Public Opi

orsch, E., EngDecline in Statistics a

orsch, E., M. Assess RecNOAA Teand Restor

eeler, B.L., S.“RecreatioVisitors to

ittelson & AssCoalition. 2jurisdictionCalifornia AMetropolita

orpilo, S., VirInexpensivUrban Pla

rzeminski, J. aSummary.”ManagemeTechnical 26.

eggett, C. G. 2Report preIncorporat

eggett, C.G. 2Survey Sta

evin, N., Karkglobal con25(8), pp.2

, L. N., M. F.patterns inScience 40

apbox 2017. tweet/. Ma

2007. Nonrespinion Quarter

glish, E., and Beach Trips

and Methodol

Welsh, and Jcreational Uschnical Memration Divisio

.A. Wood, S. onal Demand Lakes.” Fron

sociates, Ryan2013. Condu

ns in Los AngeAssociation oan Transporta

rtanen, T. andve and efficienanning, 157, p

and T. Hiles. ” Zion Nationent (GSA ConMemorandum

2015. “Estimaepared for the ed, under awa

2017. Samplinatistics and M

k, S. and Crannservation usin2153-2167.

Goodchild, an the use of Tw0:61–77.

Available onapbox, Incorp

ponse Rates arly, 70, 646–6

Stein, J. 2017after the Dee

logy. Forthcom

. Price. 2017be Impacts fro

morandum NOon, NOAA. 12

Polasky, C. Kfor Clean Wantiers in Ecol

n Snyder Assucting pedestreles County a

of Governmenation Authorit

d Lehvävirta, nt data collec

pp.608-617.

2016. “Visinal Park Tranntract No. GSm to Lilly Har

ating VisitatioNational Par

ard number P

ng Strategies Methodology.

ndall, D., 2015ng night light

and B. Xu. 20witter and Fli

nline at: https:orated. Acce

and Nonrespo675.

7a. Using Aerepwater Horizming.

b. Best Practiom an Oil SpiOS OR&R 54.21 pp.

Kling, C. Filsater: Evidencelogy and the E

sociates, and Lrian and bicycand beyond. Pnts (SCAG) anty. June.

S., 2017. Smction on recrea

itor Origin / Dnsportation DaS-10F-0133Nrdin and Jack

on in Nationark Service undP13PD02250,

for On-Site RForthcoming

5. Where havts and social m

013. Spatial, tickr. Cartogra

://www.mapbessed 2/6/17.

onse Bias in H

rial Photograpzon Oil Spill.

ces for Collecll. U.S. Dept.. Silver Spring

strup, and J.Ae from GeotaEnvironment

Los Angeles cle counts: A Prepared for tnd Los Angel

artphone GPSational movem

Destination Mata Collection. Task Order

k Burns, Natio

al Parks and Oder contract tApril 13.

Recreation Cog.

ve all the peopmedia. Ecolog

temporal, andaphy and Geo

box.com/blog

Household Su

phy to Measu Journal of S

cting Onsite D. of Commercg, MD: Asses

A. Downing. 2gged Photogr13(2): 76-81.

County Bicyc manual for the Southern les Count

S tracking—ment. Landsc

Methodology an for Visitor UNo. P15PD03

onal Park Serv

Other Public Lo Bioeconom

ounts. Journa

ple gone? Enhgical Applica

d socioeconomographic Infor

g/twitter-map-

41

urveys.

ure the Survey

Data to ce, ssment

2015. raphs by .

cle

cape and

and Use 3646). vice, July

Lands,” mics,

al of

hancing ations,

mic rmation

-every-

Mo

NP

NP

NP

Ng

No

Pe

Po

Ra

Re

Re

Se

Se

oisey RN. 20BLM NatioForestry an

PS. 2016a. Nahttps://wwAccessed 3

PS. 2016b. Nahttps://irm

PS. 2016c. Vihttp://www

guyen, Q.C., Kand Li, F., happiness,

ormandeau ADecember.

ew Research CAvailable oownership

ollock, K.H., CapplicationPublication

asanen, T. andregional viEnvironmeonline at: h

eclamation. 20http://www

esource Systefor FloridaJunction, V

essions, C., Wvisitation aenvironme

exton, N.R., DSolomon, AU.S. Geolohttps://pub

08. Concept Ponal Visitor Und Conservati

ational Park Sww.nps.gov/ab

3/1/2017.

ational Repora.nps.gov/Sta

isitor Use Staw.nature.nps.g

Kath, S., Men2016. Levera diet, and phy

ssociates, Inc.

