2013

Pub

lishe

d by

D

epar

tmen

t of A

gric

ultu

re, F

ores

try a

nd F

ishe

ries

D

irect

orat

e C

omm

unic

atio

n S

ervi

ces

P

rivat

e B

ag X

144

P

RE

TOR

IA

0001

agric

ultu

re,

fore

stry

& fi

sher

ies

Dep

artm

ent:

Agr

icul

ture

, For

estry

and

Fis

herie

sR

EPU

BLI

C O

F SO

UTH

AFR

ICA

Fur

ther

info

rmat

ion

can

be o

btai

ned

from

Dire

ctor

ate

Pla

nt P

rodu

ctio

nP

rivat

e B

ag X

250

PR

ET

OR

IA 0

001

Tel

. +

27 1

2 31

9 60

72F

ax

+27

12

319

6372

E-m

ail

Tha

bo.R

amas

hala

@da

ff.go

v.za

W

ebsi

te

ww

w.d

aff.g

ov.z

a

Util

isat

ion

Hum

an c

onsu

mpt

ion

Fre

sh o

r dr

ied

leav

es c

an b

e us

ed in

var

ious

dis

hes

or te

a to

add

an

agre

eabl

e ar

oma

and

pepp

ery

tast

e.

Med

icin

e

Th

e in

ne

r b

ark

is u

sed

as

a t

rea

tme

nt

for

ma

lari

a,

cold

s, c

hest

com

plai

nts,

cou

ghs,

dia

rrho

ea,

mus

cle

pain

s, s

tom

ach-

ache

and

gen

eral

bod

y pa

ins.

Dri

ed

and

grou

nd in

to a

snu

ff,

pepp

er-b

ark

tree

is u

sed

to

cle

ar

the

sin

use

s; a

nd

it is

ch

ew

ed

or

smo

ked

(th

e bu

rnin

g ba

rk is

inha

led)

as

a re

med

y fo

r ch

est

com

-pl

aint

s. T

he s

tem

and

roo

t bar

k ac

t as

an e

xpec

tora

nt;

the

lea

ves

are

use

d a

s p

art

of

an

infu

sio

n t

o t

rea

t rh

eu

ma

tism

. D

rie

d b

ark

is

com

mo

nly

ch

ew

ed

an

d th

e ju

ice

swal

low

ed a

s a

rem

edy

for

stom

ach-

ache

, co

nstip

atio

n, t

ooth

ache

, co

ugh,

fev

er,

mus

cle

pain

s,

wea

k jo

ints

and

gen

eral

bod

y pa

ins.

Fre

sh r

oots

are

bo

iled

and

mix

ed w

ith s

oup

for

the

prev

entio

n of

dia

r-rh

oe

a.

Le

af

de

coct

ion

ba

ths

are

use

d a

s a

cu

re f

or

seve

ral s

kin

dise

ases

. T

he b

ark,

roo

ts o

r le

aves

can

b

e b

oile

d in

wa

ter

an

d t

he

de

coct

ion

ta

ken

to

tre

at

mal

aria

.

Ref

eren

ces

VA

N W

YK B

-E, V

AN O

UD

TS

HO

OR

N B

, GE

RIC

KE N

. 199

7. M

edic

inal

pla

nts

of S

outh

Afr

ica.

Briz

a P

ublic

atio

ns, P

reto

ria, p

. 308

–309

.

VA

N W

YK B

-E,

& G

ER

ICK

E,

N.

2000

. P

eopl

e’s

plan

ts:

a gu

ide

to u

se-

ful p

lant

s of

sou

ther

n A

fric

a. B

riza

Pub

licat

ions

, Pre

toria

, p.1

50–

151.

VA

N W

YK B

-E,

WIN

K M

. 20

04.

Med

icin

al P

lant

s of

the

Wor

ld.

Briz

a P

ublic

atio

ns, P

reto

ria, p

. 345

.

XA

BA, P

& M

CV

AY. 2

010.

