dyslipidemia and the postmenopausal woman: calculating ... · prospective meta-analysis: 90,056...
TRANSCRIPT
Dyslipidemia and the
Postmenopausal Woman:
Calculating
Cardiovascular Disease Risk
Beth L. Abramson MD MSc FRCP FACC
Paul Albrechtsen Professor in Cardiac Prevention & Women’s Health
Associate Professor of Medicine, U. of Toronto
Director: Cardiac Prevention Centre & Women ’s CV Health,
Division of Cardiology, St. Michael ’s Hospital
Beth L. Abramson MD MSc FRCP FACC- Disclosure
Speaker for various pharmaceutical companies including:
Amgen, Astra Zeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol Myer
Squibb, Dupont, Eli Lilly, Norvartis, Fournier, Merck Frosst,
Pfizer, Servier, Sanofi- Aventis
Ongoing research with funds from:
Astra Zeneca, Sanofi,
National Advisory Board – Astra Zeneca, Boehringer-
Ingelheim, Novartis, Sanofi-Aventis, Amgen
Author: Heart Health for Canadians
What is Women’s health?
• More than gynecological needs
• More than breast cancer evaluation
• More than obstetrical needs
Atherothrombosis…KILLS
It’s an equal opportunity killer!
Risk Increases in Women after the Menopause
Courtesy S. Hayes MD
Courtesy Dr. N. Wegner
Update on New Risk Indicators
for Cardiac Disease:• New indicators:
• Age, Sex, BP, Smoking, Family Hx.,
cholesterol
• = composite risk score (such as
Framingham)
• Pregnancy related HT /DM
• HOPE 3 POPULATION….
Most heart attacks aren’t
sudden…they take many years of
preparation!
Risk Assessment…A Case:
• Mrs. Smith– 56 year old retired teacher
• PMH borderline HT treated with HCTZ
• + Fam Hx. Brother heart attack age 54
• still smoking despite attempts to quit
– Annual Exam includes cardiac risk assesment
• mild symptoms of menopause, otherwise no complaints
– O/E HR 72 BP 140/70 waist circ. 88 cm
• Normal exam
• T. Chol: 6.2 (235mg/dl) , HDL: 1.22 (47mg/dl), LDL 3.4
(129 mg/dl)
? Risk
8 0 4 5 3 0 20
1+1 = 4 – get your risk assessed!
And double that for family history!!!!
Your Risk May be Higher Than You Think!!
Genest J et al: 2009 Canadian dyslipidemia guidelines.
Anderson et al Can J Cardiol 2016
The single most powerful preventive intervention in clinical practice
Smoking Cessation
Rivara FP et al. Am J Prev Med 2004; 27(2):118-25.
Visceral Adipose Tissue (VAT) The Dangerous Inner Fat!
Visceral AT
Subcutaneous AT
Front
Back
Increased
LDL
Decreased
HDL
High TGs
Diabetes
Insulin resistance
Increased insulin levels
Abnormal blood
clotting
Glucose intolerance
Blood Vessel
Dysfunction
Visceral Obesity is Associated with Conditions
that lead to Heart Disease
Increased future risk for heat attack and
stroke?
High BP in Pregnancy (Pre-eclampsia)
and risk of future CV Disease• Hypertension 3.70 (2.7-5.05)
• Ischemic Heart Disease 2.16 (1.86-2.52)
• Major Stroke: 1.81 (1.45-2.27)
• Premature CV Death 1.49 (1.05-2.14)
• Premature CVD (severe PE + IUGR):
8.12 (4.31-15.33)
Graeme N. Smith Queens University
Diagnosis of the Patient at Risk
HOPE 3 TRIAL
• Moderate risk individuals
• 46% women.