Center. 2015. online at http-2015/. Acces

C.M. Jones, ans in fisheriesn 25. Bethesd

d M. Kolehmaisitor attendanental Modellinhttp://www.us

015. Recreatiw.usbr.gov/rec

ms Group (Ra’s Turnpike EVermont. No

Wood, S.A., Raat US Nationaental managem

Dietsch, A.M.A.N. 2012. Nogical Surveybs.usgs.gov/ds

Paper DescribUse Estimatioion. Prepared

Service Overvboutus/news/u

rts. Annual Vats/. Accessed

atistics. Availagov/socialscie

ng, H.W., Li, aging geotaggysical activity

c. 2003. Asses

“Technology://www.pewissed 3/1/2017

and T.L. Brows managemenda, MD.

ainen. 2008. Nnce levels in rng and Reclasbr.gov/recrea

ion Overviewcreation/over

RSG). 2016. “BEnterprise, in vember 1.

abotyagov, S.al Parks with ment, 183, pp

, Don Carlos,National wildly Data Series s/685/. Acces

bing Three Von. The Unived for the Bure

view. Availabupload/NPS-O

Visitation Sumd 3/1/2017.

able online atence/stats.cfm

D., Smith, Kged Twitter dy. Applied Ge

ssment of Hu

y Device Owninternet.org/27.

wn. 1994. Angnt. American

Neural Networecreational a

amation. 2015ation/overvie

w. Available orview.html. A

Beachline Orn cooperation

. and Fisher, Dcrowd-source

p.703-711.

, A.W., Milleife refuge vis685. Availab

ssed 3/1/2017

isitor Use Estersity of Monau of Land M

ble online at: Overview-09-

mmary. Availa

t: m. Accessed 3

K.R., VanDersdata to examinography, 73,

udson River R

nership: 2015015/10/29/tec

gler survey mFisheries Soc

ork based meareas. Internat5. Recreation ew.html. Acce

nline at: Accessed 3/1/2

rigin-Destinatwith AECOM

D.M., 2016. Med photograph

er, H.M., Koositor survey rele online at: .

timation Optintana, CollegeManagement.

-01-2016.pdf.

able online at

3/1/2017.

slice, J.A., Wene neighborhopp.77-88.

Recreational F

5.” October 2chnology-dev

methods and thciety Special

ethod for predtional CongreOverview. Avessed 3/1/201

2017.

tion Study.” PM. White Riv

Measuring rehs. Journal of

ntz, L.M., anesults—2010/

42

ions for e of

f.

:

en, M. ood

Fisheries,

29. vice-

heir

dicting ess on vailable 7.

Prepared ver

creational of

d /2011:

So

Sta

Sti

Str

Tu

US

US

US

US

US

US

US

US

onter, L.J., Wadynamics aone, 11(9),

apleton, S., LAtwood, Ttrack Arcti

ienmetz, J.L. Informatioat 2016 To

rava 2017. AIncorporat

urner, S. M., PApplicatioMountainsBranch by

SFS. 2007. NService, Whttps://wwAccessed 3

SFS. 2016a. Nhttp://wwwy_Report.p

SFS. 2016b. Rhttp://www3/1/2017.

SFS. 2016c. Nhttp://www

SACE. 2011.

SACE. 2013. https://corp3/1/2017.

SACE. 2015aVehicular https://corp3/1/2017.

SACE. 2015bContact: K

atson, K.B., Wand value of n, p.e0162372.

