Dynamics of Care in Dynamics of Care in SocietySociety

Non-Communicable DiseaseNon-Communicable DiseaseTransition to Infectious Transition to Infectious

DiseaseDisease

Medical illnesses include:- cancer, - body system illnesses (ex: neurological, musculoskeletal, cardiovascular, uro-genital, respiratory, metabolic, gastrointestinal diseases, autoimmune diseases (in which the body’s immune system attacks itself) - infectious (aka communicable aka contagious - transferred from one living thing to another)

DISEASE TYPES

Ex: Breast cancer, Parkinson’s Disease, Congestive Heart failure, Cystitis, Emphysema, Diabetes, GERD, Lupus, Influenza…

Injury: aka harm or hurtmay be applied in medicine to damage inflicted upon oneself , or by an external agent. It may be accidental or deliberate. Includes wounds or trauma.

Ex: from falls, accidents, crimes…

Diseases Present at Birth

Genetic Disorder- the disease comes from a mutation, or harmful change, in a gene inherited from one or both parents. Ex: Cystic fibrosis, Sickle Cell Anemia

Birth Defect- disorders of the developing and newborn baby, it may be structural or functional, cause is often unknown, some may be the result of exposure of the mother to rubella or alcohol during pregnancy Ex: cleft palate, spinal bifida

In most cases there are no cures

Mental illnesses (disease or disorder): Any of various psychiatric conditions, usually characterized by impairment of an individual's normal cognitive, emotional, or behavioral functioning, and caused by physiological or psychosocial factors.

Degenerative DiseasesCause further breakdown, or degeneration

in body cells and tissues as they progress

Chronic DiseasesAre present either continuously or off and

on over a long period of timeMay develop as a result of a person’s

lifestyle behaviors or substances in a person’s environment

Diseases Resulting from Lifestyle BehaviorsRisk Factors are certain characteristics that increase

a person’s chances of developing the disease.Many diseases are the direct or indirect result of

harmful lifestyle behaviors. Healthful lifestyle behaviors, on the other hand, can

help prevent or control certain diseases and disorders.

Diseases Caused by the EnvironmentMany diseases are caused by hazards in the

environmentExamples of harmful substances that may be

present in the environment: Fumes for chemicals, second hand smoke, radon, asbestos

Non-communicable Diseases

are caused by how people live, conditions they are born with, or environmental hazards.

are not spread by contact because most are not caused by germs.

they are the breakdown in body cells and tissues.

Heart DiseaseHeart disease is the #1 killer of adults in the

US!The term heart disease includes any condition

that lessens the strength or function of the heart or blood vessels.

Healthy lifestyle behaviors lower risk of heart disease

Atherosclerosis- condition in which fatty substances (ex- cholesterol) in the blood are deposited on the walls of the arteries

Cholesterol- a fatty substance that causes that causes atherosclerosis, some cholesterol is produced by the body, certain foods also contain cholesterol

Arteriosclerosis- hardening of the arteries. Slows flow of blood and is a major cause of high blood pressure.

A blood clot may result from the reduced flow of blood. When the flow of blood is reduced, blood clots may form within the blood vessels. When a coronary artery is blocked, the result can be a heart attack

Heart Attack animation here 2:372:37.

HypertensionBlood Pressure- force of the blood on the inside walls of the

blood vessels.Typical blood pressure for teens is 110/70Your blood pressure is not the same at all times. It may increase

while exercising or under stress and my lower when at rest. Hypertension (high blood pressure)- when the blood pressure is

consistently higher then normal.There are no outward signs of Hypertension AKA High Blood

Pressure (the Silent Killer) until it has caused serious damage. 4 factors that increase your chances of having high blood

pressureEating a large amount of saltBeing overweightFeeling extreme stress for long periods of timeHaving a family history of high blood pressure

Preventing Heart Disease9 Risk Factors for Heart Disease

Not within a person’s control:AgeGenderRaceFamily history

Within a person’s control:WeightExerciseDietTobacco

Try this Cardiac Risk Factors

Treating Heart Disease• Surgery/procedures

Heart Transplant- replacing diseased heart with healthy heart from a donorBypass Surgery- remove a vein from the leg and form a detour around the blockageDissolving Blood Clots- medications are used to dissolve the clotsAngioplasty

• Medication• Changing Lifestyle Behaviors

Preventing Heart DiseaseManage STRESS

Exercise

Low fat,HealthyDiet

Maintain aHealthyWeight

Avoid Alcohol,Tobacco, Drugs

Cancer2nd leading cause of death in adults in the USWhat is Cancer?