The

pep

per-

bark

tree

. SA

NB

I, K

irste

nbos

ch

Nat

iona

l Bot

anic

al G

arde

n. V

eld

& F

lora

. p.4

0–41

.

http

://w

ww

.pla

ntza

fric

a.co

m/p

lant

wxy

z/w

arbu

rg.h

tm

http

://w

ww

.wor

ldag

rofo

rest

ry.o

rg/t

reed

b2/A

FT

PD

FS

/War

burg

ia_

salu

taris

.pdf

Sci

entifi

c n

ame:

War

burg

ia s

alut

aris

Com

mon

nam

es: P

eppe

r-ba

rk tr

ee (

Eng

lish)

, P

eper

bas b

oom

(A

frik

aans

), Is

ib-

haha

(is

iZul

u), M

ulan

ga, M

anak

a (T

shiv

enda

), S

hiba

ga (

Xits

onga

),

Mol

aka

(Sep

edi)

Pepp

er-b

ark t

ree

Bac

kgro

und

Pe

pp

er-

ba

rk t

ree

is

a t

rop

ica

l fo

rest

tre

e o

f th

e C

an

ella

cea

e f

am

ily o

f p

lan

ts.

Th

e s

pe

cie

s n

am

e sa

luta

ris

in L

ati

n m

ea

ns

“he

alt

hfu

l”.

Th

e E

ng

lish

com

mo

n n

am

e p

ep

pe

r-b

ark

is d

eri

ved

fro

m t

he

in-

ne

r b

ark

th

at

is p

hys

ica

lly p

ow

erf

ul.

It o

rig

ina

tes

in

east

ern

and

sout

hern

Afr

ica,

mai

nly

in S

outh

Afr

ica,

S

waz

iland

, M

alaw

i, M

ozam

biqu

e an

d Z

imba

bwe.

All

part

s of

the

tre

e ar

e hi

ghly

aro

mat

ic w

ith a

pep

pery

sm

ell

an

d t

ast

e.

Th

e p

ep

pe

r-b

ark

tre

e i

s g

row

ing

in e

verg

ree

n f

ore

st o

r w

oo

dla

nd

on

hill

an

d m

ou

n-

tain

slo

pe

s a

nd

in w

oo

de

d r

avi

ne

s in

no

rth

-ea

ste

rn

Kw

aZ

ulu

-Na

tal a

nd

ea

ste

rn a

nd

no

rth

ern

Lim

po

po

(Sou

tpan

sber

g m

ount

ains

) an

d M

pum

alan

ga in

Sou

th

Afr

ica.

Des

crip

tion

Pep

per-

bark

tree

is a

n ev

ergr

een

arom

atic

tree

, usu

-al

ly 5

to 1

0 m

in h

eigh

t, bu

t it c

an r

each

up

to 2

0 m

in

heig

ht w

ith a

den

se, e

rect

can

opy.

The

tree

is a

ver

y sl

ow-g

row

ing

one

and

take

s up

war

ds o

f 20

yea

rs t

o be

com

e m

atur

e.

Ste

m

Th

e m

ain

ste

m is

sh

ort

, a

nd

th

e b

ark

is s

hin

y a

nd

bro

wn

wit

h r

ou

gh

, lo

ng

itu

din

al

ma

rks,

be

com

ing

crac

ked

and

dark

er b

row

n w

ith a

ge.

Leav

es

The

long

and

nar

row

leav

es (

11 c

m lo

ng x

3 c

m w

ide)

ar

e de

ep g

reen

in c

olou

r ab

ove

and

pale

r be

low

.

Flo

wer

s

It ha

s a

smal

l whi

te to

gre

enis

h flo

wer

s of

up

to 7

mm

in

dia

met

er. F

low

erin

g tim

e is

from

Apr

il to

May

.

Bar

k

The

bar

k is

sm

ooth

and

gre

y on

you

ng b

ranc

hes

but

bro

wn

an

d s

ligh

tly r

ou

gh

with

pro

min

en

t ye

llow

ish

cork

y le

ntic

els

on

old

er

bra

nch

es

an

d s

tem

s; in

ne

r ba

rk is

red

dish

, with

a p

eppe

ry s

mel

l.

Fru

it

The

frui

t is

oval

ber

ries,

4 c

m in

dia

met

er, t

urni

ng d

ark

purp

le w

hen

ripe

durin

g sp

ring

to D

ecem

ber a

nd b

lack

w

hen

mat

ure.