LaRue, M., LeT., 2014. Polaric wildlife. Pl

and D. Fesenon: Can We Rourism Travel

Available onlined. Accessed

P. H. Lasley, ns at San Ant

s National Parthe Texas A

National VisitoWashington D.ww.fs.fed.us/re

3/1/2017.

National Visitw.fs.fed.us/recpdf. Accessed

Recreation Quw.fs.fed.us/rec

National Visitw.fs.fed.us/rec

National Rec

U.S. Army Cpslakes.erdc.d

a. Best PracticTraffic at USpslakes.erdc.d

b. Visitation EKathleen Peral

Wood, S.A. annature-based .

ecomte, N., Ar bears from sloS one, 9(7),

nmaier. 2016.Reliably Tracel Research As

ne at: http://lad 2/6/2017.

and J. C. Poutonio Missionrk,” Prepared & M Transpo

or Use Monit.C. Availableecreation/prog

tor Use Monitcreation/progd 3/1/2017.

uick Facts. Avcreation/prog

tor Use Monitcreation/prog

creation Strate

Corps of Engindren.mil/visit

ces Guide for SACE Project dren.mil/emp

Estimation andles. October 2

nd Ricketts, Trecreation, es

Atkinson, S., Gspace: assessi, p.e101513.

“Validating e Visitors’ Digssociation Int

abs.strava.com

urteau. 2013. “ns National Hfor National

ortation Instit

toring Handboe online at: grams/nvum/r

toring Surveygrams/nvum/p

vailable onlingrams/facts/fa

toring Progragrams/nvum/.

egy. May.

neer Visitor Utors/VisitorSu

Selecting andSite Areas. Aloyees/usurve

d Reporting S20.

T.H., 2016. “Sstimated via s

Garshelis, D., ing satellite im

Volunteered gital Footprinernational Co

m/blog/global

“Monitoring Historical Park

Park Servicetute, April.

ook: July 200

/reference/july

y Results. Avpdf/508pdf201

ne at: acts_sheet.shtm

am. AvailableAccessed 3/1

Use Surveys. urvey/index.c

d Deploying EAugust. Availeys/pdfs/2015

System (VER

Spatial and tesocial media.”

Porter, C. anmagery as a t

Geographic nts?” Paper ponference.

l-heatmap/. S

Trail Use: Cak and Guadalue Social Scien

07. USDA Fo

y07_handboo

vailable online15_National_

ml. Accessed

e online at: 1/2017.

Available onfm. Accessed

Equipment tolable online a5-BPG.pdf. A

RS) Moderniz

43

emporal ” PLoS

nd tool to

presented

Strava,

ase Study upe

nce

orest

ok.pdf.

e at: _Summar

d

nline at: d

o Meter at: Accessed

ation.

US

US

US

US

Un

U.

U.

W

W

W

Za

Za

SACE. 2016. http://www

SFWS. 2005.

SFWS. 2015. https://wsfAccessed 3

SFWS. 2016. https://ww

nited States DAgriculturEnhancemhttps://wwReport%20

S. DepartmenDepartmenFishing, H

S. DepartmenSection 51Year 2001https://wwAccessed 3

ashington Staonline at: h

illiams, Susanfor Nationa

ood, S.A., Guquantify na

arnoch, S.J., EModel withDepartmenPaper SRS

arnoch, S.J., W“The NatioUnited StaGen. Tech

USACE Recw.usace.army

Visitation Es

National Surfrprograms.fw3/1/17.