• BP lowering effect
• Statins to lower event rates
NEJM 2016
Intermediate-Risk Population
Inclusion Criteria (Target Risk 1.0%/yr)
Women ≥ 60 yrs, men ≥ 55 yrs
with at least one additional Risk Factor
• Increased WHR • Dysglycemia
• Smoking • Mild renal dysfunction
• Low HDL-C • Family history of CHD
Exclusion Criteria:
CVD or indication(s) or contraindication(s) to study drugs
No strict BP or LDL-C criteria for entry
Uncertainty principle
HOPE 3 Inclusion:• Women > 65 years* and men aged ≥ 55 years
• At least one of the following additional CV risk factors:
• Waist/hip ratio ≥ 0.85 in women and ≥ 0.90 in men
• History of current or recent smoking (regular use within 5 years)
• Low HDL-C [ HDL-C < 1.0 mmol/L (38 mg/dl) in men and <1.3
mmol/L ( 49 mg/dl) in women]
• Pre – early diabetes - uncomplicated diabetes treated with diet
• Early kidney dysfunction
• Family hx CAD (first degree relatives, men < 55 or women <65)
• * women > 60 with at least 2 risk factors were also eligible
Age (yrs) 66
Female 46% (n = 5500)
Blood Pressure (mmHg) 138/82
LDL-Cholesterol (mmol/L) 3.3 (128 mg/dl)
Elevated waist-to-hip ratio 87%
hsCRP (g/L) median 2.0
Ethnicity
White Caucasian
Latin American
Chinese
Other Asian
Black African
20%
28%
29%
20%
2%
HOPE 3 Baseline Characteristics12,705 randomized
Prespecified Subgroups:
By Thirds of SBPCV Death, MI, Stroke
0.5 1.0 2.0
Cand + HCTZ Better Placebo Better
SBP
Mean
≤131.5
131.6-143.5
>143.5
Diff
6.1
5.8
2.9
3.8
6.5
HR (95% CI)
1.16 (0.82-1.63)
1.08 (0.80-1.46)
0.73 (0.56-0.94)
P Trend
0.021
5.6
Cutoffs
122
138
154
Placebo
Event Rate%
Lonn E, Blood pressure lowering in intermediate risk
people without vascular disease. NEJM 2016.
CV Death, MI, Stroke,
Cardiac Arrest, Revasc, Heart Failure
Years
Cu
mu
lati
ve H
azard
Rate
s
0.0
0.0
20
.04
0.0
60
.08
0.1
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Placebo
Rosuvastatin
HR (95% CI) = 0.75 (0.64-0.88)
P-value = 0.0004
6361 6241 6039 2122
6344 6192 5970 2073
Rosuva
Placebo
Yusuf, S., Rosuvastatin in intermediate-risk people without
cardiovascular disease. NEJM 2016.
Cholesterol Lowering Arm:Change in LDL-C, Apo-B, and CRP
0 Year 1 Year 3 Study End
80
90
10
01
10
12
01
30
Placebo
Rosuvastatin
LDL-C (mg/dL)
0 Year 1 Year 3 Study End
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
1.1
APO B (g/L)
0 Year 1 Year 3 Study End
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
log hsCRP (g/L)
mean Δ 34.6 mg/dl* mean Δ 0.23 g/l* log mean Δ 0.19*
Placebo
Rosuvastatin
Placebo
Rosuvastatin
* P< 0.001
Prospective meta-analysis: 90,056
participants in 14 randomized statin trials
• For each 1 mmol/L (38 mg/dl) LDL-C lowering
– 12% reduction in all cause mortality (p<0.0001)
– 19% reduction in coronary mortality (p<0.0001)
– 23% reduction in MI and coronary death (p<0.0001)
– 24% reduction in revascularizations (p<0.0001)
– 17% reduction in fatal or non-fatal stroke (p<0.0001)
– 21% reduction in any major vascular event (p<0.0001)
– no increase in non-vascular mortality or cancers
Adapted from Baigent C, et al, Cholesterol Treatment Trialists’ (CTT) Collaborators. Lancet
2005;366:1267–1278.
27
Crude angiography rates* within 3 mos of a
heart attack, by sex in Ontario, 2005/06
Women
44
56
Men
61
39
* Angiography rates were determined by identifying patients who were on
the CCN list for angiography within 3mos of discharge.
Data source(s): CIHI-DAD, 2005/06; CCN 2005/06
69 73 7269 74 78
0
20
40
60
80
100
Beta blocker ACEi and/or ARB Statin
Medication
Percenta
ge (
%)
Women Men
Fig 2: Medication management one year post AMI discharge: beta blockers,
ACEi and/or ARB and statin use by sex, in Ontario
www.powerstudy.ca
•9,882 patients were hospitalized with AMI 2005/06
• 7,961 were alive one year post D/C, med use assessed
CV Risk Reduction in Women -
summary:• CVD is a leading cause of female death
• Risk is underestimated in PM women – to
sort this out use proven risk assessment
tools
• High BP and DM in pregnancy puts women
at future risk
• Women at moderate Risk – 65+ with another
risk benefit from statin therapy.
• Lipid lowering under prescibed in PM women