Fru

iting

is fr

om O

ctob

er to

Jan

uary

.

Clim

atic

requ

irem

ents

It pr

efer

s a

mod

erat

e cl

imat

e. It

thriv

es u

nder

hot

hu-

mid

con

ditio

ns. T

his

tree

is s

ensi

tive

to fr

ost.

Soil

requ

irem

ents

P

eppe

r-ba

rk tr

ee g

row

in m

ost s

oil t

ypes

but

it p

refe

rs

a sa

ndy

wel

l-dra

ined

soi

l, w

ith g

ood

aera

tion.

The

soi

l sh

ou

ld b

e r

ich

in o

rga

nic

ma

tte

r in

th

e f

orm

of

we

ll-ro

tted

com

post

.

Prod

uctio

n pr

actic

esP

ropa

gatio

n

Pe

pp

er-

ba

rk t

ree

is

pro

pa

ga

ted

fro

m s

ee

d (

dir

ect

so

win

g a

nd

se

ed

ling

s),

veg

eta

tive

ly f

rom

cu

ttin

gs

(roo

t, s

tem

and

tis

sue)

and

wild

lings

. A

n ea

sier

and

su

cces

sful

met

hod

is t

o gr

ow it

fro

m r

oot

suck

ers

or

from

ste

m a

nd ti

p cu

tting

s. T

he b

est t

ime

to o

btai

n cu

t-tin

g is

from

late

spr

ing

to m

idsu

mm

er. A

n ap

ical

sho

ot

tip c

uttin

g of

15

cm s

houl

d be

cut

ear

ly in

the

mor

ning

an

d ke

pt in

a b

ucke

t of w

ater

unt

il re

ady

to s

tick

into

a

sand

y m

ediu

m.

Pla

ntin

g

Th

e b

est

tim

e f

or

culti

vatin

g p

ep

pe

r-b

ark

tre

e is

in

win

ter

mon

ths

(Jun

e-Ju

ly).

The

tre

es c

an b

e sp

aced

2

m a

part

in th

e ro

w w

ith 4

m b

etw

een

row

s at

a d

epth

of

1 m

. T

he c

uttin

gs s

houl

d be

100

mm

long

and

the

le

aves

mus

t be

rem

oved

, le

avin

g on

ly t

he t

op t

wo

to

thre

e. T

he b

otto

m p

art o

f the

cut

ting

shou

ld b

e di

pped

in

to a

ro

ot-

stim

ula

ting

ho

rmo

ne

po

wd

er,

pla

ced

in

river

san

d an

d ke

pt m

oist

.

Fer

tilis

atio

n

The

soi

l sho

uld

be r

ich

in o

rgan

ic m

atte

r in

the

form

of

wel

l-rot

ted

com

post

.

Pes

ts

Fru

it f

lies

an

d m

on

keys

are

dra

wn

to

th

e f

ruit

an

d ha

rves

ting

of t

he s

eed

is d

iffic

ult.

The

fru

it fly

larv

al

infe

stat

ions

of f

ruit

resu

lt in

dam

age

to th

e de

velo

ping

se

ed,

redu

cing

its

viab

ility

. C

ontr

ol is

ach

ieve

d w

ith

bait

spra

ys o

f pro

tein

hyd

roly

sate

mix

ed w

ith tr

ichl

or-

fon

or m

erca

ptot

hion

.

Har

vest

ing

mat

urity

It c

an

co

mm

en

ce o

nce

th

e t

ree

s re

ach

a h

eig

ht

of

1 m

. T

he

tre

es

can

be

ha

rve

ste

d w

he

n t

he

y a

re a

t le

ast 1

0 ye

ars

old.

See

ds r

ipen

bet

wee

n O

ctob

er a

nd

Dec

embe

r.

Har

vest

ing

met

hod

The

tre

es c

an b

e cu

t m

echa

nica

lly,

usin

g th

e w

ood.

T

he b

ark

is h

arve

sted

with

an

axe

or b

ush

knife

or

it ca

n be

pee

led

from

the

tree

into

sm

all p

iece

s, le

avin

g so

me

bark

on

the

woo

d.