About the U.ww.fws.gov/he

Department ofe (USDA). 20

ment Act. Avaiww.doi.gov/sit

0-%20Web%

nt of the Internt of Commer

Hunting, and W

nt of the Inter5 of the Trea. Available o

ww.doi.gov/sit3/1/2017.

ate Universityhttps://sesrc.w

n. 2016. Statial Statistics. O

uerry, A.D., Sature-based to

English, D.B.Kh Applicationnt of AgricultS-37, Ashevill

White, E.M., Eonal Visitor Uates Departme. Rep. SRS–1

reation. Avai.mil/Missions

stimation Wo

rvey - Overviews.gov/subpag

.S. Fish and Welp/about_us.h

f the Interior (015. Implemeilable online ates/doi.gov/fil

%20Version.pd

rior (DOI), U.rce (DOC), UWildlife-Asso

rior (DOI). 20sury and Gen

online at: tes/doi.opengo

y (WSU). 201wsu.edu/natio

istical uses foONS methodo

Silver, J.M. anourism and re

K., and Susanns to Evaluatiture, Forest Sele, North Caro

English, D.B.Use Monitorinent of Agricul144, Asheville

ilable online as/Civil-Works

rkbook and it

ew. Availableges/nationalsu

Wildlife Servihtml. Accesse

(DOI) and theentation of theat: les/uploads/2df. Accessed

.S. Fish and WU.S. Census Bociated Recrea

017. Informaneral Governm

ov.ibmcloud.

16. National Ponal-park-serv

r mobile phonology workin

nd Lacayo, Mecreation. Scie

n Kocis. 2005ing Survey Eservice, Southolina.

.K., Kocis, Sung Methodololture, Forest Se, North Caro

at: s/Recreation/

ts Technical S

e online at: urvey/nationa

ice. Availableed 4/11/17.

e United Statee Federal Lan

015%20FLR3/1/2017.

Wildlife ServiBureau. 2011 Nation.

ation Quality Gment Appropr

.com/files/upl

Parks Service vice-projects/

ne data: literang paper serie

M., 2013. Usinentific reports

5. “An Outdostimators.” U

hern Research

usan M. and Aogy and FinalService, Southolina.

/. Accessed 3/

Supplements.

al_survey.htm

e online at:

es Departmennds Recreatio

REA%20Trien

ice, and U.S. National Surv

Guidelines Puriations Act fo

loads/515Gui

Projects. Av. Accessed 3/

ature review. s no. 8.

ng social medts, 3.

oor RecreatioUnited States h Station, Rese

Arnold, Ross.l Results for Rhern Research

44

/1/2017.

m.

nt of n

nnial%20

vey of

ursuant to for Fiscal

ides.pdf.

ailable /1/2017.

Office

dia to

on Use

earch

. 2011. Round 1,” h Station,

AP

Thusevisfisoth

NA

Relan

Noadcroatt

Vislanho

VisestVi

Ovpaworec

BU

Visenmu

Visintact

PPENDIX A

his glossary pre to track andsitation for a vshing, and boahers only repo

ATIONAL PAR

ecreation Visinds or waters

on-Recreationministered laossing park latending public

sitor Hour - Ands or waters ours are classi

sitor Day - Thtimate of 12-hisitor days are

vernight Staysrk. For exampould yield sixcreation.

UREAU OF LA

sit - A “visit”ds when the vulti-day camp

sitor Day - Thto an estimatetivity using B

A | GLOS

rovides defind report their vvariety of recating. Some aort aggregate

RK SERVICE

its - A “recreafor recreation

n Visits - A “nnds or watersands to visit pc hearings at N

A “visitor hou(e.g., one perfied as recrea

he term “visithour visits (e.e classified as

s - An “overnple, a group o

x overnight sta

AND MANAGE

” begins whenvisitor leaves.ping trip.

he term “visite of 12-hour vBLM formulas

SARY OF V

nitions of key visitation data

creation activiagencies breakvisitation dat

ation visit” ocnal purposes.

non-recreations for non-recrprivate inholdNPS building

ur” representsrson for one hation and non-

tor day” stand.g., one persos recreation an

night stay” is dof three visitoays. Overnigh

MENT

n a visitor ente. For example

tor day” standvisitor days. Ts that describ

VISITATION

terms that feda. Generally sities, includink out their vista.

ccurs when a

n visit” occurreation purposdings, commugs.

s one hour of hour or four p-recreation.