Involves abnormal body cells growing out of control.Many different types of cancers that affect most

parts of the body.Tumors (groups of abnormal cells)

Benign Tumorare not cancerous

Malignant Tumor cancerous

Cancer progresses in stages. The spreading of cancer cells is called metastasis. In the final stage, cancer cells from malignant tumors may enter the bloodstream or lymph system and travel to other parts of the body and form new tumors.

CancerWhat Causes Cancer?

Factors that are inheritedLifestyle behaviorsCarcinogens- substances that cause cancer,

some can be avoidedDiagnosing Cancer

The earlier cancer is detected the better the chance of the person’s survival.

an be Diagnosed through Routine Physical Examination Blood Tests Biopsy- small piece of tissue is removed for testing in

a lab

CancerWarning Signs of Cancer

There are 7 warning signs of cancer identified by the American Cancer Society

Change in bowel or bladder habitsA sore that does not healUnusual bleeding or dischargeThickening or lump in breast or elsewhereIndigestion or difficulty swallowingObvious change in a wart or moleNagging cough or hoarseness

CancerTreatment of Cancer

Surgery- remove cancer cells from the body

Radiation- X-rays, or other radioactive substances are aimed at a tumor

Chemotherapy- chemicals are used to destroy cancer cells

All three can damage healthy cells with the cancer cells. Radiation and chemotherapy used to treat one cancer may themselves cause a second cancer years later.

Preventing CancerYou can lower you risk of developing some

types of cancer by making certain healthy choices.

Avoid Tobacco

And other Carcinogens

Eat Healthy

Limit Sun Exposure

Diabetes

Disease that prevents the body from converting food into energy

Affects people of all agesAbout 16 million people in the US have

diabetesCauses: heredity, lifestyle leading to

problems with the production of the hormone insulin

Insulin- regulates level of glucose in the bloodSymptoms: excess production of urine, excess

thirst, excess hunger, weight loss, shortness of breath, dry itchy skin, lack of energy

If left untreated it can lead to

Type I Diabetes The result of little or no insulin produced by the

pancreasMust always take insulin to maintain life (insulin-

dependent)usually develops in children and young adultsaffects more males than females

Type II DiabetesResult of insufficient insulin produced by the

pancreas or the inability to use insulin90% of all diabetes cases are type IIDevelops in people who are overweight and

usually more than 40 years oldtake a medicine that helps them use the insulin

their body makes

CVA (cerebrovascular accident)aka stroke

A brain attack cutting off blood flow & oxygen to the brain

3rd leading cause of death in US and leading cause of long term disability

2 types: Ischemic: results when arteries are blocked by blood clots (most common)Hemorrhagic: blood vessel bursts & results in bleeding in the brain

FAST for recognizing & responding

to stroke

Causes – similar to those for heart disease

Treatment – medicines (clot busters, blood thinners, rehabilitation, lifestyle changes…)

ObesityObesity is an excess proportion of total body fat.

Causes – age, gender, genetics, medication, environment, psychological factors, physical activity, medical illness

Morbid obesity is characterized by an individual weighing more than 100 pounds over their ideal body weight, or having a body mass index (BMI) of 40 or higher.

Managing obesity:start a weight-management program change eating habits (eat slowly, develop a routine) plan meals and make better food selections (eat less fatty foods,

avoid junk and fast foods) control portions and consume less calories increase physical activity (especially walking) and have a more

active lifestyle I Like to Move itknow what your child eats at school eat meals as a family instead of while watching television or at the

computer do not use food as a reward limit snacking attend a support group (e.g., Overeaters Anonymous)

Let’s Move It Campaign

AllergiesAn allergy is the body’s sensitivity to certain

substances.

In some cases the immune system reacts to substances to which a person is sensitive.

In response to allergens the body releases histamines (chemicals in the body that cause the symptoms of the allergic reaction)

SymptomsDifficulty BreathingSkin rashHives- raised bumps on the skin that are very itchy

Anaphylaxis:is a serious, potentially life-threatening allergic response that is marked by swelling, hives, lowered blood pressure, and dilated blood vessels. In severe cases, a person will go into shock. If anaphylactic shock isn't treated immediately, it can be fatal

Treating AllergiesAntihistamines- medications that work against

the effect of the histaminesAvoiding allergens & triggersExposing the allergic person to extremely small

quantities of the allergen to build immunity to it

AsthmaAsthma- a serious chronic condition that

causes tiny air passages in the respiratory system to become narrow or blocked.

Common Triggers of AsthmaExposure to allergensCold airCigarette smoke Air pollutionCertain foods or drugsStrenuous Activity

TreatmentsRelaxation TechniquesMedication

Some block swelling in the bronchial tubes and decrease the amount of mucus being produced.

Others, called bronchodilators, are used to relax the muscles that have tightened around the airways.