dardizes visitson for 12 hournd non-recrea

defined as a vors spending tht stays are cl

ers BLM lande, a visit migh

dardizes recreThe number oe the activitie

N TERMS

deral land maspeaking, age

ng hiking, wilsitation data b

visitor enters

rs when a visises. Examples

uters using par

visitation on people for 15

s of different rs or 12 peoplation.

visitor spenditwo nights camlassified as re

ds for recreatiht include a sh

eational visitsof visitor dayses of an “aver

anagement agencies monitoldlife viewingby activity, w

s park-admini

itor enters pars include peork roads, or c

park-adminisminutes each

lengths into ale for one hou

ng one night mping on parcreation and

ional purposehort dog walk

s of different ls is also reporrage” visitor.

A-1

gencies or g, hunting,

while

stered

rk-ple itizens

stered h). Visitor

an ur each).

within a rk lands non-

es and k or a

lengths rted by

Repatypfor(e.Pebaorg

FIS

Visdis

Vishuexfor

BU

Vison

FO

Reenthedevis

Resitsit

Larecthe“lasup

AR

Visor

Rean

ecreation Permid by visitorspes of recreatr use of visito.g., for recreatermits (e.g., fockcountry areganized group

SH AND WILD

sitor - A “visstrict to engag

sit - A “visit”unting). A visiample, if a vir a hiking visi

UREAU OF RE

sit - A “visit”n a given day.

OREST SERVIC

ecreation Visitering and exe purpose of rfinition, as arsit can range f

ecreation Site tes within a nates are defined

ast-Exiting Recreation and ie individual isast-exiting” vpplies) are no

RMY CORPS O

sit - A “visit”more occasio

ecreation Dayy reasonable

mit – The BL. These perm

tion permits isor centers or ntional facilitieor use of seleceas); and Comp events or co

DLIFE SERVIC

itor” is definege in a recreat

” occurs whenitor engaging isitor takes a hit and a huntin

ECLAMATION

” occurs when

CE

it - The NVUMxiting a nationrecreation.” Vre visits to simfrom a few m

Visits - Durinational forest,d as “recreatio

ecreation Visiif the individus considered aisitors so that

ot counted mu

OF ENGINEER

” constitutes aons, regardles

ys of Use - A portion withi

LM issues “recmits allow visit

ssued by the Bnational consees such as camct “special” ammercial Comommercial en

CE

ed as someontional activity

n a visitor engin multiple a

hike and goesng visit.

n a person ent

M program dnal forest, natiVisits by emplmply use a res

minutes to man

ng a single re, national graon site visits.”

itor - If the puual is exiting ta last-exiting t visitors whoultiple times.

RS

a single personss of the lengt

“recreation din a day on th

creation permtors to use BLBLM includeervation areasmpgrounds or

areas such as ompetitive, Grontities providin

ne who enters y.

gages in a paractivities accos hunting in a

ters Reclamat

defines a “recrional grasslanloyees and costroom or to ony days.

ecreation visitassland, or wil”

urpose of the the site for threcreation vi

o briefly leave

n entering a Uth of stay.

day of use” is he same trip. I

mits” in exchaLM services ae: Standard Ams); Expanded r boat launchoff-highway voup, and Evenng recreation

a refuge or w

rticular recreaounts for multa refuge, that v

tion lands to e

reation visit” nd or designatontractors are obtain inform

t, an individualderness area.

intercepted inhe last time onisitor. The pre a site during

USACE site f

a visit by a siIf a day visito

ange for recreand facilities.menity PermiAmenity Peres); Special Avehicle areas nt Permits (e.

nal services).

wetland manag

ational activitytiple visits. Fovisitor would

engage in recr

as “one persoted wildernesexcluded fro

mation. The len

al may visit m. Visits to ind

ndividual’s vin the current vrogram focuseg a visit (e.g.,

for recreation

ingle person dor enters a site

A-2

ation fees The its (e.g., rmits Area or g., for

gement

y (e.g., or

d account

reation

on ss area for om this ngth of a

multiple dividual

isit is visit, then es on to obtain

on one

during e four

timstause

12rec

mes in a day, hays on site fore.

2-Hour Visitorcreation visito

he or she is cor three days, h

r Days - The or hours (i.e.,

ounted as onehe or she is co

estimate of “time spent on

e visit and onounted as one

12-hour visiton site) divide

ne recreation de visit and thr

or days” refled by 12.

day of use. Ifree recreation

ects the numb

A-3

a camper days of

ber of

AP

MA

IN

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

If y35

Th

PPENDIX B

ATERIALS

STRUCTIONS

This surveywith traffic

The surveyeach of the

a. If a survplease c

b. If the subetween

c. The surcomplethe acco

d. Please vdo not n

The surveysurvey and

To fill out tenter the papersons in tcolumn twonumber in c

The survey being surve

Pam ZiNationaNRSS/E1201 OFort Co

you have any64.

hank you for y

B | PERSO

(NPS)

S FOR ENTER

y will help yocounts for es

or conducts thsample locati

vey time periconduct a one

urvey time pen the hours of

rveyor selectsetely conduct ompanying su

vary your starneed to be on

or fills out thethe time the s

the body of thark. Place a tathat vehicle. o (2). If therecolumn 7+.

is conductedeyed send the

iesler al Park ServicEQD/SSB

Oakridge Drivollins, CO 805y questions, pl

your cooperat

ONS-PER-V

RING DATA ON

ur park establstimating the n

he survey forions that is op

iod is marked e hour survey

eriod is markef 12:00 PM a

s the AM or Pone hour survurvey calenda

rt times durinn the hour but

e bottom of thsurvey begins

he form, counally mark in t(If there are 2

e are more tha

d every other mcompleted fo

ce

e 525 lease contact

tion.

VEHICLE D

N THE PERSO

lish a person-number of pe

r only one (1) pen on the da

d AM on the ay between the

ed PM pleaseand 5:00 PM.

PM time periovey at the reqar.

ng each AM odo need to be

he form by ens.

nt the number the appropriat2 persons in aan 6 passenge

month for 12 orms to:

Pam at the ab

DATA COLL

ONS-PER-VEH

-per-vehicle meople entering

hour during ay of the surve

accompanyinghours of 8:00

e conduct a on

od when he/shquired location

or PM samplee conducted f

ntering their n

of people in te box represe

a vehicle, put ers in a vehicl

months. At th

bove address

LECTION

HICLE SURVE

multiplier to bg the park by

the sample peey.

g survey calen0 AM and 12

ne hour survey

he can safely n on the day l

e period. Starfor a one hour

name, the dat

each vehicle enting the numa tally mark i

le, put the exa

he end of eac

or phone 970

B-1

EY FORM

be used vehicle.

eriod at

ndar :00 PM.

y

and listed on

rt times r period.

e of the

as they mber of in act

ch month

0-225-

No

Su

2

9

16

23

Su

30

Ja

Su

4

11

Su

18

25

ovember 2014

nday Mo

3

10

Su

17

24

rvey PM

nuary 2015

nday Mo

5

12

rvey PM

19

Su

26

onday Tu

4

Su

11

urvey AM

18

25

onday Tu

6

Su

13

20

urvey AM

27

uesday W

5

urvey PM

12

Su

19

26

uesday W

7

urvey AM

14

0 21

Su

7 28

Wednesday T

6

2 13

urvey PM

9 20

Su

6 27

Wednesday T

1

8

4 15

1 22

urvey PM

8 29

Su

hursday F

7

3 14

0 2

urvey AM

7 2

S

hursday F

2

9

5 1

S

2 2

9 3

urvey AM

Friday S

1

8

S

4 1

1 2

8 2

urvey PM

Friday S

3

1

6 1

urvey AM

3 2

0 3

S

B-2

Saturday

8

Survey AM

5

22

29

Saturday

3

0

7

24

31

Survey PM

Ma

Su

1

8

15

22

Su

29

Ma

Su

3

10

17

24

Su

31

arch 2015

nday Mo

2

9

Su

16

23

rvey PM

30

ay 2015

nday Mo

4

11

Su

18

25

rvey PM

onday Tu

3

10

urvey AM

17

Su

24

31

onday Tu

5

12

urvey AM

19

26

Su

uesday W

4

Su

0 11

18

urvey AM

4 25

uesday W

6

Su

13

20

6 27

urvey PM

Wednesday T

5

urvey PM

1 12

8 19

5 26

Su

Wednesday T

7

urvey AM

3 14

Su

0 21

7 28

hursday F

6

2 1

S

9 2

6 2

urvey PM

hursday F

1

8

4 1

urvey PM

1 22

S

8 2

Friday S

7

3 1

urvey PM

0 2

7 2

S

Friday S

2

S

9

5 1

2 2

urvey AM

9 3

B-3

Saturday

7

4

21

28

Survey AM

Saturday

2

Survey AM

9

6

23

30

Ju

Su

5

12

19

26

Su

Sep

Su

6

13

20

Su

27

ly 2015

nday Mo

6

13

Su

20

27

rvey PM

ptember 2015

nday Mo

7

Su

14

21

rvey AM

28

onday Tu

7

14

urvey AM

21

28

Su

5

onday Tu

1

8

urvey PM

15

22

Su

29

uesday W

1

8

4 15

22

Su

29

urvey PM

uesday W

2

9

Su

16

2 23

urvey PM

9 30

Wednesday T

2

Su

9

5 16

2 23

urvey AM

9 30

Wednesday T

3

10

urvey AM

6 17

3 24

Su

0

hursday F

3

urvey PM

1

6 1

S

3 24

0 3

hursday F

4

0 1

7 1

S

4 2

urvey PM

Friday S

4

0 1

S

7 1

urvey PM

4 2

1

Friday S

5

1 1

S

8 1

urvey AM

5 2

B-4

Saturday

4

1

Survey AM

8

25

Saturday

5

2

Survey AM

9

26

FO

<P

PE

BLOCK 1

RECREATVEHICLES

TOTAL VEHICLES

PERSON MULTIPLI

TOTAL PEOPLE

SA

ST

SU

Puto onsurco

If y

ORM 10-15

PARK NAME>

ERSONS-PER-

1 1

TION S

|

S 1

IER

x 1

1

AMPLE DAT

TARTING SU

URVEYOR__

ut ONE Tick Mthe number o

ne tick mark wrvey time permplete the ap

you have any

57A

VEHICLE - S

NUMBE1 2

| |

2

x 2

4

TE: 3 / 4

URVEY TIME

____Pam Zies

Mark for eachof people withwould be noteriod. At the enppropriate ma

y questions, pl

URVEY FORM

ER OF PERS3

|

1

x 3

3

/ 2015

E PERIOD

sler________

h Vehicle in thin the vehicled in column fnd of the day,ath.

lease call Pam

M

SONS-PER-V4 5

X 4 x 5

14 : 12

__________

the appropriate. For exampfive. This sur, please tally t

m Ziesler at 9

VEHICLE 6

8

1

x 6 suofen

8

APP(B

=

2

te column abople, if there arrvey should bthe subtotals

970-225-3564

7+

A.

5 um f ntries

B. 16

AVG. PV

B./A.)

C. 3.2

ove which core 5 people in e carried out at the bottom

.

B-5

rresponds a car, the entire

m and

At

At

At

At

At

t 1417 a van a

Put the

t 1432 a miniv

Put a ti

t 1436 anothe

Put a ti

t 1506 a car ar

Put a ti

t 1510 a car ar

Put a ti

arrives with 8

number 8 in

van arrives w

ck mark in th

r minivan arr

ck mark in th

rrives with 2

ck mark in th

rrives with 1

ck mark in th

people

the column la

with 3 people

he column lab

rives with 2 p

he column lab

people

he column lab

person

he column lab

abeled ‘7+’

beled ‘3’

eople

beled ‘2’

beled ‘2’

beled ‘1’

B-6

EXHIB

AP

NA

BIT C.1. MA

Sou

NP

PPENDIX C

ATIONAL M

P OF WALNU

urce: https://w

PS unit collec

Raw traf

o Batt

Manual

o Bustotal

C | ESTIM

MONUMENT

UT CANYON N

www.nps.gov/

cts:

ffic count at m

tery operated

count of buse

es are removel visitation.

MATING VIS

T (NPS)

NATIONAL MO

waca/planyou

main entrance

traffic counte

es and bus pa

ed from the tr

SITATION A

ONUMENT

rvisit/upload/W

e

er; read mont

assengers

raffic counts a

AT WALNU

WACAmap1.pd

thly and reset.

and bus passe

UT CANYON

df.

.

engers are inc

C-1

N

cluded in

Thnotraoft

Thonpa

Thspe

Thsta

EX

Ad

Ad6,7

Ex

Re

here are flat, oon-recreation vaffic count. Tten these vehi

ApproxiMay and

ApproxiOctober

here is a flat en local staff knrk each mont

40 non-r

he persons-peecific study.

2.9 pers

he hours-per-vaff knowledge

1.3 hour

0.5 hour

XAMPLE CALC

Raw traffic

Buses: 10

Bus passeng

Flat estimat

Non-recreat

PPV multip

Hours per r

Hours per n

djusted traffic

djusted Traffi795-1,150-10

xpand adjuste

ec Visits by C

or constant, esvehicles) that

These estimateicles cross the

imately 1,150d September

imately 670 Nr and April

estimate of thenowledge (e.gth).

recreation vis

r-vehicle mul

ons per vehic

visit multipliee.

rs per recreati

rs per non-rec

CULATIONS (

count at mai

gers: 170

te of non-repo

tion visits per

plier: 2.9

recreation visi

non-recreation

c count (numb

ic Count = Ra = 5,635

ed traffic coun

Car = Adjusted

stimates of not do not reprees are develope traffic coun

0 NPS vehicle

NPS vehicles

e number of ng., researchers

sits per month

ltiplier used f

cle (PPV)

ers are based

ion visit

creation visit

JULY 2016)

n entrance: 6

ortable/non-re

r month: 40

it: 1.3

n visit: 0.5

ber of private

aw Traffic Co

nt to recreatio

d Traffic Cou

on-reportablesent ‘visitatioped using loc

nter each mon

es cross the tr

cross the traf

non-recreations, tour operat

h

for private pas

on a site-spec

6,795

ecreation veh

passenger ve

ount – Non-Re

on visits from

unt * PPV = 5

e vehicles (NPon’ and are recal park staff knth.

raffic counter

ffic counter ea

n visits per mtors, deliverie

ssenger vehic

cific visitor u

hicles: 1,150

ehicles):

eportable Veh

m private passe

5,635 * 2.9 =

PS, concessionemoved from knowledge ab

each month b

ach month be

month, which ies, etc. enterin

cles is based o

se survey and

hicles – Buse

enger vehicle

16,342

C-2

n, and the raw

bout how

between

etween

is based ng the

on a site-

d local

es =

es:

Re

Re16

Re

Re

No

No

No

ecreation Visi

ecreation Vis6,342+170 = 1

ecreation Visi

ecreation Vis

on-Recreatio

on-Recreation

on-Recreatio

its are sum of

sits = Rec Vis16,512

itors Hours ar

sitor Hours =

on Visits = 40

n Visitors Hou

on Visitor Ho

f recreation vi

sits by Car + R

re total recre

= 16512 * 1.3

0

urs are total n

ours = 40 * 0.

isits from pas

Rec Visits by

ation visits ti

= 21,465

non-recreatio

.5 = 20

ssenger vehicl

y Bus (bus pa

mes hours pe

on visits times

les and buses

ssengers) =

er visit:

s hours per vi

C-3

s:

isit: