durable rust resistance in wheatwheatrust.cornell.edu/reports/2013_drrw_report.pdfdurable rust...

Durable Rust Resistance in Wheat Interim Progress Report

Phase II Year 3 October 1, 2012 – September 30, 2013

BUDGET INFORMATION REMOVED

Submitted to the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation November 30, 2013

By the Office of International Programs College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Cornell University

Contact Dr. Ronnie Coffman

International Programs, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences 252 Emerson Hall, Cornell University

Ithaca, NY 14853-7801 (USA) Telephone: (607) 255-3035 Fax: (607) 255-6683

E-mail: [email protected]

Org Name: Cornell University / Grant ID#: 60169

DRRW Phase II Year 3 Progress Report

Table of Contents

Summary Information ............................................................................................................................. i i

Narrative .................................................................................................................................................... 1

Appendix A: Objectives and Outcomes (Logframe) ................................................................................. 9

Appendix B: Timeline (Milestones) .................................................................................................... 124

Appendix C: Financial Report by Institution ........................................................................................ N.A.

Appendix D: Media and Advocacy Report ............................................................................................ 187

Appendix E: Other Funding to Subcontractors for Wheat and Rust Research .................................... N.A.

Appendix F: Impact Metrics ............................................................................................................... 200

Appendix G: Project Publications ......................................................................................................... 202

Org Name: Cornell University / Grant ID# 60169

DRRW Phase II Year 3 Progress Report ii

Annual Progress Report Summary Information

Grant ID#: 60169 (PII)

Report Due Date: November 30, 2013 Date Range of Activities Reported:

10/1/2012–9/30/2013

Project Title: Durable Rust Resistance in Wheat Organization Name: Cornell University

Primary Contact:

Last name Coffman First name Ronnie

Title Director Telephone 607-255-3035

Address

252 Emerson Hall Ithaca, NY 14853

Fax 607-255-6635

E-‐mail [email protected]

Web site http://www.wheatrust.cornell.edu Grant Amount (U.S. dollars): Project Duration

(months): 60 months (PII)

Project End Date: February 21, 2016 Has this project been granted a no-cost extension? No (Phase II)

Geographic Location(s) of project:

Ithaca, NY, USA (with subcontractor locations in Denmark, Ethiopia, Kenya, India, South Africa, Syria, Turkey, Australia, Israel, USA, Mexico, and Canada)

Report Prepared by:

Sarah Davidson Evanega, Associate Director; Gordon Cisar, Associate Director; Linda McCandless, Associate Director of Communications; Cally Arthur, Communications Specialist; John Bakum, Web Administrator and Content Developer; Angie Smith, Finance Specialist; Ronnie Coffman, Director Date Submitted: 11/30/2013

Org Name: Cornell University / Grant ID# 60169

DRRW Phase II Year 3 Progress Report iii

List below all Sub-Grantees and/or Subcontractors who received funds in the last project period:

Name

Total Year 3 Phase II

(US$) Duration

From/to dates Grant or contract

Aarhus University 10/1/12–9/30/13 Contract

Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada (AAFC) 10/1/12–9/30/13 Contract

International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), Global Wheat Program

10/1/12–9/30/13 Contract

Central Research Institute for Field Crops (CRIFC), Turkey 10/1/12–9/30/13 Contract

Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO) Plant Industry, Australia 10/1/12–9/30/13 Contract

Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research (EIAR) 10/1/12–9/30/13 Contract

International Center for Agricultural Research in Dry Areas (ICARDA) 10/1/12–9/30/13 Contract

Institute for Cereal Crops Improvement (ICCI) 10/1/12–9/30/13 Contract

Kenya Agricultural Research Institute (KARI) 10/1/12–9/30/13 Contract

Kansas State University 10/1/12–9/30/13 Contract

Sathguru Management Consultants 10/1/12–9/30/13 Contract

Sathguru, Inc 10/1/12–9/30/13 Contract

University of California, Davis 10/1/12–9/30/13 Contract

University of Adelaide 10/1/12–9/30/13 Contract

University of the Free State 10/1/12–9/30/13 Contract

University of Minnesota 10/1/12–9/30/13 Contract

University of New Hampshire 10/1/12–9/30/13 Contract

University of Sydney 10/1/12–9/30/13 Contract

United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS) 10/1/12–9/30/13 Contract

Washington State University 10/1/12–9/30/13 Contract



Annual Progress Report Narrative

I. Objectives Objective 21: Improved testing, multiplication, and adoption of replacement varieties a. Activities conducted: This Objective was reviewed at a seed systems meeting held in Delhi in

August 2013 with FAO, CIMMYT, and DRRW membership present. The Objective was also discussed at the 2013 EPAC meeting where valuable suggestions were made on priorities going forward. Kenya: Seven KARI lines have been undergoing national performance trials (NPTs) at eight sites under KEPHIS management. Three of these lines will continue to be evaluated, and four new (additional) lines were added to the NPT. An average CV of 15.8% represents an improvement from previous years. These seven lines have been sent for evaluation of Distinct, Uniform and Stable. It is expected that one of them will be approved for release in 2014. All seven of these lines are APR protected which is an improvement over previous varieties that were protected with a single gene+APR. The eight varieties tested and released (listed in Section d, below) have been sent to Uganda and Rwanda for testing purposes. During the reporting year, KEPHIS sponsored five field days in addition to small farmer training in six districts (in collaboration with the EAAPP project). R. Wanyera conducted farmer training to raise awareness about the Sr2 pseudo black chaff phenotype that some farmers confuse with disease symptoms. Ethiopia: At Kulumsa, construction of irrigation ponds to provide counter-season seed multiplication is complete, but connection of powered pump is still pending. Research plot equipment and plot planter are routinely used for harvesting trials and small increases, with training in mechanical competence ongoing. Impressively rapid adoption of recently released varieties is ongoing as detailed under Section d.

b. Milestone status: All milestones met except those related to Ethiopia seed health unit, which is still under consideration.

c. Changes in Activities: KARI is now involving both KSC and KEPHIS in its initial seed purification process. R. Wanyera has additional responsibility of oversight of the Seed Health Unit. Following training of John Ndung’u in cereal chemistry at CIMMYT, all lines entering the marketplace are now required by KEPHIS to have an end-use quality evaluation. Data are under development. Delays in infrastructure development in Ethiopia are being addressed.

d. Outputs: Kenya: Eight varieties have been developed and released (tons expected to be available Feb 2014 in parentheses): Kenya Wren (10), K. Tai (10), K. Sunbird (10), K. Korongo (10),K. Kingbird (20), K. Hawk (10), Robin (1000), and Eagle10 (50). Robin and Eagle 10 are already widely distributed with over 50,000 hectares of Robin being grown this year. Some 600 tons of seed of these varieties will be distributed to small-holder farmers the coming season. Ethiopia: Adoption of recently released varieties is widespread. Digalu now is on 522,274 hectares, Kakaba on 213,596 ha, Danda’a on 89,720 ha. The area covered by these three varieties represents 50% of Ethiopia’s wheat area.1

e. How generated knowledge has moved the field forward: The yellow rust epidemic of 2010 in Ethiopia has resulted in rapid adoption of yellow and stem rust resistant varieties across the wheat growing areas of Ethiopia. Breeders have an increased awareness about the importance of

1 Genetic basis for resistance for varieties mentioned in this narrative: Kenya Wren: Sr2+SrTmp; Kenya Tai: Sr2+ND643; Kenya Sunbird: Sr2+SrND643; Kenya Korongo: Sr2+SrTmp; Kenya Kingbird: APR (Sr2+Sr57+2 or 3 QTLs); Kenya Hawk: APR (Sr2+); Robin: Sr2, SrTmp; Eagle10: SrCbrd; Danda’a: APR (Sr2+); Kakaba: APR (Sr2+); Digalu: SrSha7+APR.

1



multigenic durable resistance although many single gene+APR varieties are still being distributed and planted by farmers (e.g., Digelu). Recent evidence of SrSha7 (Digelu) and SrTmp (Kenya Robin) being the same gene (Sr42) is cause for concern of genetic uniformity in Kenya and Ethiopia.

f. Activities that will not be completed in the Grant period: None.

Objective 22: Increased levels of global investments and coordination in stem rust research and

development a. Activities conducted: Extensive communications and advocacy efforts continue to advance the

BGRI platform, now widely regarded as a model for global scientific coordination and collaboration. The communications team of the BGRI secretariat employed updated communication tools (social media, blogs, video, etc.) to advance, promote and distribute the knowledge, activities, and priorities of the BGRI. The annual meeting in Delhi, India was held and regarded as a success. The BGRI continues to recruit and foster women working in wheat through the Women in Triticum program, which made six new awards during the reporting period in addition to investing in a number of professional opportunities for BGRI-associated women working in wheat around the globe. The number of women attending the BGRI meeting has more than doubled since 2009 and women are better represented across all BGRI activities. Advocacy efforts continue in order to bring increased resources to wheat.

b. Milestone status: Milestones were met or exceeded except gap analysis, which has changed in scope over life of project.

c. Changes in Activities: None. d. Outputs: The BGRI is a globally regarded functional platform that brings together a global network

of key wheat and rust stakeholders that is increasingly diverse. The BGRI facilitates scientific exchange among the community and also functions to help bring additional financial support to wheat research. During the reporting period, partnering institutions raised an additional estimated $87 million for wheat rust research.

e. How generated knowledge has moved the field forward: The BGRI is an engaged, collaborative community of wheat-rust workers and serves as an effective advocacy platform to advance the vision of Norman E. Borlaug and secure the world’s wheat crop. The BGRI serves as a model for other science and development initiatives and could be broadened beyond rust in the future.


Objective 23: Stem rust populations tracked and monitored Activities conducted: Standardized rust survey data were received from 20 countries before the end of

the reporting period (25-30 total expected before the end of 2013). New countries contributing are Malawi, Tanzania, Argentina, and Uruguay. Data from India are now being imported into the toolbox including 368 records from 240 locations. During this reporting period, 1,711 geo-referenced survey records were published in the Wheat Rust Toolbox/ Rust Tracker, bringing the total number of published geo-referenced survey records to 13,514. Rust Tracker now contains specific information for 42 countries and routine rust situation updates are posted (29 to date), which have triggered a series of productive response activities (in CWANA May 2013, for example). Wind trajectories are continuously updated. The android-based mobile app on the surveillance tablet has been upgraded and piloted in South Asia. A collection of 251 dead samples for DNA analysis was made from seven countries and is now routine practice in several African countries. The Wheat Atlas has been enhanced with variety information updated for over 30 countries and variety acreage

2



estimates from 18 countries. The GRRC at Aarhus recovered 80 isolates from 33 locations in the at-risk region. The trap nurseries were planted in Turkey for seed multiplication in preparing the 9th International Steam Rust Trap Nursery and other rust trap nurseries, which were distributed to 25 countries. Training activities using surveillance tools were held around the globe including Brazil (led by Tom Fetch), India, Denmark, Turkey, and elsewhere. A 10-day course on surveillance and associated tools was held in Nepal to serve SAARC countries. The course included lecture and field components and had increased participation of females this year (up from zero in 2012 to four in 2013). The NARC team demonstrated great leadership during this course. A new greenhouse was completed for CRIFC in Turkey. A well-attended and highly productive surveillance side-meeting was held in August 2013 in Delhi, India (the materials are published on Rust Tracker). The Ethiopia-based Ambo surveillance team collected 179 stem rust samples, and of those, 67 (viable) samples were analyzed in-house. Duplicate samples were sent to the USDA CDL for molecular analysis. The North American Labs (USDA CDL and AAFC) analyzed live samples from several countries including Ethiopia, Uruguay, Turkey, Kenya and Eritrea. Turkey is conducting its own race analyses at CRIFC.

b. Milestone status: All completed with two exceptions. Implementing surveillance data collection app and tablets is delayed. R gene determination in global wheat germplasm (at least 50 lines per year) not met.

c. Changes in Activities: Increased monitoring of barberries: Aecia from barberries were collected in at least seven countries. It is still not clear whether these aeciospores are able to infect cereals. The Wheat Rust Toolbox was expanded to include Berberis species. Dr. Kumarse Nazari (ICARDA) was re-located to Izmir, Turkey where he and his team have been quite productive in a fully functional yellow, leaf, and stem rust facility.

d. Outputs: The Global Cereal Rust Monitoring System continues to grow (20 countries submitting data with 5-10 more expected this calendar year). Rust Tracker attracted 6,000 visits from 3,600 unique visitors this year. Capacity was increased for national program surveillance and race analysis, and the year-round sample evaluation is now being undertaken at GRRC, Denmark. The Global Cereal Rust Monitoring system is functional and helped prevent losses in Ethiopia in 2013.

e. How generated knowledge has moved the field forward: No new races within the Ug99 race group were identified during the reporting year. Ug99 was not observed outside of East Africa during the reporting period. Despite optimal yellow rust conditions, only minor outbreaks were observed in Ethiopia in part due to precautionary measures and preemptive responses. The Ethiopian 2013 response is evidence of a functional cereal rust monitoring system in East Africa.

f. Activities that will not be completed in the Grant period: Connecting pathogen surveillance with distribution of the host, along with host genes protecting each variety, is underway. Completion during the grant period is a worthy goal.

Objective 24: World-class stem rust response phenotyping facilities in East Africa

a. Activities conducted: The number of entries evaluated in the screening nursery at KARI-Njoro, Kenya was close to 48,000 (main season 2012) and 22,920 accessions (off-season 2013) from 25 and 11 countries, respectively. Nearly 10,500 accessions were screened during the main and off -seasons at Debre Zeit, Ethiopia. 11,000 advanced lines and 2,000 segregating populations from CIMMYT were screened at KARI-Njoro. The 2013 main season nurseries were planted accommodating 25,386 accessions from 19 countries and research institutions. Advanced materials from several at-risk countries such as India, Pakistan, Nepal, Bangladesh, Ethiopia, and Egypt were screened for field resistance at KARI-Njoro. Surveys indicate that TTKSK and TTKST are still the predominant races in Kenya and at the nursery. The Seed Health Unit is now functional in Kenya with lines from some

3



countries rejected due to Karnal bunt. The 5th Stem Rust Training Course was held Sept 22-Oct 2, 2013 with 30 participants from 13 countries, 10 of whom were female. Kenyan scientists have benefited from several training opportunities and human capacity continues to be strengthened. The nursery at Njoro continues to improve due to better field management and disease establishment. At the Ambo plant protection center, seedling tests were conducted to facilitate Objective 26 activities. Close to 300 lines were identified as resistant during the 2013 nursery season. TTKSK remains the predominant race in Ethiopia.

b. Milestone status: Greenhouse and tunnel house construction delayed. All other milestones met.

c. Changes in Activities: The establishment of a seed health unit is considered by the DRRW-Ethiopia team as non-critical to date and has not been achieved. The activity remains under review.

d. Outputs: The screening nurseries are functioning as intended and screened about 58,000 lines during the reporting period. The activities at the nurseries foster enhanced capacity development for all participating countries in addition to focused training for Kenyan and Ethiopians associated with the nurseries. International screening nurseries continue to serve the world’s wheat breeding efforts.

e. How generated knowledge has moved the field forward: Continued training and capacity building is beginning to have impact in national programs, although turnover continues to be a problem in Ethiopia. Knowledge of the pathogen population, and discovery of APR and major gene sources of resistance are being utilized in developing resistant varieties, and resistant varieties are being made available.


Objective 25: Durably resistant, high yielding wheat varieties

a. Activities conducted:

CIMMYT (bread wheat): Of 1,176 lines evaluated, 775 originated from the Mexico-Kenya shuttle. Of these, 602 will be internationally distributed, with some lines yielding 5-9% (130 lines) or 10-14% (27 lines) more than the check. The frequency of susceptible lines is very low at 7% v. 12% resistant and 34% moderately resistant APR types. Other lines include race specific genes in combination with Sr2 or other APR genes. The 8th Stem Rust Resistance Screening Nursery (187 entries) will include 12 lines with Sr2+Sr25+Sr26. New lines evaluated in 2013 (n=9436) had 1,173 performing better than the check. With all other traits + Ug99 response, 1,348 lines will be tested in 2014 trials.

CIMMYT (durum wheat): The frequency of durum lines with resistance to Ug99 has increased. Forty percent of the lines distributed for 2014 are resistant vs. 15% of lines that were distributed in 2012. Yield advantage ranges from 5-20% at the high end, with an improved frequency of Ug99 resistance and excellent quality. Year 3 of Phase II demonstrates the development of superior durum varieties that will be available in Ethiopia with resistance that was not available at the start of the project. Also, a number of lines with the Sr22+Sr25 combination are under development. Note: the risk that durum varieties may not be adopted if promotion is not initiated.

Ethiopia: Durum (3,634) and bread wheat lines (5,159) were evaluated at 2-5 locations, including introductions from CIMMYT, ICARDA and national programs, with heavy selection pressure for yellow and stem rust, and Septoria ssp. Multiple sets of performance trials were conducted at numerous locations across the country. Seed production is greatly enhanced by mechanization and by the GIZ relationship. Varieties of CIMMYT, ICARDA, or other origin have been released, but without supporting data.

Kenya: Breeder seed of six new varieties, with a goal of 10 tons for Feb 2014 is underway. Seven new

4



lines are in NPT and DUS trials. Field days for variety promotion were held.

SAARC region: Lines from India (230), Nepal (70), and Bangladesh (50) were sent to Njoro, with 8 Indian lines having resistance. Sr2 and Lr46/Yr29 occur in Nepal lines.

b. Milestone status: All milestones met or exceeded.

c. Changes in Activities: Place emphasis on supporting data for variety release.

d. Outputs: Resistant varieties released, gene combinations developed.

e. How generated knowledge has moved the field forward: Yellow rust epidemics have inspired adoption of multi-rust (including stem rust) resistant varieties. Increased awareness about the importance of promoting lines with multigene resistance.


Objective 26: High breeding value wheat lines with two or more marker-selectable stem rust resistance genes

a. Activities conducted: Wild relatives (Aegilops species), and introgression lines (Thinopyrum-wheat recombinants) continue to be screened for seedling resistance. APR lines are screened for seedling susceptibility in field conditions in East Africa and used for mapping. Mapping of APR genes continued. Fine mapping of chromosomal hotspots for resistance genes continued on 2BS and 5BL. Development of RIL populations to map APR genes derived from Pavon 76 and Parula is complete. New synthetics were phenotyped for new resistances. Eight new sharonensis/ logissima amphiploids and sixteen durum wheat- H. villosa amphiploids underway or produced. A translocation with Sr44 was developed. Three plants were found with an altered 6Ae chromosome with a resistance gene from a Th. ponticum partial amphiploid. Wheat-sharonensis recombinants with stem rust resistance and good agronomic characteristics were identified. Sr13, Sr21, and SrTm4 now have high-res genetic maps and identification of the genes is imminent. Sr33 and Sr35 were cloned and perfect markers are under development. Cloning of Sr22 is progressing. Approximately 1,000 lines were submitted for 90,000 SNP genotyping for association mapping. Six hundred of these lines represented the global diversity of stem rust resistance based on Njoro screening over the past three years. Four thousand are elite and diverse durum genotypes phenotyped for seedling and adult plant Ug99 resistance. Markers were identified for SrTmp and Gabo 56. Mapping of APR in Thatcher;McNeal identified 4 QTL on 2BSm 3B, 7DS, and 1AL. Diagnostic markers are now available for Lr67. Parent building of lines carrying gene combinations continues. Pyramids of Sr2 + Sr25 + Sr26 in two genetic backgrounds were distributed in the 8th Stem Rust Resistance Screening Nursery by CIMMYT as were high yielding APR lines. Additional protocols were added to MASWheat website. Genomic selection models for stem rust resistance breeding continue to look promising.

b. Milestone status: Methods for quantitative infection and measurement of APR are delayed due to student thesis delay. Parent building and delivery partially completed.

c. Changes in Activities: Access to efficient wheat transformation systems via Japan Tobacco at CSIRO and UC Davis is a game changer for cis- and trans-genic approaches. Gaps and priorities were assessed across Objective 26 activities and funding for priority activities was extended beyond three years. This positively impacted activities and budgets of E. Lagudah (CSIRO), M. Rouse (USDA-CDL), S. Xu (USDA-ND), R. Singh (CIMMYT).

d. Outputs: More than 40 plant genes have now been identified as sources of resistance to TTKSK (Ug99): Sr2, Sr12, Sr13, Sr15, Sr21, Sr22, Sr25, Sr26, Sr28, Sr32, Sr33, Sr35, Sr37, Sr39, Sr40,

5



Sr42, Sr43, Sr44, Sr45, Sr46, Sr47, Sr50, Sr51, Sr52, Sr53, Sr55, Sr56, Sr57, Sr58, SrWeb/Gabo56, Sr1662, SrTr129, SrTm4, SrTA10187, SrTA10171, SrAt6D, SrAt7D, SrSha7, SrC, SrNini, SrND643, SrHuw234, SrYanac; consistent QTL are on chromosomes 1A, 1B, 2B, 3D, 4A, 5B, 6B, 7A, 7B; Sr55, Sr56, Sr57 and Sr58 were validated to confer APR to Ug99 and other stem rust populations, joining Sr2 for APR resistance. Twenty-seven resistance genes are now in wheat breeders’ toolbox: Sr2, Sr13, Sr15, Sr22, Sr25, Sr26, Sr28, Sr32, Sr33, Sr35, Sr39, Sr40, Sr42, Sr45, Sr47, Sr50, Sr53, Sr55, Sr56, Sr57, Sr58, SrWeb/Gabo56, SrAt6D, SrAt7D, SrND643 SrNiini.

e. How generated knowledge has moved the field forward: New sources of stem rust resistance continued to be discovered and developed into breeder-useful resources. The importance of responsible gene use and stewardship is increasingly appreciated within the BGRI community. Genomic selection is widely accepted as an essential new breeding tool to decrease the time to develop new rust resistant materials as is access to more efficient wheat transformation systems.


Objective 27: Optimized wheat improvement system in Ethiopia a. Activities conducted: New varieties in 12 districts are being promoted and seed is being scaled-up.

Three candidate varieties are under verification trials for optimum wheat environments. Two varieties are also under verification for lowland areas of adaptation. Durum wheat introductions (n=2,430) were screened at Debre Zeit during the 2013 off-season while 4,413 are under screening during this main season. At Kulumsa, 1,027 ICARDA and 1,058 CIMMYT bread wheat entries are being screened during this main season. Five sets of bread wheat observation nurseries are under evaluation at 3-4 locations during this main season. Bread wheat pre-national variety trials are under evaluation at highland and lowland locations. Most entries are selected from international nurseries. Technical capacity continues to be built with two breeders attending the 2013 CIMMYT BWIC and one pathologist attended the advanced course. Two breeders and five pathologists attended the Njoro rust-scoring course in Kenya. Manpower at Debre Zeit improved with the addition of one PhD breeder. The purchase of equipment for seed labs in Kulumsa and Debre Zeit is in progress. Essential items for the irrigation system at Kulumsa have been acquired, with full operation expected in Jan 2014. The head-house for the Ambo greenhouse and pathotyping facility is under construction and is now 80% complete. Mechanization of the bread wheat program continues with renewed emphasis. Failure to successfully implement these technologies will result in a return to the inefficiencies of hand planting and hand harvesting.

b. Milestone status: Not completed: F2–F6 germplasm/generations evaluated at hotspot shuttle locations over seasons for traits of interest. Partially completed: Two sets of 200 promising lines evaluated in observation nurseries at 2-3 locations. Irrigation infrastructure was almost complete. Cold room and seed health facilities yet to be improved. Providing for the routine and reliable maintenance of equipment necessary for a modern, mechanized breeding program in Ethiopia will require the duration of the project. Collaboration with GIZ will make this possible.

c. Changes in Activities: Breeding for Septoria has become increasingly important due to increasing disease pressure from this pathogen. Placing emphasis on minimum standards for regionally released varieties needs to be initiated.

d. Outputs: Infrastructure and human capacity continued to be built. Adoption of recently released varieties was widespread (approximately 50% wheat area predicted this year).

e. How generated knowledge has moved the field forward: The wheat improvement system continues toward integration of all activities (breeding, pathology, extension, seed unit) to better serve Ethiopian farmers. Collaboration between national and international research centers was

6



smooth and regional research centers play an instrumental role in promoting new rust resistant varieties.


Objective 28: Project management, communication, and coordination a. Activities conducted: All subcontracts were issued, Year-3 funds were released and ad hoc financial

issues continue to be addressed as they arise. Regular reporting is effective in monitoring project progress and impact. The DRRW management continues to visit subcontractors regularly. Of particular importance are the regular visits by DRRW management to KARI and EIAR. DRRW management continues to communicate regularly with project team leaders (objective leaders) and project meetings were held in coordination with other meetings 2013 BGRI meeting, PAG, etc.) . The EPAC met during the reporting period and continues to applaud the management and leadership of the project as well as the programmatic success. Equipment and IT support has been ongoing and is well coordinated with other BGRI partners. Extensive communication materials were developed and are described in more detail under Objective 22 and in Appendix D. Significant progress has been made in the area of gender parity within the wheat rust community through the Jeanie Borlaug Laube Women in Triticum awards and through efforts to include women in all project-funded training activities and convenings.

b. Milestone status: All milestones met. c. Changes in Activities: None.

d. Outputs: The Phase II project is implemented and operational. Financial and technical reports were submitted to BMGF. Project leadership and advisors met regularly.

e. How generated knowledge has moved the field forward: Valuable input into the project progress was provided by the EPAC. The number of women participating in the BGRI has more than doubled since the project began. Five women received the Women in Triticum Early Award. Project-wide awareness on importance of including women in project activities continues to increase among project partners. Management continues to monitor and foster the involvement of women in project activities and an increasing number of women are involved across the project. For example, CRIFC (Turkey) reported three of three recently hired researchers conducting race analysis are female. The project PI, Ronnie Coffman, received the 2013 inaugural World Agriculture Prize. His success coordinating the DRRW project was featured in the nomination and media surrounding the event.


II. Management Updates: None in project management although changes in EIAR management seem

positive. We are hopeful that these changes will help with staff retention and succession issues that are necessary in developing the competence of any national research capacity. Additionally, we hope that the new management will use this near-term window of opportunity to face other staffing and management issues in Ethiopia.

III. Lessons Learned: Nearly all of the national programs are still dependent on the availability of

project funds for surveys. Institutionalizing these core activities has been a major challenge and remains so. Movement of data and germplasm is a major bottleneck made worse by biodiversity acts. It seems that assistance (insistence) from upper management may be necessary to institutionalize requirements that lead to better-informed decisions regarding the release of the most

7



fit varieties in many countries. Working with farmers is challenging for national program collaborators but is essential for variety adoption and project impact. Sufficiently trained and enthusiastic human resources continue to be a limitation for the wheat and rust community, especially in developing countries.

IV. Changes: A small but important increase in efforts to engage in South America through in-kind

work of project partners and co-funding directed at activities in that region. Two leading wheat geneticists and DRRW subcontractor groups (CSIRO and UC Davis) are now working with efficient wheat transformation systems that are making cis-genic approaches far more attractive. This presents an opportunity for the DRRW and BGRI to play a role in developing cis-genic multi-genic gene stacks for more durable resistance.

V. Risks: The risks to the project remain similar as in previous years. The continuity of key scientific personnel and the identification of competent technical staff along with a plan for the rational succession remains a significant challenge/opportunity in many developing countries. CIMMYT’s breeding program is threatened by a shrinking budget and weak leadership in the WHEAT CRP. Many pre-breeders will not receive funding beyond Year 3 of the project and there is a risk that their activities will cease or they will not remain active participants in the BGRI. To mitigate this risk Year 4 and 5 funding will be allocated for their participation in the annual meeting. Government stability continues to be a risk. As this reporting period came to a close, the shut down of the US government negatively affected project reporting and especially impacted the community of DRRW pre-breeders. US and Canada governments continue to limit travel for their researchers, limiting scientific exchanges and face-to-face meetings. The movement of seed, live rust samples, and other biological materials continues to be a challenge in many areas of the DRRW project as does the free sharing of data. Addressing this is a major priority as identified and agreed upon by the BGRI ExCo and the DRRW EPAC. Non- or slow adoption of newly developed rust resistant varieties remains a risk, as does the risk of release of non- or less durably resistant varieties into at-risk countries. Complacency by scientists and policy makers remains a risk, as does the inability to sustain the project goals through institutionalization of core BGRI activities.

VII. Other Sources of Project Support: Please see Appendix E.

VIII. Budget Variances: All changes in the budget were approved by the program officer as part of an ongoing process and are reflected in Appendix C. Relative to the amended budget, there are no variances.

8

DRRW Phase II Year 3 Progress Report • Appendix A: Logframe

Appendix A Project Objectives and Outcomes

(Logframe)

9

DRRW Phase II Year 3 Progress Report • Appendix A: Logframe / Objective 21

Objective 21. Improved testing, multiplication and adoption of replacement varieties

Component / Activity Activity Outputs (completion date) Year 1 and 2 Progress

Year 3 Progress (Oct 1, 2012–Sep 30, 2013)

Component 21.a. Transnational coordination

Activity 21.a.1.

Explore, and establish as necessary, the development of an international committee to evaluate, coordinate, and recommend improvements and investments in seed systems.

Representation from the following would be anticipated:

• Selected NARS

• CG centers

• FAO

• Private sector

• Donor agencies

• Legal/Regulatory policy

Determine the need for developing a seed systems and policy committee, to be established under the umbrella of the Borlaug Global Rust Initiative, which does not duplicate other international efforts. (Jun 2011)

Develop consensus objectives and establish goals and associated budgets. (Dec 2011)

Investments in equipment and training which lead to improvement in the precision of performance trails, providing greater discrimination among a cohort of entries and focusing seed multiplication resources on developing the most promising varieties. (Dec 2012)

Development of efficient regulatory systems that do not impede breeding progress, but do enhance the speed with which improved varieties and new technologies are able to enter the marketplace. (Jun

Year 1 Progress

Meetings were held in Rome and in St. Petersburg to explore the interest in establishing a seed systems committee to help guide any investments DRRW might make in this Objective. The St. Petersburg meeting was poorly attended despite advance invitations, and no progress was made. The meeting at FAO HQ was attended by DRRW, FAO, and ICARDA. CIMMYT did not send a representative. Presentations were made, information and business cards exchanged, and commitments to improve communication were made. There was some follow-up correspondence, including distribution of notes by DRRW, but all efforts have since ceased.

Some progress in individual countries has been realized, and is detailed below for Kenya and Ethiopia.

Visits to Nepal, Bangladesh and India have aided in understanding some preliminary seed system infrastructure in these countries. Year 2 Progress

A meeting of principal actors (ICARDA, FAO, CIMMYT, DRRW, EIAR) was held in Addis at the W4A meeting in Oct. USAID was invited but absent. Objectives include: 1) Brief updates of current seed related activities, 2) Discussion of challenges (gaps) in meeting near term objectives, 3) Long range plans and collaboration and communication going forward. Oct 9 meeting was productive, but

A seed systems meeting was held in New Delhi at the BGRI Workshop between FAO/CIMMYT/DRRW (ICARDA was on the program, but had travel difficulties). An outline was developed for a session at the 2014 BGRI meeting, with invited speakers to present case studies detailing impediments to adoption of new varieties. This will include presentations from the private sector as well. At the EPAC meeting, suggested actions include the recognition of the Variety Release committee as the agency in each country responsible for ensuring release of the most appropriate varieties. It was also suggested that consideration be given to training of these committees to assist in the development of standards, as well as interpretation of modern technical data (molecular markers, surveillance data, etc.) to enable the most informed decision regarding releases for their country.

The training of a Bhutanese scientist was supported for 3 months at CIMMYT and 2 months at the CDL and the University of Minnesota. This will afford an improved understanding of varietal development procedures, the importance of varietal diversity, informed replacement of varieties, and structured release decisions in a country still growing the Green Revolution variety Sonalika.

10




2011, recurring annually)

Encourage regulations and policies that enable the development of private sector investments. (Jun 2011, recurring annually)

with disappointment in information that was not available or not applied in the decision to release three ICARDA varieties in Ethiopia.

A visit was also made to Bhutan, primarily for surveillance purposes. However, we (and CIMMYT) have also become more aware of the nature of the Bhutan agricultural infrastructure. The old variety "Sonalika" is under common production and should be replaced with newer, more productive varieties. Additionally, the capability and technical understanding of the design and evaluation of replicated performance trials in Bhutan may require some training of Bhutan scientists. It is clear that the soils of Bhutan are quite degraded, and the development of a crop rotation system that includes an N fixing component would seem quite advantageous.

Nothing done to enable private sector engagement.

Component 21.b. Kenya.

Activity 21.b.1. Improve the capability of KARI and KEPHIS to generate reliable data with improved accuracy from replicated trials (KARI) and National Performance Trials (KEPHIS).

KARI plants International Wheat Information System (IWIS) designed Advanced Yield Trials (AYT) at 8 locations (up from 3 in 2008). Each location has single site, and multi-year analyses conducted in time to inform selection decisions prior to planting of the next season. >75% of data sets enable statistically significant discrimination between the top yielding line and the mean of all lines. (Dec

Year 1 Progress

KARI has planted trials at 8 locations in 2010/11 that meet this activity. Both KARI and KEPHIS staff has visited trials; improvement in the conduct of the experiment has been made, but progress as measured by the CV (%) of this set of trials can and should be a goal for continuous improvement.

Entries in the KEPHIS NPT have been evaluated by KARI-Njoro in the screening nursery. Year 2 Progress

Kenya has now released eight varieties with resistance to the Ug99 family of pathotypes:

Seven KARI lines have been undergoing NPT at 8 sites under KEPHIS management. In 2012-2013 there were eight entries that were reduced to three that will continue after one year of evaluation. In 2013 four more lines were added to the NPT set. The data of 2012/13 shows an average CV of 15.8%, which is an improvement compared to data collected in previous years. Data from these NPT’s will be forwarded once the final analysis is completed. These seven lines have been submitted for DUS evaluation. The expectation that at least one of them will be approved for release in 2014.

11




2010, recurring annually).

KEPHIS plants 5-8 additional locations (or at least 2 sites per location) of the NPT for yield and agronomic evaluation, and in collaboration with KARI, evaluates NPT entries in the KARI Njoro stem rust screening nursery. (Jun 2011 onward).

Kenya Robin, Eagle 10, Wren, Tai*, Sunbird*, Korongo, Kingbird, and Hawk 12 [* = single gene protected variety], providing evidence that there are no regulatory impediments to the efficient release of varieties in Kenya. Conduct of the NPT network could still use some improvement as measured by the still too high CV of most trials. John Kamundia, KARI biometrician, has been engaged to evaluate the testing program along with Peter Njau, who has set a CV goal of 15%.

KARI planted AYT1 and AYT2 trails at Narok, Maunarok, Eldoret, Kipia, Nyandora, Niavasha, Njoro, and Timau. KEPHIS planted NPT trials at Katumani, Timau, Nyandora, Lanet, Njoro, Rongai, Narok, Eldoret, and Kitale. KARI has entered seven varieties into the 2012 NPT testing network.

It should be noted that released varieties from Kenya may well find their way to seed markets in other African countries through EAAPP evaluations or by direct sale from the KARI Seed Unit. Deployment of many varieties with different genetic protection offers some probability of improving the durability of diverse genes in these cultivars. Single gene protected varieties, however, should be targeted for replacement at earliest opportunity.

Activity 21.b.2. Identify and implement collaborative strategies enabling pre-release purification/multiplication and availability of KEPHIS endorsed

KARI and KEPHIS seek agreement on modalities and logistics by which the following anticipatory steps can occur concurrently with descriptor development, DUS assessment, and final

Year 1 Progress

Communication between KEPHIS and the KARI breeding program regarding DUS requirements and discussion of any questions or potential problems regarding specific lines undergoing evaluation has been ongoing during

Three KARI staff and members of the KEPHIS group organized and visited all the NPT sites (Njoro, Rongai, Narok, Eldoret, Timau, Lanet, Naivash, and Kitale). Other stakeholders including the Kenya Seed Company and CGA were also invited. KARI also organized two visits by Kenya

12




Breeder Seed of KARI candidate lines at the time of approval for Official Release.

stage of National Performance Trials (Apr 2011): • First round of ear-row

purification, • Ear-row derived plot

grow-out/purification, and

• Follow-on bulking of Breeder Seed

Dedicated and irrigation-enabled land (two hectares) available for ear-row purification of candidate varieties at KARI-Njoro (Apr 2011)

One or more hectares of seed production concurrent with NPT of each KARI line in 2nd year of NPT; the harvest of which KEPHIS endorses as eligible to be considered Breeder Seed, contingent on KEPHIS inspection; enabling availability of three tons of putative Breeder Seed of each candidate after 2nd year NPT. (Dec 2011, recurring annually; contingent on agreement of first output for this activity)

the course of the growing season. No problems regarding DUS were encountered during the current cycle.

Ear-row purification and ongoing development of Breeder Seed lots is routinely being accomplished.

Dedicated irrigation to seed multiplication has not been established. Fortunately there have not been any significant problems with moisture availability during the growing season. Year 2 Progress

KARI and KEPHIS continue to communicate and collaborate on details specific to the DUS requirements of lines in Kenya NPT network. There have been no problems to date that have caused any variety under review to be held back for lack of required DUS documentation.

Dedicated and irrigation-enabled land for the early seed multiplication of candidate lines has not been met. Adequate moisture during the growing season however, has provided for adequate seed multiplication of KARI candidate varieties.

Seed staff to visit seed purification plots in Timau.

Dedicated irrigation is not established for counter-season seed production, but off-season seed multiplication will be accomplished at two locations this season where moisture generally is not limiting (Mau Narok and Timau) for varieties in Stage 2 and Stage 3 of DUS/NPT evaluations.

Activity 21.b.3. Identify and implement

The current three stage ear-row, ear-row derived plot,

Year 1 Progress N/A KARI is now involving both KSC and KEPHIS in its initial seed purification

13




streamlined approaches to Breeder Seed production subsequent to initial production.

and follow-on bulk method is employed less often without loss of purity of Breeder Seed lots. (Nov 2012, recurring annually)

Year 2 Progress

KARI is still employing the extant three-stage procedure used to develop a lot of Breeder Seed. This is much the same system that is employed, by regulation, in many European countries. However the three-stage procedure is used to establish the initial lot of Breeder Seed and is only employed again upon request by KEPHIS or Kenya Seed Company (KSC). The economic ramifications to the KARI breeding program need to be more clearly understood before attempting to modify this procedure further.

process. The ear-row, plot and bulk stages are still being employed in the development of approved seed lots, which is a regulatory requirement of KEPHIS. The number of ear-rows sown each year is determined by seed orders received by the seed companies, and by the needs of the KARI Seed Unit.

Activity 21.b.4. Promote awareness of new Ug99 resistant varieties and/or lines that are candidates for release as varieties.

4-8 Field Days jointly planned and executed by Ministry of Agriculture (MoA), KARI, Cereal Growers Association (CGA), and the Kenya Seed Company (KSC). (Aug 2011, recurring annually)

Year 1 Progress

Farmer field days were sponsored in four districts, which were organized by KARI and the CGA, with sponsorship by KSC. KARI has the additional role of planting and managing the demonstrations for these field days. KARI participated in the training at three of the events, and KSC provided information and demonstration of the new released varieties at a fourth field day. Year 2 Progress

KARI, the Cereal Growers Association (CGA), and other stakeholders organized four farmer field days. The new varieties were also promoted at the Nakuru Agricultural Show. New varieties were also promoted along with farmer training at five different wheat production locations.

Ruth Wanyera was funded to hold farmer field days to raise awareness of the Sr2 Pseudo-Black Chaff phenotype, informing growers that this is not a pathogen, but rather an indicator of genetic resistance to the stem rust

In 2012-13 KARI sponsored five field days in addition to small farmer group training events in six districts. The training was held in collaboration with the EAAPP project. The main training objectives were to introduce farmers to the new varieties, to educate farmers on production of quality seed at the farm level, and how farmer groups can register as seed merchants. These groups are registered under the ministry of socio-services, and then confirmed by the MoA as suitable for seed production. These groups then produce seed under a KARI Seed Unit (KSU) certificate with KSU providing training, processing and packaging of seed that is returned to the farmer groups for redistribution to more farmers. EAAPP is collaborating, and hopes to convert several groups into seed merchants who will register with KEPHIS.

Eight varieties (with tons available Feb. 2014) have been developed and released: Kenya Wren (10), K. Tai (10), K. Sunbird

14




pathogen. The passing of Sam Kilonzo, who was to have managed much of this activity, has caused this to be postponed for one year.

(10), K. Korongo (10), K. Kingbird (20), K. Hawk (10), Robin (1,000), and Eagle 10 (50). Robin and Eagle 10 are already in the hands of farmers, with an estimated 50,000 hectares of Robin under production this year. Some 600 tons of seed of these varieties will be distributed to small-scale farmers through EAAPP and the KARI Seed Unit. Additionally, Kenya Seed Company (KSC) will harvest 100 hectares of Robin in Oct. of 2013, which will help meet the market demand for Robin. Two of the aforementioned varieties are protected by the single gene SrND643 + APR modifiers (K. Tai and K. Sunbird), while the rest are APR varieties. Seed of these eight varieties has been sent to Uganda and Rwanda for testing purposes.

Seven varieties also remain in NPT and/or DUS evaluation. Three varieties are in year 2 of NPT and year 1 of DUS (R1238, R1244, and R1271), while four other varieties are in year 1 of NPT (R1287, R1306, R1307, and R1310). If any pass the NPT they will enter DUS evaluations. All seven are APR protected varieties, which represents an improvement over the two single gene (ND643)+APR protected varieties of the previous cohort.

Ruth conducted training at farmer field days to raise awareness of the Sr2 PBC phenotype, which farmers may confuse with disease symptoms. Field days were held at Timau on July 25, at Nanyuki on Oct. 25, and near Njoro on Oct. 3. The technical position formerly occupied by Sam Kilonzo is still not filled after more than a year since

15




Sam’s passing. In the meantime, Ruth has the additional responsibility of oversight of the Seed Health function (Bernard Othuko), which is an additional burden to consider. This was discussed with Hans and Sridhar, who agreed to encourage the filling of this position.

Activity 21.b. 5. Maximize efficiencies and effectiveness of Certified wheat seed supply chain from Pre-Basic Seed to farm and industry/consumer use.

Key representatives of milling/processing, growers (CGA+), MoA Extension, KSC, KEPHIS, and KARI jointly visit key AYT and NPT sites; and actively engage in communication on current and future wheat varieties. (Nov 2011, recurring annually)

Annual production of Breeder Seed by KARI matches KSC needs, (Nov 2011, recurring annually)

Certified Seed production by KSC of stem rust resistant and otherwise improved lines meets producer and consumer demands, (Jun 2011, recurring annually)

Mutual awareness of milling, flour, and processing properties of wheat grain (including characteristics of new varieties) enhanced through a workshop involving flour

Year 1 Progress

Key representatives have met at various times at the NPT sites during the 2011 growing season. Progress toward rust resistant varieties that are agronomically superior was discussed and impressed upon all attendees.

KSC has been given 2 tons of seed of Robin and 1 ton of seed of Eagle 10 for seed multiplication.

Robin and Eagle 10 are the current rust resistant and agronomically improved lines under increase by KSC. Year 2 Progress

160 tons of Robin was distributed by EAAP (10 tons) and the KARI Seed Unit (150 tons) to small-scale farmers for commercial production, and will be harvested as grain in Oct/Nov, 2012. More than 200 tons of Robin and 50 tons of Eagle 10 will also be harvested for seed by the end of 2012. Some seed production of Eagle 10 was recalled due to contamination. Purification and multiplication of the other six newly released varieties is underway, with the following expected amounts being harvested end of 2012: Korongo (3 tons), Hawk 12 (3 tons), Kingbird (3 tons), Wren (50 kgs), Sunbird (50 kgs) and Tai (50 kgs)

Following the training of John Ndung’u in cereal chemistry at CIMMYT, all lines entering the marketplace are required by KEPHIS to have an end-use quality evaluation. These data are currently under development and will be provided once the analysis is complete.

16




millers, KARI and other key stakeholders (Mar 2011).

Private sector engagement is enabled with the Kenya Seed Company. Additional companies would provide for some marketplace competition. It will be interesting to see how a small market of some 150,000 hectares will adopt (or not) all currently released varieties.

John Ndung’u, KARI cereal and food chemist, spent two months in Dr. Pena’s wheat quality lab in El Batan. He is now better able to engage with the KARI breeding program, and thus the integration of end-use quality lab evaluations with the KARI breeding program is now underway.

Component 21.c. Ethiopia

Activity 21.c.1 Increase capacity, stability, and quality of Breeder and Pre-Basic Seed production.

Off-season irrigation capacity is created or enhanced for Breeder and Pre-Basic Seed production at Kulumsa, Debre-Zeit, Melkassa, and Werer. (Dec 2011)

Planting and harvest methods and equipment are upgraded to reduce labor costs and ensure timely completion of field work. (Dec 2011)

Seed processing equipment is upgraded at key Centers. (Apr 2012)

Seed quality laboratories are upgraded, equipped, and staffed at key Centers. (Apr 2012)

Key staff responsible for

Year 1 Progress

Construction of the two irrigation ponds that will collect river water and malt factory effluent is nearly complete at Kulumsa. Follow-on investments in the necessary sprinkler system are yet to be made.

Mechanized research plot equipment has been purchased and delivered to EIAR. This includes a plot tractor, plot planter, and plot combine. Training in the use of the plot combine will begin in November, 2011. Training in the adoption of the plot planter will then follow this in the EIAR BW program.

GIZ, a German supported mechanization project, has been initiated at Kulumsa. The seed-processing unit at KU is expected to be operating at 100% capacity before the beginning of the 2011 main season harvest. Year 2 Progress

Pond construction has been completed at the

Construction of the irrigation ponds is complete, but connection of the power supply with the pump is still awaiting delivery of an electric meter. Irrigation equipment is ready and in place for immediate use. It is hoped that this significant investment will be ready for utilization in the 2014 off-season nursery work.

Progress with the mechanized research plot equipment has been realized with the routine use of the combine on- and off-site for harvesting trials and small increases. Familiarity and use of the plot planter is also becoming routine for sowing trials and small-scale increases. Additional attempts at further mechanization are under consideration with the repair of several stationary plot threshers that could be placed into service with a modest investment.

Equipment needed to upgrade the seed quality labs at both DZ and KU has been

17




seed quality testing, equipment maintenance, field management and post-harvest seed handling are provided in-service training. (Sept 2012)

KARC, and delivery of the sprinkler irrigation network has been accomplished. However field installation and operation of the sprinklers, in concert with the two ponds and the mixing chamber, has yet to be realized. It is worth noting however, that GIZ (a German supported mechanization project) started using a modified water gun and malt factory effluent to pre-irrigate a seven-hectare seed multiplication field on the Kulumsa farm in mid-June. Good research begins with good agronomy, and GIZ expertise and significant contribution of modern farm machinery will (if allowed) significantly improve needed agronomic standards and the capability to routinely produce desired seed inventories.

The Zurn plot combine was put to use in Nov 2011 following an initial training period. It recorded 83 hours of service in harvesting the small-scale seed lots and replicated performance trials, with the efficiencies immediately realized by the breeding team. Additional training on the mechanized plot planter was offered on two occasions, and was then used to mechanically plant the small-scale increases in July of 2012. Confidence in the use of this equipment seems to be growing, but the planter was not used to plant the replicated performance trials in 2012, and thus more training and experience is needed.

It is worth noting that three of four young scientists that began on the Kulumsa bread wheat project still remain with the project at the end of the reporting period. Continuity of these newly trained employees is paramount, as is their continued training.

EIAR has released six varieties that are under significant seed multiplication: Kakaba,

initiated. Much of the equipment is being purchased locally, with some $36,000 being allocated for the durum wheat and bread wheat breeding programs at DZ and KU, respectively. Training in seed technology has yet to be initiated at either of the two centers.

Adoption of recently released varieties is occurring at an impressive pace. Estimates of the number of hectares covered by improved varieties includes Digalu with 522,274 ha, Kakaba with 213,596 ha, and Danda’a with 89,720 ha. Kakaba and Danda’a are APR protected varieties, and Digalu is a single-gene protected variety against Pgt. Total hectares covered with these three varieties are estimated at 825,590 hectares, which represents approximately 50% of the Ethiopian wheat area. Digalu is the leading variety due to its earlier release and resultant seed supply, along with good yellow rust protection demonstrated in the yellow rust epiphytotic of 2010-11. It is also worth noting that the private sector is also producing an estimated 36,400 qu. of these three varieties. Newer released varieties of CIMMYT origin include Hidasie and Ogalcho with 1,265 and 908 qu. of seed production, respectively. Shorima, Hoggana, and Huluka are of ICARDA origin, having single-gene protection, and have estimates of 1,056, 142, and 1,126 qu. of seed production, respectively.

Progress in the durum wheat program is being realized with an increasing frequency of Pgt resistant lines having impressive agronomics that are becoming available. Ninety-four of 125 R/MR lines distributed in

18




Danda’a, Gambo (all Famine Relief lines), Hoggana*, Shorima*, and Huluka*. [*=Sr24, Sr42/SrACcad and positive but questionable MM for Sr35] Kakaba, Danda’a, and Digelu (released in 2007) are resistant to Ug99. Kakaba and Danda’a are becoming popular, as is Digelu (a single gene protected variety with Sr Sha7=Sr42) and Shorima. As of this report, screening nursery phenotype of ICARDA origin released varieties is unknown. Additional releases in May 2012 are Hidase and Ogolcho bread wheat, and Mangodo and Mukiye durum wheat cultivars.

2013 and 2014 have at least 5% higher yield performance than the check, and also have good to outstanding quality attributes. It should be possible for Ethiopian colleagues to identify promising lines with rust resistance, yield potential, and good to excellent quality attributes.

Recent releases (2009, DZARC) include Hitosa, Denbi, and Werer. Pgt reaction ranges from R to MR, Pst as MS, MR, or R, and Pt as R or MR.

Releases in 2012 include Mukiye and Mangudo (ICARDA).

19


Objective 22. Increased levels of global investments and coordination in stem rust research and development

Component / Activity Activity Outputs (completion date) Years 1 and 2 Progress

Year 3 Progress (Oct 1, 2012–Sep 30, 2013

Component 22.a BGRI

Activity 22.a.1. Act as an effective Secretariat to the BGRI, enabling communication and providing support for the activities of this body.

BGRI members and stakeholder communities receive quarterly updates on rust research and news (information drawn from other relevant activities, media reports, etc). (Mar, Jun, Sep, Dec 2011, recurring annually)

BGRI Executive Committee (ExCo) and other key members proactively engaged in advocacy and fundraising. (Feb 2011, recurring annually)

Annual BGRI technical workshop held; regular ongoing communications arranged among ExCo members. (May and Jun 2011, recurring annually)

Strategic investments outside the purview of the BGRI have been made, and have, as a result, enabled leveraged advocacy. (Sep 2011, recurring annually)

Year 1 Progress

BGRI newsletter published by DRRW April 2011, July 2011; distributed to more than 1,000 subscribers on BGRI e-list and posted on web.

Annual BGRI Technical Workshop held 13-16 June 2011 in St. Paul, Minnesota. Collaborative advocacy efforts undertaken with UMinn and USDA (launch of new USDA genomics lab) for meeting.

Evolution of DRRW Communication team within Secretariat to create more strategic, functional and effective deliverables: hiring of new associate communications director and events coordinator; changing roles for content developer and communications specialist; partnering on web, video and graphics with CALS IT and outside freelancers.

Closer coordination with other communications and IT personnel at partner wheat institutions and other collaborators, including AARHUS, CIMMYT, ICARDA, UMinn, UCDavis, FAO, ISAAA, Cornell, Gates Foundation, DFID and Sathguru.

Held a joint Communications / IT meeting in Rome, Italy, 31 Jan-2 Feb 2011 to enhance collaboration; involves Burness Communications and others from above-mentioned institutions.

Created new BGRI educational video, available on http://www.globalrust.org and YouTube http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W1Iw6lxTKKQ. From 2011 Technical Workshop, uploaded three VIP addresses:

• Matia Chowdhury http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yDB44rGorYc&feature=related

Two editions of BGRI newsletter plus 13 single-message mailings distributed to ~1,500 subscribers.

Linked-In group has 360 vetted members with more than 30 discussions on lab positions, scholarships, training and workshop opportunities. Active solicitation of new members ongoing.

BGRI Technical Workshop poster and plenary session abstracts edited and posted online along with slide presentations and photos.

Created new BGRI educational videos, available on youtube.com/globalrust and http://www.globalrust.org.

Ongoing speech writing, photos, messaging, branding support for project management team upon request, particularly Ronnie Coffman, Sarah Evanega, Vijay, Kathy Kahn, and Jeanie Borlaug.

Communications/IT team met in New Delhi, August 20, 2013, to report on ongoing tasks that enhance communication and IT collaborations, address issues in data sharing/posting, and enhance online efficiencies. Global collaborations with CIMMYT, DRRW, Aarhaus, Sathguru and EIAR include development of data sharing hardware and software, and global rust tracking systems.

20




• Kenneth Quinn http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qFU4TYSMl2U&feature=related

• Dave Hodson http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0inLUsN_VhM&feature=related .

Year 2 Progress

Quarterly BGRI e-newsletter reformatted with links to blog and other online resources. Four editions mailed to more than 1,150 subscribers.

BGRI 2012 Technical Workshop held in Beijing, China Sept 1–4. Proceedings published digitally, ISBN: 978-0-615-70429-6.

Communications/IT team met in Obregon March 25, 2011 and agreed on tasks and completion timelines to enhance communication and IT collaborations, eliminate redundancies in data sharing/posting, and enhance online efficiencies. Agreed on future meeting schedule (two face-to-face meetings and four group phone calls per year. Held one call in May and met in person in Sept during technical workshop in Beijing.

Regular email messages to BGRI community (e-list) of relevant events and announcements.

Initiated BGRI Linked-In group to facilitate networking of graduate students and post-docs with senior scientists in wheat and wheat rust research.

Activity 22.a.2. Foster professional development of women wheat breeders through the BGRI

A Gender Equity luncheon is held at Annual BGRI Technical Workshop, sensitizing the BGRI participants to gender issues in

Year 1 Progress

Gender Equity luncheon was held at that 2011 BGRI Technical Workshop in St. Paul, Minnesota and was attended by roughly 300 people.

The second round WIT awards were given to five women at early stages in their careers. The 2010

Revised WIT brochure to include all WIT award winners to date. Distributed broadly at BGRI workshop for scientists to take to home labs to recruit future awardees.

Fourth round of Early Career Awards winners (5) and third Mentor Award (Yue

21




agricultural development (Jun 2010)

BGRI establishes the annual Jeanie Borlaug Women in Triticum (WIT) award (2010)

Three WIT award recipients are chosen annually (2010 & recurring annually)

The Women in Triticum Mentor Award is established by the BGRI (Jun 2010)

One Women in Triticum Mentor Award is granted annually (2011, recurring annually)

and 2011 award winners received training at CIMMYT –Cd. Obregon in March 2011.

The mentor award was established and awarded for the first time at the 2011 BGRI Technical workshop to Lesley Boyd.

Additional women (non-WIT) were invited to the BGRI Technical workshop and other training sessions. We are vigilant throughout the year in order to identify women working in wheat and rust that exhibit great scientific and leadership potential.

Created WIT Early Career and Mentor video, available on http://www.globalrust.org and YouTube http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9Kp-aB60V08&feature=related

Created new trifold brochure, website and Facebook page for WIT program and WIT awardees. Year 2 Progress

Haven Ley gave keynote gender equity presentation during Jeanie Borlaug Laube Women in Triticum Dinner.

Five WIT early career award winners were chosen (3rd round).

Mentor award (2nd) given to Francis Ogbonnaya,

Networking session held during Beijing workshop for graduate Student and Post Docs (men and women) to meet with senior scientists.

Updated tri-fold WIT brochure to include current winners and updated website.

Developed press releases / blogs on the globalrust website heralding WIT awardees and mentor. http://tinyurl.com/ccv3xx3

http://tinyurl.com/br32549

Jin) presented at BGRI workshop.

Dr Bedada Girma delivered keynote address at BGRI Workshop WIT gender awards luncheon.

Developed new 9-minute WIT video http://youtube/MVvwYRLapPA shown during the WIT Award Luncheon. Educates viewers about the award opportunity and successful career development of WIT winners through a series of interviews.

Developed press releases/blogs on the globalrust website heralding WIT awardees and mentor.

Networking session held during New Delhi workshop for graduate students and post docs (men and women) to meet with senior scientists.

22




Component 22.b Media activities for reaching key audiences

Activity 22.b.1. Promote media coverage of the rust problem and need for sustained support for rust research through key message development, press releases, media training, and media monitoring.

Clear and concise messages developed with input from the stem rust research community (Sep 2011, recurring annually)

Advocacy and communications strategy operates in real-time via ongoing strategic discussion regarding advocacy and media. (Feb 2011, recurring annually)

Two press releases developed in collaboration with Project managers (topics based on review of presentations, peer-reviewed papers, gap analysis, etc. to determine news value and in light of advocacy objectives) translated into relevant languages (Arabic, French, Farsi, etc.), and stories published in key outlets in target countries. (May 2011 and Nov 2011, recurring annually around BGRI workshop and other relevant events)

Desk side meetings with

Year 1 Progress

Planned meeting with Burness Communications for social media training and strategic communication planning to develop messages,as target donors and countries for October 2011; received input from R. Coffman, K. Kahn, S. Davidson prior to meeting.

Use input from monthly Objective Leader meetings as well as survey from Technical Workshop to develop messages about upcoming research and impact.

Wrote seven media advisories/press releases and distributed with the help of Cornell News Service, Gates Foundation, Burness Communications and project-specific partners for Phase II Launch, Sorrells Genomics, Yellow Rust Syria (two), Technical Workshop, WIT Awardees, KARI Field Day.

Contributed articles on DRRW, and/or Norman Borlaug, and/or rust to: Rice Today, Indo-US Science & Technology Forum Connect, Gates Foundation blog.

Interacted with numerous journalists to answer questions, arrange interviews and secure placement of articles on stem rust, wheat and global food security issues in all major media including: USA Today, Nature, Science, BBC, Reuters, NY Times, ClimateWire,

Developed and maintain ongoing list of journalist and news organizations who have covered DRRW and BGRI activities.

Hired 3 Cornell students 10 hrs/week who speak/write Arabic to translate and input surveillance and screening data for website.

Communications Director attended Yellow Rust

Published 28 blogs on globalrust.org for rust community and media; sought guest blogger opportunities.

Used Meltwater News Inc to monitor rust coverage, using agents Ug99, BGRI, Wheat Rust, Wheat in Developing Countries, Cornell Wheat Rust.

Distributed more than 300 copies of Race Analysis Training and Barberry Surveillance training videos to BGRI partners.

In Nov 2011, debuted a www.youtube.com/globalrust YouTube channel, which we continued to populate during the reporting period. Video content is organized into playlists, including Training Videos, Farmers, etc. BGRI YouTube Progress during Year 3: 7,421 Video Views; 24,760 minutes of BGRI Content watched; 43 Subscribers; 21 Shares; 46 Likes.

Created additional BGRI educational videos, available on http://globalrust.org and YouTube for use at India meeting and beyond. These included direction, scripts, assets for “Protecting the Sustainable Productivity of Wheat Farmers Worldwide” – featuring interviews with Farmers and DRRW collaborators in India and Ethiopia about new wheat varieties and durable rust resistance.

Added Race Analysis Training with Matt Rouse videos to YouTube channel to reach wider audience. Also added:

• 14-minute video on “Indian Farmers

23




journalists arranged for key spokespeople, organized around four trips a year (these meetings will take place during trips made as part of meeting other objectives). (Sep 2011, recurring annually)

Electronic and hard copy report compiled for each media outreach effort, with a summary of the coverage and original clippings for key donors and policy makers, and DRRW internal files. (Sept 2011, recurring annually)

Meeting at ICARDA in Syria to support communications effort; all related press releases and proceedings disseminated in English and Arabic.

Media coverage: Matched native speakers with appropriate language media whenever possible, particularly for Obregon Meeting, ICARDA Yellow Rust Meeting, KARI Field Day.

Desksides for journalists: Ronnie Coffman, Ravi Singh, Dave Hodson, Sarah Davidson, Sridhar Bhavani, Peter Njau and Mahmoud Sohl used for desksides and media interviews prior to and during Phase II Launch (Feb 2011), Obregon Meeting (March 2011), Yellow Rust Meeting (April 2011), Technical Workshop (June 2011) and KARI Field Day (Sept 2011).

Electronic reports of media coverage available on http://www.globalrust.org website from Phase II Launch (Feb 2011), Technical Workshop (June 2011), and KARI Field Day (Sept 2011). Summarizes coverage and serves as clipping file. Year 2 Progress

Held strategic planning and social media workshop with Burness Communications in Oct 2011. As strategy for 2012-13, decided to publish more frequent blogs on globalrust.org, then use social media to gain traction w/public and BGRI community re blogs, then link to blogs in newsletter. Planned for advocacy efforts in China.

BGRI communications director and videographer attended DRRW-ICAR SAARC Training Workshop in India to interview scientists and farmers, acquiring video, stills and information, and posting blogs, Feb 22-Mar 9, 2012. Footage was used in subsequent projects for collaboration w/Indian

& Scientists Remembering Dr. Borlaug,” aired during BGRI Workshop Inaugural Event.

• New 9-minute WIT video • Exclusive w/ William Wagoire • Exclusive w/Ronnie Coffman • 3 Nepali farmer interviews • Exclusive w/ Hans Braun • Gene stewardship interview with

Bob Bowden • Dr. Bedada Girma’s Presentation at

Cornell University – “Durable Rust Resistance Wheat Varieties for Small Farmers in Ethiopia”

• Exclusive interview with Ronnie Coffman about the growing threat of stem and stripe rusts in East Africa, the challenges of achieving durable rust resistance in wheat, and the importance of global agricultural research partnerships.

Videos in production include: • Wheat improvement / success in

Ethiopia • Wheat improvement in Nepal • Wheat Rust Screening • Genomics (in collaboration with

NextGenCassava project) • Exclusive Interview with Arun

Joshi about training of young scientists and extension workers.

Video proceedings from 2013 BGRI Technical Workshop uploaded onto globalrust.org website, including:

• Mark Lynas – “Using the tools of Biotechnology to Advance

24




partners, and will be used further.

In June, reworked keyword searches with Meltwater to streamline media tracking. Linked to relevant news items in blogs and w/ increased Facebook and Twitter presence.

Used input from May and June Objective Leader conference calls and early August calls with Coimbra at Burness (Bob McIntosh, Hans Braun, Ronnie Coffman, Sarah Davidson, Iago Hale, Bob Laudon, Katherine Kahn, and others) to get clarity on messages for China meeting. Sensitivities to bashing the Chinese for stem rust susceptibility and need to cast in positive light and promote global coordination. Also, highlight barberry story. Media advisory and press releases about 2012 Technical Workshop in China are posted on the gobalrust website http://tinyurl.com/d9srlwr.

Wrote media advisories / press releases, posted 45 blogs and distributed with the help of Cornell News Service, Burness Communications, China Science Daily and project-specific partners.

During the 2012 meeting in Beijing, communications director interviewed 13 key players in BGRI community on video for upcoming video projects on gender, farmers, advocacy and legacy. These and other video assets (including the 22 interviews collected at the 2011 meeting) were catalogued on Cat-DV for easy access and use. Ongoing strategic planning for use and distribution.

Collaborative advocacy efforts undertaken with Chinese journalists through partnership with China Science Daily, resulting in press conference on Aug 31, and workshop on Sept 2 in Beijing for Chinese journalists during 2012 Technical Workshop. This partnership built on the collaboration initiated with

Borlaug’s Legacy” • Bedada Girma – “Gender Equality

and Women empowerment in Ethiopia”

• Rikin Gandhi – “Social Networks for Livelihood Development”

• Bob Bowden – “The Importance of Being Earnest about Gene Stewardship”

• Mahmoud Solh, “ICARDA Regional Wheat Rust Center at Izmir”

• Usha Barwale-Zehr – “Public Private Partnerships to advance goals of the BGRI” Iago Hale, Jemanesh Haile, Jessica Rutkoski – “Outcomes of the Wheat Futures Convening”

“Life Cycle of Wheat” featured in animation festival and has 4,300 hits on You Tube. Distributed more than 500 DVDs globally.

BGRI communications director and videographer visited Ethiopia in November 2012 with Jeanie Borlaug, Sarah Evanega and Dr. Bedada to advocate for and document Kulumsa Field Day, Gender Workshop, and make repeat (2nd) field visit to Ms. Makida (model farmer). Footage to be used in subsequent Ethiopia video.

Electronic reports of media coverage is available on http://bit.ly/17suMIA website from Sathguru, which details coverage in New Delhi.

BGRI communications director and

25




three Chinese journalists sponsored by BGRI to attend 2011 meeting in St. Paul. (See Appendix D for more detail.)

Created additional BGRI educational videos, available on http://globalrust.org and YouTube for use at China meeting and beyond. These included direction, scripts, assets for:

• 9-minute video on wheat farmers called “Protecting the Sustainable Productivity of Small Farmers Worldwide”

• 19-minute training video on barberry called “Going to the Source of New Virulence: Isolating Cereal Rust Pathogens from Barberry Species”

• 7-minute animation on “The Life Cycle of Wheat Stem Rust.”

• 10-minute video called “Sowing Hope, Harvesting Dreams: 50 Years of a Legacy,” to advocate on behalf of 2013 Technical Workshop in New Delhi, India http://tinyurl.com/cjjla2a

Burness created opportunities for desk-side and phone interviews with journalists for Ronnie Coffman and Kathy Kahn in London, Aug 27, prior to 2012 Technical Workshop, with Natasha Gilbert from Nature, Michael Haddon at Wall Street Journal, Peter Guest with Financial Times, Brandon Keim for Wired, Jaspreet Kindra at UN IRIN, Alister Doyle at Reuters, Carol Huang at Agence France Presse.

Electronic reports of media coverage monitoring is available on http://globalrust.org website from Burness and China Science Daily, which summarizes coverage and serves as clipping file.

Coverage of Ravi Singh’s presentation regarding emerging risks to food security at AAAS meeting in

videographer attended 2013 DRRW-ICAR SAARC Training Workshop in Nepal; interviewed scientists and farmers, acquired video, stills and information, and posted blogs, Feb 24-March 5, 2013. Footage used for advocacy, and subsequent projects in collaboration w/Nepalese partners.

Used input from summer Objective Leader conference calls to develop messages for 2013 BGRI workshop in India. Highlighted Borlaug connection, WIT winners, WIT mentor, Lynas – all press releases posted on the globalrust.org website http://bit.ly/17DhLwc

Worked closely with partners at Sathguru and India media firm Imprimis starting in August (Beijing) 2012, with 3 press conferences in Delhi (Oct 2012, May 2013, August 2013) to advocate for 2013 BGRI Technical Workshop and 50th anniversary of Norman Borlaug’s visit to India.

Also worked closely with Sathguru and other India partners for media advocacy of launch event with President Mukherjee of India in Vigyan Bhawan Plenary Hall. On August 18, 2013. Various speeches written; circulated to high-level messengers; TV coverage.

26




Feb. Story appeared in the Cornell Chronicle http://tinyurl.com/d3wwbke, CIMMYT and other sources. Also employed social media coverage for presentation.

Component 22.c. Targeted fundraising

Activity 22.c.1. Visits to donor nation embassies in nations vulnerable to stem rust.

Funds obtained from donor nation officials to support local research and other activities aimed at combating stem rust. (Jun 2011, recurring annually)

Year 1 Progress

DRRW management and relevant collaborators advocated for increased investments in rust research among the following:

• Department of Biotechnology (DBT), India

• Indian Council for Agricultural Research, India

• USAID Mission, Ethiopia

• Ministry of Agriculture, Bangladesh

• Ministry of Agriculture, Kenya

• Advocacy efforts that resulted in UK coverage of DRRW activities in The Guardian and The Economist in August 2010 resulted in $15M add-on by DFID to Gates Foundation grant for Phase II (Feb 2011).

Year 2 Progress

Visits were made to USAID missions in Bangladesh, Ethiopia, Uganda, and India. Other advocacy targets with which the project was discussed included the Department of Biotechnology (DBT), India and USAID headquarters. Advocacy presentations were prepared to target the Islamic Development Bank and other donors in the Arab world but no meetings between Cornell PMU and those donors took place during the reporting period.

DRRW management and relevant collaborators advocated for increased investments in rust research among the following:

• Ethiopia USAID Mission • India USAID Mission • Bangladesh USAID mission • 2 visits to China to try to help

mobilize resources • Visit to Turkey to try to mobilize

resources • What in Africa Meeting Oct 2012 • World Food Prize Meeting Oct

2012 • ASA/ CASSA meeting October

2012 • Australia Jan 2013 • Lebanon Jan 2013 • FAO June 2013 • Embassy of India, Washington,

August 2013 • USAID Washington August 2013

27




Component 22.d. Advocacy activities for reaching key audiences

Activity 22.d.1. Promote awareness and action by policy makers and donors to address stem rust in a coordinated way and to support stem rust research and wheat improvement.

Five high-level meetings arranged between critical players and relevant government officials (Sep 2013)

Results of media outreach packaged and disseminated to promote further awareness. (Oct 2011, recurring annually)

Print and electronic materials available in relevant languages to support advocates in their outreach efforts. (Oct 2011, recurring annually)

Year 1 Progress

DRRW provided administrative and communication support to the Kenyan Agricultural Research Institute to host a Field Day on Sept 30, 2011. Prominent members of Kenyan Minister of Agriculture and other KARI policy makers were invited. P. Njau, R. Coffman, S. Bhavani, M. Gethi, E. Mukisira and L. McCandless had a pre-meeting with the Hon. Gideon Ndambuki, the Asst Minister of Agriculture, that resulted in a second high-level meeting with the Ministry on Sept.3 to talk about the DRRW. Upon Ministry's request, a speech was written for Sally Kosgei, Minister of Agriculture, outlining the impact of the KARI screening facilities in Njoro, for delivery in mid-October at the World Food Prize in Iowa and other venues.

DRRW administration met with Hon. Matia Chowdhury, the Minister of Agriculture of Bangladesh in Ithaca in June 2011, resulting in speech support for Chowdhury, delivered at the 2011 Technical Workshop in Minnesota (June). Speech available on YouTube.

Print and electronic materials for the International Wheat Stripe Rust Symposium at ICARDA were distributed to the press, policy makers and meeting participants in Arabic as well as English.

Three young Chinese journalists were supported to attend 2011 Technical Workshop to ensure coverage of the meeting in Chinese, which is seen as particularly important because the site of the 2012 Technical Workshop is Beijing.

Whenever possible and upon request, communication team matched language of the media with language of the researcher for interview; ie Yann Manes, French; Ravi Singh, Farsi; Hans

Ronnie Coffman, Jeanie Borlaug, Julie Borlaug, Sarah Evanega and Linda McCandless attended a reception at the US Ambassador to India’s residence in Washington, DC, on August 8, to kick off and promote 50th Anniversary Year of Borlaug in India and the 2013 BGRI Technical Workshop. Key Washington policy makes and USAID donors invited and among those attending.

Currently collaborating with US Botanical Garden and other US wheat land grants to establish 2014 exhibits in DC Capitol District to promote importance of Borlaug wheat varieties, food security, US wheat, and expand knowledge of plant breeding and the Ug99 threat to US and international DC visitors.

Two of the three young Chinese journalists, Tan Yihong and Li Jiao, who were supported to attend 2012 Technical Workshop, were invited to the 2013 Technical Workshop (only Yihong attended) as was Egyptian editor Haney Elbanna, and Nepalese journalist Maina Dhital. Collaboration fruitful in leveraging coverage of Ug99 issue in China, Nepal and Egypt.

Worked with Dhital to publicize the 2013 SAARC Training Workshop in Nepal. She traveled with DRRW team to Nepal, helped cover the SAARC Workshop, conducted interviews in local languages with farmers, and organized a press conference attended by fellow Nepalese journalists that she activated through the

28




Braun, German.

Synopsis of media outreach plans and resulting media clips for Phase II Launch (Feb), 2011 Technical Workshop (June), and Njoro Field Day (Sept) activities posted on BGRI website for availability to policy makers. Year 2 Progress

In collaboration with Sathguru, a seed workshop was conducted in Turkey that featured a section on Ug99 stem rust conducted by Alexey Morgounov and Ronnie Coffman. In India (Goa) a seed workshop was conducted (International Seed Workshop) with the same feature, presented by Sathguru and Ronnie Coffman. Present were attendees from the South Asia regional countries, South Africa, and Zimbabwe.

Every effort was made in China with press conference on Aug 31 and journalists’ workshop on Sept 2 to emphasize susceptibility of Chinese wheat varieties to stem rust/Ug99 and related climate change issues and importance of global cooperation in effort to influence policy makers to invest more in agricultural research and development in China, related to wheat research. Issue received substantial coverage in Chinese press http://tinyurl.com/c24yg4m

Supported 2 of the 3 Chinese journalists we met in 2011, Tan Yihong and Li Jiao, to attend 2012 BGRI workshop. Collaboration with both extremely fruitful, particularly Yihong who coordinated press conference and journalists’ workshop with her colleagues at China Science Daily.

Worked with Hubert H. Humphrey Fellow at Cornell, Maina Dhital, to publicize the responsible gene stewardship award winning team from Nepal

Society of Economic Journalists. Excellent advocacy about the Ug99/wheat / food security issue in Nepal ensued in national media. Report on globalrust.org website.

Additional Indian journalists were invited by Sathguru to SAARC training, thus expanding South Asia awareness, and public policy advocacy efforts.

29




in their native country. Stories appeared in English and Nepali. http://tinyurl.com/d6fg73y

http://tinyurl.com/c8ptr6z

Activity 22.d.2. Conduct annual gap analysis to identify shortfalls in funding and opportunities for investment in rust research and wheat improvement, and disseminate results.

Gap analysis report finalized and approved (and reviewed for news value, as described under media activities). (Sep 2011, recurring annually

Year 1 Progress

A gap analysis was completed in Year 1 and has not been done since, partly due to staffing changes (there is no longer a research analyst on staff within PMU). Efforts are geared instead at recognizing specific gaps in wheat and rust research and ensuring publications in peer reviewed journals that draw attention to these gaps. A second gap analysis will be completed in Year 3 to inform advocacy efforts that will extend beyond DRRW Phase II. Year 2 Progress

The gap analysis will be completed mid-Phase II in 2013.

Ongoing. A meeting with DRRW pre-breeders was held Jan 2013 to identify gaps and establish priorities for pre-breeding activities moving forward. DRRW savings were re-purposed to address some identified needs.

Concept notes and power point presentations generated and shared for advocacy purposes in order to attract funding to address identified gaps in wheat rust research.

Regular communication with project partners allows us to stay abreast of shortfalls, which we strive to address directly through reallocation of existing funds (savings) and indirectly via identified advocacy targets.

Component 22.e. Web-based activities in support of advocacy, fundraising and collaboration

Activity 22.e.1. Maintain and augment a catalogue of wheat improvement and rust research projects and associated information.

Online resource maintained and in use to support Advocacy activities. (Feb 2010)

Year 1 Progress

Projects directory on globalrust.org being maintained. Student help is possible in 2012 to augment the section. Year 2 Progress

Supported script development, footage and stills with partners in India for 10-minute video, “Sowing Hope, Harvesting Dreams: 50 Years of a Legacy,” to promote 2013 BGRI Technical Workshop in India; video (available on the web (http://tinyurl.com/cjjla2a) will be used to raise

People directory information has been updated with data from BGRI Workshops and a new system for holding data has been identified with planned roll out in 2014.

30




support for the meeting as well as for agricultural research and development for wheat and rust.

Database for East Africa nursery screening data created and plans to integrate it with other subcontractors data sources are underway.

Activity 22.e.2. Maintain content of BGRI website.

BGRI website content is maintained with input/interaction from rust community; content reviewed regularly for news value. (Feb 2011, recurring annually)

BGRI website will be viewed as a major source of wheat rust knowledge (Dec 2012)

Year 1 Progress

Ongoing. Additions to website include the Knowledge Bank, a collection of training videos, presentations, and other knowledge useful to the wheat rust community, a virtual newsroom that serves as a resource for journalists reporting on wheat rust, regular updates to Rust in the News, and more information regarding Ug99 resistant varieties and resistance genes.

Social media presence for BGRI is enhanced with new BGRI blog, and more frequent postings on Facebook, Twitter and Flickr based on social media strategy to drive friends and stakeholders to the globalrust.org website for content and interaction. Social media strategy is in ongoing development. Year 2 Progress

Ongoing: Features of the website include comprehensive materials from the 2012 including links to papers, videos of presentations and Powerpoint slides. Work on expanding information regarding resistance genes is underway as is information about Ug99 resistant varieties.

Following strategy session with Burness Communications, the BGRI social media presence expanded: BGRI Twitter account has 450 followers, an increase of ~150 from last year. Facebook continued to expand reach; Facebook page created for DRRW SAARC training course

Ongoing. Virtual newsroom for BGRI 2013 workshop created for journalists; abstracts, papers and videos from workshop made available on globalrust.org.

Full website content inventory undertaken and surveys distributed to BGRI community to better assess current website and anticipate future needs and sustainability. Website redesign underway; anticipated completion March 2014.

Social media presence continues to expand: 717 followers on Twitter (350+ increase from previous year). Facebook has over 1000 “Likes,” (500+ increase).

Linked-In group has 360 vetted members with more than 30 discussions on lab positions, scholarships, training and workshop opportunities. Active solicitation of new members ongoing.

BGRI YouTube channel is a reference for the wider wheat community. “Life Cycle of Wheat Stem Rust” has over 6000 views and was featured at the 2013 America Phytopathological Society-Mycological Society meeting.

Globalrust.org received over 27,000 visits in reporting period.

31


Objective 23. Stem rust populations tracked and monitored



Component 23.a. Global Cereal Rust Monitoring System (GCRMS)

Activity 23.a.1. Maintain and enhance the functional information platform and core databases for tracking and monitoring stem rust populations.

Core databases populated with quality controlled rust survey data from at least 10 countries per year. (Sep 2011, recurring annually)

Automated / semi-automated data import tools and routines. (Sep 2012)

Customized analytical tools developed. (Sep 2013)

Year 1 Progress

Quality controlled survey data from 14 countries entered into the core database. Data from an additional 4-5 countries in process or pending.

An initial smartphone-based survey tool developed. Currently under field testing. Year 2 Progress

CIMMYT: Standardized rust survey information was received from 20 countries. Additional survey data is pending from a number of countries and the expectation is that approximately 25 priority countries may contribute standardized survey data in 2011/2012.

The Wheat Rust Toolbox was formally released and made available as a fully operational system to the global network of partners. Registered users were able for the first time to enter survey data directly via an on-line data entry form and edit their own data. Users from seven countries have so far used the on-line data entry system, with more countries expected to follow.

Smartphone application deployed as a test case in several South Asian countries. An android app for tablets is in development as an alternative mobile survey instrument.

A fully comprehensive suite of display and analytical tools were also created for registered country users. These new tools provide users with access to dynamic tables, graphs and maps showing verified and published data for their own country. Simple analytical tools permit the graphical display of multiple variables simultaneously e.g., growth stage and stem rust severity.

Sathguru: SAARC specific web based Tool Box application developed by Sathguru for uploading wheat rust surveillance data to country specific national server.

Sathguru: The web-based toolbox was upgraded and fined tuned with enhanced features incorporating features for year-data downloads and exporting India data by cooperators directly into the toolbox. Domain name www.wheatrustindia.org was registered.

• 368 data records were captured from more than 240 locations in India and uploaded on web based toolbox and also uploaded on to the global server.

• 107 and 44 data records were captured from Nepal and Bhutan, respectively, and uploaded on to the global toolbox.

• 246 data records were captured from about 28 districts in Bangladesh and uploaded onto the global server.

Version upgrades of the toolbox were done to incorporate modifications aimed at enhancing the user interface and user experience.

The android-based mobile application on the tablet has been upgraded with features that employ global position system that record data even in an offline mode.

The tablet was piloted for offline and online data transmission capability in India at Wellington, Karnal and their surrounding villages, at Dinajpur in Bangladesh and in Nepal.

The fully functional tablet application for rust surveillance was presented at the All

32




Field testing has been carried out on the web based application

• 190+ data records captured from more than 60 locations in India and uploaded on web based tool box

• 60 data records captured in Nepal and uploaded on web based tool box. Nepal data have been uploaded on to the global server

• In Bhutan 50 data records have been uploaded onto the global server

• Bangladesh have uploaded their data onto the global server Smart phone and tablet based applications of the SAARC surveillance tool box has been developed by Sathguru and duly field tested. Tablet application launched in All India Wheat and Barley meet in India in August 2012.

India Wheat and Barley Research Workers meeting, September 1-4, 2013, in Kanpur, India.

CIMMYT: Standardized rust survey information was received from 20 countries (Argentina, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Ethiopia, Georgia, India, Iran, Iraq, Kenya, Lebanon, Malawi, Morocco, Nepal, Pakistan, Tanzania, Turkey, Uganda, Uruguay, USA, Yemen). Additional survey data is pending and the expectation is that 25-30 priority countries may contribute standardized survey data in 2012/2013. Geographical expansion of the surveillance network continues with new contributing countries including; Malawi, Tanzania, Argentina and Uruguay. To date, 1711 geo-referenced survey records from 2013 have been published in the Wheat Rust Toolbox/Rust Tracker information system. This brings the total number of published geo-referenced survey records to 13,514.

The stem rust pathotype database: additional data on 770 isolates from 11 countries were incorporated into the core Wheat Rust Toolbox databases. This brings the total data holdings for stem rust pathotypes to 3,157 isolates from 23 countries, with 17 of those countries now having multiple years of data. No new races within the Ug99 race group were identified during 2012/13. The collection of 251 dead DNA samples from 7 countries was facilitated. Collection of dead DNA samples is now becoming routine in several African countries.

Data management systems have been

33




improved and expanded. Within the Wheat Rust Toolbox several major updates were implemented through collaboration with Aarhus University. Complete data management systems were created to handle trap nursery data and barberry surveillance data. Both have been populated with data.

An android tablet application for use as a field survey tool (SAARC Rust Survey) has been developed by Sathguru and is under test in South Asia. A generic, global android survey app (based on EpiCollect) also was being evaluated and field tested.

Activity 23.a.2. Spatial data platform.

The Wheat Atlas internet-based data hub populated, with NARs data inputs and validation. (Jun 2012)

Year 2 Progress

CIMMYT: Information uploaded into Wheat Atlas from 60+ wheat producing countries on production, production constraints, cultivars (and cultivar descriptors), and wheat research institutions. Additional updated information collection on-going via an emerging global network of information providers. Mutual sharing of datasets between Wheat Atlas and GRIS (Wheatpedigree.net) was negotiated between the two teams and Wheat Atlas also now reports GRIS (wheatpedigree.net) data on 12,000+ cultivars.

CIMMYT:

• Variety information and country-specific information updated and cleaned in 30+ countries.

• Updated information included on approx. 2200 cultivars.

• New information added on approx. 750 cultivars (new releases or cultivars that were not captured).

• About 200 records deleted from the database (duplicated or unknown cultivars).

• Cultivar information from Europe has been included for the first time.

• A global survey of wheat experts resulted in updated variety acreage estimations from 18 countries.

• Linkages between the Wheat Atlas databases and the BGRI / Cornell

34




Screening Database are being developed.

• Search engine optimization was implemented for the Wheat Atlas.

• Bi-monthly updates of datasets from FAO, USDA, WB, UNDP, IGC (plus datasets enlarged for maize and rice statistics).

• New charting tools in the Wheat Atlas.

• Regional content sections have been created and implemented.

The GRIS database (Wheatpedigree.net) is now being maintained by CIMMYT due to the departure of the database manager in Russia.

Activity 23.a.3. Deliver timely and accurate information on stem rust populations via an expanded GCRMS.

A range of targeted information updates for stem rust available on a regular basis (i.e. web situation updates, bulletins, race frequency summaries, trap nursery summaries). (Sep 2011, recurring annually)

Year 1 Progress

http://www.fao.org/agriculture/crops/rust/stem/rust-report/en/ The Rust SPORE web portal has been continually updated with new content and maintained until July 2011. The web portal has consistently attracted 500-700 unique visitors per month throughout the reporting period, with users originating from 73 countries. A new web portal is currently under development. Documentation of important information relating to geographical expansion and changes within the Ug99 lineage is occurring in the scientific literature. In-country partners are being supported and encouraged to publish important findings. Two successful examples of this approach were obtained for sub-Saharan African countries during the reporting period. Year 2 Progress

CIMMYT: The Rust Tracker.org web portal was designed and released (http://rusttracker.cimmyt.org/ ). Rust Tracker.org was officially launched in August 2012.

CIMMYT: The Rust Tracker web portal (http://rusttracker.cimmyt.org/) is continually updated and expanded. Rust Tracker now contains country-specific information for 42 countries. Regular rust situation updates have been posted: 29 in total. Wind trajectories were continuously updated. In the first year of operation Rust Tracker attracted over 6,000 visits, from 3,600 unique visitors, with an overall return rate of 42%.

One rust Caution/Alert was issued in May 2013 on yellow rust in the CWANA region. This Caution/Alert triggered a series of response activities in Ethiopia: 2 planning meetings involving a range of stakeholders (CIMMYT, EIAR, MoA Extension Directorate, ATA, FAO, Animal & Plant Health Directorate); comprehensive belg season (minor season) surveys; extra-

35




Rust Tracker.org contains country-specific information for 38 countries, a range of dynamic information tools (all of which are controlled and driven from the Wheat Rust Toolbox), a series of regularly updated posts on rust status and surveillance activities, rust risk maps based on geo-statistical analysis of the country survey data, and derived information on rust resistant cultivars. Information has been expanded to include all 3 rusts (stem, stripe and leaf rust).

Very close linkages were established between the CIMMYT Wheat Atlas and Rust Tracker.org. The aim is to have a single source, core database on released cultivars which includes as much information on rust resistance as possible. Rust Tracker.org is now directly linked to the Wheat Atlas cultivar database with dynamic outputs on released cultivars available at the country level and globally. In addition, collaboration was also established between the CIMMYT Wheat Atlas / Rust Tracker.org developers and the developers of wheatpedigree.net. The resulting outcome is the integration of the extensive information held within the wheatpedigree.net database and that included in the Wheat Atlas database.

ordinary early main season surveys (research + extension directorate); follow-up control in infected areas; and frequent information exchange. e.g., 5 summary updates issued between 5-30 Sept 2013. Only minor yellow rust outbreaks were observed to date, despite optimal disease conditions. The Ethiopian 2013 response provides a good example of how the Global Rust Monitoring System is working in practice.

Activity 23.a.4. Leverage establishment of a Global Rust Reference Center (GRRC) by supporting race analysis and training

GRRC is established with significant investments from Denmark. (Sep 2013)

National Program Pathologists from at-risk countries are trained in pathotype (race) analysis. (Sep 2014, recurring annually)

Year 1 Progress

First running-in procedures for SR race-typing at GRRC put in place August-September 2011 during the stay of visiting scientist, K. Nazari (ICARDA). Isolates from Eritrea (non-Ug99) and Ethiopia (Ug99 and derivaties) were typed using 20 NA differentials (seeds supplied by ICARDA) and 10 supplementary commercial wheats of Scandinavian origin. Year 2 Progress

EIAR: Dr. Ayele of Ethiopia visited GRRC in Aug 2012. Activity and output may have been reported by Drs

U Aarhus: Procedures for SR race-typing at GRRC were refined. The application of NovecTM 7100, which can be purchased in Europe, proved highly useful as spore carrier and facilitated a uniform inoculation of Pgt on differential sets (fewer ‘escapes’).

A total of 80 isolates were recovered from 102 samples from more than 33 locations and seven countries: Egypt, Ethiopia, Georgia, Iran, Iraq, Kenya, and Tanzania. Recovered isolates were stored as spore

36




Hovmoller and Ayele.

GRRC: GRRC is going on-line at www.wheatrust.org. YR race-typing procedures at GRRC were refined from the stages of first recovery of isolates to the final scoring of infection types on differential sets. Recovery success rates varied from almost 100% success to close to zero. The most crucial step for successful recovery of isolates appeared to be sufficient drying of plant materials (stems or leaves) prior to packaging followed by submission without delays.

A total of 150 samples entered the multiplication procedures at GRRC (higher than anticipated), resulting in more than 90 live urediniospore isolates. Vials of recovered isolates have been stored in the liquid nitrogen facility at GRRC for future use.

By October 1st, a total of 31 isolates, representing seven countries and xx locations, have been pathotyped. Ug99 was not observed outside its present territory, i.e., it was NOT observed in samples from Turkey, Lebanon, and Zimbabwe (and Sudan and Iraq, only one sample recovered from each of these countries). Ug99 and derivatives were observed in Kenya and Ethiopia. Preliminary results suggest the presence of the following races (North American race code): TTKSK & TTKST (Kenya), TTKTF (Lebanon), TTKTF (Lebanon), TKTTC (Turkey and Sudan), KMHGC (Iraq). A number of additional tests to verify purity of certain isolates and repeatability of infection type scores on seedling leaf # 1 and 2, respectively, are in progress. Final results will be made publically available in the autumn 2012 as soon as details have been finally verified (ongoing activities at GRRC at the time of reporting, October 2012).

With respect to the training component, GRRC received three visiting scientists/students, who stayed for up to 3 months: Kumarse Nazari, ICARDA (1st August – 2nd November 2012), 2) Mesut Keser, ICARDA, Turkey

samples in ampoules in the liquid nitrogen facility at GRRC for future use.

Additional 28 isolates sampled in 2012 were scored on differential sets. A new procedure for 2013 samples is being implemented in collaboration with the CDL Minnesota. A two-step procedure is proposed where isolates are initially screened by SNP markers targeted towards the Ug99 race group prior to pathotyping. This is expected to increase the value of the output information by minimizing redundant pathotyping of identical isolates of similar origin.

Isolates of the Ug99 race group were not confirmed present outside East Africa, i.e., Kenya and Ethiopia. Preliminary results suggest the presence of the following races (North American race code): TTKSK and TTKST (Kenya), TKTTC (Lebanon, Turkey, Sudan). Unusual races were discovered in Ethiopia and Kenya, but these result needs confirmation in additional independent tests.

Results of additional tests of isolates that may represent new races, e.g., races, which may belong to the Ug99 race group, were discussed in Delhi, August 2013. For instance, an unusual observation of increased virulence on the wheat differential carrying Sr36 and Sr(Tmp), the latter also observed in South Africa, may imply a significant new race in eastern Africa. These results are yet inconclusive, and additional tests at GRRC and elsewhere are in progress.

37




(September 17 – 20, 2012), 3) Ayele Badebo; Debre Zeit Agricultural Research Center, Ethiopia, August 6-24, 2012. MSH served as co-supervisor for the following PhD students from non-European countries: Sajid Ali (Pakistan), Amil Rola (Lebanon), and Mahbubjon Rahmatov (Tajikistan). Sajid Ali graduated from University Süd, Paris, in September 2012. MSH participated in the first PhD-project planning meeting for Amil Rola held at Lebanese Agricultural Research Institute (LARI), 28-30th November, Beirut, Lebanon. GRRC was represented by teaching in Njoro, Kenya, October 1-8, 2011, at the 2012 BGRI Technical Workshop, Beijing, September 1-4, 2012, and at the DRRW meetings, Obregon, March 22-24, 2012.

The team behind the Wheat Rust Toolbox, Jens Grønbech Hansen and Poul Lassen, are now an integrated part of GRRC (for details, see Activity 23.a.1).

Additional investments at GRRC in enlarging quarantine rust green house facilities by approximately 30% and increasing security measures have been implemented in the reporting period. A total of investment of approximately 1 M DKK (=200 K US$), which was covered by Aarhus University

GRCC became involved in a barberry rust survey in the Ug99 pathway in CWANA. A 680 bp region of the EF1-α gene was PCR amplified. Successfully amplified and sequenced samples were compared with sequences in GenBank and with sequences of reference samples from wild grasses and cereals to determine Puccinia species. The β tubulin gene was also sequenced for selected samples to confirm species identity.

Aecia from 141 barberry plants have been analysed and a total of 183 sequences from single aecial clusters were obtained. Puccinia graminis species complex, P. arrhenatheri and P. striiformoides (syn. P. striiformis f.sp. dactylis) were identified among the aecial samples. A high DNA-sequence diversity was observed for aecial samples, which could be assigned to the P. graminis species complex. None of the sequences from this complex were identical to sequences of P. graminis f.sp. tritici/secalis (including Ug99) and P. graminis f.sp. avenae from wheat and oat respectively. At present it is not possible to conclude whether spores of these aecia would be able to infect cereals. Species of aecial samples from Bhutan could not be identified as there was no match to sequences in GenBank or sequences from reference species of grass and cereals at GRRC.

The Wheat Rust Toolbox hosted by GRRC contributed to Activity 23.a.1. The toolbox was expanded to cover Berberis spp., the alternate host for several Puccinia species. A web form for entering the results of

38




sequencing was included as well as maps and tables for display of the results. Results are currently available after login at the Wheat Rust Toolbox and at the GRRC web site.

GRRC contributed to PhD research of Rola El Amil (Lebanon) and Mahbubjon Rahmatov (Tajikistan) and hosted Mahbubjon during periods in March and April for conducting parts of his experimental research in Flakkebjerg.

Component 23.b. Surveillance

Activity 23.b.1. Trap plot network support.

Pure and adequate seed of genotypes used in trap plots maintained and stored. (Sep 2011, recurring annually)

Seed distributed to all countries participating in trap plots nurseries. (Sep 2012, recurring annually)

Year 1 Progress

Seeds of the international stem rust trap nurseries (7th ISrTN-12 and 7th ISrTN- special), 6th IYrTN-12, and 3rd ILrTN-12 were harvested from large scale seed multiplication plots in 2010-11. Selected genotypes were used in multipathotype tests and molecular marker validation for seed purity. Linked markers for Sr24, Sr31, Sr25, Sr26, Sr38, Lr34/Yr18 were used in marker validation. Mega commercial cultivars from CWANA were included in all three rust trap nurseries. Stem rust trap nurseries for 2011-12 were assembled from the new seeds of the North American differential set, stem rust monogenic lines and the Australian stem rust differential set. These nurseries are ready to be distributed to 36 countries (about 80 locations). Year 2 Progress

EIAR: Differential nurseries for stem rust, leaf rust and stripe rust were received by Ethiopian pathologists.

CRIFC Turkey: Differential nurseries for stem rust, leaf rust and stripe rust were received by CRIFC. These trap nurseries were planted in Haymana Research Station for three rust especially yellow rust and stem rust scoring.

In addition to the trap nurseries, the new seeds of the

ICARDA: With the relocation of Dr. Nazari to Turkey, the three wheat rust trap nurseries were planted in November 2012 in large-scale seed multiplication plots (4 rows x 6 m) at Aegean Agricultural Research Institute (AARI) research station in Izmir, Turkey. All the plots were protected against early yellow rust infection with two times fungicide applications at tillering and flag leaf stages. During the season, the trap nursery seed multiplication plots were regularly inspected and cleaned from off-type plants by Dr. Nazari and his pathology team.

Harvested seeds were used in preparation of: 9th International Stem Rust Trap Nursery -14 (85 entries); 8th International Yellow Rust Trap Nursery-14 (80 entries); 5th International Leaf Rust Trap Nursery -14 (85 entries); In total 235 sets of three trap nurseries were distributed to 25 countries.

CRIFC Turkey: Differential nurseries of stem, leaf, yellow rust were received by CRIFC. Yellow rust trap nursery was

39




North American differential set for stem rust were organized by ICARDA (Dr Nazari) and used for determination of stem rust races in 2011 and 2012. The North American stem rust differential seeds were planted in Ankara as four 1 m row in October 2011. These genotypes were harvested in July, 2012. The new harvested seed is being used for race analyses and preparing of the trap nurseries.

ICARDA: The three wheat rust trap nurseries were planted in large scale seed multiplication plots at Tel Hadya/ICARDA and in average 5 to 8 kg seeds of each genotype was harvested despite the very difficult situation in Syria. During the season, Dr. Nazari and his pathology team visited the seed multiplication plots and off-type plants were removed. Fifty sets of the each 8th ISrTN-13, 7th IYrTN-13, and 4th LrTN-13 nurseries were prepared and so far have been distributed to 13 countries for the 2013 season. Another 17 sets of the same nurseries from harvested seeds from a back-up seed multiplication program at Sanliurfa, Turkey are prepared at ICARDA office in Ankara and will be sent to the collaborative countries in CWANA in coming days

planted in Ankara/Haymana (planting date: 16.11.2013, Coordinates: 39°36'38.95"K, 32°40'31.24"D). Yellow rust nursery was not incoculated but the nursery trapped yellow rust very close artificial inculation area. Stem rust trap nursery was planted in Kastamonu/Kuşçular (planting date: 13.11.2012, Coordinates: 41° 0'14.76"K, 34° 9'2.11"D) but there was no stem rust development in that area. All the trap nursery data were sent to Dr. Nazari Kumarse.

In addition to trap nurseries, the new seeds of the North American differential set for stem rust, organized by ICARDA (K. Nazari) were used for determination of stem rust races in 2011 and 2012. The North American stem rust differentials’ seeds were planted in Ankara as four 1 m row in October 2012. These genotypes were harvested in August 2013. The new harvested seed is being used for race analyses and preparing of the trap nurseries.

EIAR: We did not receive trap nurseries this main season (June-Nov 2013) due to communication with ICARDA very late in planting season. However, existing trap nurseries and differentials were planted at wheat disease hot spot locations.

Preliminary survey and observations indicated aggressive presence of yellow, stem and leaf rusts and Septoria diseases.

Coordinated belg season and early main season surveys (Jul/Aug 2013) by EIAR/CIMMYT/Regional Agric. Research Institutes (RARI) and close consultation

40




with MoA, FAO, ATA and RARIs created awareness and readiness about rusts, particularly yellow rust, and helped farmers to spray against yellow rust on susceptible wheat varieties.

Participants in this urgent survey included Bekele A. & Dave H. (CIMMYT); Bedada G., Getaneh W., Bekele H., Worku D. and Daniel K. (EIAR); Fikre H. (SARI).

Activity 23.b.2. Expand and enhance national capacity to undertake rust surveillance.

National survey teams established and contributing annually to national and global cereal rust monitoring systems in at least 10 countries. (Sep 2011, recurring annually)

Technical backstopping provided to national focal points and/or survey teams in at least 10 countries per year (Sep 2011, recurring annually)

Stem rust surveillance in regions of strategic importance but not covered by core activities. (Sep 2011, recurring annually)

Year 1 Progress

National rust surveys were undertaken in 14 countries during the reporting period. For 12 of the countries these represented repeat surveys, with coordinated national efforts undertaken on annual basis.

Technical backstopping was provided at a CWANA regional surveillance workshop held at ICARDA in April 2011. This workshop was attended by participants from 20 countries who were actively involved in rust surveillance. Direct technical support in-country was provided in 3 countries.

Stem rust surveillance activities now routinely cover East, Southern and North Africa, Central, West and South Asia. In each key region most of wheat producing countries are undertaking surveillance and contributing information to the Global Cereal Rust Monitoring System.

The survey program was conducted by Agricultural Research Institutes in Blacksea, Aegean and Mediterranean regions of Turkey. Stem rust development was very limited, and 16 samples were collected from İzmir (Aegean region), Eskişehir-Ankara (Central Anatolia), Adana (Mediterranean region), Samsun-Kastamonu-Çankırı (Blacksea region) and Sakarya (Marmara region) provinces. The spores obtained from

Sathguru: Two days capacity-building programs were organized by DRRW – South Asia Regional Coordinators on the SAARC web-based surveillance toolbox designed and developed by DRRW – South Asia Regional Coordinators for four upcoming and mid-level scientists in Bangladesh.

Hand-holding support was also provided to the scientists of the SAARC nations for uploading surveillance form filled data both to national and global server.

In Feb–Mar 2012, 20 scientists from 5 SAARC nations (5 from Pakistan, 2 from Afghanistan, 4 from Bhutan, 2 from Bangladesh, 7 from Nepal) converged at Nepal for a 10-day training workshop on wheat rust surveillance, data collection and monitoring strategies organized by DRRW along with Nepal Agricultural Research Council. The training program consisted of field visits, presentations and lecture sessions, discussion forums and laboratory research work. The trainees during the field visits were trained on various aspects of collection of rust samples, proper techniques

41




these samples were inoculated onto susceptible plants (Little Club) in May-June, 13 samples developed, single pustules were isolated from each, which were increased on susceptible plants and stored for race analyses until September to avoid high temperatures in the greenhouse. This work has just resumed and results will be provided once it is completed.

In addition to this activity, we organized training program for wheat rust in 2012 June to enhance national capacity to undertake rust surveillance. Researchers working in Agricultural Research Institutes will participate this program. The program will be for 2 days and include survey methods, sample collection, isolation and inoculation methods, seedling and adult plant tests, scoring of the rust issues. All subjects will be shown in theoretical and practical ways.

During the 2010-11 season, in collaboration with ARC-DUMA, ICARDA’s pathology group conducted rust surveillance in major wheat growing areas in Syria. In Lebanon, R. Al Amil, the national surveillance focal point in Lebanon, conducted the field survey in major wheat growing areas using surveillance forms and GPS. Stem rust was not observed in Syria and five samples were collected in Lebanon. Race analysis of these samples is underway using the NA differential set at ICARDA. M. Naimi from the ICARDA pathology group participated in the surveillance activities in Yemen and collected stem rust samples for L. Szabo were prepared and shipped to Denmark and FAO to be sent to Szabo.

Expanded rust surveillance was conducted by national surveillance teams in coordination with K. Nazari and D. Hodson in Egypt, Georgia, Morocco, Syria, Tajikistan, Yemen, Iraq, Azerbaijan, and Iran. In some countries, funds were provided through other projects and FAO. Data was shared with Hodson.

for dispatching the collected samples to the laboratories and inoculating the rust pathogen in test plants, proper recording of the response of different wheat varieties against different types of rusts. The technical sessions included the principles of plant pathology, biotic stresses of wheat, rust pathogens, wheat host, pathogen interactions, rust pathogen surveillance, understanding pathogenic variation, screening and selection for rust resistance, plant breeding development and deployment of rust resistant varieties, basic concepts in statistics and experimental design. Demonstration of collection and storage of rust inoculums, on field inoculation, seedling inoculation was carried out by the faculties for the trainees. A session on country-wise wheat research activities and scenario was organized for the trainees to share their country specific data and facilitate cross-country discussions.

The training was moderated by Dr. Robert Park from University of Sydney, Australia Dr. Zak Pretorius from University of Free State, South Africa, Dr. Gordon Cisar from Cornell University, USA Dr. David Hodson from CIMMYT, Ethiopia and Dr. Mohinder Parashar from Mahyco, India. Dr. Sarala Sharma and Dr. Nutan Raj Gautam also guided the trainees as local faculties from NARC. The faculty guided the team of participants with their valuable inputs during the course of the program.

All the 20 scientists were trained under field conditions in Nepal on the tablet based

42




Year 2 Progress

CIMMYT: National rust surveys were undertaken in 20 countries during the reporting period. Additional survey data is pending from a number of countries and the expectation is that approximately 25 priority countries may contribute.

A series of activities have been undertaken to expand and enhance national capacity to undertake rust surveillance. Surveillance planning was undertaken with partners from South Asia (Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Nepal, Pakistan). An outcome was the subsequent in-country survey support provided to partners in Bhutan in April 2012, resulting in the first rust surveillance activities and sample collection in Bhutan.

Direct support was provided to the SAARC rust surveillance training course held in India 25th Feb - 9th March 2012, that included 19 participants from 6 South Asian countries.

Direct support was provided at the 2012 Njoro stem rust training course, which included 35 participants from 11 countries.

Direct field support and training was also provided to the short "belg" season surveys in the Bale zone of southern Ethiopia in August 2012, this was the first time that standardized surveys had been undertaken in this season.

CRIFC Turkey: The survey program was conducted by Agricultural Research Institutes in Blacksea, Central Anatolia, Aegean and Mediterranean regions of Turkey. Stem rust development was higher than 2011 growing season. 46 stem rust samples were obtained through survey program. These samples were collected from İzmir-Kütahya-Denizli (Aegean region), Eskişehir-Konya- Yozgat-Sivas (Central Anatolia), Şanlurfa-Hatay- Kilis-Adana (Mediterranean region), Samsun-Çorum- Çankırı (Blacksea region) and Edirne-Sakarya-Çanakkale

surveillance toolbox application.

Additionally, DRRW have trained 9 pathologists from India on the usage of the mobile device on the fields of Wellington and Karnal for collection of rust surveillance data.

Furthermore, 9 scientists from India (3), Bhutan (2), Bangladesh (2) and Nepal (2) were supported for participation in the hands on training program, “Standardization of stem rust note taking and evaluation of germplasm with emphasis on emerging threats of yellow rust and leaf rust” at Kenya Agricultural Research Institute research station, Njoro from September 22 - October 2, 2013, organized by DRRW in cooperation with CIMMYT. The scientists were extensively trained in various techniques for scoring stem rust, leaf rust and yellow rust, techniques of germplasm selection, race analysis in the glass house, collection of rust spores.

ICARDA: In 2013 the national rust surveillance continued in Iran, Azerbaijan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Georgia, Lebanon, Iraq, Turkey, Egypt, Ethiopia, and Morocco.

Financial supports for national rust surveillance that were provided by DRRW to the participating countries in 2013 for rust surveillance.

CRIFC Turkey: The survey program was conducted by Agricultural Research Institutes in Blacksea, Central Anatolia, Aegean and Mediterranean regions of Turkey. Stem rust development was modest

43




(Marmara region) provinces. The spores obtained from these samples were inoculated onto susceptible plants (Little Club) in May-June, all samples (46) were developed, single pustules were isolated from each, which were increased on susceptible plants and stored for race analyses. So far 8 single pustule isolate were tested on to differential sets which is obtained ICARDA until August. Other single pustule isolates will be tested during October and November to avoid high temperatures in the greenhouse in August. This work has just resumed and results will be provided once it is completed. In addition to this activity, we organized training program for wheat rust in June, 2012 to enhance national capacity to undertake rust surveillance, inoculation methods, scoring of the rust diseases. Seven researchers working in Agricultural Research Institutes (2 from CRIFC, 1 from Transitional Zone Agricultural Research Institute, 1 from Sakarya Agricultural Research station, 1 form GAP ARI, 1 from Aegean ARI, 1 from East Anatolia ARI) participated this training program. The program was conducted for 2 days and given information about survey methods, sample collection, isolation and inoculation methods, seedling and adult plant tests, scoring of the rust issues. All subjects were shown in theoretical and practical ways. Some hard copy document (Rust disease of wheat (Roelfs et al. 1992) and greenhouse and field study of Rust (in Turkish)) and CD including (Wheat rusts (McIntosh et al. 1995), Rust disease of wheat (Roelfs et al. 1992) and all presentations)) were given to participants. Certificates were given to participants end of the course. Addition to these activities, the information about management and control of leaf disease especially rust disease was given by Dr Zafer Mert in a national broadcast TV program (Bereket TV). In this TV program, rust disease were shown with pictures and given information in detail. And also, the information about

during the 2013 growing season. Thirty stem rust samples were collected during the survey program. Spores obtained from these samples were inoculated onto susceptible plants (Little Club) in May-June. All samples (30) were developed, with single pustules being isolated from each sample, which were then increased on susceptible plants and stored for race analyses.

In addition to this activity, a training program was organized for wheat rust in June, 2013 to enhance national capacity to undertake rust surveillance, inoculation methods, and scoring of the rust diseases. Six researchers who have been working in Agricultural Research Institutes (ARI), (2 from CRIFC, 1 from Transitional Zone Agricultural Research Institute, 1 from Thrace Agricultural Research station, 1 from GAP ARI, 1 from East Mediterranean ARI, 1 from East Anatolia ARI) participated this training program. The program was conducted for 2 days and information provided about survey methods, sample collection, isolation and inoculation methods, seedling and adult plant tests, and scoring of the rust seedling and adult plant stages. All subjects were shown both theoretical and practical exampless. Some hard copy document (Rust disease of wheat (Roelfs et al. 1992) and greenhouse and field study of Rust (in Turkish)) and CD including (Wheat rusts (McIntosh et al. 1995), Rust disease of wheat (Roelfs et al. 1992) and all presentations)) were given to participants. Certificates were awarded to participants at the end of the course.

44




dangerous new stem races, Ug99, was given during the program. The new greenhouse was constructed for race analyses during June-October. Ministry of Food Agriculture and Livestock, FAO and this project (DRRW project) supported to us for construction as budget. This new greenhouse will increase the capacity for race analyses under control condition.

ICARDA: The national rust surveillance was continued in Iran, Azerbaijan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Georgia, Lebanon, Iraq, Turkey, Sudan, Egypt, Ethiopia, and Morocco during the reporting period. Dr. Nazari participated in rust surveys in Iran, Turkey, Azerbaijan and Uzbekistan.

In collaboration with FAO/IFAD/ICARDA and cereal pathology group at Field Crops Research Department in Ankara a 5 days rust traveling workshop was conducted in Turkey. This workshop was attended by participants from 14 countries who were involved in national rust surveillance. During this workshop, technical backstopping, visit to the rust laboratory in Ankara and yellow rust field screening facilities at Haymana research station were covered. The rust Trap Nurseries planted in Eskisehir and Sakarya were visited for rust note taking. During the farmer filed surveys from Ankara to Eskisehir and Sakarya, the BGRI rust surveillance protocol was used. IWWIP wheat breeding program and also the pathology activities on common bunt and CCN were introduced by pathology team at Eskisehir.

Financial supports for national rust surveillance that were provided by DRRW and FAO/IFAD/ICARDA projects were provided to 11 countries and a three days farmer field day supported by FAO/IFAD/ICARDA project was conducted in Iran, Turkey, Pakistan, Egypt and it will be conducted in Ethiopia, Yemen, and Eritrea during September to November 2012. In-country direct technical

Twenty-eight researchers from 11 institutes participated in a traveling workshop held at institutes in Edirne, Sakarya and Eskişehir provinces. Organized by CRIFC and supported by General Directorate of Agricultural Research and Policy, the objective of the travelling workshop was to study wheat diseases, especially rust pathogens, in the regions. Institutes located in Sakarya and Edirrne have natural epidemic conditions for leaf rust, so this was a good opportunity to practice the scoring and assessment of the leaf rust in field conditions. In addition to leaf rust other wheat diseases were studied. The travelling workshop enhanced the collaboration between researchers and institutes.

The opening ceremony of the new greenhouse was organized by CRIFC with participating dignitaries including R. Coffman (DRRW), the General Director of the General Directorate of Agricultural Research and Policy, and representatives and researchers from FAO-Turkey, and IFAD. The greenhouse was named in honor of Lütfi Çetin, who has worked more than 40 years on wheat rust..

CIMMYT: National rust surveys were undertaken in 20 countries during the reporting period. Additional survey data is pending from a number of countries and the expectation is that approximately 25-30 priority countries may contribute.

A comprehensive set of wheat rust training materials was developed with Drs R.F. Park, Z. Pretorius, M. Prashar and G. Cisar. These

45




support was provided to the newly established rust laboratory at Kashkadarya Grain Breeding and Seed Production Institute in Uzbekistan and cereal rust laboratory in SPII, Iran. Basic rust laboratory equipment and Saltrol 170 oil were provided to the three rust laboratories in Iran, Turkey, and Uzbekistan.

Sathguru: Two days capacity building programs were organized by DRRW – South Asia Regional Coordinators on the SAARC web based surveillance tool box designed and developed by DRRW – South Asia Regional Coordinators for upcoming and mid level scientists in India, Nepal, and Bhutan with 20, 10 and 15 scientists participating respectively. Hand holding support was also provided to the scientists post completion of the training program for uploading surveillance form filled data both to national and global server.

A training program for the scientists of Bangladesh on the web based survellance tool box has been scheduled to be organized in October 2012.

In February – March 2012 19 scientists from SAARC nations (4 from Afghanistan, 3 each from Bhutan, Nepal & Bangladesh, 1 from Pakistan, and 5 from India) participated in two week long training workshop on wheat rust surveillance, data collection and monitoring strategies organized by DRRW at five different wheat research stations spread across varied agro ecological zones in India. The training was an amalgamation of field visits, presentation and lecture sessions, discussion forums and laboratory research work. The trainees during the field visits were trained on various aspects of collection of rust samples, proper techniques for dispatching the collected samples to the laboratories and inoculating the rust pathogen in test plants, proper recording of the response of different varieties against different rusts. Dr. Robert Park, Dr. Gordon Cisar, Dr.

materials formed the basis of the SAARC wheat rust training course held in Kathmandu, Nepal Feb 25-Mar 6, 2013. 19 participants (4 female) from 5 SAARC countries attended the course.

30 participants (10 female) from India, Rwanda, Uganda, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Nepal, Ethiopia and Zambia participated in the 5th annual training course on Standardization of Stem Rust Note-taking and Evaluation of Germplasm, Njoro, Kenya 22 Sep - 2 Oct 2013.

Direct in-country survey support and training was provided to 4 countries; Ethiopia (2 different surveys), Bhutan, Malawi and Tanzania. In the latter two countries these were the first comprehensive, standardized wheat rust surveys undertaken. Indirect support was provided to 8 countries during the reporting period (Bangladesh, Bhutan, Ethiopia, Kenya, Malawi, Nepal, Tanzania, Uganda).

An updated version of the BGRI protocols manual and the BGRI rust survey form were developed and published on-line http://rusttracker.cimmyt.org/?page_id=279.

A surveillance side-meeting was organized with Dr R.F. Park (Univ of Sydney) prior to the BGRI technical meeting in Delhi. This was attended by 60+ participants with all materials published on-line http://rusttracker.cimmyt.org/?page_id=5361.

EIAR: At present we have the capacity to multiply the required stem rust races and

46




David Hodson, Dr. Subhash Bhardwaj from comprised the expert faculty for the training program who guided the team of participants with their valuable inputs during the course of the program. In addition to this six scientists from India (2), Bhutan (2), Bangladesh (1) and Nepal (1) participated in the hands on training program on “standardization of stem rust note taking and evaluation of germplasm with emphasis on emerging threats of Yellow rust and Leaf rust” at Kenya Agricultural Research Institute (KARI) research station, Njoro from September 25th - October 5th, 2012 organized by DRRW in cooperation with CIMMYT.

make available for users. For example, we have tested 250 wheat entries against two races at seedling stage in the greenhouse for Kulumsa. For off-season screening purposes Debre-Zeit can take the inoculums from Ambo, by making prior notification.

Additionally, surveys of aeciospores on barberry (Berberis holstii) were carried out and aeciospore infected leaf samples were collected. The aeciospores were inoculated on the set of cereal crops and infections were observed on wheat, barley and rye seedlings.

The head-house for the greenhouse is under construction. Eighty percent of it has been completed with five rooms, which include inoculation, incubation, and seedling raising rooms; office and a room for equipment.

The off-season survey in Bale zone and the main season survey in SNNP region were conducted with the assistance of Global focal person, Dr. David Hodson. All resources were made available by him.

Component 23.c. Pathogen characterization

Activity 23.c.1. Stem rust race analysis backstop-ping ARIs.

Selected key stem rust samples or isolates are race typed by ARIs. (Sep 2011, recurring annually)

Year 1 Progress

Samples of stem rust from Kenya, Eritrea, and Ethiopia were characterized to monitor the spread and change in virulence of Ug99. From Kenya, 60 samples were sent of which 31 were dead. The 29 viable isolates were typed to race at the CFIA facility in Ottawa. Only two races were detected, TTKST from 19 isolates and PTKST from 10 isolates. From Eritrea, 92 samples were received and 34 were viable. Due to time constraints, only 9 isolates were typed to race. Races TTKST (4 isolates) and PTKST (5 isolates) were detected. From Ethiopia, 38 samples were received and 37 were viable. Due to time

USDA-UMN: Staff from USDA-ARS Cereal Disease Laboratory (CDL), in collaboration with colleagues from eastern Africa, conducted targeted surveys and collections of wheat stem rust samples, focusing on understanding the virulence composition in the international screening nurseries in Njoro (Kenya) and Debre Zeit (Ethiopia). This is to ensure a relatively complete inventory of the races present in these important nurseries so that screening data can be interpreted accordingly. A total

47




constraints, only 7 were typed to race. Three isolates were TTKSK, three were TTKST, and one was TRTTF.

The Cereal Disease Laboratory will begin processing international stem rust collections until December 2011 due to quarantine restrictions. Year 2 Progress

AAFC: Kenya sent 66 samples to AAFC, but only 5 isolates were viable. Using the Morden PPC3 lab, races TTKST ( 2 isolates), PTKST (2 isolates), and TTKSK (1 isolate) were found. No new variants of Ug99 were detected in Kenya in 2011. Eritrea sent 108 samples from wheat and oats, of which 28 were viable. From wheat, races JRCSC (2 isolates), JRHSC (4 isolates), JRHSF (8 isolates), and PTKST (1 isolate) were found. The “J” races are likely derived from durum as these were virulent on Sr13. From oats, races NHFC (11 isolates) and NKFC (3 isolates) were found. These are virulent on genes Pg10 and Pg16, which is not found in North America. We attempted to pathotype isolates previously sent from Ethiopia and Eritrea (2010) using the Ottawa lab, but were heavily contaminated with leaf rust. Isolates were increased on McNair to obtain pure stem rust and will be pathotyped in year 3

of 125 single-pustule isolates were derived from 23 field stem rust samples collected from the Debre Zeit stem rust nursery. Two races, TTKSK and JRCQC, present in a nearly equal proportion, were identified. New virulence was not detected in the nursery. Race-typing of samples collected from the Njoro stem rust nursery indicated race TTKST was the only race present in that nursery.

Race-typing for Ug99 surveillance was also conducted for stem rust samples from other selected countries. A total of 15 single-pustule isolates were derived from seven samples collected by collaborators in three locations in Turkey. Three races, TKTTC, TKPTC, and TKNTC were identified from these isolates. These races are avirulent on Sr31 and are not related to the Ug99 race group. Twenty stem rust cultures isolated by a scientist in Uruguay were sent to our laboratory for race-typing. Six races were identified, and all were avirulent on Sr31, thus Ug99 was not detected.

EIAR: 52 stem rust stem samples from Ethiopia were sent to UMN-CDL for molecular analysis as indicated under Activity 23.b.2 above.

AAFC: There were a total of 115 isolates received and processed from Kenya and Eritrea. However, only 4 samples were viable and could be processed to race. The likely reason for this was the extreme delay in getting into the Morden PPC3 containment lab due to construction. Samples could not be received until January

48




2013 and thus many samples died before they could be processed. Additionally, similar delays in construction resulted in no activity in the Ottawa containment lab where we were processing the Ethiopia isolates from 2010. No work could be done during 2012-2013 and the lab is still not finished. It is unknown as to when we can finish the race-typing of those isolates.

Race typing of isolates from 2012 confirm that Ug99 (race TTKSK) remains present in Kenya. In Eritrea, races PTKST and TTKST were previously documented, but in 2012 the original race (TTKSK) detected in Uganda in 1999 was found. This is a new result and shows that 3 pathotypes of Ug99 (PTKST, TTKST, and now TTKSK) are present in Eritrea.

Activity 23.c.2. Stem rust race analysis in country.

Pure and adequate seed of genotypes used as differentials maintained, stored and distributed. (Sep 2011, recurring annually)

National rust laboratories in at least 5 countries equipped to undertake race analysis (Quick sets and/or full race analysis). (Sep 2012, recurring annually)

Year 1 Progress

Harvested seeds from the 2010-11 large scale seed multiplication plots of the North American stem rust differential set were distributed to the national rust laboratories in Iran, Turkey, Ethiopia, Kenya, Egypt, Pakistan, Kazakhstan, Georgia, South Africa, Iraq, Morocco and Denmark. Seeds for India are ready and waiting to receive a qualified person to conduct the race analysis who will receive the set. The same set of differentials was prepared for the second year seed multiplication in 2011-12 season. Year 2 Progress

EIAR: In Ethiopia, out of 130 stem rust samples, 71 samples /isolates collected from Arsi, W. & E. Shewa, Wellega and Borona and Guji zones were run onto the set of the standard SR differentials for race analysis at Ambo. As a result, 12 races were identified. Race Ug99/

ICARDA: In-country direct technical support was provided to the cereal rust laboratory at SPII, Iran. Basic rust laboratory equipment and Soltrol 170 oil were provided to the three rust laboratories in Iran, Turkey, and Uzbekistan.

A functional rust facility was established in Izmir in 2013. Local yellow, leaf and stem rust samples from Turkey were used in the artificial inoculation of 10,000 breeding lines for phenotypic evaluation.

CRIFC Turkey: The race analyses result were not given for 2012 growing season in the general report due to unfavorable condition in the greenhouse to race analyses during collected period. The race analyses were finished for 2012 samples in February

49




TTKSK comprised 78.9%, TTTSK - 5.6%, SRKSF - 2.8% and the rest 1.4% each of the samples processed. Race TTKSK was distributed in all zones. The second most frequently identified race was isolated from Debre Zeit, east Shewa area. Besides, in May 2012 off season surveys were carried out in Debre Zeit, Kulumsa research centers and Bale zone. At Debre Zeit 18 stem rust samples were analyzed and 3 races namely TTKSK, TTTSK and STKSK were identified, of these 82.3% was TTKSK. At Kulumsa 14 samples were collected and 71.4% was TTKSK and 28.6% was TTTSK. From Bale zone 24 samples were collected and they were subdivided for DNA analysis at CDL Minnesota, USA and duplicate samples for race analysis at Ambo and Dr Hovmoller’s Lab. These samples are under analysis at Ambo greenhouse.

CRIFC Turkey: The race analysis results were not given for 2011 growing season in the general report due to unfavorable condition in the greenhouse to race analyses during collected period. The race analyses were finished in December in 2011. In 2011 season, race analyses were conducted for 13 single pustule isolate. TKTTC (7 sample), PKKTC (2 sample), TKKTC (1 sample), TPKKC (1 sample), RTKTF (1 sample), TTKTF (1 sample) races were found. TKTTC was the common races in 2011 season. Virulences on Sr24 and Sr31 were not detected.

In 2012 season, race analyses were conducted for 8 stem rust single pustule isolates. The samples location was Adana, Hatay, Kilis Samsun and Izmir provinces. TKTTC (5 sample), PHTTK (1 sample), and TKTSC (1 sample) stem rust races were found. The race analyses for other samples are being conducted under controlled greenhouse condition.

ICARDA: The North American differential genotypes (20 lines), the stem rust monogenic lines (45 genotypes),

in 2013. In 2012 growing season, race analyses were conducted for 19 single pustule isolates. TKTTC race was found in 12 stem rust samples. TKTTC was the common race in 2012 season. Virulence on Sr24 and Sr31 resistance genes were not detected. In 2013 growing season, race analyses were conducted for 26 stem rust single pustule isolates. The samples were obtained different parts of Turkey. TKTTC (14 sample) was common race like previous two years. Virulence on Sr24 and Sr31 resistance genes hasn’t been detected. There has been found variation of the reactions of Sr11, Sr36, Sr9e, Sr38 resistance genes against to isolates. The stem rust race analyses were finished until December 2013 in the survey year through has been setts in the fiffeantail set. The new greenhouse which was supported to construct by DRRW project, FAO, IFAD and Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Livestock of the Turkey.

EIAR: Ten samples collect during offseason 2013 (Jan-May) are in the process of race analysis at Ambo Lab in Ethiopia.

U Sydney: An extensive training course was held in Nepal from February 25th through March 6th 2013. The course was run by Drs. Cisar, Hodson, Prashar, Pretorius and Park, in conjunction with Sathguru and local scientists Drs Sharma, Thapa and Joshi. The course was attended by 20 trainees from Afghanistan (4), Bangladesh (2), Bhutan (4), Nepal (5), and Pakistan (5).

50




and representative commercial cultivars from CWANA were increased in large scale seed multiplication plots at Tel Hadya-ICARDA, Syria. Because of current situations in Syria, the same sets of differential genotypes were planted in Sanliurfa Agricultural Research Station in Turkey. In average 3 to 6 kg of each genotype was harvested from seed multiplication at ICARDA and 500 grams to 1.5 kg seeds for each genotype was harvested from the seed multiplication in Turkey. Harvested seeds from ICARDA were used for seed distribution to the rust laboratories and 1 kg of each line is prepared to be stored in a medium term seed store provided by Lebanese Agricultural research Institute in Terbol, Lebanon. 50 grams of each lines of the NA set and monogenic lines were provided to GRRC.

Sathguru: 23 sets of rust genes comprised of 14 sets from India, 3 from Nepal, 2 each from Bangladesh, Pakistan and Bhutan to DWR Regional Station, Flowerdale, Shimla, India for testing under SAARC disease trap nurseries in 2011 – 12.

U Sydney: Both short-term and longer-term training of scientists from Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Egypt, Ethiopia, Iraq, Nepal, Pakistan, Sudan and Turkey and longer term training has been conducted at ICARDA (Dr Nazari), USyd (Prof Park), USDA (Dr Jin), AAFC (Dr Fetch) and/or UFreeState (Prof Pretorius). In addition, training at USyd as part of postgraduate programs continues for students from Ethiopia, Kenya, Sudan and Uganda.

In conjunction with Sathguru, we are compiling pathology kits comprising basic equipment that will allow scientists to undertake basic pathology in countries that lack adequate infrastructure.

It comprised 28 lectures, 5 group discussion sessions, 5 interactive quizzes, 3 hands on demonstration sessions, and field trips to Godavari (barberry), Bhairahwa (wheat breeding), and Khumaltar (trap plots and basic methodology on raising plants, handling and inoculating with rust). This was the most comprehensive training course run to date, and was particularly well received by the trainees.

51




Activity 23.c.3. Targeted surveillance of barberry for stem rust.

Preliminary surveys of barberry conducted in Kenya (Jin), Uzbekistan and Turkey (Park) have established the existence of aecial infections by a form of the stem rust pathogen Puccinia graminis. (Nov 2011, recurring 2012 and 2013)

Year 1 Progress

In 2011 (March to August), survey of barberry and collections of aecia were made in Kenya and Ethiopia (led by I Lowe and participated by M. Newcomb, R. Wanyera and W. Getaneh), in Nepal (S. Lohani), and in Pakistan (by R. Ward and A. Rattu). Inoculation experiments of aecial samples were conducted in KARI Muguga (Kenya), Ambo (Ethiopia), ARS Maryland (US), and Muree (Pakistan). Inoculation experiments and DNA sequence analyses will be conducted at CDL in December. Isolates derived from aecial inoculation experiments from collaborating laboratories will also be analyzed at CDL. Year 2 Progress

EIAR: Pathology section of Ambo carried out aeciospores survey on Berberies holstii to study whether the plant serves as alternate host or not. In N. Shewa zone, 5 locations namely Abo-Gedam, Afaf, Atakilti, Adere-Ejersa and Kule-Bado were infested with B. holstii. The altitudes range from 2781- 2895 m. Abundant aeciospores on Barberry leaves are found from Sept to Jan. So far, we made 6 inoculations and obtained no infections on McNair, Morocco, Lemhi wheat entries and on oat cultivar Otana; one infection on wheat Line E and a few infections on wheat Sr31/6*LMPG. Many infections recorded on barley cvs. Hypana and Hiproly and rye cv. Prolific, and winter rye.

USDA/ U New Hampshire: In 2011 (March to August), survey of barberry and collections of aecia were made in Kenya and Ethiopia (led by Iago Lowe and participated by M Newcomb, R Wanyera and Getaneh), in Nepal (by Sarala Lohani), and in Pakistan (by R Ward and Atiq Rattu). Inoculation experiments of aecial samples were conducted in KARI Muguga (Kenya), Ambo (Ethiopia), ARS Maryland (US), and Muree (Pakistan). Inoculation experiments and DNA sequence analyses will be

USDA-ARS MN: During the reporting period, aecial infections on barberry were surveyed and collected by CDL staff and/or collaborators in Nepal, Pakistan, Bhutan, Lebanon, and Ecuador. Inoculation experiments and DNA probing are being done at Fort Detrick and CDL. Results of the inoculation experiments at Fort Detrick and DNA sequencing experiments at CDL indicated the presence of Puccinia graminis in infected aecial samples collected in Pakistan and Lebanon, and Puccinia striiformis in Nepal. However, the specific formae speciales (f. sp.) have not been determined. Aecial samples collected from Georgia are yet to be processed.

U New Hampshire: In 2013 (May), survey of barberry and collections of aecia were made in the Haa, Paro, and Punakha Valleys of western Bhutan (led by Iago Hale in collaboration with national program scientists from the National Plant Protection Center [NPPC], Semtokha). NPPC scientists and technicians were trained in the collection and submission of samples to international laboratories. 32 voucher specimens of collected Berberis spp. were submitted to NPPC for taxonomic assignment. Aecial collections were submitted to the GRRC (Denmark) for DNA analysis and the USDA-CDL (US) for both DNA analysis and inoculation experiments.

EIAR: Plan in place to do expanded barberry bush surveys before end of 2013 in other parts of Ethiopia in addition to North Shewa zone.

52




conducted at CDL in December. Isolates derived from aecial inoculation experiments from collaborating laboratories will also be analyzed at CDL.

Aecial infections on barberry were surveyed and collected by CDL staff and/or collaborators in the following countries: Kenya, Ethiopia, Nepal, Pakistan, Kazakhastan, and Bhutan. Inoculation experiments and DNA probing in US confirmed the presence of Puccinia graminis in infected aecial samples collected in 2011, proving barberry is functional as alternate host in Ethiopia. Inoculation and DNA probing continue with other samples collected in 2007 and 2012.

Activity 23.c.4. Stem rust fingerprinting.

International consensus on a core panel of informative SSR markers for fingerprinting stem rust isolates. (Sep 2012, recurring annually)

Selected key stem rust isolates fingerprinted with SSR markers. (Sep 2011, recurring annually).

Year 1 Progress

16 samples from Mozambique and Tanzania were fingerprinted with two SSR markers as part of a larger study to assess the efficiency of host (wheat) markers and pathogen (stem rust) markers in tests based on bulk host and pathogen DNA extracted from infected leaves. Further tests are underway to compare the isolates present in the infected leaves with standard Ug99 template DNA.

Year 2 Progress

U Sydney: We now have 79 polymorphic SSR markers for Puccinia graminis. While the intention was to identify a core set of SSR markers that would be used internationally, the rapid reduction in the cost of sequencing in the past year or so has now made these markers less appealing. We are in the process of developing diagnostic SNP assays that will be more powerful and much cheaper, under Activity 23.c.5. Stem rust diagnostics.

U Sydney: In 2011, Nocente et al. (Cereal Res Comm. 39: 77-87) reported pathogenicity analyses of 20 single pustule isolates of P. graminis f. sp. tritici collected from wheat near Rome in 2007-2008. Two pathotypes were detected, MSK and PTK. Given the potential similarity of the second one to the Ug99 lineage, 10 further isolates collected from the same field site in 2012, sent by M. Pasquini were compared to isolates of P. graminis f. sp. tritici from Australia and a single reference DNA stock from Ug99 sourced from South Africa (provided by Z.A. Pretorius) using 16 SSR markers. The tests showed that these more recent isolates differed from Ug99, and also that there was considerable genetic variability among them.

While we continue to genotype isolates of stem rust with SSR markers, greater emphasis is being placed on developing diagnostic SNP assays (see Activity 23.c.5),

53




which are cheaper and far more powerful.

Activity 23c.5. Stem rust molecular diagnostics.

Up to 20 key stem rust isolates sequenced to a depth of about 20X. (Sep 2011, recurring annually)

Year 1 Progress

Developed a list Pgt isolates for sequencing during the first year of the project. Isolates are in the process of the being increased and DNA extracted. Christina Cuomo, Broad Institute, used existing Pgt genome assembly and Illumina sequence data to determine the optimal level of sequencing coverage for SNP calling. This analysis indicated that 40X (20X per haploid genome) would provide 99.92% precision and 82.53% sensitivity. Further progress on this project was delayed due to protracted administrative process in getting the funding for this project completed, which occurred at the end of September. Year 2 Progress

USDA/ U Sydney: The first round of sequencing of wheat stem rust pathogen isolates included 50 samples with the majority having a sequence depth of 20X. A few samples with coverage of less than 15X will be resequenced. SNP database with over 3 million loci was developed and preliminary phylogenetic analysis run.

U Sydney: Efforts to develop diagnostic SNP markers continued. U Syd provided DNA of 12 Australian isolates that were all increased from single pustules for sequencing. To date, 7 of these isolates are among the total of 76 isolates that have been sequenced at the Broad Institute. Drs Szabo and Cuomo continue to mine the data to develop diagnostic SNP assays.

Component 23.d. Host characterization

Activity 23.d.1. Host R gene determination.

R gene determinations in global wheat germplasm, at least 50 cultivars per year. (Sep 2010, recurring annually).

On request, marker genotyping for key R genes of host tissue from stem rusted crops. (Sep 2011, recurring annually)

Information on R

Year 1 Progress

In progress. Information of Ug99-resistant wheat varieties released or in advanced stages of variety registration trials in eight countries of Africa and Asia with their reaction to Ug99 in Kenya during 2010 season and likely resistance genes included. More information about R genes of wheat varieties from north Africa and south Asia, tested in Njoro will be uploaded in coming months.

91 wheat cultivars from Belgium (1), Czech Republic (49), France (11), Germany (1), Great Britain (6), Italy (14), Poland (1), Romania (2), Russia (1), Slovakia (3), Sweden (1) and the Ukraine (1) the Czech Republic were

ICARDA: Little progress on providing national commercial cultivars because of the current situation in Syria, which caused of losing the wheat cultivar collection and difficulties with importing seed from national breeding program because of seed contaminations and restriction on germplasm exchange.

U Sydney: 25 wheat genotypes from Bangladesh were screened for seedling response to stem rust pathotype PTKST by Z. Pretorius. DNA from 3 plants from each were genotyped using markers for

54




genes present in cultivars incorporated into Wheat Atlas. (Sep 2011, recurring annually)

multipathotype tested and also screened with markers for the resistance genes Sr2, Lr26/Yr9/Sr31 and Lr37/Yr17/Sr38. Nine stem rust resistance genes were detected either singly or in combination: Sr2 (12 cultivars), Sr5 (1), Sr8b (4), Sr9b (6), Sr9g (4), Sr11 (11), Sr15 (3), Sr17 (1), Sr23 (9), Sr30 (2), Sr31 (14), Sr36 (5), and Sr38 (20).

130 Iranian varieties and advanced lines, 32 varieties from Azerbaijan and 30 varieties and advanced lines from Syria were used in multi-pathotype seedling assessment of resistance to yellow, leaf and stem rust races at ICARDA. Wheat genotypes from Iran and Azerbaijan were used in marker validation of resistance for Sr2, Sr22, Sr24, Sr25, Sr26, Sr31, Sr36, Sr38 and Lr34/Yr18. Results for the Iranian and Azeri genotypes were presented as poster during the International Wheat Stripe Rust Symposium, Aleppo, Syria, 18-20 April, 2011. Year 2 Progress

U Sydney: 76 wheats from Central Asia were imported through quarantine and tested for seedling response to leaf rust. The genes detected included Lr1 (2 entries), Lr13 (4 entries), Lr19 (5 entries), Lr26 (1 entry), and Lr37 (1 entry). 22 entries lacked effective seedling resistance genes. The low frequency of the 1BL.1RS translocation among the entries was surprising. All were planted in the field in 2012, and following harvest in December, will be screened in greater detail in seedling rust tests in 2013.

87 Ethiopian wheats (40 of which are durums) were sourced in 2012 and will be examined in 2013.

Sr57/Lr34/Yr18 (csLv34; 1 positive), Sr36 (stm773, 0), Sr24/Lr24 (Sr24#12, 0), Sr2/Yr30 (csSr2, 4), Sr58/Lr46/Yr29 (Lr46_SNP1G22, 23), and Sr31/Lr26/Yr9 (lag95, 2).

Activity 23.d.2. Genetic stock development.

Up to 35 cataloged stem rust resistance backcrossed into a common genetic

Year 1 Progress

A set of NILs based on the common parent LMPG was rust tested in detail, confirming lines carrying: Sr5, Sr6, Sr7a, Sr8a, Sr9a, Sr9b, Sr9d, Sr9e, Sr11, Sr13, Sr18,

U Sydney: The F1s generated in 2011-2012 by crossing the recurrent parent CDAV245 and 44 donor parents carrying catalogued stem rust loci (Sr5, Sr6, Sr7a, Sr7b, Sr8a,

55




background. (Sep 2011, recurring annually)

Sr21, Sr22, Sr23, Sr24, Sr25, Sr26, Sr27, Sr30, Sr31, Sr32, Sr34, Sr36, and SrTt3. Other LMPG stocks that are undergoing further testing are believed to carry: Sr8b, Sr9f, Sr16 or Sr9g, Sr17, Sr28, Sr29, Sr33 and Sr35.

Efforts to identify a recurrent parent similar in agronomy to Avocet were initiated. 30 fixed lines were selected from 5 doubled haploid populations based on Avocet “S” based on seedling susceptibility to stem rust, adult plant resistance to stripe rust and leaf rust, and similar agronomy to Avocet “S” at PBI USyd. Preliminary multi-location tests identified 3 lines that appear to be well adapted to the different environments, are susceptible to stem rust, and resistant to leaf rust and stripe rust. Crossing most of the stem rust resistance genes into these three lines was initiated with the intention of reducing to a single line in the 2012 crossing cycle. Year 2 Progress

U Sydney: Thirty lines selected from five Avocet-based doubled haploid populations were screened at five international locations - Canada, Germany, India, Kenya, South Africa to identify a recurrent parent similar in agronomy to Avocet. Of 30 lines, line CDAV245 was identified as the most superior line in terms of agronomy, adaptability and stem rust susceptibility, and is now in use as a recurrent parent to develop NILs for stem rust resistance. 85 primary crosses were made using 45 donor parents carrying catalogued stem rust loci (Sr2, Sr5, Sr6, Sr7a, Sr7b, Sr8a, Sr8b, Sr9b, Sr9d, Sr9f, Sr9g Sr10, Sr11, Sr12, Sr13, Sr14, Sr15, Sr16, Sr17, Sr18, Sr21, Sr22, Sr23, Sr25, Sr26, Sr27, Sr28, Sr29, Sr30, Sr31, Sr32, Sr33, Sr34, Sr35, Sr36, Sr37, Sr38, Sr40, Sr41, Sr42, Sr44, Sr45, Sr46, Sr49, Sr56). The F1s generated were harvested, threshed, raised in greenhouse and transplanted in field for backcrossing in 2012 main season (Oct-Nov).

Sr8b, Sr9b, Sr9d, Sr9f, Sr9g Sr10, Sr11, Sr12, Sr13, Sr14, Sr15, Sr16, Sr17, Sr18, Sr21, Sr22, Sr23, Sr25, Sr26, Sr27, Sr28, Sr29, Sr30, Sr31, Sr32, Sr33, Sr34, Sr35, Sr36, Sr37, Sr38, Sr40, Sr41, Sr42, Sr44, Sr45, Sr46, Sr49, Sr56) were raised in greenhouse and transplanted to field. The F1s from one cross (Sr12/CDAV245) failed to germinate.

All F1 hybrid combinations (10-12 seeds/hybrid) were screened with stem rust to confirm that the cross was correct and to validate if the resistance was true and typical to the resistance gene in consideration. Four out of 44 cross combinations (involving genes Sr15, Sr23, Sr28 and Sr36) were identified as incorrect. Primary crosses for these 4 genes involving different donor sources were remade with CDAV245. F1s for remaining 40 cross combinations were backcrossed (BC1) to recurrent parent CDAV245. Over125 crosses were made so as to obtain at least 25-30 seeds from each backcross and recover resistant plants in progeny with a high degree of confidence. The BCF1 seeds were harvested, threshed, raised in greenhouse and rust tested with same pts as used for F1s. The susceptible segregants from each cross were discarded and the resistant individuals transplanted to field for next round of backcrossing in October 2013 (BC2).

56




Component 23.e. Coordination

Activity 23.e.1.

Objective 23 outputs harmonized. (Sep 2011, recurring annually)

Intra- and inter-objective (DRRW) harmonization. (Sep 2011, recurring annually)

Year 1 Progress

A workshop on race nomenclature was held at St Paul in June 2011 in conjunction with the BGRI Workshop. A proposal was made to introduce an international code system for naming races, which would permit regional scientists to continue to use their own nomenclature systems. Following considerable debate, it was apparent that there was insufficient support by at least one group for the system, and hence it was dropped.

An Objective 23 in-country surveillance meeting was held at the BGRI Technical Workshop on June 12. The meeting was chaired by Drs Davidson and Hodson and provided an opportunity for all countries currently involved in surveillance and race analysis to discuss activity to date. The network of scientists involved in rust surveillance continues to expand and strengthen.

Monthly teleconferences with Objective Leaders and the project management team were useful in keeping abreast of developments across the suite of DRRW projects. Year 2 Progress

Sathguru: A South Asia specific side meeting was organized during the BGRI technical Workshop 2012, Beijing where all the participating SAARC nations highlighted the current surveillance activities been carried out in their respective countries. Scientists from Nepal, Bhutan, Pakistan, Bangladesh and India shared their country specific developments and future action plan for improving surveillance activities in the country.

U Sydney: Park travelled to the Plant and Animal Genome Conference in San Diego (Jan 2012) to attend a satellite meeting on the stem rust sequencing initiative. He travelled to India in Feb for the South Asia rust surveillance training workshop, to Bhutan in May, and to the BGRI Technical Workshop in Beijing in October.

U Sydney: A half-day Objective 23 meeting was held prior to the BGRI Technical Workshop in Delhi on August 19th. More than 50 people attended the meeting.

Park attended and presented to the EPAC meeting on behalf of Objective 23 on the afternoon of August 22nd, following the Delhi BGRI meeting. The meeting provided an excellent opportunity to be updated on activities in all other Objectives.

57


Objective 24. World-class stem rust response phenotyping facilities in East Africa

Component /Activity Activity Outputs (completion date) Year 1 and 2 Progress


Component 24.a. Kenya phenotyping

Activity 24.a.1. Common wheat stem rust phenotyping of breeding germplasm and research materials in the field screening nursery at Njoro, Kenya (KARI).

Main season nurseries planned, seed imported and planted, and resulting material phenotyped (Oct2011, recurring annually).

Main season data recorded, data and/or seed returned to collaborators and shared where appropriate and as governed by the Germplasm Acquisition Agreement (GAA). (Nov 2011, recurring annually).

Off-season nurseries planned, seed imported and planted, and resulting material phenotyped (April2012, recurring annually).

Off-season data recorded, data and/or seed returned to collaborators and shared where appropriate and as governed by the GAA. (Jun2012, recurring annually).

Year 1 Progress

Close to 45,000 accessions from 24 different countries in the year 2011. The 2010-11 off-season screening nurseries accommodated more than 18,000 accessions from 16 countries/institutes (Argentina, Tajikistan, China, Uruguay, Bangladesh, Pakistan, Egypt, South Africa, USA, France, Kazakhstan, Australia, India, Kenya, CIMMYT and ICARDA). The crop establishment and disease development was very good, we had reliable drip usage during the offseason and the field establishment was as good as the main season. The data was recorded, documented and timely returned to collaborators.

The 2011 main-season screening nurseries accommodated more than 27,000 accessions from 21 countries and research institutions (Tajikistan, Bangladesh, Nepal, India, Pakistan, South Africa, Ethiopia, USA, Canada, Sweden, Switzerland, Iran, Kenya, Afghanistan, Kazakhstan, Australia, Morocco, Paraguay, Turkey, CIMMYT and ICARDA).The crop establishment was good and due to cool and wet weather stripe rust infections were high; stem rust pressure was also high. This nursery is the third consecutive stem rust screening nursery with consistent reliable phenotype data recorded. Data currently are being documented to be sent to collaborators.

The nurseries also comprised of mapping populations both major and APR genes for stem rust resistance in both seasons of 2011; reliable phenotypic data was recorded for both seasons facilitating Obj 26.

Close to 7,500 accessions were screened during main and off-season 2011 at Debre-Zeit (3,400 screened in the offseason and 5,150 screened in the main season).

Close to 48,000 accessions from 25 different countries/institutions in the year 2013. The 2013 off-season screening nurseries accommodated 22,920 accessions from 11 countries/institutes including Uruguay, Argentina, Afghanistan, UK, Uruguay, Israel, Cornell University, South Africa, USDA, Australia, India, Kenya, Kenya selections, CIMMYT and ICARDA).

11,000 advanced lines and about 2,000 segregating populations from CIMMYT were screened at KARI, Njoro.

The crop establishment and disease development was very good, we had reliable drip usage during the offseason and the field establishment was as good as the main season. The data was recorded, documented and timely returned to collaborators.

The 2013 main-season screening nurseries accommodated 25,386 accessions from 19 different countries and research institutions (Bangladesh, Nepal, India, Pakistan, South Africa, Ethiopia, USDA, UK, Canada, Iran, Kenya, Afghanistan, Kazakhstan, Australia, Paraguay, China, Pakistan, Turkey, CIMMYT and ICARDA). The main season 2013 nursery also included 6,000 winter wheat lines from USDA. The crop establishment was good and due to cool and wet weather stripe rust infections were high in the nurseries,

58




Year 2 Progress

2011-2012 off season screening nurseries accommodated close to 21,500 entries from (Bangladesh, Azerbaijan, Nepal, Uruguay, Turkey, Israel, North Dakota, Ethiopia, USDA, Montana, CIMMYT and ICARDA). The crop establishment was good even though there was drought in the first few weeks and supplemental irrigation through drips compensated the water requirements. Disease pressure was moderately heavy and progressed well towards the end of the season. Phenotypic data was recorded on two occasions with a week interval and was distributed to the collaborators

The 2012 main season accommodated over 31,500 entries from which comprised spring wheat (Canada, Azerbaijan, Australia, South Africa, Kazakhstan, Ethiopia, Iran, Egypt, Uruguay, Nepal, Bangladesh, Pakistan, CIMMYT, ICARDA, USDA, Montana, North Dakota and AAFC), winter wheat and Barley. Segregating populations were tested from CIMMYT, Pakistan, Nepal and Bangladesh. The crop establishment was good and due to cool and wet weather stripe rust infections were also recorded high in the nurseries, stem rust pressure was heavy and three sets of data have been recorded and data is currently documented to be distributed to collaborators

12,394 entries were screened in Ethiopia in 2011-12 seasons, 6,589 entries in the Main season 2011 and 5,805 entries in the offseason of 2012. The crop establishment was good, stem rust pressure was heavy and two sets of data have been recorded and data is currently documented for the main season 2012.

stem rust pressure was also adequate. Data currently are being documented to be sent to collaborators.

Close to 10,500 accessions of were screened during main and off-season 2013 at Debre-Zeit station. Close to 5,000 accessions were screened in the offseason and 5,000 accessions were screened in the main season 2013.

Activity 24.a.2. Seedling and adult plant

Greenhouse and tunnel house screening planned and seed imported

Year 1 Progress

Close to 300 accessions resistant to stem rust were harvested in the offseason nursery 2011 and replanted

450 accessions resistant to stem rust were harvested in the offseason nursery 2013 and replanted in the main season

59




phenotyping of bread wheat in greenhouse and tunnel house in support of gene mapping and novelty studies (joint with Objective 26) at Njoro Kenya (KARI).

(Feb2011, recurring annually); material screened (Oct 2011, recurring annually).

Accurate seedling (greenhouse) and adult reaction (tunnel house) phenotype data generated and returned to collaborators and shared where appropriate (Nov 2011, recurring annually).

in the main season 2011 for disease evaluation for adult plant resistance. A portion of the harvested seed is currently used for seedling evaluation which is under progress

NSF-BREAD project germplasm was evaluated for seedling resistance and yielded very good infection response. Two mapping populations (150 F3 families-CIMMYT derived) akso were phenotyped for genetic and molecular characterization of seedling resistance

As we are able to generate reliable disease data consecutively for the last three seasons it was advocated that a new green house be constructed to facilitate both seedling evaluation and race analysis which is a limiting factor at this stage instead of a tunnel house. Year 2 Progress

462 resistant lines were tested that were harvested in the Mains season of 2011 were tested in the green house for seedling and adult plant response.

DNA extractions have been done on the samples and will be sent for DArT for genotyping

There has been slow progress in getting quotes from the glass house companies due to lack of raw materials and technical expertise as they mostly deal with rose farms.

SCRIPD- BBSRC proposals for stem and yellow rust have been granted, which will fund race typing at KARI.

2013 for disease evaluation for adult plant resistance. A portion of the harvested seed is currently used for seedling evaluation, which is under progress.

162 lines evaluated for the final data in 2013 and are now in the observation trials.

SCRIPD- BBSRC proposals for stem and yellow rust have been granted which will facilitate the upgrade of molecular lab for MAS and screening markers for stem rust resistance and close to £61,000 with the SCRIPD-BBSRC project on yellow rust, which will fund greenhouse construction for race typing at KARI.

Activity 24.a.3. Confirmation and initial characterization of resistance in bread wheat germplasm at

Field resistance of candidate or released varieties is re-evaluated in greenhouse for seedling reaction (Dec 2011, recurring annually) and tunnel

Year 1 Progress

We have received both advanced breeding lines (candidates) and released varieties from Nepal, Bangladesh, Egypt, Turkey and awaiting more materials from other countries to facilitate both field screening and green house evaluations.

Advanced materials from India, Pakistan, Nepal, Bangladesh and Egypt were screened for field resistance. Advanced lines have been tested from several countries including the SAARC and EAPP projects.

60




Njoro, Kenya (KARI) for varieties under release consideration in at-risk countries.

house for adult response (Jun 2011, recurring annually) to confirm resistance and initiate resistance gene postulation work (Nov 2011, recurring annually).

DNA of confirmed resistances shared with Objective 26 to enable marker based determination of genetic basis of resistance (Dec 2011, recurring annually).

Molecular characterization for both known and unknown stem rust genes using association mapping will be carried out in December 2011. Year 2 Progress

Advanced lines have been tested from several countries including the SAARC and EAPP projects. Single sets were received therefore field evaluations were conducted for main season 2011 and off season 2012.

DNA extractions were performed for the lines harvested in main season 2011 and will be assessed with DArT markers to assess the diversity.

Activity 24.a.4. Collection, characterization, and maintenance of stem rust cultures, and monitoring of field races of stem rust in the screening nursery (KARI-Njoro).

Relevant cultures purified and maintained. (Feb 2011, recurring annually)

Effective epiphytotics of stem rust on screening materials maintained in field and tunnel house (Apr and Nov 2011, recurring annually)

Predominant virulent pathotypes in the screening nurseries are serially collected throughout the season and race typed to aid interpretation and validation of phenotypic data recorded during

Year 1 Progress

Collection of stem rust, yellow rust and leaf rust isolates during surveys has been accomplished

Initial results of race analysis of samples collected in the screening nurseries during march 2011suggested that the predominant race was Ug99+Sr24 virulent pathotype. Samples were also collected in the main season (Sept 2011) which will be used for characterization

Field inoculations were carried out using Sr24 virulent TTKST pathotype to create artificial epidemics and it was observed that the predominant pathotype has a fitness over other pathotypes however, some samples need further characterization. Year 2 Progress

Samples for all the three rusts were collected in the main season 2011 and off season 2012. Differential sets and trap nurseries were planted in every block to assess

60 single stem rust pustules samples collected during the surveys in the key wheat growing areas of Kenya. 37 were sent to the CDL for molecular characterization. Results indicated that race TTKSK and TTKST are still predominant in the farmers’ fields. 23 samples will are under process of sending for race analysis.

61




each screening cycle. Frequency and predominance of pathotypes recorded and reported to collaborators. (May 2011 and Nov 2011, recurring annually)

any variation and collect samples and field samples were sent to USDA and AAFC Canada for further characterization. Ruth has started molecular characterization of the rust samples collected on surveys at BECA, ILRI as a part of her PhD thesis.

Activity 24.a.5. National pathogen surveillance and race analysis in Kenya.

Rust surveys during wheat growing seasons conducted and samples collected (methods conforming to Obj 23, 2011 onwards).

Race analysis conducted at KARI-Njoro/AAFC on collected samples and virulence patterns of races in Kenya determined (Dec 2011, recurring annually).

Year 1 Progress

Stem rust, yellow rust and leaf rust samples were collected in wheat growing belts of Mt. Kenya and Narok, which need further testing.

Due to space limitations of the renovated greenhouse, it was agreed to construct a new greenhouse, which will be used exclusively for race analysis (2012). Year 2 Progress

During 2011 (Jan-Sept), staff from KARI, Njoro carried out extensive rust surveys throughout the Kenyan wheat growing areas. A total of 466 fields were surveyed for rusts. Stem rust was the predominant disease recorded on the surveys; present in 306 of the 466 fields visited (66%). Stem rust was widespread – being observed in all the areas surveyed, but compared to previous years disease severity was reduced. Only 56 of the 466 fields visited (13%) recorded stem rust severity as moderate (20-40%) or high (>40%) [c.f. moderate or high severity in 40% of fields in 2007, 23% in 2008, 33% in 2009, 26% in 2010]. In the North Rift region, surveyors considered that most of the farmers were undertaking effective chemical control of stem rust and this was leading to a noticeable decrease in the incidence and severity of the disease. Samples of the three rusts were collected on surveys and were sent to USDA, AAFC and GRRC for further characterization.

Stem rust, yellow rust and leaf rust collected in the wheat belts of South Rift, Mt. Kenya, North Rift and Central Rift Regions, Stem and yellow rust will be sent (October 20130) to AAFC Canada the GRRC, Denmark for analysis respectively.

During 2013 (Jan-Sep), staff from KARI, Njoro carried out extensive rust surveys throughout the Kenyan wheat growing areas. A total of 333 fields were surveyed for rusts. Stem rust was the predominant disease recorded on the surveys; present in 180 of the 333 (54.1%) of the fields visited. Stem rust was widespread – being observed in all the areas surveyed, but compared to previous years disease incidence was reduced. Only 44 of the 333 fields visited (13.2%) recorded stem rust severity as moderate (20-40%) and 6.9 % as high (>40%) [c.f. moderate or high severity in 40% of fields in 2007, 23% in 2008, 33% in 2009, 26% in 2010]. In the North Rift and Mt. Kenya region, surveyors considered that most of the farmers were undertaking effective chemical control of stem rust and this

62




SCRIPD-BBSRC and DRRW funds will be used to develop new glasshouse for in country characterization.

Some of the samples were characterized at BECA-ILRI.

was leading to a noticeable decrease in the incidence and severity of the disease. Samples of the three rusts were collected on surveys are sent to USDA, AAFC and GRRC for further characterization.

Activity 24.a.6. Establishment of a Seed Health unit, including standard protocols to be implemented for seed exchange in complementation with national regulatory authorities.

Seed health unit operational (Apr 2011).

Seed health management protocols established and communicated (Jun 2011).

Staff trained in seed health (Aug 2011)

Seed health quarantine protocols implemented, including enforcement. (Sep 2011, recurring for each seed import/export shipment).

Year 1 Progress

Bernard Othuko from KARI has been assigned for seed health lab and will be sent to CIMMYT-Mexico / KEPHIS (Kenya Plant Health Inspectorate Services) for training, up on which seed health unit will be established (Tentative date Feb 2012). Year 2 Progress

Bernard Othuko has been trained at CIMMYT on seed health inspection and quarantine to establish a seed health unit. Protocols are in place and has been actively involved in database management of seeds received and seed dispatched outside Kenya (import and export).

Seed health unit now functional. A few lines from some countries were rejected due to common bunt. Seed from Afghanistan, Pakistan are also sent to CIMMYT-Mexico to ensure that the seed is free from quarantined diseases before it is planted in Kenya.

Activity 24.a.7. In-service learning/training opportunities for KARI and national skill development.

Scientists trained in the area of cereal rust genetics, race surveillance, and race analysis, screening and rust pathology techniques by visiting scientists and by CIMMYT IFP. (Sep 2011, 2012, 2013).

Three staff trained (one per year) at CIMMYT in the area of field management, screening,

Year 1 Progress

In an effort to bring in new potential partners and contribute to the visibility of research and impact of CIMMYT, successfully organized and coordinated a training course titled "Standardization of stem rust field notes and germplasm evaluation, with discussions on yellow and brown rust" at Kenya Agricultural Research Institute (KARI) research station, Njoro (5th - 12th Oct. 2010). More than 60 participants and resource personnel from over 15 countries attended these courses comprising lectures from international experts. Activities included hands-on practicals on note taking and evaluation of germplasm, stem rust screening methodologies, techniques and principles both in green

The 5th stem rust training course, “Standardization of stem rust note taking and evaluation of germplasm with emphasis on emerging threats of yellow rust and leaf rust” (Sep 22–Oct 2, 2013), was conducted with 30 participants from 13 different countries.

6 Kenyan nationals participated in the stem rust training course from KARI, Nairobi University, Egerton and Moi Universities.

Zenna Koskey received a Borlaug LEAP scholarship to conduct research at

63




data collection, data management, and methodologies related to rust resistance evaluation, selection and breeding (Aug 2011, 2012, 2013). KARI scientists attend and participate in international conferences (relevant time/conferences in, 2011, 2012, 2013).

One national Post-graduate student trained per year in area of plant pathology, breeding and genetics (summer semester 2011, recurring yearly).

house and field. Based on success of the 2010 training course, similar course has been recommended and will be organized in Oct. 2011.The 3rd stem rust training course on “Standardization of stem rust note taking and evaluation of germplasm with emphasis on emerging threats of Yellow rust and Leaf rust” (26th Sep-07th October 2011)was conducted with 24 participants from 14 different countries.

In both the training courses more than 10 Kenyan nationals participated both from KARI, KEPHIS, Kenya seeds, Egerton and Moi Universities, Sam Kilonzo (research assistant KARI) attended the wheat pathology and improvement training course at CIMMYT-Mexico.

FelisterNzuve (PhD student) has been selected for AWARD (African women in Agriculture, Research and Development) under my mentorship and also a recipient of Monsanto travel award. Ngina is a masters student at the Moi University who is being considered for mentoring Year 2 Progress

The 3rd stem rust training course, “Standardization of stem rust note taking and evaluation of germplasm with emphasis on emerging threats of yellow rust and leaf rust” (Sep 26–Oct, 7, 2011), was conducted with 24 participants from 14 different countries.

The 4th stem rust training course, “Standardization of stem rust note taking and evaluation of germplasm with emphasis on emerging threats of yellow rust and leaf rust” (Sep 25–Oct 5, 2012), was conducted with 34 participants from 13 different countries.

In both the training courses 12 Kenyan nationals participated from KARI, KEPHIS, Kenya seeds, Egerton and Moi Universities.

NDSU.

Felister Nzuve is being trained at Pioneer in USA.

7 masters students are involved in the DRRW project.

6 KARI scientists attended the BGRI workshop at Delhi, India.

Ken Wekulo from Kenya Seed Company attended the Wheat Improvement training course in Mexico.

64




Bernard Otukho attended training in the seed health at CIMMYT, Mexico.

4 trainees participated in the 3rd stem rust training course 2011.

4 researchers attended BGRI workshop in USA at St MN from Kenya.

3 research staff and one female farmer attended BGRI meeting held in Beijing, China from Kenya.

8 trainees from the SAARC countries (India, Nepal and Bangladesh) participated in “Standardization of stem rust note taking and evaluation of germplasm with emphasis on emerging threats of yellow rust and leaf rust” from Sept 26–Oct 7, 2011.

Activity 24.a.8. Strategic investments to enhance the precision and capacity to generate reliable and accurate stem rust phenotypic data.

Fifteen hectares of land and excellent research facilities are available for national and international rust screening activities (Oct 2011).

Greenhouse capable of high throughput rust resistance seedling assays becomes available (Jun2011)

Tunnel house capable of generating reliable and repeatable phenotypic data is available (Apr 2011). Seed health unit operational (Apr 2011)

Year 1 Progress

Close to 4 hectares of land is used every season and after harvest is under cover crop rotation for two crop cycles to enrich the soil fertility.

The strategic improvements in land leveling, drip irrigation, lime and copper oxychloride application has resulted in good crop growth and good disease establishment which has resulted in three consecutive cycles of reliable disease data

Greenhouse phenotyping was consistent for evaluations however race typing is still a constraint and will be accomplished with the establishment of a new greenhouse.

Seed health will be operational and fully functional by June 2012 Year 2 Progress

Reliable phenotypic data was recorded over the last two seasons in main season 2011 and off-season 2012 with good crop establishment and high disease pressure.

Crop rotation (wheat and canola and timely operation have increased crop vigor and better disease establishment.

New drip tubes in process of procurement and replacement.

Greenhouse design and costs were estimated to be $320,000 and approval is under process

65




Construction of new greenhouse would ensure reliable phenotypic data and race characterization.

Component 24.b. Ethiopia phenotyping

Activity 24.b.1. Durum wheat stem rust phenotyping of breeding germplasm and research materials in the field screening nursery at Debre-Zeit, Ethiopia (EIAR).

Main season nurseries planned, seed imported and planted, and resulting material phenotyped (Jun 2011, recurring annually).

Main season data recorded, data and/or seed returned to collaborators and shared where appropriate and as governed by the Germplasm Acquisition Agreement (GAA) (Nov 2011, recurring annually).

Off-season nurseries planned, seed imported and planted, and resulting material phenotyped (Nov 2011, recurring annually).

Off-season data recorded, data and/or seed returned to collaborators and shared where appropriate and as governed by the GAA (Apr 2011, recurring annually).

Year 1 Progress

The off-season nursery comprised of 2,400 accessions for screening from CIMMYT, ICARDA, USDA and Egypt. Crop growth and disease establishment was good; data were recorded and disseminated to the collaborators.

The main season nursery comprised of 5,200 accessions from CIMMYT. ICARDA, NDSU, Turkey, Australia and India. The crop establishment and disease pressure was good. Data is being recorded and will be sent out to collaborators. Year 2 Progress

12,394 entries were screened in Ethiopia in 2011-12 seasons, 6,589 entries in the main season 2011, and 5,805 entries in the offseason of 2012 from CIMMYT, ICARDA, USDA, Australia and India. The crop establishment was good, stem rust pressure was heavy and two sets of data have been recorded and data is currently documented for the main season 2012.

The 2013 off-season nursery comprised of 5,159 accessions for screening from CIMMYT, ICARDA, USDA, NDSU, University of California and India. The crop growth and disease establishment was good; data was recorded and disseminated to the collaborators.

The 2013 main season nursery comprised of 5,389 accessions from CIMMYT. ICARDA, NDSU, Australia and India. The crop establishment and disease pressure was good. Data is being recorded and will be sent out to collaborators.

66




Activity 24.b.2. Seedling and adult plant phenotyping of durum wheat in greenhouse and tunnel house in support of gene mapping and novelty studies (joint with Objective 26) at Debre-Zeit, Ethiopia (EIAR).

Greenhouse and tunnel house screening planned and seed imported. (Feb 2011, recurring annually)

Material screened. (Oct 2011, recurringannually)

Accurate seedling (greenhouse) and adult reaction (tunnel house) phenotype data generated and returned to collaborators and shared where appropriate. (Nov 2011, recurring annually)

Year 1 Progress

Seedling evaluations are carried out in the green house at Ambo, Tunnel house constructed and operational by June 2012.

Seedling evaluation protocols optimized, however large-scale evaluations is under progress. Year 2 Progress

Seedling tests were carried out to facilitate Objective 26 and mapping populations to characterize APR were planted in main season 2012 at the Debre-Zeit research station.

Seedling tests were carried out to facilitate Objective 26 and mapping populations to characterize APR were planted in main season 2012 at the Debre-Zeit research station.

Activity 24.b.3. Confirmation and initial characterization of resistance in durum wheat germplasm at Debre-Zeit, Ethiopia (EIAR) forvarieties under release consideration in at-risk countries.

Field resistance of candidate or released varieties is re-evaluated in greenhouse for seedling reaction (Dec 2011, recurring annually);

and tunnel house for adult response (Jun 2011, recurring annually);

to confirm resistance and initiate resistance gene postulation work (Nov 2011, recurring annually).

DNA of confirmed resistances shared with

Year 1 Progress

In collaboration with Objective 26 coordinator, MAS selected materials will be tested at Debre-Zeit for Ug99 resistance and optimum agronomic features. These activities will be implemented more during Phase-II. Year 2 Progress

In collaboration with Objective 26, MAS selected materials are tested at Debre-Zeit for Ug99 resistance and optimum agronomic features.

Characterization of the released varieties was done in conjunction with Objective 26 and the lines released from ICARDA were known to carry Sr24 based on the marker information.

Close to 300 lines identified resistant in the off season 2013 at the Debre-Zeit screening site are currently evaluated in the main season 2013

67




Objective 26 to enable marker based determination of genetic basis of resistance (Dec 2011, recurring annually).

Activity 24.b.4. Collection, characterizationand maintenance of stem rust culturesand monitoring of field races in the screening nursery (EIAR Debre-Zeit and Ambo).

Relevant cultures purified and maintained.(Feb 2011, recurring annually)

Effective epiphytotics of stem rust on screening materials maintained in field and tunnel house (Mar 2011, recurring annually).

Predominant virulent pathotypes in the screening nurseries field are serially collected throughout the season and race typed to aid interpretation and validation of phenotypic data recorded during each screening cycle. Frequency and predominance of pathotypes recorded and reported to collaborators. (May and Dec 2011, recurring annually)

Year 1 Progress

Purified isolates of different variants TTKST (Ug99+Sr24), PTKSK, TTTSK and PTKST have been multiplied and used for field inoculations. A mixture of these isolates is used to create artificial epidemics in the field.

The predominant isolate is still Ug99 in the screening nursery with isolates of PTKSK and PTKST in lower frequencies. Isolates are also sent to AAFC for characterization. Year 2 Progress

Isolates of TTKST (Ug99+Sr24), PTKSK, TTTSK and PTKST have been purified, multiplied and used for field inoculations. Mixture of these isolates is used to create artificial epidemics in the field.

The predominant isolate is still Ug99 in the screening nursery with isolates of PTKSK and PTKST in lower frequencies.

In 2013 off-season 10 samples of stem rust were collected and another 10 collected in the main season from Debre-Zeit and are under analysis.

Ambo center has the capacity of multiplying stem rust spores to be used by Debre Zeit. Screening of 250 wheat germplasm against Ug99 and TTTKS races at seedling stage conducted at Ambo greenhouse for Kulumsa Agricultural Research Center.

Activity 24.b.5. National pathogen

Rust surveys during wheat growing seasons are conducted and

Year 1 Progress

This took place in Oct/Nov 2010. Twelve research Wheat rust (Puccinia spp) surveys were carried out by 14 Federal Agricultural Research Centers, four Regional

68




surveillance and race analysis in Ethiopia. (EIAR-Ambo)

samples collected (methods conforming to Objective 23). (Sep 2011, recurring annually).

Race analysis conducted by EIAR-Ambo on collected samples and virulence patterns of races in Ethiopia determined. (Dec 2011, recurring annually)

centers and one university took part in the rust survey. A total of 935 wheat production fields and experimental plots were assessed for the three rusts (stem, yellow and leaf) in the country. Of these, 29% of the fields and plots were affected by stem rust. The prevalence of stem rust was 54% in Arsi zone and 62% in Bale zone of Oromiya Region. Occurrence of stem rust in northern zones was insignificant. In contrast, the overall mean prevalence of leaf rust was about 40% with high percentages in the SNNP (south) and Tigray (North) regions.

The untimely early appearance of yellow rust prompted an emergency survey in mid-August and thus determined the disease as epidemic. During the normal survey period in October, 52% of the assessed fields were affected by yellow rust. Distribution of yellow rust was higher than 63% in Oromiya, Amhara and the Southern region (SNNPR). This indicated that the disease was at an epidemic level. Serious epidemics of yellow rust were recorded in central Shewa, Wellega, Arsi, Wello, Gojam and Gondar zones. Spore samples of yellow rust (14) and stem rust (32) were sent to Denmark (Morgan) and Canada (Tom), respectively. Details of the 2010 rust survey have been reported in national progress reports, and data were shared with international partners. Year 2 Progress

Following the widespread yellow rust epidemics observed in the 2010 main season, extensive wheat rust surveys were undertaken by staff from 13 different institutes throughout Ethiopia. These surveys were once again coordinated by DrGetanehWoldeab of the EIAR Ambo Research Station. A total of 719 sites were surveyed, with all the major wheat growing areas covered by the surveys. While not at the same level of disease pressure as 2010, yellow incidence and severity

Agricultural Research Institutes, and Haramaya Univ in the 2012/2013 crop seasons. The distribution of wheat rusts and virulence of stem rust (P.graminis f. sp. tritici) were studied during the main and off (belg) cropping seasons. In the main (June – November) growing season, 795 wheat fields were assessed for rusts infections. The highest number of fields (406) was evaluated in Oromiya, while the least (44) were in SNNP region. Moreover, the numbers of fields assessed were high in the wheat belts of Arsi, Bale and Shewa zones of Oromiya region.

In the main growing season, the overall prevalence of stem rust was 24.3%, leaf rust 33.1%, and yellow rust 46%. The mean number of fields affected by stem rust was 56.2%, 31.8%, 5.8% and 3.2% for Oromiya, SNNP, Tigray and Amhara regions, respectively. The prevalence of stem rust in the Bale zone was 100% and contrary to that, it was zero in Gojam and Gonder zones of Amhara region and North Tigray zone of Tigray region. The mean prevalence of leaf rust was 40.6%, 10.5%, 44.7% and 36.4% for Oromiya, Amhara, Tigray and SNNP regions, respectively. The highest leaf rust distribution (71.2%) was noted in central Shewa zone of Oromiya region, followed by 69.6% in south Tigray zone of Tigray region. The lowest, 4.3% was recorded for Gojam and Gonder zones. The distribution of yellow rust affected

69




remained very high in certain areas. Continued widespread cultivation of susceptible cultivars like Galema and Kubsa was almost certainly a factor.Yellow rust once again predominated, being recorded at 414 of the sites surveyed. A larger proportion of sites were recorded with only low disease severity (1-20%) compared to 2010, but even so approximately 40% of the sites with yellow rust reported moderate or high disease severity (>20%). High (>40%) disease severity was reported from 81 sites (cf 200 sites in 2010). Yellow rust was still widely distributed, but more concentrated in the western highlands – Oromyia and Amhara regions – rather than in the eastern highlands of Arsi and Bale. As in 2010, the northern areas of Tigray were relatively free of yellow rust.

As in 2010, stem rust and leaf rust were recorded in approximately equal proportions on the survey. Stem rust was recorded at 158 sites and leaf rust at 144 sites. Moderate or high (>20%) stem rust severity was recorded at 29 locations. For both diseases the majority of records were of low disease severity (1-20%). Stem rust was again concentrated in the southern areas, south of Addis Ababa. Leaf rust was more widely distributed occurring throughout the wheat growing areas of Ethiopia, apart from the northern areas of Tigray.

fields were 23.1% for Oromiya, 41.9% for Amhara, 69.6% for Tigray and 49.2% for SNNP regions. The prevalence of the disease was above 50%, in Borena and Guji, north Tigray, north Shewa and Wello zones and the rest had below 20%.

The mean stem rust incidences for all the surveyed regions ranged from zero in north Tigray zone to 62.2% in Bale zone. The lowest and highest mean incidences of leaf rust were recorded in the south and north Tigray, respectively. Yellow rust incidence was the least in east Shewa and highest in north Tigray zone. Similarly, the severities of stem rust did not exceed 10%, leaf rust 24% and yellow rust 29%. In a more detailed study, the highest stem rust scores (40MSS-60S) were recorded on the improved cultivars Digelu, Danda’a and Medawalabu in Bale zone. Leaf rust was high (40MSS) on cultivars ET 13 A2 and local in Wello zone of Amhara region. Cultivars Kubsa and a local variety were severely infected by yellow rust in the Tigray region. However, in comparison with the others, cultivar Digelu was the least infected by rusts in many zones.

In the belg season (April-July), wheat rust surveys were also carried out in Bale zone where 54 wheat fields were evaluated. In this season, the prevalence of stem rust was 61%, and leaf rust was 42.6%. Yellow rust was absent. The incidences of stem and leaf rusts ranged

70




from 0 to 100%, while the severity of the former rust did not exceed 30S and that of latter rust reached 40MS. The major cultivars grown in this season were Tusie, Medawalabu, Kubsa and Digelu. Cultivars Tusie and Kubsa exhibited 60 -100% incidences of stem and leaf rusts, but the severities were less than 20MSS. The incidences and severities of both rusts on cultivars Medawalabu and Digelu were traces. Nevertheless, the intensity of stem and leaf rusts was lower in this season than in the main-season.

During the surveys, 179 wheat stem rust samples were collected and sent to the Ambo Plant Protection Research Center for race analysis. Of these,, only 67 samples were analyzed, with the rest being non-viable due to poor storage conditions.

Analysis of 32 stem rust samples collected during the belg season from Bale zone yielded race Ug99 (TTKSK), and the remaining samples collected during the main season from different zones and regions were identified as the same race. This indicates that stem rust populations in Ethiopia are dominated by this race. TTKSK is virulent on 17 stem rust resistance genes out of the 20 and avirulent on Sr36, SrTmp and Sr24 genes. Ug99 was isolated from cultivars Medawalabu, Tusie, Kubsa, Dure, and Morocco. Duplicate stem rust samples collected from Bale belg season (32 samples) and SNNP region main season

71




(20 samples) were also sent to Cereal Disease Laboratory, Minnesota by Dr. David Hodson for molecular analysis and the results proved to be race TTKSK.

Activity 24.b.6. Characterize the nature and distribution of the stem rust population in Ethiopia’s durum/ tetraploid wheat crop through surveys and established trap nurseries. (EIAR-Ambo)

Rust samples systematically collected from farmer fields and trap nurseries of durum wheat (Sep 2011, recurring annually)

Distribution of stem rust virulences and races determined (Jun 2011, recurring annually).

Year 1 Progress

In summary, among 62 isolates of Pucciniagraminis analyzed on 20 stem rust differentials at Ambo, 55 were obtained from Oromiya region and 11 of them or 20% were Ug99. Two isolates out of 5 from Tigray region were identified as Ug99 while 2 out of 2 isolates from Amhara region ended up in Ug99. Hence, 24% of the total races identified were Ug99. Year 2 Progress

Several isolates were collected on surveys and are under further characterization.

Isolates collected in the surveys and trap plots under progress for further characterization.

Activity 24.b.7. Establishment of a Seed health unit, including standard protocols to be implemented for seed ex-change in complementation with national regulatory authorities.

Seed health unit operational and complementing role of national quarantine authorities (Apr 2011).

Seed health management protocols established and communicated in consultation with national quarantine authorities. (Jun 2011).

Staff trained in seed health issues and protocols (Aug 2011)

Seed health quarantine

Year 1 Progress

Under progress. Year 2 Progress

Is under discussion for consideration.

CIMMYT, ICARDA, India, Australia and USDA send materials for testing and the risk of introduction of quarantined diseases is very low therefore seed health unit may not be considered essential. However, Drs. Bedada (EIAR) and Bekele (CIMMYT) will discuss the current protocol for seed health and quarantine procedures with national authorities and confirm compliance with Ethiopian requirements.

72




protocols implemented, including enforcement. (Sep 2011, recurring for each seed import/export shipment).

Activity 24.b.8. In-service learning/ training opportunities for EIAR and national skill development.

Three scientists trained (one per year) at international cereal rust labs in the area of cereal rust genetics, race surveillance, race analysis, screening and rust pathology techniques (Jul 2011, Jul 2012, Jul 2013).

Three staff trained (one per year) at CIMMYT in the area of field management, screening, data collection and methodologies related to rust resistance evaluation, selection and breeding (Aug 2011, Aug 2012, Aug 2013)

EIAR scientists attend and participate in international conferences (relevant time/conferences in Sep 2011, Sep 2012, Sep 2013).

National technical staff trained by two local training events relevant

Year 1 Progress

Short term visits: After the Minnesota BGRI workshop, Getaneh extended his stay with Yue Jin to join the rust survey team in the US and for hands on training in Jin’s pathology laboratory. Similarly, Ayele traveled to Canada to learn and gain experience from Tom Fetch’s rust laboratory

Four EIAR wheat researchers participated in the 2011 BGRI Technical Workshop held in St. Paul, MN, June 13-16, 2011.

One breeder and two pathologists participated in the 2011 Njoro rust standardization and scoring workshop. Year 2 Progress

4 trainees participated in the 3rd stem rust training course 2011

28 wheat pathologists trained in basic pathology on wheat disease by Oct 2011 – Sponsored by EAAPP

14 wheat breeder trained in basic wheat breeding at Kulumsa RC, Oct 2011 – Sponsored by CIMMYT regional office

2 pathologists trained on standardization of rust scoring methods at Njoro for 10 days, 2 technicians and 3 students participated from Kenya

1 pathologist trained at ICARDA for 3 months

1 senior researcher attended 1 month training at CIMMYT, Toluca Sept

5 researchers attended BGRI workshop in USA at St

Dr. Getaneh Woldeab has visited Plant Breeding Institute, Sydney University, for three-week training on rusts.

Seven researchers and technical assistants attended the training workshop in Kenya.

Five scientists from EIAR attended the BGRI workshop in Delhi

73




to field and greenhouse rust screening (Apr 2011, Apr 2012).

MN from Ethiopia

6 research staff and one female farmer attended BGRI meeting held in Beijing, China from Ethiopia and 3 research staff from Kenya

Activity 24.b.9. Strategic investments to enhance the precision and capacity to generate reliable and accurate stem rust phenotypic data.

Seven hectares of land and excellent research facilities are available for national and international rust screening activities (Oct 2010).

Greenhouse capable of high throughput rust resistance seedling assays becomes available (Jun 2010)

Tunnel house capable of generating reliable and repeatable phenotypic data is available (Apr 2011)

Seed health unit is operational (Apr 2011)

Year 1 Progress

Under progress Year 2 Progress

All the components are functional except the seed health unit.

Previous investments functional may need expansion to accommodate more materials for testing in the coming years

74


Objective 25. Durably resistant, high yielding wheat varieties



Component 25.a. Bread wheat

Activity 25.a.1. Spring bread wheat varieties with Ug99 resistance for irrigated and higher production environments of Africa; Middle East; West, Central, and South Asia

Between 30–50 high yielding, rust resistant potential replacement varieties tested annually in replicated yield trials in various countries at more than 50 field sites (Oct 2011, recurring annually)

Between 100–150 additional high yielding, multiple rust resistant lines distributed annually for evaluation and selection as small plots at more than 100 sites worldwide (Oct 2011, recurring annually)

About 10 new multiple rust resistant varieties with >5% higher yield potential than current cultivars released officially in various countries

Year 1 Progress

Replicated yield performance trials conducted at Cd. Obregon during 2010-2011 crop season (Nov 2010-May 2011) under five environments (optimally irrigated, zero tillage with optimum irrigation, reduced irrigation, simulated drought stress, and late sown heat stress) for 728 high yielding entries retained from previous year of testing. Best performing entries selected for inclusion in 33rdESWYT, 45thIBWSN, 6thEBWYT, 3rdCSISA-EM-HT, and 6thSRRSN.

Seed for 6thEBWYT multiplied in Mexicali (Dec 2010-May 2011); 50 sets prepared (28 Ug99 resistant entries + 2 checks X 3 reps) and seed distribution initiated for planting in 2011-2012 crop seasons in Bangladesh, Nepal, India, Pakistan, Afghanistan, Iran, Syria, Turkey, Morocco, Tunisia, Egypt, Sudan, Ethiopia, Kenya and Mexico. Twenty-two of the 28 resistant entries possessed high levels of APR (NIR and R categories); two were moderately resistant and Sr25, Sr26 and SrTmp were present in 1, 2, and 1 entries, respectively. Fifteen entries were derived from Mexico-Kenya shuttle breeding.

Seed for the 6th SRRSN multiplied in Mexicali (Dec 2010-May 2011); nursery prepared (120 resistant lines and checks) and distribution initiated for planting in 2011 crop season. NIR and R categories of APR possessed by 56 and 38, respectively, and 26 possessed race-specific resistance genes (Sr25 = 5, Sr26 = 6, SrSha7 = 11, SrTmp = 1, and SrUnknown =2).

Seed for preparing 33rdESWYT (46 entries and 4 checks x 2 rep yield trial) multiplied in Mexicali (Dec 2010-May 2011) and trial finalized. Preparation initiated for distribution in 2012. It contains 39 entries with high

Replicated yield performance trials conducted at Cd. Obregon during 2012/13 crop season (Nov 2012-May 2013) under five environments (optimally irrigated flat and bed planting, reduced irrigation, simulated drought stress through drip irrigation, and late sown heat stress) for 1,176 high yielding entries retained from the previous year of testing. The best-performing 602 entries were selected for inclusion in the following replicated yield trials: 8thEBWYT, 5thCSISA-HT-EM, and 22ndHRWYT; and the following non-replicated screening nurseries: 8thSRRSN, 47thIBWSN, 32ndSAWSN, and 25thHRWSN. The 35thESWYT and 22ndSAWYT trials will be finalized in 2014 and distributed the same year. High to adequate APR to Ug99 was possessed by 274 entries, and 282 carried one of the six race-specific genes in combination with Sr2 and other APR genes. Four hundred entries were Mexico-Kenya shuttle derived.

Seed for white grained 8thEBWYT multiplied in Mexicali (Dec 2012-May 2013); 50 sets prepared (28 Ug99 resistant entries + 2 checks x 3 reps) and seed distribution initiated for planting in 2013/14 crop seasons in Bangladesh, Nepal, India, Pakistan, Afghanistan, Iran, Turkey, Morocco, Tunisia, Egypt, Sudan, Ethiopia, Kenya, and Mexico. Nineteen of

75




(Dec 2014)

Application of appropriate breeding methodology and use of germplasm with durable resistance promoted for NARS breeding programs (Dec 2010, recurring annually)

Strong partnerships built for the fast release and promotion of new stem rust resistant cultivars (Feb 2013)

levels of adult plant resistance to Ug99 (Resistance categories NIR, R and R-MR in 10, 17 and 12 entries, respectively) and 7 entries with race-specific resistance genes (Sr25, Sr26, and SrTmp in 2, 1, and 4 entries, respectively).

Replicated yield performance trials for 6692 new breeding lines derived from crosses made in 2007 conducted in Cd. Obregon during 2010-2011 crop season (Nov 2010-May 2011) and phenotyped for stem rust resistance in Kenya during 2010-2011 off-season (Dec 2010-April 2011). One thousand lines retained based on yield, disease, and other agronomic data. These lines were phenotyped for resistance to leaf rust and fusarium head blight at El Batan, yellow rust and Septoria leaf blotch at Toluca (field), Ug99 resistance at Njoro and for end-use quality traits (15 May- 8 Oct 2011). 546 lines possessed high levels of APR to Ug99 in NIR = 32, R = 219, R-MR = 295 categories, and 128 lines had race-specific resistance genes.

We planted 1,011 F4-F5 segregating populations in Njoro, Kenya, during the 2011 main season after harvesting in the 2008-2009 off-season. Selection was conducted.

New crosses and populations under development in Mexico as per target.

Year 2 Progress

Replicated yield performance trials conducted at Cd. Obregon during 2011-2012 crop season (Nov 2011-May 2012) under five environments (optimally irrigated-flat planting, optimally irrigated-bed planting, zero tillage with reduced irrigation, simulated drought stress, and late sown heat stress) for 648 high yielding entries retained from previous year of testing. Best performing entries selected for inclusion in 34rdESWYT, 46thIBWSN, 7thEBWYT, 4rdCSISA-EM-HT, 7thSRRSN,

the 28 resistant entries possessed APR (4 R, 13 R-MR, and 2 MR using categories based on the 2012 off- and main-, and 2013 main-seasons screening data from Njoro). Sr13, Sr22, Sr25, Sr42, and SrND643 were present in 1, 1, 2, 2, and 3 entries, respectively.

Seed for the 8th SRRSN multiplied in Mexicali (Dec 2012-May 2013), nursery prepared (187 resistant lines and checks) and distribution initiated for planting in 2013/14 crop season. Nineteen and 48 entries possessed NIR and R categories of APR, respectively, and 120 possessed race-specific resistance genes in combination with Sr2 or other APR genes (Sr13 = 6, Sr22= 7, Sr25 = 33, Sr26 = 4, Sr42 = 21, Sr1A.1R = 5, SrHuw234 = 6, SrND643 = 24, and Sr? = 2). Also included were 12 lines from Jim Anderson that possessed combination Sr2+Sr25+Sr26.

Seed of red grained 22ndHRWYT (45 entries and 5 checks x 2 rep yield trial) multiplied in Mexicali (Dec 2012-May 2013) and trial list finalized. Preparation initiated for distribution in 2014. It contains nine entries with high to moderate levels of APR to Ug99 (resistance categories: R, R-MR, MR, and MR=MS in 2, 3, 2, and 2 entries, respectively) and 34 entries with race-specific resistance genes (Sr13, Sr25, Sr42, Sr1A.1R, SrND643, and Sr? in 1, 1, 16, 2, 13, and 1 entries, respectively).

Seed of white grained, early maturing, heat tolerant lines for 5thCSISA-HT-EM

76




21stHRWYT, and 24thHRWSN.

Seed for 7thEBWYT multiplied in Mexicali (Dec 2011-May 2012); 50 sets prepared (28 Ug99 resistant entries + 2 checks x 3 reps) and seed distribution initiated for planting in 2012-2013 crop seasons in Bangladesh, Nepal, India, Pakistan, Afghanistan, Iran, Turkey, Morocco, Tunisia, Egypt, Sudan, Ethiopia, Kenya, and Mexico. Twenty-two of the 28 resistant entries possessed high levels of APR (nine near-immune and 13 resistant categories based on 2011 Njoro-main season screening data). Sr25, SrTmp, and SrND643 were present in two entries each, respectively. Eleven entries were derived from Mexico-Kenya shuttle breeding.

Seed for the 7th SRRSN multiplied in Mexicali (Dec 2011-May 2012); nursery prepared (140 resistant lines and checks) and distribution initiated for planting in 2011-12 crop season. NIR and R categories of APR possessed by 26 and 80 entries, respectively, and 34 possessed race-specific resistance genes in combination with Sr2 or other APR (Sr25 = 12, Sr26 = 1, SrND643 = 10, SrTmp = 6, and SrUnknown =5).

Seed for preparing 34rdESWYT (45 entries and 5 checks x 2 rep yield trial) multiplied in Mexicali (Dec 2011-May 2012) and trial list finalized. Preparation initiated for distribution in 2013. It contains 37 entries with high to moderate levels of adult plant resistance to Ug99 (Resistance categories NIR, R, R-MR, and MR in 6, 15, 12, and 4 entries, respectively) and eight entries with race-specific resistance genes (Sr25, SrND643, and SrTmp in 2, 1, and 5 entries, respectively).

Seed for preparing 21stHRWYT (35 entries and 5 checks x 2 rep yield trial) multiplied in Mexicali (Dec 2011-May 2012) and trial list finalized. Preparation initiated for distribution in 2013. It contains 21 entries with high to moderate levels of adult plant resistance to Ug99

(supported by the CSISA project) was multiplied in Mexicali (Dec 2012-May 2013); 30 sets were prepared (28 Ug99 resistant entries plus 2 checks, with 3 reps) and seed distribution was initiated for planting in the 2013-2014 crop seasons in Bangladesh, Nepal, India, Pakistan, and Mexico. Thirteen of the 28 resistant entries possessed APR (2 NIR, 1 R, 3 R-MR, and 7 MR using categories based on the 2012 Njoro off- and main-, and 2013 main-seasons screening data). Sr22, Sr25, Sr42, Sr1A.1R, SrHuw234, and SrND643 were present in 1, 1, 2, 2, 2, and 7 entries, respectively.

Seed for preparing white grained 47thIBWSN (284 entries and checks) was multiplied in Mexicali (Dec 2012-May 2013) and the trial list finalized. Preparation was initiated for distribution in 2014. It contains 179 entries with high to moderate levels of APR to Ug99 (resistance categories: NIR, R, R-MR, MR, and MR-MS in 16, 26, 89, 40, and 8 entries, respectively) and 100 entries with race-specific resistance genes (Sr13, Sr22, Sr25, Sr26, Sr42, Sr1A.1R, SrHuw234, SrND643 and Sr? in 6, 7, 33, 4, 21, 5, 6, 24, and 2 entries, respectively), usually present together with Sr2 and other APR loci.

Seed for preparing white grained 32ndSAWSN (192 entries and checks) was multiplied in Mexicali (Dec 2012-May 2013) and the trial list finalized. Preparation was initiated for distribution in

77




(Resistance categories R, R-MR, MR, and MR=MS in 1, 6, 8, and 4 entries, respectively) and 11 entries with race-specific resistance genes (Sr25, SrTmp,and SrUncharacterized in 4, 5, and 2 entries, respectively). Five entries belonging to the MS category lacked adequate resistance.

Replicated (2 reps) yield performance trials for 10,192 new breeding lines derived from crosses made in 2008 conducted in Cd. Obregon during 2011-2012 crop season under optimal irrigation (Nov 2011-May 2012) and phenotyped for stem rust resistance in Kenya during 2012 off-season (Jan 2012-April 2012). We retained 1,580 lines based on yield, disease, and other agronomic data. These lines were phenotyped for resistance to leaf rust and fusarium head blight at El Batan, yellow rust and Septoria leaf blotch at Toluca (field) (25 May-30 Sept 2012), and stem rust at Njoro, Kenya (5 June- 5 October 2012). End-use quality evaluation is underway. Based on Njoro 2012-off and main season screening, 560 (35.5%) lines most likely possessed adequate APR in the following categories: NIR=81 lines (5.1%), R=146 lines (9.2%), R-MR=210 (13.3%) and MR=123 (7.8%). Based on pedigrees and host reaction in adult plants, 734 (46.5%) resistant lines could carry following race-specific genes or their combinations (often with Sr2 and other APR genes): Sr13, Sr22, Sr25, Sr26, SrTmp, SrND643, Sr1A.1R, SrSha7, SrNing, SrHuw234, SrWestonia and SrCbrd. Some lines (285; 18%) did not show adequate resistance when tested during the main season.

We planted 1,506 F3-F4 segregating populations in Njoro, Kenya during the 2011 off-season. Of these, 1442 populations were harvested after selection and sown in the main-season.

New crosses and populations under development in

2014. It contains 99 entries with high to moderate levels of APR to Ug99 (resistance categories: NIR, R, R-MR, MR, and MR-MS in 2, 22, 34, 24, and 16 entries, respectively) and 86 entries with race-specific resistance genes (Sr13, Sr22, Sr25, Sr26, Sr42, Sr1A.1R, SrHuw234, SrND643, and Sr? in 16, 4, 7, 1, 21, 4, 4, 21, and 8 entries, respectively), usually present together with Sr2 and other APR loci.

Seed for preparing red grained 25thHRWSN (127 entries and checks) was multiplied in Mexicali (Dec 2012-May 2013) and the trial list finalized. Preparation was initiated for distribution in 2014. It contains 25 entries with high to moderate levels of APR to Ug99 (resistance categories: R, R-MR, MR, and MR-MS in 4, 9, 7, and 5 entries, respectively) and 86 entries with race-specific resistance genes (Sr13, Sr22, Sr25, Sr42, Sr1A.1R, SrND643, and Sr? in 5, 1, 6, 44, 4, 34, and 3 entries, respectively), usually present together with Sr2 and other APR loci.

Replicated (2 reps) yield performance trials for 9,436 new breeding lines derived from crosses made in 2009 conducted in Cd. Obregon during 2012/13 season under optimal irrigation (Nov 2012-May 2013) and phenotyped for stem rust resistance in Kenya during the 2013 off-season. We retained 1,215 white grained and 143 red grained lines based on yield, disease resistance, and other agronomic data.

78




Mexico as per target. These lines were phenotyped for resistance to leaf rust and fusarium head blight at El Batan, yellow rust and Septoria leaf blotch at Toluca (field) (May-Sept 2013), and stem rust in Kenya (June-15 October 2013). End-use quality evaluation is underway. Based on the Njoro 2013-off-season, 998 (73.5%) entries most likely possessed adequate APR in the following categories: NIR=87 lines (6.4%), R=319 lines (23.5%), R-MR=387 (28.5%), and MR=205 (15.1%). Based on pedigrees and host reaction in adult plants, 249 (18.3%) resistant lines could carry the following race-specific genes or their combinations (often with Sr2 and other APR genes): Sr13, Sr25, Sr26, Sr42, SrND643, Sr1A.1R, SrHuw234, SrYanac, SrBau, and other uncharacterized genes.

About 33,500 advanced lines were grown as short plots in El Batan and Toluca during 2013 Mexico summer season and evaluated for leaf rust, yellow rust, and agronomic traits. ~10,000 lines showing high levels of resistance to the two rusts and good agronomic and grain characteristics are expected to be retained for first year yield performance testing at Cd. Obregon during 2013/14 crop season.

We planted 2,026 F3-F4 segregating populations in Njoro, Kenya during the 2013 off-season. Of these, 1,686 populations were retained after selection and sown in the main-season.

New crosses and populations under

79




development in Mexico as per target.

Activity 25.a.2. Spring bread wheat varieties with Ug99 resistance for drought-stressed and low production environments of Africa, Middle East, West, Central and South Asia.

15–20 lines sent every year to NARS coming from rainfed international trials and screening nurseries with good yield potential, tolerance to drought and resistance to yellow rust, leaf rust and Ug99 stem rust (Oct 2011, recurring annually).

At least 50 lines sent to NARS with good yield potential, tolerance to drought, resistance to yellow rust, leaf rust, and Ug99 stem rust (Mar 2011), recurring annually

3–4 stem rust resistant varieties selected for release by NARS (Dec 2014)

Year 1 Progress

3rd CSISA Drought-Heat trial composed of 29 entries with Ug99 resistance levels R-MR to MR-MS tested at 14 locations in India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, and Nepal during the 2010-11 crop cycle. Compared to the average multi-local yield, eight lines significantly beat the local check. The top yielder of the 1st and 2nd CSISA Drought trial in 2010 also performed very well in 2011; beating the local check in 12 locations out of 14 in the 3rd CSISA Drought trial.

Several lines of the 18thSAWYT with moderate to good resistance to Ug99 showed good yield performance so far, considering average yield atmore than 30 locations. In particular, one line that was second top-performer of the 1st and 2nd CSISA Drought trial in 2010 and showed good performance in 2011 in the 18thSAWYT.

19SAWYT (50 entries, 2 reps) prepared and distribution initiated in 2011. Of the 46 new lines entering this trial, 26 have R to MR levels of resistance, 14 MR-MS, and only 6 MS. There are no MSS or S lines in this trial.

Lines candidates for 30SAWSN scored for Ug99 resistance during the 2010 off-season. Scores were taken into account for the final selection of 20thSAWYT and 30thSAWSN.

We sent 326 F3 and 267 F4 populations to KARI-Njoro, Kenya for selection during the 2011 off-season. For the first time since the beginning of the DRRW project, we have been able to make good selection during the off-season, thanks to the drip irrigation.

Of the 1860 lines tested in the first year of yield trial in Obregon during crop cycle 2010-2011, we selected 451 lines to candidates to 31stSAWSN, of which 131 came from shuttle breeding between Mexico and Kenya. 31

Funding for Objective 25.a.2 terminated at the end of year 2 and hence no further reporting done. The two separate wheat breeding programs at CIMMYT were combined in a single program and results reported under Activity 25.a.1.

80




lines come from marker-assisted selection made for 1A1R, Sr25 and Sr26 genes, alone or in combination.

Year 2 Progress

Activity 25.a.2 was supported by the DRRW project until February 2012. The two separate wheat breeding programs at CIMMYT were combined in a single program and results will be reported in 2013 under Activity 25.a.1.

Replicated yield performance trials conducted at Cd. Obregon during 2011-2012 crop season under five environments (optimally irrigated flat or bed planting, zero tillage with reduced irrigation, simulated drought stress, and late sown heat stress) for 305 high yielding entries were retained from the previous year of testing. The best performing entries were selected for inclusion in 21stSAWYT and 21stSAWSN.

Seed for preparing 21stSAWYT (46 entries and 4 checks x 2 rep yield trial) multiplied in Mexicali (Dec 2011-May 2012) and trial list finalized. Preparation initiated for distribution in 2013. It contains 40 entries with high to moderate levels of adult plant resistance to Ug99 (Resistance categories R, R-MR and MR, MR-MS in 11, 18, 9, and 2 entries, respectively) and five entries with race-specific resistance genes (Sr25, SrCbrd, and SrTmp in 1, 1, and 3 entries, respectively).

Replicated (2 reps) yield performance trials for 2,044 new breeding lines derived from crosses made in 2008 conducted in Cd. Obregon during 2011-2012 crop season under simulated drought stress through drip irrigation and phenotyped for stem rust resistance in Kenya during the 2012 off-season. We retained 473 lines based on yield, disease resistance, and other agronomic data. These lines were phenotyped for resistance to leaf rust and fusarium head blight at El Batan, yellow rust and Septoria leaf blotch at Toluca

81




(field) (25 May-30 Sept 2012,) and Ug99 resistance in Kenya (6 June-5 Oct 2012). End-use quality evaluation is underway. Based on Njoro 2012 off- and main-season screening, the APR stem rust categories and frequencies of lines were as follows: R=33 (7%), R-MR=66 (14%), MR=79 (16.7%), MR-MS= 61 (12.9%), and MS/MS-S/S=99 (20.9%). A total of 178 (37%) likely carried race-specific resistance genes (often in combination or with other APR genes) as follows, based on pedigrees: Sr13=75 (15.9%), SrTmp=27 (5.7%), SrNing=9 (1.9%), SrTnmu=7 (1.5%), SrCbrd=3 (0.6%), SrSha7=1 (0.2%), and unknown Sr gene(s)=13 (2.7%).

We planted 513 F3-F4 segregating populations in Njoro, Kenya during the 2011 off-season. Off these, 453 populations were harvested after selection and sown in the main-season.

Component 25.b. Africa and South Asia

Activity 25.b.1. Durum wheat varieties for Ethiopia, South Asia, and North Africa with resistance to Ug99 and its derivatives.

Approximately 50 high yielding, stem rust resistant durum lines distributed worldwide in CIMMYT screening nurseries. (Mar 2012)

20–30 stem rust resistant durum varieties with >5% higher yield than current varieties distributed worldwide for yield/adaptation testing by NARS. (Mar 2014)

2–3 stem rust

Year 1 Progress

The frequency of resistant lines found in the main program material upon screening in Ethiopia has been increasing significantly. From the Debre-Zeit screening during the 2010 main-season (785 new advanced) we identified 62 lines (8%) that were highly resistant (below 10% infection), 124 (16%) that were moderately resistant (below 20% infection) and 599 that were susceptible. In 2008-09, the frequency of resistant material was below 3%. Based on this new data and that of previous years, as well as yield and quality data from México (2010+2011), 231 candidates for international nurseries were selected for multiplication in 2011-2012 including 71 highly resistant lines (31%), 93 moderately resistant lines (40%) and 67 susceptible lines (29%).

MAS-developed advanced lines (selection for markers linked to Sr22 and Sr25) were confirmed to be resistant upon a second field evaluation, validating the approach of using these markers in our program in Mexico. The

The commitment for output 1 achieved in 2012 was significantly improved in 2013 and 2014. In 2013, 61 resistant to moderately resistant lines were included in the 45th IDYN and 45th IDSN, representing 38.4% of the 159 lines distributed. In the 46th IDYN and 46th IDSN scheduled to be distributed in 2014, 86 out of the 216 lines (39.8%) included were resistant to moderately resistant to stem rust (22 of these were also distributed in 2013).

Multi-year yield testing under full irrigation and drought in Obregon indicated that at least 94 of the 125 R/MR lines distributed in 2013 and to be distributed in 2014 have yield performance at least 5% above the local check Jupare C2001 under optimal conditions. Of the 115 R/MR lines also tested under drought,

82




resistant candidates varieties for release in Ethiopia. (Dec 2014)

best of these lines have already been used as parent in crosses to pyramid both genes in already resistant to moderately resistant backgrounds. F4 single plants positive for both markers simultaneously were harvested in summer 2011

The first set of F6 families from crosses made primarily for stem rust resistant (simple crosses made in 2007 and top-crosses made in 2008) were screened for the first time under heavy field epidemics. Of the 163 families, 99 were resistant (60%), 29 moderately resistant (18%) and the rest susceptible. The best families were selected by the Ethiopian National Program for their own trials and we selected those resistant to moderately resistant lines that also had good yield potential and acceptable quality based on preliminary yield trials conducted in Obregon 2011.

Year 2 Progress

Output 1: International nurseries (Yield & Screening Nurseries together) distributed in 2012 included 150 lines 38 of them (25.3%) resistant to moderately resistant to stem rust, based on multiple season screening at Debre-Zeit under heavy artificial inoculation. This is a clear progress compared to the 152 lines distributed in 2011, which included 24 (15.8%) resistant to moderately resistant genotypes. Frequencies of resistant material have changed from those presented in previous report because additional data was obtained since (modified classification of some genotypes) and in 2011 data was presented for candidates to international nurseries whereas the numbers now presented are for final (distributed) nurseries.

Output 2: International Nurseries to be distributed in 2013, from which germplasm will be selected by NARS for their evaluation in 2014 (completion date of this output), have shown an even more significant progress

79 had yields of at least 5% above the local check Jupare C2001. All had acceptable to outstanding quality attributes (gluten strength and yellow color), certainly better than those prevailing in the currently grown Ethiopian and North African varieties. This indicates that we are well underway of achieving the goals fixed for output 2 by March 2014.

Given the higher frequency of resistant germplasm identified during the last 2 years, the Ethiopian National program should not have any problem identifying lines that are promising not only for their rust resistance but also for yield potential, stability and quality (output 3).

Additionally, newly developed material was screened in 2013 at Debre Zeit (1,137 in total) with variable frequencies of resistant to moderately resistant lines, depending on the type of material: Lines from crosses not made for stem rust resistant (6.3%), lines from crosses made specifically for stem rust resistance based on parental data from Ethiopia (27.2%) and lines developed through marker-assisted selection in Mexico for Sr22+Sr25 stacks (100%).

83




as they will include 65 (40.9%) genotypes consistently classified as resistant to moderately resistant out of the 159 that will be distributed. This represents 2-3 fold higher number of lines than what we committed to in this output (20-30) and should allow the selection by NARS of genotypes with improved resistance as well as higher yield potential and much better quality characteristics.

Output 3: The genotype that was released in Mexico under the name MOVAS C2010 (resistant to moderately resistant depending on the seasons, under heavy inoculations), has been included in 2012 in the National Ethiopian trials and its evaluation continues. Whereas the agronomic performance of this genotype is acceptable under Ethiopian conditions, the major interest is for its excellent quality, much superior to any genotype available in Ethiopia. In addition, from the set of germplasm sent to the Ethiopian NARS in 2011, 87 were selected by them for evaluation in preliminary trials. This group should provide lines that can be considered as potential candidates for release in Ethiopia.

Additional Activities: (1) The marker-assisted development of genotypes carrying both Sr22 and Sr25 in background already resistant to moderately resistant to stem rust has been completed in Mexico. Thirty-six (36) F6 lines, all homozygous for both Sr22 and Sr25 and with substantially improved industrial quality parameters (color and gluten strength), have just been selected. They will be tested in 2013 both in Obregon-Mexico for yield potential, drought tolerance and quality and in Ethiopia for adaptation to local conditions prior to selection of the best for inclusion into the National Program trials.

(2) Association mapping of the resistance to stem rust in a representative set of modern durum germplasm has

84




been completed and indicated that the resistance was mostly oligogenic, with no single QTL explaining a major part of the resistance, and largely of adult-plant nature (APR).

(3) Phenotyping of bi-parental mapping populations to map the resistance genes from CIMMYT line COCORIT and Ethiopian cultivar BOOHAI was completed. Mapping is under way.

Additional activities 2 and 3 were part of a Beachell-Borlaug scholar program of an Ethiopian student, led by the Roberto Tuberosa group from the University of Bologna, in which CIMMYT was a primary collaborator.

Activity 25.b.2. Kenyan wheat improvement for East Africa and South-Asia.

Strengthen research capacity in wheat improvement through close collaboration with wheat scientists in Kenya. (Oct 2011, recurring annually)

Assist the Kenyan Njoro ARI in building research infrastructure. (Oct 2011, recurring annually)

Liaise with multiple partners for germplasm and data exchange. (Oct 2011, recurring annually)

Year 1 Progress

CIMMYT-KARI collaboration has resulted in the release of two new Ug99 resistant varieties viz. Robin and Eagle-10, which carry both major gene and Adult Plant Resistant (APR) genes. We have initiated the seed maintenance and distribution of the new varieties- Robin and Eagle10. KARI gave Kenya seed company two tons of Robin and one ton of Eagle 10 for multiplication. Inspection by KEPHIS is in progress and we expect that Kenya seed will produce not less than 20 tons of this seed this year. We are also multiplying these varieties here in Njoro and we expect to harvest at least 10 tons of Robin and 5 tons of Eagle10. We also have three lines in NPT final year and three awaiting release.

Training of KARI staff Samuel Kilonzo at CIMMYT Mexico (Mar-May 2011), John Ndungu is currently being trained at Mexico under Javier Penna, six students attended the 3rd stem rust training course.

A 1,000 cubic-meter reservoir and pump house were constructed at the international screening site, which can irrigate the entire 12 hectares of land under the DRRW

Seed for the six new released varieties (K. Hawk, K. Korongo, K.Tae, K. Wren, K. Kingbird and K. Sunbird) has been purified and multiplication is underway. All the varieties are in the initial stage of seed purification and multiplication. By Feb 2014 the target is to have 10 tons of breeder seed for each of the varieties.

Five demonstrations were planned and held in different parts of the country to promote the new varieties. We also held an open day in Njoro where farmers were shown the new varieties and where they are to be grown (Agro-ecozones).

Seven lines are in NPT, 3 in their second year and 4 in their first year of evaluation. We expect them to be released in late 2014

Godwin Macharia has graduated with a PhD from the University of Minnesota and is already absorbed in the breeding program.

85




project. We are in the process of building a new greenhouse, which would greatly facilitate race characterization and screening of accessions in greenhouse for seedling resistance to Ug99, procurement of equipment for pathology lab and field equipment (chisel plough). Focus is on developing the quality lab and biotechnology lab.

Since 2006 close to 200,000 accessions were phenotyped at KARI Njoro, 45,000 entries were phenotyped in 2011. As a part of the MTA (Material Transfer Agreement), lines that have good levels of resistance from CIMMYT, ICARDA and other countries can be put for varietal testing and release.

Year 2 Progress

Six new wheat varieties were released (Kenya Wren, Kenya Tai, Kenya Korongo, Kenya Sunbird, Kenya Hawk12 and Kenya Kingbird) through the NPT procedure. We are in the process of purifying and multiplying seed of these varieties. For the two varieties released earlier (Robin and Eagle10), We distributed 10 tons of basic seed to 10 farmer groups, through the EAAPP project. So far we have inspected plots of 7 groups and about 50 acres were approved for seed. This will give about 100 tons of seed for planting about 2000 acres. The seed will be processed in Njoro and then redistributed to more farmers. We have identified this method as the most efficient to get the seed to the small scale farmers. In addition KARI sold about 200 tons of seed to both small scale and large scale farmers. This year we target to sell about 300 tons of the two varieties.

We have also entered seven new lines for national performance trials in 2012

We have engaged students from public universities to carryout research with breeding group. One student Zenna Koskei is undertaking her MSc in Egerton Univ.

Two more students from the University have been recruited (Mersey Atieno and Helen Wairimu).

86




and evaluating old Kenyan germplasm for use in breeding, A student from Kenyatta University is transferring the genes of resistance from Kingbird to Njoro BW2. Duncan, a student of Egerton University is reconfirming of resistance of selected lines in different locations while Ngina of Moi University is attempting to use markers in selecting our segregating populations

We are now screening some breeding populations from Pakistan and other countries in addition of 40,000 accessions of advanced lines per year

Bernard Otukho has been trained at CIMMYT on seed health and seed handling; and is now developing a protocol for the seed handling process.

We have developed a partnership with two professors (Dr. Owoche of Egerton and Dr. Arama of Maseno university) who will have an input in training

We have also improved on the breeding and screening process at Njoro field sites. This year we have about 2000 segregating populations at F3 and F4 generations. We also have two sets of trials in the multi-location sites, one in the second year and one in the third year. These were selected from CIMMYT elite trials.

Component 25.c. Whole Family Variety Selection

Activity 25.c.1. Foster the engagement of the entire household in participatory variety selection through “Family variety selection” in India and

All organizing partners from NGOs, national programs, and DRRW project are convened to plan Whole Family Variety Selection approach and implementation. Realistic targets are agreed upon including:

Year 1 Progress

Small farmers are the major wheat producers in Ethiopia. Farmers have their own preference in selecting and adopting varieties, which need to be considered while developing new varieties. EIAR, AGRA, and DRRW were partnered in participatory wheat variety selection activities in 2010.

The goal was to develop farmers preferred varieties for the different agro-ecologies. Water logged and drought prone areas lack appropriate high yielding varieties with better soil and water management practices. Four districts for water logged vertisols and two districts for

Ethiopia: 21HRWYT, 21SAWYT, 34ESWYT, 24HRWSN, 7SRRSN, 46IBWSN and 31SAWSN showed excellent stand at Kulumsa. Heavy stem rust occurrence on station provided good selection pressure and promising lines will be promoted to multi-location national trials. This shows effective service by CIMMYT to national programs. National program will trial sets to capture these materials for more wheat agro-ecologies. Target wheat environments include the wet

87




Ethiopia.

• What data to be collected at Family Field Days is determined;

• A strong mission statement is drafted for this project component;

• MoUs are agreed upon. (Sep 2011)

Whole Family Variety Selection is implemented in two countries (by Sep 2012)

Results of Whole Family Variety Selection are shared with DRRW breeders. (Sep 2013, recurring annually)

the lowland moisture areas were selected. A total of 427 farmers, 74 development agents and 27 subject matter specialists were trained in areas of crop, soil and water management practices. Participatory wheat selection included Digalu and Galama in Arsi Robe. Spike length, seeds/spike, grain yield, straw yield, seed color, disease and shattering resistance were considered as selection criteria. Seeds of Digelu, Kakaba, Danda’a and Yerer were multiplied on 75 farmer’s plots and over 1,000 tons of seeds were harvested in 2010

In 2011 cropping season eight districts were identified for whole family variety selection on newly released varieties (i.e.,Shorima, Hoggana, and Hulluka). Two farmers from each district were identified. The varieties were planted on 50 m2 plots. Data to be collected include plant density, days to maturity, plant height, seeds per spike, grain yield, straw yield, grain quality, seed color, shattering and disease resistance, and farmer’s preference. Field days are to be arranged after determining appropriate crop stage.

By incorporating farmers’ indigenous knowledge with research generated technologies better and management practices improved wheat systems will sustain wheat production in the country.

Year 2 Progress

Ethiopia: Two varieties were released in May 2012. These were HIDASE (YANAC/3/PRL/SARA//TSI/VEE#5/4/ CROC1/AE.SQ.(224)//OPATA) for the highlands and OGOLCHO (WORRAKATTA/2*PASTOR) for mid-lowlands.

32nd ESWYT, 19thHRWYT and 19thSAWYT were well established and managed at Kulumsa. PVS on nurseries conducted with farmers, extension from 7 districts and KU researchers. Farmers were grouped into highland

highlands, mid-altitudes, moisture stressed lowlands and waterlogged black vertisols. The replicated yield trial, 6th EBWYT carrying Ug99 resistant entries, was grown at Kulumsa in 2012 and 13 entries selected for further evaluation across locations. A total of 129 entries in the 6th SRRSN tested at Kulumsa, Melkassa and Debre Zeit in 2012/13; and 52 advanced to the next stage of testing as yield trials.

At Debre-Zeit, four nurseries (CD13DZOS F6SR, CD13DZOS F7 MAS, CD13DZOS F8ELT and CD13DZOS PCSL) comprising 1138 entries evaluated against heavy pressure of stem rust (Ug99 and prevalent stem rust races) at Debre Zeit in 2013 off-season. Of these, seeds from 722 entries harvested and planted in 2013/14 main season for further evaluation for agronomic traits and diseases resistance. Replicated yield trial (45IDYN) and a nursery (45IDSN) were also sown.

379 BW lines were screened during off-season and 150 entries in main-season.

CIMMYT is a good source of germplasm for Ethiopia and development of high quality and best yielding durum varieties is a priority to meet demands from agro-industries.

Informal seed multiplication is vital for planting seed supply in Ethiopia. Projects such as AGRA-wheat, DRRW, EAAPP and others in collaboration with the national wheat program organize many field days to promote new wheat varieties and

88




farmers (HF), midland (MF) and lowland (LF). From 32ndESWYT, HF picked entries #101, 103, 108 119 & 144; MF picked #103, 107, 125, 129 & 149; LF selected #103, 119, 125, 130, & 131. Similarly from 19th HRWYT, HF selected #210, 213, 215, 218, & 230; MF picked #201, 204, 215, 228, 236; LF picked #208, 209 214, 219, & 228; LF preferred #208, 209, 214, 219 & 228. From 19th SAWYT, HF liked #304, 308, 321, 343, & 348; MF preferred #308, 321, 323, 333 & 348; LF picked #303, 304, 306, 321 & 329. Note that farmers’ criteria are agro-ecology based and they were allowed to pick the best 5 entries per agro-ecology (high, mid & lowland). The first plot of each nursery is local standard check, e.g. DANDA’A.

Several entries from 32ndESWYT and 19thHRWYT were advanced into 4 sets of NVTs for optimum areas for planting at 19 locations during this current 2012 season. Similarly selected entries from 19th SAWYT were advanced into 2 sets of NVTs for moisture stress areas for planting at 13 locations.

A total of 639 entries were selected from various international nurseries sown at Kulumsa during 2011 and were planted in 2012 for further testing.

Whole family participatory variety selection involved farmers from Hetosa district, Arsi zone, Ethiopia. Katie Nelson (Cornell Univ) along with Kulumsa researchers interviewed 300 farmers in 3 different villages about what they like about different wheat varieties (new and old). Plant stature, disease reaction, seed size and color, bread texture and color were displayed to farmers by households, and bread taste was also included as one of the criteria. Grain prices for different varieties were included for consideration by farmers. Katie Nelson’s report and conclusions/recommendations can be accessed from Dr. Sarah Evanega.

accompanying packages. Women are important participants in such field days which gradually are attaining whole family participation status. Wheat crop is an important commodity that attracts all members of the community during such events. During discussion time, serving bread and soft drinks make the event special.

Promotion of Hidase variety (YANAC/3/PRL/SARA//TSI/VEE#5/4/ CROC1/AE.SQ.(224)//OPATA) for the highlands and Ogolcho variety (WORRAKATTA/2*PASTOR) is ongoing and eventually they will be adopted by farmers.

Five BW varieties are under variety verification trials (VVT) currently.

India: In 2012 – 2013 India screened 230 lines in international screening nurseries in Kenya and Ethiopia. Two Advanced Varietal Trial (AVT) (2011-12) lines HW 2044 and MP 4010 were resistant to stem rust in Kenya and Ethiopia. In addition AVTI lines RAJ 4270, GW 432, NIAW 1689, HW 5224, GW 1280 and VL 971 were res. in Kenya during off-season.

660 lines were screened in international screening nurseries for three seasons. WH 896, HI 8498 (d) and MACS 3742 (d) were found resistant during the two seasons.

8 seasons of international screenings have yielded reliable data, differentiating resistant and susceptible cultivars. More than 1522 lines have been screened during

89




Participatory variety selection is usually conducted during field days involving farmers, extension, research and some decision makers at district level. PVS of Shorima, Huluka and Hoggana varieties in different districts showed favorable response for Shorima and Huluka but farmers voiced some doubts for Hoggana because of its non-uniformity and red seed color. Ear to row and row to plot purification for Hoggana is in progress.

Seed production of Danda’a, Kakaba and Digalu is picking pace and quite satisfactory. It is interesting to note that informal seed multiplication by farmers is helping this effort.

A district in Northwest Ethiopia (in Awi zone), which lost its wheat to yellow rust in 2010 and 2011, was desperate and helpless. In July 2012, DRRW and National Wheat Program rushed to the area with nine rust resistant varieties for adaptation testing and 4 quintals of Danda’a, Digalu and Hidase seed for initial multiplication. The district bureau of agriculture was relieved and happy and so were the farmers who heard about the new varieties. Evaluation planned in November and farmers will be supported by additional seed of wheat, triticale and potatoes next season.

South Asia: In Bangladesh, Pre-release seed multiplication of Ug99 resistant variety BARI Gom-27 was undertaken in progressive farmers’ fields and trial sites for quick replacement of currently grown susceptible cultivars.

In India yellow rust resistant varieties for irrigated conditions in northern hills zone are: VL804, VL907, HS507, HPW155, HS365, VL832, VL616, VL 829, HPW251, HS490 and VL892. Yellow rust resistant varieties for northwestern DPW621-50, HD2967, WH 542 and RAJ 3765 (Moderate Resistance).

the eight seasons.

200 genes/genetic basis of resistance were postulated in collaboration with national programs and the International screening nursery. 221 lines were subjected to gene matching technique and rust resistance genes were characterized in 200 lines at RS, DWR, Flowerdale, Shimla, India.

Nepal: • Two genes (Sr2,Lr46/Yr29) have been

identified in Nepali germplasm as sources of resistance to TTKSK (Ug 99) and related pathotypes.

• Sr2+ is the Ug99 resistant gene in the wheat breeders’ tool box with markers

• Five genes have been discovered and reserved for responsible gene deployment for yellow rust

• Seventy F3 and F4 population were sent for international screening in Kenya and Ethiopia

• For two seasons reliable data has been obtained for Nepali germplasm from international screening nurseries.

• The basis of genetic resistance for 25 lines was postulated in collaboration with the assistance of the University of Sydney and University of the Free State and the International screening nurseries.

SAARC wheat disease monitoring nursery was planted at 28 locations across the six SAARC countries. Nepal (3 sets), Bangladesh (5), Pakistan (2), Bhutan (1), Afghanistan (3), India (14).

90




In Bangladesh major resistant varieties are:

• Shatabdi, Bijoy, Sourav, BARI Gom-25, BARI Gom-26.

• BARI Gom-26: Moderate level of APR to Ug99 race of stem rust in Kenya.

In Nepal Ug99 resistant variety is Vijay.

Nine durum lines, HI 8704, HI 8708, HI8709, MACS3744, MP1232, UAS321, UAS431, HI 8702 and NIDW577, were identified to be resistant to Ug99 in 2010. Out of 189 wheat genotypes sent from India to KARI, Kenya, four genotypes free from stem rust: TL 2969, TL2942, TL2975 and VL957.

BAW1051 and BAW1130 possessed moderate levels of APR among the materials sent from Bangladesh to Kenya for screening against Ug99. Fifty advanced lines and 35 F3/F4 families were sent to Kenya in 2011-12. Resistant materials have been included in the hybridization scheme and several crosses were made to develop increased genetic diversity of rust resistance. Progenies of crosses with Ug99 resistant parents are in F1-F3 generations for evaluation and selection.

DWR, India circulated among every farming family in rust infected areas in India highlighting yellow rust control measures. Also, Krishi Vigyan Kendras (KVK) in India were provided a Card with Detailed Information on Rust Management. KVK’s are the direct face of contact with farmers and thereby would play a major role in information dissemination.

In India the wheat disease monitoring nursery comprised 20 lines contributed by four SAARC countries. The lines were Annapurna-1, Punjab 85, WL 1562, Chakwal 86, HD 2204, Faisalabad 85, PBW 343, Inquilab 91, HD 2687, Faisalabad 83, HD 2189, Rawal 87, HP 1633, Kohsar, RAJ 3765, Bakhtawar 94, PBW 373, Gourab, Pak 81 and the last one was a susceptible check.

Component 25.d. Strengthened national program capacity

Activity 25.d.1.

A cadre of young research technicians and scientists (40) trained, enabling

Year 1 Progress

In progress. Information of Ug99-resistant wheat varieties released or in advanced stages of variety registration trials in eight countries of Africa and Asia with their reaction to Ug99 in Kenya during 2010 season and likely resistance

Mexico: 24 wheat breeders and pathologists (4 females) from 15 countries participated over 3 months (March 1-May 30, 2013) wheat improvement training course at CIMMYT as following:

91




Foster a new generation of wheat pathologists and breeders in contemporary wheat improvement with emphasis on durable adult plant resistance to stem rust.

uniform reporting of global wheat rust surveillance data and knowledge. (Aug 2013)

Senior scientists (24-30) trained at CIMMYT and ICARDA on wheat pathology/breeding, particularly on the use of minor gene resistance in pathology research and variety development. (Oct 2014)

IWIS3 (an ICIS application) implemented across all Objective 25 DRRW partners, enabling better sharing of germplasm phenotypic data and information, and deployment of molecular breeding platform tools to enable more robust application of marker assisted selection. (Dec 2012)

genes included. More information about R genes of wheat varieties from North Africa and South Asia, tested in Njoro will be uploaded in coming months.

Year 2 Progress

Mexico: Twenty-two wheat breeders and pathologists (3 females) participated in 3 months (March 1-May 30, 2012) wheat improvement training course at CIMMYT. Nine of these were from SAARC countries (Afghanistan= 2, Pakistan= 4, India=1, Bangladesh=1) and 5 from sub-Saharan Africa (Ethiopia=2, Kenya=1, Zimbabwe=1, Zambia=1).

Nine senior wheat breeders and pathologists (2 females) attended 6-8 weeks advanced training course in Mexico (July- September 2012) of which 5 were from SAARC countries (Pakistan=3, India=2).

Kenya: The training course on Stem Rust Evaluation and breeding was conducted from September 24-October 5, 2012 and was attended by 34 participants from 13 countries.

South Asia: SAARC specific web-based Tool Box developed for uploading wheat rust surveillance data to country specific national server.

• 225+ data records captured from more than 60 locations in India and uploaded on web-based tool box

• 60 data records captured in Nepal and uploaded on web-based tool box

Training of trainers carried out in Nepal (10), Bhutan (15) and India (20) building capacities of senior scientists on the web based rust surveillance tool box on uploading of surveillance data to national tool box.

Afghanistan= 2, Bangladesh=1, Bhutan =1, Ethiopia=5, India=1, Kenya=1, Mexico=2, Nepal=1, Nigeria=1, Pakistan=1, Paraguay=1, Turkey=2, Uganda=1, UK=1 and Uzbekistan=1). DRRW sponsored 7 of these participants.

8 wheat breeders and pathologists (2 females) attended 6 weeks advanced training course in Mexico (August- September 2013).

Kenya: The training course on Stem Rust Evaluation and breeding was conducted from September 22-October 3, 2013. It was attended by 31 participants from 15 countries.

2 wheat scientists and technical staff interacted with IBField Book Programmers in evaluating the recently launched program and working with them to have all issues fixed. This program will now be used to generate the new field books. IBField Book contains various analytical programs to conduct statistical analysis, molecular mapping, pedigree analysis, etc. It is expected that IBField Book will turn out to be a very useful program for use by CIMMYT and National Program partners.

South Asia: The web-based toolbox was upgraded and fined tuned with enhanced features incorporating provision for year wise data downloads. Domain name www.wheatrustindia.org was registered for porting India data by cooperators directly into the toolbox.

• 368 data records were captured from more

92




than 240 locations in India and uploaded on web based tool box and also uploaded on to the global server

• 107 and 44 data records were captured from Nepal and Bhutan respectively and uploaded on to the global toolbox

4 pathologists from Bangladesh and 17 from Bhutan have been trained on usage of web toolbox.

The android-based mobile application on the tablet has been upgraded with features that employ global position system that record data even in an offline mode.

The tablet has been piloted for offline and online data transmission capability in India, Bangladesh and Nepal. 9 pathologists from India

• 4 scientists from Bangladesh and 6 from Nepal have been trained on the field in the usage of the mobile device in capture of rust surveillance data.

93


Objective 26. High breeding value wheat lines with two or more marker-selectable stem rust resistant genes



Component 26.a. Gene discovery, postulation, and phenotypic support of genetic mapping and germplasm development

Activity 26.a.1. Seedling stem rust screening of wild relatives of cultivated wheats, introgression lines, mapping populations, and high breeding value lines.

Identification of Ug99 resistant Triticum/Aegilops spp., Haynaldia villosa, Secale cereale (and derived triticales) accessions, and Thinopyrum spp.-derived amphiploids with potentially new sources of seedling resistance based on multipathotype analysis; 2000 entries tested per year. (Mar 2011, recurring annually)

Identification of Ug99 resistant rye (Secale cereale and derived triticales) accessions and introgression lines with new sources of seedling resistance based on multipathotype analysis: 100 entries per year. (Dec 2011, recurring annually)

Identification of Ug99 resistant Sitopsis accessions (Ae. bicornis, Ae. longissima, Ae. sharonensis, and Ae. speltoides) and Ae. variabilis, Ae. kotschyi and Ae. geniculata with potentially new sources of seedling resistance:

Year 1 Progress

Race TTKSK and North American race phenotyping (720 datapoints) of parents and doubled haploid breeding populations segregating for SrTmp .

Race TRTTF phenotyping (4,059 datapoints) of durum populations segregating for resistance.

Race TTKSK and North American race phenotyping (960 datapoints) of parents and RIL population of Thatcher/McNeal.

Race TTKSK phenotyping (over 9,000 datapoints) of landrace populations (derived from resistant parents PI 626573, PI 362698, and PI 623181).

Race TTKSK and North American race phenotyping (over 5,000 datapoints) of populations and families segregating for Sr35 or Sr13.

Race TTKSK phenotyping (1,124 datapoints) of selected families for confirmation of SrTmp.

Race TTKSK and North American Pgt race phenotyping (over 3,000 datapoints) of T. monococcum populations segregating for Sr21.

Race TTKSK and North American Pgt race phenotyping (14,949 datapoints) of two populations derived from resistant line Gabo 56.

502 entries of 10 Aegilops species were phenotyped for their response to inoculation at seedling stage with a highly virulent Israeli stem rust isolate. 210 entries were found resistant (0-2) and sent to Free State. Year 2 Progress

645 entries of nine Aegilops spp. from ICCI were studied for resistance to stem rust with Israeli isolates, and 346 entries were resistant. Of those, 210 entries were evaluated in South

Race TTKSK phenotyping of 1,188 F2 progeny from five resistant by resistant crosses in an allelism test of potentially different sources of stem rust resistance in various Aegilops species.

Israeli isolate phenotyping of stem rust, stripe rust and leaf rust on 558 Aegilops accessions. 120 were sent to UMN for TTKSK phenotyping.

Race PTKST phenotyping of 296 entries in the seedling stage of Thinopyrum-wheat recombinants from the Beijing Institute of Genetics.

Race PTKST phenotyping of 324 wheat lines containing stem rust resistance derived from A. sharonensis.

Extensive phenotyping of germplasm, mapping populations, and accessions at the USDA-ARS CDL which is not included because reports not submitted on time due to the partial government shutdown in the US.

Race TTKSK and other foreign races screening of mapping populations and association mapping panels (36,334

94




• 300 entries tested per year at TAU (Dec 2010, recurring annually);

• Up to 300 entries tested per year at UMinn. (Mar 2011, recurring annually)

Seedling phenotypic data for genetic mapping and selection of introgression lines and breeding parents:

• 500-1000 entries tested per year at UMN (Mar 2011, recurring annually);

• 300 entries tested per year at Free State (Dec 2010, recurring annually);

• 500 entries tested per year at UMN (Mar 2011, recurring annually)

Seedling Phenotyping of Mapping Populations; Phenotyping T. monococcum populations (Mar 2012)

• Einkorn/ PI 272557

Africa for resistance to PTKST, and 185 (88%) were resistant.

Race TTKSK phenotyping of 450 Aegilops accessions (mainly from ICCI) at UMN.

Race TTKSK phenotyping of 315 wheat-rye, wheat-Leymus and wheat-Thinopyrum alien translocation lines at UMN.

Race TTKSK phenotyping of 565 progeny from various Ae. sharonensis/wheat populations (i.e. BC1F2, BC2, and F3).

Race PTKST phenotyping was initiated for nine parental lines and 71 F2 populations from crosses between common wheat and Thinopyrum–derived octoploid lines.

Wheat germplasm collections (varieties) from Nepal (n=25, PTKST), Bangladesh (n=25, PTKST), and Zimbabwe and Zambia (n=49, PTKST, TTKSF, TTKSP) were phenotyped.

A collection of 1421 Aegilops accessions including Ae. biuncialis (268), Ae. cylindrica (151), Ae. comossa (60), Ae. geniculata (182), Ae. markgrafii (65), Ae. neglecta (202), Ae. peregrina (73), Ae. triuncialis (233), and Ae. umbellulata (73) was evaluated at the seedling stage. A high frequency of resistance was observed, as 1010 accessions (72.3%) exhibited low infection types to race TTKSK. Six species (Ae. cylindrica, Ae. geniculata, Ae. markgrafii, Ae. neglecta, Ae. peregrina, and Ae. triuncialis) exhibited a frequency of resistant accessions over 80%. Selected resistant accessions from all species are being used as parents to develop populations in an attempt to determine the genetic control of stem rust resistance.

Evaluation of high-value breeding germplasm of international nurseries was completed with multiple stem rust races in seedling, including CIMMYT M7SRRSN (the 7th CIMMYT Spring Wheat Stem Rust nursery, 233 entries coordinated by Ravi Singh), 19FAWWON (the 19th International Facultative Winter Wheat nursery, 270 entries coordinated by Oregon State University), C4WWSSRN (The CIMMYT-Turkey Winter Wheat international Stem Rust Resistance nursery, 137

datapoints).

Race TTKSK and other foreign race phenotyping (6,016 datapoints) of wheat cultivars and breeding lines.

Race TTKSK and other foreign race phenotyping (2,205 datapoints) of introgression lines .

95




entries coordinated by Alex Morgounov), and Pakistan National Elite Breeding Nursery (334 entries coordinated by Rick Ward).

Activity 26.a.2. Controlled APR screening of seedling-susceptible wild relatives, landraces, mapping populations, and high breeding value lines.

Ug99 resistant Triticeae accessions identified with potentially new sources of adult plant resistance, validation of adult-plant resistance QTL, and confirmation of high-value breeding lines: 100 lines tested per year in greenhouse APR screens with 5 replicates (~500 data points). (Dec 2010, recurring annually)

Adult-plant phenotypic data for QTL mapping. 300 lines tested per year with 5 replicates (~1500 data points). (Dec 2010, recurring annually)

Adult-plant phenotypic data for QTL mapping, validation of adult-plant resistance QTL, and confirmation of high-value breeding lines. 200 lines tested per year with 4 replicates in BL-3 facility. (~800 data points). (Mar 2011)

Tetraploid wheat accessions with

Year 1 Progress

2,000 durum and other tetraploid entries were evaluated for APR in Debre Zeit.

The Kingbird/PBW343 population was screened for APR under greenhouse conditions in the BSL-3 lab at UMinn. Year 2 Progress

Five RIL populations (Avocet/Pavon, PBW343/Pavon, PBW343/Kenya Swara, PBW343/Kingbird, Cacuke/Kingbird) were sent to Debre Zeit (Ethiopia) and were planted in 2012-main season for stem rust evaluation.

930 lines were evaluated Fall 2011/Fall 2012 at Debre Zeit for APR discovery and mapping of tetraploid and hexaploid wheat.

1000 accessions of durum were evaluated in field (Debre Zeit & St Paul) and in seedling tests with multiple races.

Four bi-parental mapping populations were evaluated in 2012-2013 for APR in Ethiopia, at Debre Zeit.

Two association mapping panels (~600 lines) were evaluated at Njoro, Debre Zeit, and/or Kulumsa for stem rust resistance mapping.

Field evaluation in South Africa of 95 BC progenies with Ae. sharonesis chromatin .

Lines from Bangladesh, Nepal, Zimbabwe and Zambia were successfully scored for their field reaction to PTKST in South Africa.

Additional screening by USDA-ARS CDL co-investigators which is not included because reports were not submitted on time due to the partial government shutdown in the US.

Race TTKSK and other foreign race phenotyping (1,492 datapoints) of CIMMYT germplasm for testing for a correlation between quantitative seedling resistance and APR.

96




potentially new sources of APR; APR phenotypic data for genetic mapping, validation of APR QTL, and confirmation of high-value breeding lines in controlled screen-house. (Dec 2010, recurring annually)

Methods for quantitative infection and measurement of APR are determined, standardized and communicated to the rust community. (Dec 2011)

Component 26.b. Population development and introgression of new sources of resistance

Activity 26.b.1. Introgression, population development, and/or allelism testing of primary gene pool sources of seedling and adult plant resistance.

Recombinant inbred line populations developed for new sources of seedling and APR resistance identified in Watkins collection wheat landraces. At least two populations advanced two generations per year. (Dec 2010, recurring annually)

Five or more new doubled-haploid and/or recombinant inbred populations for mapping novel sources of resistance in tetraploid wheats. ~200 DH and/or 400 SSD progeny advanced two generations

Year 1 Progress

Cultivated emmer

F3 families from 5 crosses between resistant and susceptible accessions were evaluated against race TTKSK (total number of families = 740, 20 plants/family). F3 families from 1 cross were also evaluated against race TRTTF. A selected population is being used for molecular mapping.

30 crosses were between emmer accessions with PBC phenotype and a susceptible parent. F1 and F2 seeds from all crosses were produced. F2 plants form 7 crosses (120 plants/cross) are being evaluated against race TTTTF, and F3 families are being produced and will be evaluated against race TTKSK.

Wild emmer and other cultivated tetraploids

F2 populations from 16 crosses of wild emmer (120 plants/cross) were evaluated against races TTKSK and TRTTF.

F2 plants from 2 crosses (140 plants per cross) are being

Development of RIL populations to map APR genes derived from Pavon 76 and Parula was completed. These populations will be phenotyped for stem rust and leaf rust resistance in Cd. Obregon in 2013/14 season.

Populations to fine map 2BS and 5BL APR QTLs are under development and on schedule.

Three populations derived from crosses of durum Rusty with T. carthlicum PI 387696, T. dicoccum PI 193883, and T. turgidum PI 387336 have been advanced to the F7 generations in 2013, and one population from the cross Rusty/T.

97




per year. (Dec 2010, recurring annually)

evaluated against race TTTTF, and F3 families are being produced and will be evaluated against race TTKSK.

Durum wheat

17 resistant lines were selected for crosses. F1 seeds have been produced and now we are advancing to the F2 generation that will be evaluated against races TTKSK and TRTTF.

Triticale

F2 populations from 16 crosses were evaluated against races TTKSK and TTTTF

20 resistant lines were shared with Robert Graybosch (ARS-USDA) and George Fedak (AAFC) to perform wide crosses and gene introgression into wheat.

Spelt wheat (Triticum spelta)

F3 families from 4 crosses between resistant and susceptible accessions were evaluated against race TTKSK (total number of families = 400, 20 plants/family).

The F1 hybrids from crosses of durum Rusty with Triticum carthlicum PI 387696, T. dicoccum PI 193883, T. dicoccoides PI 466979, T. polonicum CItr 14803, and T. turgidum PI 387336 have been produced. The F1 plants are being grown to produce F2 seed or doubled haploids. Year 2 Progress

Five tetraploid populations are being advanced from F3-F4 towards mapping unique sources of resistance in tetraploid wheat.

Two recombinant inbred line F6 populations (Arina/ Yitpi and A543/Yitpi) are planted in the field for rust response assessments and bulking of seed. In addition, three other mapping populations were evaluated at Njoro, Kenya during 2012 crop season.

Two recombinant inbred line populations from CIMMYT

dicoccoides PI 466979 has been advanced to the F5 generation. Because the hybrid from the cross Rusty/T. polonicum CItr 14803 was highly sterile, we crossed CItr 14803 to durum line 47-1 and durum cultivar Divide. The new hybrids will be used to develop RI populations.

Race TTKSK and other foreign race phenotyping (4,910 datapoints) of newly derived synthetics and alien relatives of wheat for introgression.

98




were screened for seedling resistance to race TTKSK. The screening identified a single major gene segregating in each population.

Three new Ug99-effective resistance genes were introgressed and genetically mapped from Ae. tauschii.

Activity 26.b.2. Introgression, population development, and/or allelism testing of intractable (secondary/ tertiary gene pool) sources of seedling and adult plant resistance.

New amphiploid and chromosome addition stocks for Haynaldia villosa and Aegilops spp.. Direct introgression lines and synthetic hexaploids with potentially new sources of seedling and APR resistance from Ae. tauschii. Mapping/allelism testing populations for high-priority resistance sources. Five amphiploids, direct introgressions from ten Aegilops accessions, and eight mapping/allelism populations advanced two generations per year. (Dec 2010, recurring annually)

Allelism tests, amphiploids and chromosome addition lines for Sitopsissection species. Six allelism/mapping populations and amphiploids with four Sitopsis accessions

Year 1 Progress

Crosses between 10 resistant H. villosa accessions and a susceptible tetraploid stock are complete. Embryo rescue is in progress for each.

Crosses between three resistant H. villosa accessions and a susceptible H. villosa accession are complete. Crosses between resistant H. villosa accessions are also complete.

Backcross-derived populations from 9 different Ae. tauschii accessions with potentially new sources of Ug99 resistance were advanced and genetic mapping has progressed for two of these sources. DNA markers closely linked to these sources are under development.

Crosses between 12 total Sitopsis section accessions are underway. Some of these accessions are also being crossed to Chinese spring stocks to produce amphiploids. Year 2 Progress

Six amphiploids were successfully produced with different H.villosa accessions; four additional are underway. The six amphiploids are currently being backcrossed to wheat to isolate single chromosome and assign chromosomal locations to newly introgressed resistance genes.

19 populations designed to test for allelism in Sitopsis section relatives have been advanced, to either F1 or F2 generations.

Five Aegliops longissima and Ae. sharonensis accessions have been successfully crossed with wheat, and amphiploid production is underway.

The BC1 population from backcrossing wheat-Th. ponticum

Eight new Ae. sharonensis and Ae. longissima amphiploids are under way, with some amphiploids recovered and other well-along in the process.

Ten durum wheat-H. villosa amphiploids were produced and TTKSK-resistant amphiploids lines were crossed and backcrossed one or two times to Chinese Spring wheat to isolate individual chromosomes.

Six additional H. villosa accessions have been successfully crossed to durum wheat and amphiploid production is under way.

Five accessions of Aegilops spp. were crossed with Chinese Spring to produce monosomic and disomic addition lines. Ae. longissima and Ae. kotschyi F1’s were treated with colchicine to make amphiploids. These lines are in the process of being backcrossed to Chinese Spring.

Crosses involving Th. ponticum accessions TA12099, TA12100,

99




produced each year. (Dec 2010, recurring annually)

Backcross introgression/mapping/ allelism testing populations with Ug99-resistant Ae. speltoides (4 accessions) and T. dicoccoides (8 accessions) advanced two generations per year. (Dec 2010, recurring annually)

partial amphiploid Xiaoyan 784 (2n = 56) with Chinese Spring (CS) has been developed. The wheat-Th. intermedium partial amphiploid Zhong 4 (2n = 56) has been crossed to LMPG6, and BC1 population will be produced in the coming season.

TA12101 and TA12102 failed to either produce F1 seeds, or crosses produced sterile hybrid plants.

Two wheat-Thinopyrum species partial amphiploids Xiaoyan 784 and Zhong 4 were previously backcrossed to CS and LMPG6, respectively. From the backcross Xiaoyan 784/2*CS, two resistant plants with 45 chromosomes were identified from BC1F1 plants and they were further backcrossed with CS to produce approximately 150 BC2F1 seeds. Seven resistant plants were identified from 191 BC2F1 plants and one of the resistant plants was backcrossed to CS.

Activity 26.b.3. Targeted molecular-cytogenetic manipulation of intractable sources of seedling and adult plant resistance.

Translocation stocks with minimal alien chromatin for four new Ug99-effective resistance genes from Th. intermedium, Ae. caudata, Th. ponticum, and Th. junceum. (Dec 2014)

Translocation stocks with minimal alien chromatin for new Ae. sharonensis-derived stem rust resistance genes. (Dec 2013)

Translocation stocks with

Year 1 Progress

ICCI carried out the backcross program for the wheat-sharonensis recombinants. More than 100 putative recombinants were produced between bread wheat and Ae. sharonensis accessions #1644 and #2172 in which recombinants, Ae. sharonensis resistance genes were targeted either to B or to D wheat genome.

The initial crosses between Ph1 inhibitor or monosomics and the four addition lines (Z6, AII(C), HD3505, and W5336) have been made for developing primary translocations. A large number of F2 seed (approximately 2,000 kernels) derived from the cross between Ph Inhibitor and HD3505 have been produced.

Crosses between a new Sr44 Robertsonian translocation and

Populations of plants homozygous for ph1b and heterozygous for Sr51 on both T3BL.3SsS and T3DL.3SsS were developed to reduce the alien chromatin surrounding this gene.

A compensating Robertsonian translocation with Sr44 was developed, and ph1b populations have been developed to reduce alien chromatin surrounding this gene.

Three plants were found which

100




minimal alien chromatin for four Ug99-effective resistance genes from Ae. geniculata, Ae. searsii, Ae. speltoides, H. villosa (7/2011) and additional resistance genes identified in via 26.b.2. (Dec 2014).

Translocation stocks with minimal alien chromatin for Ae. speltoides and Th. ponticum derived resistance genes. (Dec 2014)

Chinese Spring ph1b are underway. Year 2 Progress

BC3 seeds were obtained for putative recombinant progenies with resistance introgressed from Ae. sharonensis accessions #1644 and #2172.

A set of 13 CS-Th. junceum addition lines and a set of six Alcedo/Ae. caudata addition lines were characterized using seed storage protein, GISH, and molecular marker (RFLP or SSR) analysis. The CS-Th. junceum addition line HD3505 carrying the Sr gene was identified to contain a Th. junceum chromosome in homoeologous group 4. The two Alcedo/Ae. caudata addition lines AII and AIII with resistance to stem rust were identified to contain the Ae. caudata chromosomes in homoeologous group 5 and 6, respectively.

The F2 or backcross populations from the crosses between six Th. intermedium (Z5, Z6, and TAI27), Th. junceum (HD3505), and Ae. caudata (AII and AIII) addition lines and Ph1 inhibitor or monosomics have been made.

have been confirmed to have an altered 6Ae chromosome with a resistance gene from Th. ponticum partial amphiploid OK7211542

Wheat-Th. junceum addition line HD3505 and two Alcedo/Ae. caudata addition lines AII(C) and AIII(D) were characterized using DNA markers and GISH. HD3505 was found to carry a pair of Th. junceum group 4 chromosomes, while AII(C) and AIII(D) carry a pair of Ae. caudata chromosomes, 5C and 6C, respectively. They were crossed to CS monosomics 4D, 5A, and 6A, respectively. Three Robertsonian translocations with stem rust resistance have been identified among F2 plants.

Wheat-Th. intermedium disomic addition line Z5 was previously backcrossed to the CS Ph1 inhibitor and to CS ph1b mutant, respectively. Two resistant BC1F3 plants (2n = 42) carrying a translocation chromosome in heterozygous conditions were identified from the backcrosses of Z5 with CS Ph1 and ph1b mutant, respectively.

A stem rust gene was initially located to a short alien

101




translocation on 1BS in wheat-Th. intermedium disomic addition line Z6. However, stem rust reactions, molecular analysis, and GISH analysis indicated that the alien translocation was actually the 1BS/1RS translocation carrying Sr31. Another wheat-Th. intermedium disomic addition line Tai27 has been crossed to CS Ph1 inhibitor and an F2 population was produced for screening with stem rust.

BC3 wheat-Ae. sharonensis recombinants with stem rust resistance were identified with good agronomic characteristics.

Component 26.c. Mapping, validation, and delivery of marker-selectable resistance genes Activity 26.c.1. Mapping rust resistance loci toward development of diagnostic markers for effective genes.

High-resolution genetic maps of two or more Ug99-effective stem rust resistance loci. Robust DNA markers that are tightly linked or diagnostic for stem rust gene detection. (Dec 2014)

High-resolution genetic maps of two or more Ug99-effective stem rust resistance loci. Robust DNA markers that are tightly linked or diagnostic for stem rust gene detection. (Dec

Year 1 Progress

Single gene seedling resistance mapping: 3 populations developed and evaluated for stem rust reaction by Matt Rouse or Yue Jin are in progress:

1. I-39/2*Rusty: We plan to do bulked segregant analysis with the 9K SNP chip during November 2011.

2. The molecular mapping of Sr28 has been developed in three segregating populations of hexaploid common bread wheat; ‘SD 1691 x LMPG-6’, ‘CI 7611 x LMPG-6’, and ‘SD 1691 x Gabo 56’. In the SD 1691 x LMPG-6 mapping population, Sr28 was mapped to chromosome arm 2BL using DArT and SSR markers by Matthew Rouse and collaborators. Mapping the markers linked to Sr28 identified wmc332 and wPt-7004-PCR as flanking Sr28 at 5.8 and 1.8 cM away respectively. The genomic location of Sr28 was also determined in the CI 7611 x LMPG-6 and SD 1691/Gabo 56 mapping populations, using the molecular markers closely

Sr13, Sr21 and SrTm4 now have high-resolution genetic maps and identification of each gene is imminent.

Sr33 and Sr35 were cloned and perfect markers are under development.

88 F2 lines were identified as recombinants between markers flanking Sr22. Cloning of this broadly-effective gene is progressing.

The resistance gene in Niini was mapped to short arm of chromosome 6D and was flanked by SSR markers at distances of 3.9 cM proximal

102




2014)


Chromosomal location two or more new sources of stem rust resistance (Ug99-effective) through molecular mapping and and identification of linked markers. (Dec 2014)


Mapping populations suitable for APR mapping, phenotypic data, and framework genetic maps for three APR populations (Dec 2012)

High-resolution genetic

linked to Sr28 in SD 1691 x LMPG-6. In all three mapping populations, Sr28 was linked to the common molecular markers wPt-7004-PCR and wmc332, suggesting that the resistant lines SD 1691 and CI 7611 carry the same resistance gene. Based on screening of 31 wheat cultivars, markers wPt-7004-PCR and wmc332 are diagnostic for Sr28. Populations are being analyzed to determine the genetic distance between Sr9a and Sr28 on chromosome 2B.

3. NS 83/07-1/2*LMPG-6 BC1F1's have been screened for TTKSK reaction. BC1F2's will be screened in 2011 and genotyping will be initiated.

Perfect markers and closely linked SNP markers are imminent for Sr13, Sr22, Sr33, and Sr35.

CIMMYT completed development of two new mapping populations involving Cacuke and two wheat lines carrying unidentified resistance genes. CIMMYT also phenotyped four other RIL populations that segregate for race-specific resistance to Ug99. Genetic mapping by bulk-segregant analysis has been initiated.

The Kingbird/PBW343 population was sent for 9000 SNP genotyping by S. Chao, USDA-ARS Fargo. Year 2 Progress

RIL populations from crosses of susceptible Cacuke with unidentified race-specific resistance genes carrying wheat lines “Pfau/Milan/3/SKauz/KS94U215//SKauz” and “HUW234+LR34/Prinia//Kronstad F2004” were phenotyped in field at Njoro 2012 off- and main-seasons and in greenhouse at St. Paul. Each resistant parent possessed a single resistance gene. BSA will initiate to map these genes.

Progress made in mapping of unidentified race-specific resistance genes in three wheat lines; resistance gene in Bavis#1 mapped on 6AL (most likely Sr13 originating from its synthetic wheat pedigree), in ND643 on 4AL (Sr7a and Sr7b are located on this arm and therefore more work is

and 8.4 cM distal.

A new source Ug99 resistance from ND643 was mapped at the distal end of 4AL with markers 0.5 cM and 4.1 cM on either side.

Significant progress was made in mapping SrHuw234 and SrYanac. Results indicate their likely locations on chromosomes 2BS and 2BL, respectively.

Approximately 1,000 lines were submitted for 90,000 SNP genotyping with association mapping intentions. 600 of these lines represent the global diversity of stem rust resistance based on Njoro screening the past three years. 400 are elite and diverse durum wheat genotypes phenotyped for seedling and adult plant resistance to Ug99

Race TTKSK and other foreign races screening of high-resolution map-based cloning recombinants for identification of Sr21, Sr13, and SrTm4 genes (1,256 datapoints).

Mapping of “SrTmp” in 5 CIMMYT populations a North American hard red winter

103




maps of the Ug99-effective stem rust resistance loci in durum wheat. Robust DNA markers that are tightly linked or diagnostic for stem rust gene detection. (Dec 2014)

needed to establish allelic relationship) and in Nini on 6DS (Sr42 and SrTmp also located in the region, therefore additional studies are required).

PBW343/Kenya Kudu was genotyped with DArT and SSR markers and 550 DArT and 35 SSR polymorphic markers were used for Inclusive Composite Interval Mapping to identify QTL associated with resistance. Significant QTL for resistance to stem rust were located on chromosomes 1B, 2B, 3A, 3B, 5B and 7B and accounted for total adjusted R2 of 75%.

We were successful in demonstrating that Lr67/Yr46 and Lr34/Yr18 in fact do confer APR to stem rust. Tests for Lr46/Yr29 mutants were conducted for 2nd year in Obregon and we will request a gene symbol for its effect on APR to stem rust.

Allelism test between SrWeb and SrGabo56 indicated that Webster and Gabo 56 possess the same TTKSK resistance gene.

A gene in winter wheat cultivar MV Zelma for seedling resistance to TTKSK mapped to 7AL distal to Sr22. This gene may be Sr15.

“SrTmp” mapping resulted in localization of resistance to 6DS at a similar location to SrCad/Sr42.

Improved DNA markers were identified for Sr13, Sr21, Sr22, Sr28, Sr33, Sr35, Sr42, Sr44, Sr45, Sr55, and Sr56

The adult plant resistance (APR) gene from Arina was named Sr56.

wheat population identified cfd49 and barc183 as linked markers.

A total of 4 KASPar markers derived for the resistance gene in cultivar MV Zelma.

Mapping of adult plant resistance in Thatcher/McNeal identified 4 QTL on 2BS, 3B, 7DS, and 1AL.

Activity 26.c.2. Validation of effective APR genes conferring resistance to the Ug99 lineage.

Backcross near-isogenic populations for APR loci in Kingbird, Juchi, and Kiritati. Heterogeneous inbred families suitable for near-isogenic line

Year 1 Progress

Ten RIL populations for stem rust APR resistance were initiated by Dr. Yue Jin. They have been advanced to the F6 generation and were planted in St. Paul rust nurseries to assess phenotypic diversity in the populations. Due to poor seed production conditions in 2011, the RILs are being

The role of Lr34, Lr46, and Lr67 in adult plant stem rust resistance has been more fully revealed. Adequately diagnostic markers now exist for Lr67.

104




development. (Dec 2013)

Backcross-derived doubled haploid populations contrasting for APR loci in multiple genetic backgrounds. (Dec 2013)

Near-isogenic lines/populations for two or more APR loci in two or more spring wheat backgrounds (Dec 2013)

Near-isogenic lines/populations for two or more APR loci in two or more spring wheat/durum backgrounds (Dec 2013)

Study of epistatic interactions among APR genes (Dec 2014)

Mutant populations for Kingbird and appropriate parent. Single QTL backcross isolines from Parula (Dec 2013)

Backcross-derived isolines of two APR loci derived from wheat landraces. (Dec 2013)

Near-isogenic lines/populations for two or more APR loci in two or more CWANA winter

increased in the greenhouse with the intention of sending one or populations for evaluation in African field Sr nurseries in 2012. The resistant parents, mostly Kenyan lines, include: Pasa, Kulungu, Romany, Ngiri, Paka, Gem, Kudu, Popo, Fahari, Ada

RILs that carry only novel QTLs (based on flanking markers) on 1A and 7A (Kingbird); 2D (Kiritati); 2B, 4A and 6B (Juchi); 2B and 7B (Huirivis); 2B (Muu); 5A and 6B (Pavon); and 5BL (PBW343) are under identification to initiate back-crossing in a stem rust susceptible line in Mexico so that precision phenotyping for APR can be done in Cd. Obregon in the absence of yellow rust that interferes phenotyping at Njoro.

Sorrells’ group determined that a complex network of gene–gene interactions is, in part, responsible for resistance to Ug99. This information will help identify favorable gene combinations that may enhance resistance to Ug99. Year 2 Progress

Population development for fine mapping of APR QTL on 1A and 7A (Kingbird); 2D (Kiritati); 2B, 4A and 6B (Juchi); 2B and 7B (Huirivis); 2B (Muu); 5A and 6B (Pavon); and 5BL (PBW343) is underway as reported in 2011.

We identified some RILs Avocet x Parula, Avocet x Pavon and Avocet x RL6077 that are susceptible in seedling stage to RTR race prevalent in Mexico (i.e. no effective race-specific resistance gene) but high APR to stem rust in Mexico and Kenya. These RILs were used in developing mapping populations by crossing with a RIL that was highly susceptible to RTR/Ug99 and LR and YR. The populations will be ready in 2013/14 or 2014-15 for phenotyping with all three rusts in Mexico under single disease environments.

Introgression line populations were developed by crossing and backcrossing between wheat lines carrying the specific interacting genes to validate the epistatic interactions of Ug99 resistance loci. Crosses between 5 pairs of interacting genes

QTL mapping studies have been validated by identifying consistent APR loci across populations and using different mapping methods.

105




wheat backgrounds (Dec 2013)

including Sr2, Sr25, Lr34 and other new genes have been produced and progenies are being tested for the presence or absence of the specific genes to produce the four sets of introgression lines for each gene-gene interaction.

Activity 26.c.3. Parent building and delivery to breeding programs.

High breeding value lines homozygous for two or more effective marker-selectable stem rust resistance genes distributed in International Stem Rust Screening Nursery. Twelve elite genotypes used as recurrent parents (Dec 2011, recurring annually)

Optimized screening conditions for DNA markers linked to Ug99-effective resistance loci and marker-assisted pyramids in high-breeding value lines. (Dec 2010, recurring annually)

Year 1 Progress

Seed of several newly available resistance gene donors have been provided to CIMMYT and are being increased and evaluated. Marker-assisted backcrossing into lines with high levels of APR will be initiated the next cycle at El Batan.

A total of 43 lines were shipped to CIMMYT during the last week of May, 2011. The lines contain gene pyramids of Sr2, Sr25, and Sr26 in four CIMMYT backgrounds. The lines have been checked for homozygosity at the three genes for two generations at the BC3F2 and BC3F3 (3 backgrounds) or BC2F2 and BC2F3 (1 background) stage. CIMMYT will initiate seed increase in El Batan during summer 2011.

DNA markers for Lr34, Sr2, Sr22, Sr25, Lr46 and Sr26 are working well in the CIMMYT genotyping lab.

Dubcovsky’s group continues to advance over 20 backcross-derived populations pyramiding multiple stem and stripe rust resistance genes in five different Ethiopian common and durum wheat backgrounds. They have initiated routine delivery of BCxF2 seed for selection by EIAR breeding programs at Kulumsa (common) and Debre Zeit (durum)

Lagudah has produced a number of two-way crosses involving Sr50 and Sr33, Sr50 and Sr45, Sr33 and Sr45. These hybrids will then be intercrossed to select for the triple gene combination on chromosome 1DS as part of the gene deployment strategy. Year 2 Progress

Sr47 was received by CIMMYT from Steven Xu in durum background and is being used by durum wheat breeding program. Bread wheat will not use this gene. High yielding, Advanced lines carrying about 10 race-specific resistance

We have continued to use marker-assisted selection to select progenies carrying gene combinations of Sr2, 22, 24, 25, 26, 32, 36, 1A.1R and Lr34. We are in the process of selfing and verifying which wheat lines have 4 to 6 genes in homozygous condition.

Pyramids of Sr2+Sr25+Sr26 in two genetic backgrounds were distributed in the 8th SRRSN by CIMMYT.

106




genes (often in combination with APR but also likely combinations of two race-specific genes, confirmation pending) were developed and phenotyped during 2012-off and main-seasons in Kenya. These include genes Sr13, Sr22, Sr25, Sr26 (shorter segment from Ian Dundas) among other undesignated genes. Marker analysis will be conducted to verify combinations.

The 43 wheat lines containing Sr2, Sr25 and Sr26 were multiplied in El Batan. The selected lines will be multiplied in Mexicali 12-13 season and then distributed internationally through 8thSRRSN in 2013.

Marker-assisted selection was used for selecting progenies carrying gene combinations of Sr2, 22, 24, 25, 26, 32, 36, 1A.1R and Lr34. To-date, wheat lines containing up-to-6 genes combinations have been identified in F2 populations and fixation of homozygous gene combinations is in progress.

Component 26.d. Collection, preservation and distribution of genetic resources and information

Activity 26.d.1. Preservation and distribution of germplasm.

Genetic stocks, amphiploids, mapping populations, resistance donors, validation, and high-value breeding lines preserved and distributed to international wheat breeding community; Preservation: H.Bockelman/ NSGC Aberdeen, H. Tsujimoto/NBP Japan, B.S. Gill/WGGRC (in-kind collaborators); Additional distribution via International Stem Rust Screening Nursery. (Dec 2010, recurring annually)

Year 1 Progress

This area is still under development, as the stewardship of resistance sources is still under discussion. Pumphrey lab has been importing/consolidating and increasing seeds of most available stocks under quarantine conditions to facilitate this process in the future. Other stocks are being maintained by originator.

The latest generation of high yielding APR lines were distributed through the International Stem Rust Screening Nursery.

Five other Ug99 resistance sources have been included in the Wheat Genetic and Genomic Resources Center collection. Year 2 Progress

The latest generation of high yielding APR lines and those with race-specific resistance were distributed through the 7thInternational Stem Rust Screening Nursery. These materials also stored in CIMMYT germplasm bank.

High yielding APR lines and those with race-specific resistance were distributed through the 8thInternational Stem Rust Screening Nursery. These materials also stored in CIMMYT germplasm bank..

107




WGGRC has formally announced availability of 4 new sources of Ug99 resistance and is distributing seed.

Activity 26.d.2. Management of genetic information and resources.

Centralized web-accessible information on effective sources of stem rust resistance, including donor germplasm, mapping information, useful DNA markers, detailed protocols, feedback tools, and available high breeding value lines. Coordination of Obj. 26 germplasm distribution and screening nursery entries. Strong international partnerships. (Feb 2011, recurring annually)

Year 1 Progress

Protocols and information for stem rust resistance genes Sr2, Sr13, Sr22, Sr24, Sr25, Sr26, Sr35, Sr36, Sr38, Sr39, SrCad and SrWeb are currently available on the MASWheat website. Year 2 Progress

Expanded the MASwheat web protocols for rust resistance genes that now include 13 protocols for stem rust resistance genes, 12 protocols for leaf rust resistance genes, 5 protocols for stripe rust resistance genes, and 4 protocols for loci combining resistance genes against two or more rust species.

Protocols and information for stem rust resistance genes Sr2, Sr13, Sr22, Sr24, Sr25, Sr26, Sr28, Sr33, Sr35, Sr36, Sr39, Sr44, Sr47, Sr52, SrCad, and SrWeb, along with 20 other leaf and stripe rust resistance genes are currently available on the MASWheat website.

Component 26.e. Evaluation of genomic selection models for breeding for APR

Activity 26.e.1. Recurrent selection scheme yielding lines with high levels of APR while empirically evaluating GS models for APR.

Initiation of cycle one of recurrent selection scheme by crossing 10 high performing parents in all possible combinations and intermating the F1s (Jul 2012)

Selection of lines to be intermated in cycle two of recurrent selection scheme using Genetic Estimated Breeding Values (GEBVs) calculated with GS models (Oct 2012)

Year 1 Progress

The starting population, cycle 0, for the recurrent selection scheme was completed July 2011. S1s of each cycle 0 population are currently being created. The prediction models were developed and validated June 2011. Year 2 Progress

Two replicate base populations for recurrent selection (C0) are currently under selection. Selection based on genotype (GS) and based on phenotype (PS) for slow rusting adult plant resistance (APR) to stem rust has been completed and for each, both GS and PS treatments, the selected individuals have been intermated. The seed from the intermated individuals is currently undergoing a selfing generation to generate seed of the next cycle of selection candidates (C1).

The two replicate populations for recurrent selection are currently being selected based on genotype (GS) and phenotype (PS) for slow rusting APR to stem rust. Cycle 2 has been completed for GS and Cycle 1for PS. The selected individuals have been intermated. The seed from the intermated individuals is currently undergoing a selfing generation to generate seed for the final evaluation in Kenya. Results look promising based on the Cycle 1 evaluation in

108




Selection of intermated cycle two lines using GEBVs calculated with GS models (Apr 2013).

Phenotypic evaluation in Njoro, Kenya of selected cycle one and cycle two lines for APR, and empirical evaluation of GS models (Apr 2014).

Kenya.

26.e.2. Genomic Selection: A Tool to Decrease Work-Life Conflict in Agricultural Research?

Use data from CGIAR and private companies to look at effect of molecular advancements on time spent away from home. (Sep 2011)

Train female graduate student in GS while also testing hypothesis that GS will reduce amount of time spent phenotyping in the field (Jessica Rutkoski). (Sep 2013)

Support publication of paper title “Genomic Selection: A New Tool to Decrease Work-Life Conflict in Agricultural Research.” (Sep 2011)

Year 1 Progress

A survey was completed with over 70 respondents involved in public institutions including CGIAR centers, governmental organizations, and universities. Gender was found to be associated with the amount of phenotyping-related travel; specifically, females reported significantly less phenotyping-related travel than males. These results indicate that reducing the amount of phenotyping-related travel for work, potentially via new technology like genomic selection, may be a good target for better inclusion of women in the field of plant breeding. Year 2 Progress

Results were presented at several meetings, including the BGRI 2012 meeting in Beijing.

This activity has been completed

Component 26.f. Molecular genetics of rust resistance

Activity 26.f.1. Molecular genetics of

Identification of markers tightly linked to Sr9 allelles—DArT derived markers and markers linked to Yr5. (Mar 2012)

Year 1 Progress

Allelism test of SrGabo56 and Sr9e (12949 datapoints) completed. Pyramiding SrGabo56 and Sr28 (2000 datapoints). The studies (1) elucidated the relationship between a new Ug99 resistance gene and a previously

Race TTKSK and other race phenotyping (9982 datapoints) of recombinant lines and increased population size of previously derived populations

109




rust resistance near the Sr9 locus.

Linkage testing between Sr9e and SrGabo 56. (Mar 2013)

Publication of genetics and mapping of stem rust resistance in Gabo 56/alelism with Sr9. (Mar 2014)

VIGS induced gene silencing of putative Yr5 homologs in wheat lines possessing Sr9 alleles. (Mar 2015)

Molecular characterization of SrGabo56 / Yr5 homologs

characterized locus and also (2) combined two Ug99 resistance genes on the same chromosome arm. Year 2 Progress

Allelism test between SrWeb and SrGabo56 indicated that Webster and Gabo 56 possess the same TTKSK resistance genes. Susceptible EMS-derived muntants of Gabo 56 were identified. These mutants will help to identify the gene conferring resistance in Gabo 56.

for Sr9 populations.

RNA-seq of parents and resistant and susceptible bulks completed and 150 expressed genes associated with resistant phenotype identified.

RNA-seq of 4 susceptible mutants of Gabo56 completed.

17 markers within 1 cM of Gabo 56 gene identified.

110


Objective 27. Optimized wheat improvement system in Ethiopia

Component /Activity Activity Outputs (completion date) Years 1 and 2 Progress


Component 27.a. Optimized wheat improvement system in Ethiopia (all)

Activity 27.a.1 Coordinate DRRW wheat breeding activities in Ethiopia for an integrated wheat improvement program.

An integrated and evolving national wheat improvement program (breeding, plant protection, extension) that serves Ethiopia, Africa, and the world. (Jan 2011, recurring annually)

Collaboration within the National program and between the National program and International programs, Regional programs, and NGOs is coordinated.

• CIMMYT

• ICARDA

• DRRW (Cornell)

• AGRA

• ARIs

• GCP

• USDA

• Sasakawa Global 2000

• Other NARS

(Apr 2011, recurring annually)

Agro-ecologies and farming systems identified and confirmed as breeding targets. (Apr 2011)

Year 1 Progress

DRRW breeding activities involve introduction/importing of international nurseries from different partners (CMMYT, ICARDA, USDA, India, Turkey, NDSU, U Sydney) and these have been done successfully. The necessary import permits have been sent to the partners in collaboration with CIMMYT/Kenya and CIMMYT/Ethiopia, and seed boxes arrived on time. After quarantine clearance, seeds were sent to Debre-Zeit, Holetta, and Ambo Research Centers for nursery establishment. Optimum time for nursery evaluation has been communicated to partners and most will come to Ethiopia for joint disease evaluation in mid-October.

Addressing of most wheat agro-ecologies is in operation; pocket AEZs (such as frost prone mountains and acid soils) will be addressed in collaboration with national research centers close to target areas.

Out of RARI’s 11 research centers 7 are closely working with the national program in carrying out yearly national wheat rust survey activities; all 11 centers are cooperating in conducting multi-location wheat trials.

Manpower was on the low side. However, Kulumsa received two new recruits (one MSc male and one BSc female) and with the hope to get one more BSc in a short period. Ambo and DZ will get one BSc each in the short term.

Principles to maintenance of equipment given to DZ and KU technicians and operators. New machinery purchased for wheat research at KU.

Activities of different projects (DRRW, AGRA, EAAPP, have been streamlined in May 2011 to avoid duplication of efforts and enhance efficient use of research budget.

Better integration of different wheat disciplines (breeding pathology, extension, and seed unit) to better serve farmers. Link between MoA extension and wheat team is smoother and effective.

Collaboration between national and international research centers is smooth; also ARIs have been very supportive technically; emerging private seed producers play good role in disseminating rust resistant varieties in areas where they operate. This 2013 season DRRW is supporting promotion and pre-scaling up of recent varieties in 12 districts.

Wheat-based regional research centers instrumental key in covering wheat environments in their area and in promoting rust resistant new varieties.

Purchase of equipment for KU and DZ seed labs in progress with some items already procured.

Manpower at DZ improved with addition of 1 PhD breeder. Status at Ambo remains same as previous year, and a minus at KU with departure of the national wheat program coordinator.

Variety development is on the

111




Wheat-based research centers (RARIs) engaged in evaluation and selection. (Apr 2011)

Staffing positions identified and filled, with responsibilities outlined. (May 2011).

Maintenance and repairs to equipment, purchase of budgeted equipment, with equipment being placed into service. (Mar 2011, recurring annually)

Breeding and replicated testing programs tailored to match resources and budgeted priorities. (May 2011)

Progress and direction of programs Monitored/Evaluated. (Apr and Sep 2011, recurring annually)

Program progress will be reported in the Year 1 Technical Report to Cornell. Year 2 Progress

Wheat nurseries introduced from CIMMYT, ICARDA, USDA, NDSU, Egypt and India. Providing seed Import Permit to international partners, seed clearing from customs, quarantine checkup and distribution to target centers are routine activities.

Breeding and pathology are well linked. Link among breeding, seed unit and extension has been satisfactory but needs strengthening.

Nationally, wheat grows in more than 8 agro-ecological zones (AEZ) and there are more minor agro-ecologies. Addressing pocket unique wheat growing areas is a challenge to be considered.

Breeding program is AEZ-based where highland, midland and lowland wheat areas receive major focus. Yet, pocket areas such as frost, acid soils and irrigated areas get some consideration.

Regional Agricultural Research Institute collaboration with National Wheat Research Program (NWRP) has been effective in receiving multi-location national trials.

1 BSc breeder, 1 BSc entomologist, and 1 MSc pathologist recruited for Kulumsa; 1 MSc pathologist re-assigned for Ambo and 1 MSc breeder re-assigned for Debre-Zeit durum. So, improving human resources status.

Irrigation system for Kulumsa purchased from overseas through CIMMYT and on way to Kulumsa.

Replicated national testing well coordinated by the NWRP. Testing budget mainly covered by EAAPP.

Progress of wheat improvement program, along with variety promotion, is jointly monitored by DRRW,

positive side with 3 candidate varieties under verification trial for optimum wheat areas. Two varieties are also under verification for lowland areas.

112




EAAPP, and NWRP coordinators.

Activity 27.a.2. Bread wheat breeding.

Two cycles per year Kulumsa-based spring bread wheat breeding program is operating. Program outlined

• Holeta (Septoria hot-spot)

• Bekoji/Meraro (Yellow rust)

• KARI-Njoro (shuttle SR screening)

• KU/DZ/Arsi Robe (stem rust)

(Apr 2011)

Agronomic, pathologic and end-use quality objectives prioritized and listed.

• Seed color

• Volume weight

• Industrial baking quality

• Other

(Apr 2011)

10,000 introductions from international nurseries evaluated and promising lines selected for entry into Observation Nurseries at designated sub-centers. (Jun and Dec 2011, recurring annually)

Year 1 Progress

Main season cycle is strongly operational. Off-season activities resume with the completion of the new irrigation system, which is currently in progress.

The hot-spot locations for the different diseases are in operation and good results are expected. Promising genotypes have been observed across the septoria, yellow rust and stem rust hot-spot locations.

Pathologic activities are at pace with breeding activities; agronomic works need to be harmonized. End-use quality not yet prioritized, but will get attention when facilities permit.

Introductions from international nurseries is ongoing as routine activities in off-season and main season.

62 crosses in Sept 2011; 119 F1s from Jan 2011 crosses; 309 F2 from Aug 2010 crosses.

Growing and evaluation of segregants from previous crosses continued at Debre-Zeit and Kulumsa.

Five sets of promising lines for traits of interest were evaluated in nurseries. Five sets of high yielding, rust resistant entries were evaluated in NVT trials.

Three sets of bread wheat VVT in progress.

Key breeding lines were not yet genotyped, except for some attempts at UC-Davis.

Smooth relationships exist with NARS, CG, and Obj 26 scientists. The recent success in survey of barberry, collection of aeciospores, and inoculation on wheat and barley species is the result of collaboration with international partners. Special thanks go to Drs. Yue Jin, Pablo Olivera, Iago Lowe, and Getaneh Woldeab for their efforts.

Two cycles per year breeding at KU will be fully operational by January 2014 when irrigation facilities are fully installed.

Breeding for Septoria has become important with the disease steadily increasing. We receive Septoria nursery from CIMMYT regularly. WSU sent us 500 Septoria mapping populations for screening.

At KU, 1,027 ICARDA and 1,058 CIMMYT BW entries are being screened during this main-season of 2013. Also, ICARDA’s 80 F2 and 1469 F6 segregants are planted at KU.

Hybridization for different goals is continuing twice a year.

Though off-season 2013 crossing failed due to pest interruption in the lath-house, crossing of 10 selected female and 25 male parents is underway during this 2013/14 main-season at KU.

1,136 F2, F4, F5, & F6 pops planted at KU while 128 F3 has been shuttled to Njoro.

Five sets of BW observation nurseries under evaluation at 3-4 locations in 2013 main-season.

Six sets of 20-22 BW pre-national

113




Parent lines used in hybridization identified and 300 crosses outlined. (Aug and Jan 2011, recurring annually)

F2 – F6 germplasm / generations evaluated at hotspot shuttle locations over seasons for traits of interest. (Aug and Jan 2011, recurring annually)

Five sets of 200 promising lines evaluated in observation nurseries at two to three locations. (Jun 2011, recurring annually)

Five sets of 20 high yielding, rust resistant entries evaluated annually in replicated trials (NVT) at 4-6 locations for two years. (Jun 2011, recurring annually).

Four sets of variety release verification trials (VVT) with at least one candidate variety planted on-station and on-farm trials. (Jun 2011, recurring annually)

An array of key breeding lines genotyped at CG centers. (Mar 2011, recurring annually).

Relationships with NARS, CG, and Objective 26

Year 2 Progress

2011/12 off-season was very good at Debre-Zeit and Kulumsa. 2012 main-season is in progress with intense Septoria disease at Kulumsa.

Early disease survey in September did not show occurrence of wheat rusts but heavy presence of Septoria.

Pathology is high priority, agronomy needs to be enhanced; end-use quality will be attended to when facilities permit (under consideration by DRRW and EAAPP).

109 crosses Sept/Oct 2011 at Kulumsa; 687 F2-F5; 5 sets of ON with 584 entries; 1,056 F4 and F5 of 13 nurseries from ICARDA; 13 CIMMYT nurseries with 1,140 entries.

One nursery from India (230); one from Matt Rouse-USDA (420 entries in 3 duplicates for Kulumsa, Debre-Zeit and Melkassa research center).

21 parental lines (11 female and 10 male) used in hybridization in Aug 2011 and top-cross planned Oct 2012.

801 F2 – F5 pops under evaluation during 2012 main-season.

5 sets of observation nurseries (584 total entries) at 9 locations.

13 PVT sets (312 entries) in 25 locations; 5 NVT sets (107 entries) in optimum wheat areas at 25 locations. Three NVT sets (78 entries) in moisture stress lowlands areas at 10 locations.

Three sets of VVT completed in 2012. One provisionally released was approved; two new varieties were released.

Key breeding lines not yet genotyped but under plan currently.

variety trials (PVT) under test at 2-5 locations; and 2 sets of NVT, 4 sets NVTOA (optimum area), and 3 sets of NVTMSA (moisture stress area) at 2-4 locations each also in progress.

Two sets of BW VVT lowland and optimum areas are under main-season evaluation. Most of the entries are selected from international nurseries.

114




scientists strengthened and cultivated. (Mar 2011)

Link with NARS, CG, and ARI smooth and strong.

Activity 27.a.3. Durum wheat breeding.

Two cycles per year Debre-Zeit based durum wheat breeding program is operating. Program outlined. (Apr 2011)

Agronomic, pathologic and end-use quality objectives prioritized and listed. (Apr 2011)

International durum wheat nurseries evaluated and promising introductions identified. (Jun and Dec 2011, recurring annually)

Parent lines used in hybridization identified and 150 crosses outlined. (Aug and Jan 2011, recurring annually)

F2 – F6 germplasm / generations evaluated at hotspot shuttle locations over seasons for traits of interest. (Aug and Jan 2011, recurring annually)

Two sets of 200 promising lines evaluated in observation nurseries at 2-3 locations. (Jun 2011, recurring annually)

Two sets of 20 high yielding, rust resistant

Year 1 Progress

Two-cycle/year breeding program is in place.

Agronomy and pathology priorities partly defined; efforts will be made to start work on end-use quality.

Nurseries evaluated and introductions identified as a routine practice and with strong international collaboration.

No crosses were carried out in August 2011.

ICARDA-originated segregating populations were evaluated.

Two sets of promising lines were evaluated as observation nurseries at three locations.

Two sets of high yielding, rust resistant entries were evaluated in replicated durum NVT at four locations

One set of durum VVT with two candidate varieties, and one standard and one local check included in on-farm and on-station trials. Year 2 Progress

2011/12 off-season completed and 2012 main-season underway.

Pathology highly prioritized.

Both durum wheat and bread wheat nurseries are evaluated at Debre-Zeit. 2012 off-season total was 7765 entries from CIMMYT (3803), ICARDA (678), USDA (816), Egypt (232), student Tesfaye (1960 mapping population), and national nursery (276 entries).

During this 2012 main-season, 6092 entries from 7 different sources are under evaluation at Debre-Zeit.

Off-season cycle completed and main-season cycle in progress at Debre-Zeit station.

One set of PON, 3 sets of PVT, and 4 sets of NVT are under evaluation each at 2-5 locations during 2013 main-season.

101 F1s from off-season 2013 are currently in the field.

2430 DW introductions were screened at DZ during the 2013 off-season while 4,413 are under screening this main-season.

115




entries evaluated annually in replicated trials (NVT) at 4-6 locations for two years. (Jun 2011, recurring annually).

Two sets of variety release verification trials (VVT) with at least one candidate variety planted on-station and on-farm trials. (Jun 2011, recurring annually).

Relationships with NARS, CG, and Objective 26 scientists strengthened and cultivated. (Mar 2010)

11 F4 segregants at Debre-Zeit.

192 DW entries in preliminary observation nursery at 3 locations.

In 2011/12, two sets of PVT targeting moisture stress and optimum high rainfall areas; same in 2012/13 season at over 20 locations.

One set of durum VVT in 2011 resulted in the release of two semi-dwarf varieties (Mangudo and Mukye) in 2012.

Very good partnership with IARCs, ARIs and NARS.

Activity 27.a.4 Develop the human resource capacity for wheat research in Ethiopia.

Skills of the EIAR technical staff and assistants are enhanced with short-term training opportunities. (Sep 2011, recurring annually)

Training opportunities for EIAR scientists, such as biotechnology, data management and interaction with ARI counterparts result in progressive breeding programs. (Apr 2011)

• Exchange visits with ARIs and sister institutions.

• Long-term training at ARIs (Apr 2011)

Enhanced skills and training in preventative maintenance

Year 1 Progress

One durum breeder went through four-month in-service training at CIMMYT in Mexico. One senior pathologist visited Pretorius lab in South Africa, Tom Fetch’s lab in Canada, and made visits to ICARDA.

Biotech and data management training needs to be rescheduled for 2012.

Pathologist participated in Njoro standardization training; senior pathologist visited Njoro, ICARDA and Tom Fetch lab in Canada.

Mechanic at Debre-Zeit, who is skilled at rehabilitating of equipment, attended two-day training given by Gary Shelton and Gordon Cisar. Year 2 Progress

From the durum team, one technical assistant pathologist attended the Oct 2011 Njoro training. One female technical assistant pathologist and one durum wheat breeding technical assistant will attend the Sept 2012

Three breeders attended the 2013 CIMMYT wheat improvement course. One pathologist attended the 2013 CIMMYT advanced wheat improvement course. Two breeders and 5 pathologists attended the 2013 Njoro rust score standardization course in Kenya.

116




and repairs to research equipment.

• Small engine repair and maintenance.

• Preventative maintenance of field and lab equipment.(Apr 2011)

Njoro rust score standardization training.

In-service training at CIMMYT planned for 2013 candidate yet to be determined.

Senior pathologist (Ayele) visited Mogen’s lab at Aarhus Univ in August 2012. Getaneh of Ambo is currently visiting Robert Park’s lab in Sydney (mid-Sept – early-Oct 2012.

Debre-Zeit has a good mechanic who has maintenance experience. Plan is in place to give him training to enhance his skills.

Activity 27.a.5. Acquire necessary equipment to modernize and improve efficiencies of EIAR bread wheat and durum wheat improvement programs.

Necessary equipment has been acquired. (Nov 2011)

Irrigation capacity is maximized to meet program requirements. (Nov 2012)

Lab, greenhouse, cold room, and seed health facilities improved or constructed. (Nov 2012)

Essential field equipment has been acquired and / or received necessary repairs to achieve functional use. (Apr 2011)

Year 1 Progress

Yes, irrigation capacity for international nurseries has been enhanced at DZ.

Greenhouse constructed at Ambo, DZ and KU; pathology lab remodeled at DZ; lath house constructed at DZ. Cold room and seed health facility not yet constructed.

Some field equipment yet to be purchased for DZ. With pond construction completed at Kulumsa, purchase of sprinkler system expected before end of 2011 as a Task Order is issued to CIMMYT from Cornell.

Year 2 Progress

Irrigation system for Kulumsa nurseries and seed production purchased and on way to Kulumsa.

Greenhouse at Ambo is functional. Debre-Zeit greenhouse needs minor repair; at Kulumsa, only one chamber is working, four other chambers need repair and lowering of temperature in one for yellow rust race analysis.

Contractual purchase agreements and amendments caused delays in delivery of irrigation items from overseas.

Seed lab equipment and supplies for DZ and KU seed labs have been partially purchased. The remaining items will be purchased as they become available in local market.

Most essential items for irrigation system at KU have been acquired, what remain are assembling and fitting the pump unit.

Head house for Ambo greenhouse is under construction with about 80% completion.

117


Objective 28. Project management, communication, and coordination



Component 28.a. Project management

Activity 28.a.1. Financial/ contractual management.

Subcontracts executed, task orders issued, invoices paid, and ad hoc financial issues addressed. (Feb 2011, recurring annually)

Year 1 Progress

Significant progress made despite delay in signing the prime contract. All subcontracts are executed or in the final stages of negotiation. Year 2 Progress

All subcontracts executed. Ad hoc financial issues are being addressed as they arise.

All subcontracts executed. Ad hoc financial issues are being addressed as they arise. Savings are being reallocated to meet priority needs.

Activity 28.a.2. Reporting to BMGF.

Reports from subcontractors submitted; compiled report from Cornell successfully submitted. (Sep and Oct 2011, recurring annually)

Regular communications with BMGF to give program officer good sense of day-to-day progress, challenges, and opportunities. (Dec 2010, recurring annually)

Year 1 Progress

Regular reporting on track and ongoing. Year 2 Progress

Regular reporting on track and ongoing.

Regular reporting on track and ongoing.

Activity 28.a.3. Programmatic management.

Milestone monitoring system developed and maintained. (Sep 2009, recurring annually)

Project-wide metrics for impact monitored. (ongoing with annual update delivered to BMGF following September reporting period each year)

Collaborating scientists/institutions visited periodically by DRRW Management. (Feb 2011, recurring annually)

Regular interaction between DRRW Management and Team Leaders and key

Year 1 Progress

Regular milestone monitoring on track and ongoing.

Project-wide metrics are regularly monitored.

DRRW management has visited all subcontractors involved in the project and continues to make periodic visits. Of particular importance are the regular visits with KARI and EIAR staff.

DRRW management communicates with team leaders and other key stakeholders through monthly conference calls and on

Regular milestone monitoring ongoing. New milestones are being drafted for activities newly funded with reallocated project savings.


DRRW management communicates with team leaders and other key stakeholders through regular conference calls, on individual bases through site visits and at international convenings and fora.

118




stakeholders is ongoing. (Feb 2011, recurring annually)

Annual DRRW project meeting held (may be in conjunction with BGRI annual meeting, or may be a separate affair) (Jun 2011, recurring annually)

Ad hoc objective-specific workshops supported. (Jun 2011, recurring annually)

individual bases regularly.

The DRRW project meeting took place in June 2011 following the annual BGRI meeting. Plans are in place for the 2012 DRRW project meeting to be held in Obregon in March 2012

Objective-specific workshops were supported. These included a convening on gene stacking initiatives (Obj 26) and one on Pgt genotyping (Obj 23). Year 2 Progress

Regular milestone monitoring on track and ongoing.


DRRW management has visited all subcontractors involved in the project (Univ of New Hampshire is an exception, as they recently joined the project with Iago Hale’s move from UC Davis to UNH) and continues to make periodic visits. Of particular importance are the regular visits with KARI and EIAR staff.

DRRW management communicates with team leaders and other key stakeholders through monthly conference calls and on individual bases regularly.

The DRRW project meeting took place in September 2012 following the annual BGRI meeting.

Objective-specific workshops were supported. These included a convening on gene stacking initiatives (Obj 26) and one on Pgt genotyping (Obj 23) both held at the

Project -specific side meetings are held annually in connection with other relevant meetings such as PAG (Obj 26), CIMMYT visitor’s week (25) and The annual BGRI technical Workshop (Objs 23, 24, 27).

119




Plant Animal Genome meeting. A Seed Systems convening occurred in early October 2012 in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Several project-specific side meetings took place alongside the annual BGRI meeting in September 2012.

Activity 28.a.4. External Program Advisory Committee (EPAC).

EPAC provides regular input to DRRW and BMGF on project progress and travels as necessary to review DRRW progress. (Jun 2011, recurring annually)

Year 1 Progress

The EPAC convened in June 2011 and provided feedback to the DRRW leadership. Year 2 Progress

The External Advisory Committee along with the project management unit and objective leaders met on Sept 5 in Beijing.

The EPAC met with the project management team and the objective leaders on Aug 22 in New Delhi to review progress and provide recommendations for moving forward.

Activity 28.a.5. Internal IT.

Equipment and IT support provided to assist project administration and internal management and communication. (Jan 2011, recurring annually)

Year 1 Progress

Equipment and IT support is provided. Year 2 Progress

Equipment and IT support is provided and is well coordinated with the IT efforts of key BGRI partners.

Equipment and IT support is provided.

Activity 28.a.6. Supplies.

Internal administrative and project management supplies acquired and services rendered. (Jan 2011, recurring annually)

Year 1 Progress

Supplies were acquired. Year 2 Progress

Supplies were acquired.

Supplies were acquired and services rendered.

Component 28.b. Communications

Activity 28.b.1. Perform communications activities supporting project

Brochures, Power Point presentations, and posters to describe DRRW project developed and distributed to key audiences. (Feb 2011, recurring annually and ongoing)

Information about project progress regularly shared with DRRW

Year 1 Progress

Communications materials were developed and used effectively.

Progress reports made regularly. Year 2 Progress

Communication materials were developed

Project management is facilitated project management tools such as the milestones database, by regular teleconferencing, and WebEx and other online tools including regular newsletters, e-mail announcements, and use of social media.

120




coordination/ management.

collaborating scientists. (quarterly updates, as described in Objective 22) (Mar, Jun, Sep, Dec 2011, recurring annually)

and used effectively in support of 2012 Technical Workshop in Beijing, including branding, logo, press releases, deskside interviews with notables, etc. Particular communication efforts in support of BGRI management insofar as 2011-12 strategies, press releases, blogs, BGRI newsletter, social media efforts, press conference in China, journalist workshop in China, video and web presence is concerned are detailed in Objective 22 and Appendix D.

Communications across project partners facilitated by regular presentations on project goals and progress made at for a around the globe.

Activity 28.b.2. Maintain comprehensive “wheat rust” web presence.

Wheat Rust Knowledge Bank contains scientific information related to the wheat rusts requested by and provided by the rust community, and is a sustainable, well-trafficked online resource for scientists, policymakers, donors, and the public. (Jan 2011, recurring annually)

Virtual Communities for scientific discussion established and maintained. (Jan 2011, recurring annually)

DRRW project website developed and maintained with frequently updated information relevant to scientists, policy-makers, donors, the media, and the public. (Jan 2011, recurring annually)

Year 1 Progress

This resource is populated and is regularly used by intended audience. The website has received two prestigious awards.

Virtual communities are being used to some extent for special meetings, but we would like to see more regular users of the virtual communities

DRRW project website is up to date. Year 2 Progress

Globalrust.org website is expanded with regular blog entries. Regular updates to Facebook and Twitter accounts with link to globalrust.org. BGRI Linked-In group is open to all BGRI community.

Ongoing. Virtual newsroom for BGRI 2013 advocacy efforts was created for journalists and abstracts, papers and videos from the 2013 workshop were made available on globalrust.org.

Full content inventory undertaken and surveys distributed to better assess current website and anticipate future needs and sustainability.

BGRI globalrust.org website under revision; moving from Traction as a content management system to Drupal and open-source system. Anticipated completion is Jan-Feb 2014.

Social media presence continues to expand: 717 followers on Twitter (350+ increase from previous year); Facebook ‘Likes’ 1000+ (500+ increase from previous year). More interactive community on all fronts.

Linked-In group has 360 vetted members with more than 30 discussions on lab positions, scholarships, training and workshop

121




opportunities. Active solicitation of new members ongoing.

BGRI YouTube channel is a reference for the wider wheat community. “Life Cycle of Wheat Stem Rust” has over 6000 views and was featured at the 2013 APS-MSA Joint Meeting

Globalrust.org received over 27,000 visits in reporting period.

Regularly updated BGRI YouTube channel with new videos. 7421 Video Views with 24760 minutes of BGRI material watched by online audience during Year 3.

Component 28.c. Global access and impact

Activity 28.c.1. Manage global access.

Annual update developed on DRRW innovations. (Nov 2011, recurring annually)

Year 1 Progress

Innovations included as a part of the annual report. Year 2 Progress

Innovations included as a part of the annual report.

Innovations included as a part of the annual report.

Component 28.d. Gender opportunity enhancement

Activity 28.d.1. Foster activities that enhance gender parity in wheat breeding and training.

Objective-specific gender activities implemented. (Jun 2012)

Gender and diversity issues in DRRW project regularly monitored. (Oct 2011, recurring annually)

Opportunities to enhance gender parity are realized and enhanced through contingency gender funds. (Jun 2011, recurring annually)

Year 1 Progress

Significant progress made on Objective-specific initiatives

Gender issues continue to be monitored.

Opportunities for women to attend meetings and other events have been supported. Year 2 Progress

Significant progress made on Objective-specific initiatives, especially the growing success of the Jeanie Borlaug Laube Women in Triticum Award program.

Project management strives to ensure that female candidates are being considered for the Kenya Screening Course (Objective 24), the CIMMYT Basic Wheat Improvement course, and other training opportunities.

Solicited nominations for 3 women to receive travel grants to International Plant Breeding Congress (Antalya, Turkey, Nov 10-14).

Portion of female DRRW participants tracked from 2009 to present. The total

122




Gender issues continue to be monitored.

Opportunities for women to attend meetings and other events have been supported.

number of women participating in the BGRI workshop has more than doubled since 2009 and is currently approximately 30%.

Component 28.e. Special initiatives

Activity 28.e.1. Stem Rust Isolate Sequencing Initiative

Convening is held to plan special initiative work plan (January 2011)

SSR markers are shared between special initiative partners (Dec 2011)

Puccinia graminis (Pgt) isolates fingerprints are resolved and data are shared (Dec 2012 and ongoing)

Puccinia graminis (Pgt) isolates genomic sequences are resolved and data are shared (Jan 2015)

Year 1 Progress

Concept note was written and reviewed. Buy-in from partners accomplished. A clear road map was created by key actors. Year 2 Progress

Proof of concept ongoing. Methods are worked out and 61 samples have been sequenced at the Broad Institute.

Sequencing the first set of 86 Pgt samples completed (16 removed from data set). The Ug99 race group forms a distinct cluster. A sample from Ethiopia collected in 1972 falls in the UG99RG (to be confirmed). Sample collection and DNA preparations are underway for the second set of samples to be sequenced.

Activity 28.e.2. Gene deployment initiative

Convening is held to plan special initiative work plan (Jan 2011)

Four post docs are hired (Aug 2011)

2 x three major gene stacks are developed (non-transgenic)

Major gene stacks are integrated into CIMMYT germplasm

Year 1 Progress

The convening was held and an action plan devised.

Change of milestones. Only one post doc needed to be hired (Lagudah Lab, CSIRO) in addition to other DRRW investments (ongoing in Xu, Rouse labs and others). Year 2 Progress

Tri-parental cross targeting three stem rust resistance genes, Sr33, Sr45 and Sr50 initiated for gene stacking on chromosome 1DS at CSIRO. Sr33 gene cloned.

Lines carrying Sr3, Sr45 and Sr50 (carried on 1D) were intercrossed and the recombinants with different gene combinations were selected using markers. Progenies are being re-screened to find homozygous lines carrying 2 and or 3 resistance gene combinations. It may not be possible to combine Sr33 and Sr50 without using a transgenic approach.

CSIRO and UC Davis now have Access to efficient transformation systems through agreements with Japan Tobacco making cis-genic approaches to gene stacking increasingly appealing.

123

DRRW Phase II Year 3 Progress Report • Appendix B: Milestones

Appendix B Timeline

(Milestones)

124

DRRW Phase II Activity OutputsObjective 21: Improved testing, multiplication and adoption of replacement varieties

Activity: 21.a.1. Explore, and establish as necessary, the development of an international committee to evaluate, coordinate, and recommend improvementsand investments in seed systems. Representation from the following would be anticipated: Selected NARS, CG centers, FAO, Private sector, Donor agencies,and Legal/Regulatory policy.

Component: 21.a. Trans-national coordination.

Activity OutputTarget Date Responsible

Institution-UnitDetermine the need for developing a seed systems and policy committee, to be established underthe umbrella of the Borlaug Global Rust Initiative, which does not duplicate other internationalefforts.

Cornell - IP

Red = changedJun 2011

Activity Output Target Date Responsible

Institution-UnitDevelop consensus objectives, establish goals and associated budgets. Cornell - IP

Red = changedDec 2011

Yes. We have developed a plan for improving mechanical competance, particularly in Ethiopia. This is an ongoing activity.


Institution-UnitInvestments in equipment and training which lead to improvement in the precision of performancetrails, providing greater discrimination among a cohort of entries and focusing seed multiplicationresources on developing the most promising varieties.

Cornell - IP

Red = changedDec 2012(RecursAnnually)

Yes, maybe. We have suggested that Variety Release Committees in developing countries need training.


Institution-UnitDevelopment of efficient regulatory systems which do not impede breeding progress, but doenhance the speed with which improved varieties and new technologies are able to enter themarketplace.

Cornell - IP

Red = changedJun 2013(RecursAnnually)

No. Very little done.


Institution-UnitEncourage regulations and policies which enable the development of private sector investments. Cornell - IP


125

DRRW Phase II Activity Outputs

Activity: 21.b.1. Improve the capability of KARI and KEPHIS to generate reliable data with improved accuracy from replicated trials (KARI) and NationalPerformance Trials (KEPHIS).

Component: 21.b. Kenya.

Completed.


Institution-UnitKARI plants International Wheat Information System (IWIS) designed Advanced Yield Trials (AYT)at 8 locations (up from 3 in 2008). Each location has single site, and multi-year analyses conductedin time to inform selection decisions prior to planting of the next season. >75% of data sets enablestatistically significant discrimination between the top yielding line and the mean of all lines.

KARI - Njoro


Completed.


Institution-UnitKEPHIS plants 5-8 additional locations (or at least 2 sites per location) of the NPT for yield andagronomic evaluation, and in collaboration with KARI, evaluates NPT entries in the KARI Njorostem rust screening nursery.

KARI - Njoro


Activity: 21.b.2. Identify and implement collaborative strategies enabling pre-release purification/multipli-cation and availability of KEPHIS endorsed Breeder Seed of KARI candidate lines at the time of approval for Official Release.



Institution-UnitKARI and KEPHIS seek agreement on modalities and logistics by which the following anticipatorysteps can occur concurrently with descriptor development, DUS assessment, and final stage ofNational Performance Trials: First round of ear-row purification, Ear-row derived plot grow-out/purification, and Follow-on bulking of Breeder Seed.

KARI - Njoro

Red = changedApr 2011


Institution-UnitDedicated and irrigation-enabled land (two hectares) available for ear-row purification of candidatevarieties at KARI-Njoro.

KARI - Njoro


Completed.


Institution-UnitOne or more hectares of seed production concurrent with NPT of each KARI line in 2nd year ofNPT; the harvest of which KEPHIS endorses as eligible to be considered Breeder Seed, contingenton KEPHIS inspection; enabling availability of three tons of putative Breeder Seed of eachcandidate after 2nd year NPT; (contingent on agreement of first output for this activity).

KARI - Njoro


126


Activity: 21.b.3. Identify and implement streamlined approaches to Breeder Seed production subsequent to initial production.


Completed.


Institution-UnitThe current three stage ear-row, ear-row derived plot, and follow-on bulk method is employed lessoften without loss of purity of Breeder Seed lots.

KARI - Njoro

Red = changedNov 2012(RecursAnnually)

Activity: 21.b.4. Promote awareness of new Ug99 resistant varieties and/or lines that are candidates for release as varieties.


Completed.


Institution-Unit4-8 Field Days jointly planned and executed by Ministry of Agriculture (MoA), KARI, CerealGrowers Association (CGA), and the Kenya Seed Company (KSC).

KARI - Njoro

Red = changedAug 2013(RecursAnnually)

Activity: 21.b.5. Maximize efficiencies and effectiveness of Certified wheat seed supply chain from Pre-Basic Seed to farm and industry/consumer use.


Completed.


Institution-UnitKey representatives of milling/processing, growers (CGA+), MoA Extension, KSC, KEPHIS, andKARI jointly visit key AYT and NPT sites; and actively engage in communication on current andfuture wheat varieties.

KARI - Njoro


Completed.


Institution-UnitAnnual production of Breeder Seed by KARI matches KSC needs. KARI - Njoro


Completed.


Institution-UnitCertified Seed production by KSC of stem rust resistant and otherwise improved lines meetsproducer and consumer demands.

KARI - Njoro


127



Institution-UnitMutual awareness of milling, flour, and processing properties of wheat grain (includingcharacteristics of new varieties) enhanced through a workshop involving flour millers, KARI andother key stakeholders.

KARI - Njoro

Red = changedMar 2011

Activity: 21.c.1. Increase capacity, stability, and quality of Breeder and Pre-Basic Seed production.

Component: 21.c. Ethiopia.


Institution-UnitOff-season irrigation capacity is created or enhanced for Breeder and Pre-Basic Seed productionat Kulumsa, Debre-Zeit, Melkassa, and Werer.

EIAR



Institution-UnitPlanting and harvest methods and equipment are upgraded to reduce labor costs and ensuretimely completion of field work.

EIAR



Institution-UnitSeed processing equipment is upgraded at key Centers. EIAR


Items partially purchased for Kulumsa and Debre-Zeit seed labs. Purchase will continue in 2013/14 as items become available locally.


Institution-UnitSeed quality laboratories are upgraded, equipped, and staffed at key Centers. EIAR


Staff yet to be identified.


Institution-UnitKey staff responsible for seed quality testing, equipment maintenance, field management and post-harvest seed handling are provided in-service training.

EIAR

Red = changedFeb 2014

128

DRRW Phase II Activity OutputsObjective 22: Increased levels of global investments and coordination in stem rust research and development

Activity: 22.a.1. Act as an effective Secretariat to the BGRI, enabling communication and providing support for the activities of this body.

Component: 22.a.BGRI

Completed.


Institution-UnitBGRI members and stakeholder communities receive quarterly updates on rust research and news(information drawn from other relevant activities, media reports, etc).

Cornell - IP


Completed.


Institution-UnitBGRI Executive Committee (ExCo) and other key members proactively engaged in advocacy andfundraising.

Cornell - IP

Red = changedFeb 2013(RecursAnnually)

Completed.


Institution-UnitAnnual BGRI technical workshop held; regular ongoing communications arranged among ExComembers.

Cornell - IP


Completed.


Institution-UnitStrategic investments outside the purview of the BGRI have been made, and have, as a result,enabled leveraged advocacy.

Cornell - IP

Red = changedSep 2013(RecursAnnually)

Activity: 22.a.2. Foster Professional Development of Women Wheat Breeders through the BGRI.

Component: 22.a.BGRI

Completed.


Institution-UnitA Gender Equity luncheon is held at Annual BGRI Technical Workshop, sensitizing the BGRIparticipants to gender issues in agricultural development.

Cornell - IP


129



Institution-UnitBGRI establishes the annual Jeanie Borlaug Women in Triticum (WIT) award. Cornell - IP


Completed.


Institution-UnitThree WIT award recipients are chosen annually. Cornell - IP



Institution-UnitThe Women in Triticum Mentor Award is established by the BGRI. Cornell - IP


Completed.


Institution-UnitOne Women in Triticum Mentor Award is granted annually. Cornell - IP

Red = changedJan 2013(RecursAnnually)

Activity: 22.b.1. Promote media coverage of the rust problem and need for sustained support for rust research through key message development, pressreleases, media training, and media monitoring.

Component: 22.b. Media activities for reaching key audiences.

Completed.


Institution-UnitClear and concise messages developed with input from the stem rust research community. Cornell - IP


Completed.


Institution-UnitAdvocacy and communications strategy operates in real-time via ongoing strategic discussionregarding advocacy and media.

Cornell - IP


130


Completed.


Institution-UnitPress release developed in collaboration with Project managers (topics based on review ofpresentations, peer-reviewed papers, white papers to determine news value and in light ofadvocacy objectives) translated into relevant languages (Arabic, French, Farsi...), and storiespublished in key outlets in target countries.

Cornell - IP

Red = changedMay 2013(RecursAnnually)

Completed.


Institution-UnitDesk side meetings with journalists arranged for key spokespeople, organized around four trips ayear (these meetings will take place during trips made as part of meeting other objectives).

Cornell - IP


Completed.


Institution-UnitElectronic and hard copy report compiled for each media outreach effort, with a summary of thecoverage and original clippings for key donors and policy makers, and DRRW internal files.

Cornell - IP


Activity: 22.c.1. Visits to donor nation embassies in nations vulnerable to stem rust.

Component: 22.c. Targeted Fundraising.

Completed.


Institution-UnitFunds obtained from donor nation officials to support local research and other activities aimed atcombating stem rust.

Cornell - IP


Activity: 22.d.1. Promote awareness and action by policy makers and donors to address stem problem in a coordinated way and to support stem rust researchand wheat improvement.

Component: 22.d. Advocacy activities for reaching key audiences.

Completed.


Institution-UnitFive high-level meetings arranged between critical players and relevant government officials. Cornell - IP

Red = changedSep 2013

131


Completed.


Institution-UnitResults of media outreach packaged and disseminated to promote further awareness. Cornell - IP

Red = changedOct 2012(RecursAnnually)

Completed.


Institution-UnitPrint and electronic materials available in relevant languages to support advocates in theiroutreach efforts.

Cornell - IP


Activity: 22.d.2. Conduct annual gap analysis to identify shortfalls in funding and opportunities for investment in rust research and wheat improvement, anddisseminate results.

Component: 22.d. Advocacy activities for reaching key audiences.

Gaps reviewed. No report written.


Institution-UnitGap analysis report finalized and approved (reviewed for news value--as described under mediaactivities).

Cornell - IP


Activity: 22.e.1. Maintain and augment a catalogue of wheat improvement and rust research projects and associated information.

Component: 22.e. Web-based activities in support of advocacy, fundraising and collaboration.

Completed.


Institution-UnitAdvocacy Resource maintained and in use to support Advocacy activities. Cornell - IP


Activity: 22.e.2. Maintain content of BGRI website.

Component: 22.e. Web-based activities in support of advocacy, fundraising and collaboration.

Completed.


Institution-UnitBGRI website is redesigned and plan in place for daily maintenance, with input/interaction from rustcommunity; content reviewed regularly for news value.

Cornell - IP


132


Completed.


Institution-UnitBGRI website will be viewed as a major source of wheat rust knowledge. Cornell - IP


133

DRRW Phase II Activity OutputsObjective 23: Stem rust populations tracked and monitored

Activity: 23.a.1. Maintain and enhance the functional information platform and core databases for tracking and monitoring stem rust populations.

Component: 23.a. Global Cereal Rust Monitoring System (GCRMS).

Completed.


Institution-UnitCore data bases populated with quality controlled rust survey data from at least 10 countries peryear.

CIMMYT


Activity: 23.a.2. Spatial data platform.


Completed.


Institution-UnitThe Wheat Atlas internet-based data hub populated, with NARs data inputs and validation. CIMMYT - Mexico


Activity: 23.a.3. Deliver timely and accurate information on stem rust populations via an expanded GCRMS.


Completed.


Institution-UnitA range of targeted information updates for stem rust available on a regular basis (i.e. websituation updates, bulletins, race frequency summaries, trap nursery summaries).

CIMMYT


Activity: 23.a.4. Leverage establishment of a Global Rust Reference Center (GRRC) by supporting race analysis and training.


Completed.


Institution-UnitGRRC is established with significant investments from Denmark. U Aarhus


134



Institution-UnitNational Program Pathologists from at-risk countries are trained in pathotype (race) analysis. U Aarhus


Activity: 23.b.1. Trap plot network support.

Component: 23.b. Surveillance.

Completed.


Institution-UnitPure and adequate seed of genotypes used in trap plots maintained and stored. ICARDA


Completed.


Institution-UnitSeed distributed to all countries participating in trap plots nurseries. ICARDA


Activity: 23.b.2. Expand and enhance national capacity to undertake rust surveillance.


Completed.


Institution-UnitNational survey teams established and contributing annually to national and global cereal rust monitoring systems in at least 10 countries.

ICARDA


Completed.


Institution-UnitTechnical backstopping provided to national focal points and/or survey teams in at least 10countries per year.

ICARDA


135


Completed.


Institution-UnitStem rust surveillance in regions of strategic importance but not covered by core activities. ICARDA


Activity: 23.b.3 South Asia Surveillance



Institution-UnitWeb-based data entry form is online for India, scientists trained on use Sathguru



Institution-UnitWeb-based data entry form is online for Nepal, scientists trained on use Sathguru


Completed.


Institution-UnitWeb-based data entry form is online for Bangladesh, scientists trained on use Sathguru



Institution-UnitWeb-based data entry form is online for Bhutan, scientists trained on use Sathguru


Completed.


Institution-UnitSurveillance data from Indian partners is combined at DWR Sathguru


136


Completed.


Institution-UnitSurveillance data from DWR is shared with the International Focal Point Sathguru



Institution-UnitXML transfer of South Asia/ India data to GRCMS tool box test run is accomplished Sathguru

Red = changedMay 2012

Activity: 23.b.4 Tablet hand held data collection tools for Surveillance



Institution-UnitEvaluation , Testing , and Recommendation of tablets for field use durability Sathguru



Institution-UnitBeta version of surveillance data collection tablet (with International standardized form) is tested inIndia (5 tablets in 5 centers)

Sathguru



Institution-UnitFinal version of tablet is developed and highlighted at the All-India Wheat Meeting Sathguru


Not completed. Decision to implement Tablet solution in India for the ensuing season for surveillance taken at DRRW-IT meeting during BGRI Meet in August 2013 atDelhi


Institution-UnitTablet and Mobile phone applications are adopted by surveillance teams in 5 countries Sathguru


137



Institution-UnitTablet and Mobile phone applications are adopted by surveillance teams in additional 5 countries Sathguru


Not completed. Put on hold as for the time being. Tablet solution for surveillance to be implemented and stability achieved first.


Institution-UnitTablet demonstration is part of the scoring course in Kenya and other training platforms Sathguru


Activity: 23.b.5 South Asia Rust Surveillance Training Workshop


Completed.


Institution-UnitSyllabus is developed in consultations with Sathguru (logistics) and trainers (Cornell) Sathguru


Completed.


Institution-UnitSouth Asia Rust Surveillance training Workshop platforms (locations) are established Sathguru


Completed.


Institution-UnitEvaluation forms from South Asia training course are compiled and submitted to DRRWmanagement

Sathguru

Red = changedApr 2013(RecursAnnually)

138


Activity: 23.c.1. Stem rust race analysis backstopping –ARIs.

Component: 23.c. Pathogen characterization.

Completed.


Institution-UnitSelected key stem rust samples or isolates are race typed by ARIs. AAFC

USDA - ARS


Activity: 23.c.2. Stem rust race analysis in country.


Completed.


Institution-UnitPure and adequate seed of genotypes used as differentials maintained, stored and distributed. ICARDA

U of Sydney


Sydney: Ongoing support in terms of equipment design and installatio and training was provided to EIAR Ambo Ethiopia, NARC khumaltar Nepal, and the Ministry ofAgriculture & Forests Thimpu Bhutan. In addition a comprehensive training course was delivered to 20 scientsts in Nepal in February 2013.


Institution-UnitNational rust laboratories in at least 5 countries equipped to undertake race analysis (Quick setsand/or full race analysis) .

ICARDAU of Sydney


Activity: 23.c.3. Targeted surveillance of barberry for stem rust.


Milestone met and research expanded. During this reporting period, aecial infections on barberry were surveyed and collected by CDL staff and/or collaborators in thefollowing countries: Nepal, Pakistan, Bhutan, Lebanon, and Ecuador. Inoculation experiments and DNA probing are being done at Fort Detrick and CDL. Results of theinoculation experiments at Fort Detrick and DNA sequencing experiments at CDL indicated the presence of Puccinia graminis in infected aecial samples collected inParkistan and Lebanon, and Puccinia striiformis in Nepal. However, the specific formae speciales (f. sp.) have not been determined. Aecial samples collected fromGeorgia are yet to be processed.


Institution-UnitPreliminary surveys of barberry conducted in Kenya (Jin), Uzbekistan and Turkey (Park) haveestablished the existence of aecial infections by a form of the stem rust pathogen Pucciniagraminis.

USDA - ARS

Red = changedNov 2012

139




USDA - ARS




USDA - ARS



Institution-UnitWork with collaborators to conduct barberry surveys in East Africa UNH



Institution-UnitWork with collaborators to conduct barberry surveys in East Africa UNH


Completed.


Institution-UnitOrganize and facilitate barberry researcher side-meeting at the 2013 BGRI Technical Workshop

Red = changedAug 2013


Institution-UnitImprove DNA extraction protocols for Berberis spp. (live samples and herbarium samples)



Institution-UnitGenerate initial round of NGS data for B. vulgaris reference genome


140



Institution-UnitImprove propagation and seed germination protocols for Berberis spp.



Institution-UnitTag and sample all individuals from one natural population of B. x ottawensis



Institution-UnitGenerate initial round of RADseq data for B. vulgaris and B. thunbergii reference accessions



Institution-UnitGenerate RADseq data for collected B. x ottawensis population



Institution-UnitImprove pollen collection/storage and pollination protocols for Berberis spp.



Institution-UnitMake crosses to generate barberry mapping populations



Institution-UnitSequence fosmid libraries for B. vulgaris reference genome



Institution-UnitPublish results on natural hybridization within B. x ottawensis population


141



Institution-UnitGenerate RADseq data for diverse collection of Berberis spp.



Institution-UnitGenerate RADseq data for barberry mapping populations



Institution-UnitIdentify and publish set(s) of molecular markers to discriminateBerberis spp.


Completed.


Institution-UnitWork with collaborators to conduct barberry surveys/collections in Bhutan.


Activity: 23.c.4. Stem rust fingerprinting.



Institution-UnitInternational consensus on a core panel of informative SSR markers for fingerprinting stem rustisolates.

U of Sydney


10 isolates of stem rust collected from Italy in 2012 near a site where pathotype PTK had been collected in 2007 were screened with 16 SSR and shown to be different tothe Ug99 lineage, but genetically diverse.


Institution-UnitSelected key stem rust isolates fingerprinted with SSR markers. U of Sydney


142


Activity: 23.c.5. Stem rust molecular diagnostics.


Milestone Met. Last year the milestone was changed to analyzing samples for Ug99 Race Group using the recently developed molecular diagnostic assay.


Institution-UnitUp to 20 key stem rust isolates sequenced to a depth of about 20X. USDA - ARS


Activity: 23.d.1. Host R gene determination.

Component: 23.d. Host characterization.

Sydney: 25 wheat genotypes were marker genotyped and shown to carry Sr57/Lr34/Yr18 (1), Sr2/Yr30 (4), Sr58/Lr46/Yr29 (23), and Sr31/Lr26/Yr9 (2).

ICARDA: not yet. We have lost the collection of wheat cultivars from the region and sending cultivars to PBI will not be easy task even when the cultivars are available.Extraction of DNA samples and sending the DNAs will be more realistic than sending receiving seeds to Izmir, seed multiplication and sending the seeds to PBI cultivarcollection. all the countries in the CWANA and Caucasus regions were contacted to send their major wheat cultivars to Izmir.


Institution-UnitR gene determinations in global wheat germplasm, at least 50 cultivars per year. ICARDA

U of Sydney



Institution-UnitOn request, marker genotyping for key R genes of host tissue from stem rusted crops. U of Sydney



Institution-UnitInformation on R genes present in cultivars incorporated into Wheat Atlas. CIMMYT - Mexico


143


Activity: 23.d.2. Genetic stock development.

Component: 23.d. Host characterization.

Over 125 crosses were made as the first backcross to the recurrent parent CDAV245 of 44 designated Sr genes. Second backcross to be completed in late 2013.


Institution-UnitUp to 35 catalogued stem rust resistance backcrossed into a common genetic background. U of Sydney


Activity: 23.e.1. Objective 23.

Component: 23.e. Coordination.

A half day Objective 23 meeting was held prior to the BGRI Technical Workshop in Delhi on August 19th. The meeting was attended by more than 50 people.


Institution-UnitObjective 23 outputs harmonized. U of Sydney


Park attended and presented to the EPAC meeting on behalf of Objective 23 on the afternoon of August 22nd, following the Delhi BGRI meeting. The meeting provided anexcellent opportunity to be updated on activities in all other Objectives.


Institution-UnitIntra and inter-objective (DRRW) harmonization. U of Sydney


144

DRRW Phase II Activity OutputsObjective 24: World-class stem rust response phenotyping facilities in East Africa

Activity: 24.a.1. Common wheat stem rust phenotyping of breeding germplasm and research materials in the field screening nursery at Njoro Kenya (KARI).

Component: 24.a. Kenya Phenotyping.

Completed.


Institution-UnitMain season nurseries planned, seed imported and planted, and resulting material phenotyped. KARI - Njoro

CIMMYT - Kenya


Completed.


Institution-UnitMain season data recorded, data and/or seed returned to collaborators and shared whereappropriate and as governed by the Germplasm Acquisition Agreement (GAA).

KARI - Njoro CIMMYT - Kenya


Completed.


Institution-UnitOff-season nurseries planned, seed imported and planted, and resulting material phenotyped. KARI - Njoro

CIMMYT - Kenya


Completed.


Institution-UnitOff-season data recorded, data and/or seed returned to collaborators and shared whereappropriate and as governed by the GAA.

KARI - NjoroCIMMYT - Kenya


Activity: 24.a.2. Seedling and adult plant phenotyping of bread wheat in greenhouse and tunnel house in support of gene mapping and novelty studies (joint withObjective 26) at Njoro Kenya (KARI).


KARI: Not completed.CIMMYT: New green house will be constructed and seedling tests, race analysis will be carried out


Institution-UnitGreenhouse and tunnel house screening planned and seed imported. KARI - Njoro

CIMMYT - Kenya

Red = changedMar 2014(RecursAnnually)

145


KARI: Not completed.CIMMYT: new green house will be constructed and seedling tests, race analysis will be carried out.


Institution-UnitGreenhouse and tunnel house screening planned and material screened. KARI - Njoro

CIMMYT - Kenya


CIMMYT: New green house will be constructed and seedling tests, race analysis will be carried out.


Institution-UnitAccurate seedling (greenhouse) and adult reaction (tunnel house) phenotype data generated andreturned to collaborators and shared where appropriate.



Activity: 24.a.3. Confirmation and initial characterization of resistance in bread wheat germ-plasm at Njoro, Kenya (KARI) for varieties under releaseconsideration in at-risk countries.


CIMMYT: New green house will be constructed and seedling tests, race analysis will be carried out.


Institution-UnitField resistance of candidate or released varieties is re-evaluated in greenhouse for seedlingreaction.



Completed.


Institution-UnitField resistance of candidate or released varieties is re-evaluated in tunnel house for adultresponse.



Completed.


Institution-UnitField resistance of candidate or released varieties is re-evaluated in greenhouse for seedlingreaction and tunnel house for adult response to confirm resistance and initiate resistance genepostulation work.



Completed.


Institution-UnitDNA of confirmed resistances shared with Objective 26 to enable marker based determination ofgenetic basis of resistance.



146


Activity: 24.a.4. Collection, characterization, and maintenance of stem rust cultures, and monitoring of field races of stem rust in the screening nursery (KARI-Njoro).


Completed.


Institution-UnitRelevant cultures purified and maintained. KARI - Njoro

CIMMYT - Kenya


Completed.


Institution-UnitEffective epiphytotics of stem rust on screening materials maintained in field and tunnel house. KARI - Njoro

CIMMYT - Kenya


Completed.


Institution-UnitPredominant virulent pathotypes in the screening nurseries are serially collected throughout theseason and race typed to aid interpretation and validation of phenotypic data recorded during eachscreening cycle. Frequency and predominance of pathotypes recorded and reported tocollaborators.

KARI - Njoro


Completed.


Institution-UnitPredominant virulent pathotypes in the screening nurseries are serially collected throughout theseason and race typed to aid interpretation and validation of phenotypic data recorded during eachscreening cycle. Frequency and predominance of pathotypes recorded and reported tocollaborators.




Institution-UnitEffective epiphytotics of stem rust on screening materials maintained in field and tunnel house. KARI - Njoro

CIMMYT - Kenya


147


Activity: 24.a.5. National pathogen surveillance and race analysis in Kenya.


Completed.


Institution-UnitRust surveys during wheat growing seasons conducted and samples collected (methodsconforming to Objective 23.



Completed.


Institution-UnitRace analysis conducted at KARI-Njoro/AAFC on collected samples and virulence patterns ofraces in Kenya determined.



Activity: 24.a.6. Establishment of a Seed Health unit, including standard protocols to be implemented for seed exchange in complementation with nationalregulatory authorities.



Institution-UnitSeed health unit operational. KARI - Njoro

CIMMYT - Kenya



Institution-UnitSeed health management protocols established and communicated. KARI - Njoro

CIMMYT - Kenya



Institution-UnitStaff trained in seed health. KARI - Njoro

CIMMYT - Kenya


148


Completed.


Institution-UnitSeed health quarantine protocols implemented, including enforcement. KARI - Njoro

CIMMYT - Kenya


Activity: 24.a.7.In-service learning/training opportunities for KARI and national skill development.


Completed.


Institution-UnitScientists trained in the area of cereal rust genetics, race surveillance, and race analysis,screening and rust pathology techniques by visiting scientists and by CIMMYT IFP.



Completed.


Institution-UnitThree staff trained (one per year) at CIMMYT (2011-2013) in the area of field management,screening, data collection, data management, and methodologies related to rust resistanceevaluation, selection and breeding. KARI scientists attend and participate in internationalconferences.



Completed.


Institution-UnitOne national Post-graduate student trained per year in area of plant pathology, breeding andgenetics.

KARI - Njoro CIMMYT - Kenya

Red = changedJul 2013(RecursAnnually)

Activity: 24.a.8. Strategic investments to enhance the precision and capacity to generate reliable and accurate stem rust phenotypic data.



Institution-UnitFifteen hectares of land and excellent research facilities are available for national and internationalrust screening activities.


Red = changedOct 2011

149



Institution-UnitGreenhouse capable of high throughput rust resistance seedling assays becomes available. KARI - Njoro

CIMMYT - Kenya



Institution-UnitTunnel house capable of generating reliable and repeatable phenotypic data is available and seedhealth unit operational.



Activity: 24.b.1. Durum wheat stem rust phenotyping of breeding germplasm and research materials in the field screening nursery at Debre-Zeit, Ethiopia(EIAR).

Component: 24.b. Ethiopia Phenotyping.

Completed. Routine practice for every main season for DZ, KU, Melkasa, Holetta.


Institution-UnitMain season nurseries planned, seed imported and planted, and resulting material phenotyped. EIAR

CIMMYT - Kenya


Completed. Every season recurring annually.


Institution-UnitMain season data recorded, data and/or seed returned to collaborators and shared whereappropriate and as governed by the Germplasm Acquisition Agreement (GAA).

EIARCIMMYT - Kenya


Completed. Routine practice every off- season for KU & DZ.


Institution-UnitOff season nurseries planned, seed imported and planted, and resulting material phenotyped. EIAR

CIMMYT - Kenya


Completed. Every season and recurring annually.


Institution-UnitOff-season data recorded, data and/or seed returned to collaborators and shared whereappropriate and as governed by the GAA.

EIARCIMMYT - Kenya


150


Activity: 24.b.2. Seedling and adult plant phenotyping of durum wheat in greenhouse and tunnel house in support of gene mapping and novelty studies (jointwith Objective 26) at Debre-Zeit, Ethiopia (EIAR).


Seed importing is routine pactice; tunnel house not built, such facility not necessary.


Institution-UnitGreenhouse and tunnel house screening planned and seed imported. EIAR

CIMMYT - Kenya


Completed.


Institution-UnitMaterial screened. EIAR

CIMMYT - Kenya


Tunnel house not built, but greenhouse and field data shared with collaborators.


Institution-UnitAccurate seedling (greenhouse) and adult reaction (tunnel house) phenotype data generated andreturned to collaborators and shared where appropriate.

EIARCIMMYT - Kenya


Activity: 24.b.3. Confirmation and initial characterization of resistance in durum wheat germ-plasm at Debre-Zeit, Ethiopia (EIAR) for varieties under releaseconsideration inat-risk countries.


Completed.


Institution-UnitField resistance of candidate or released varieties is re-evaluated in greenhouse for seedlingreaction.

EIARCIMMYT - Kenya


Completed. Evaluated in greenhouse.


Institution-UnitField resistance of candidate or released varieties is re-evaluated in tunnel house for adultresponse.

EIARCIMMYT - Kenya


151


Completed.


Institution-UnitField resistance of candidate or released varieties is re-evaluated in greenhouse for seedlingreaction and tunnel house for adult response to confirm resistance and initiate resistance genepostulation work.

EIARCIMMYT - Kenya


Need to extract DNA of confirmed resistant lines or be able to ship seed to Obj. 26 collaborators.


Institution-UnitDNA of confirmed resistances shared with Objective 26 to enable marker based determination ofgenetic basis of resistance.

EIARCIMMYT - Kenya


Activity: 24.b.4. Collection, characterization and maintenance of stem rust cultures and monitoring of field races in the screening nursery (EIAR Debre-Zeit andAmbo).


Completed.


Institution-UnitRelevant cultures purified and maintained. EIAR

CIMMYT - Kenya


Maintained in field only.


Institution-UnitEffective epiphytotics of stem rust on screening materials maintained in field and tunnel house. EIAR

CIMMYT - Kenya


Completed.


Institution-UnitPredominant virulent pathotypes in the screening nurseries field are serially collected throughoutthe season and race typed to aid interpretation and validation of phenotypic data recorded duringeach screening cycle. Frequency and predominance of pathotypes recorded and reported tocollaborators.

EIARCIMMYT - Kenya


152


Ten spore samples collected from DZ station during 2013 off-season are under race analysis currently.


Institution-UnitPredominant virulent pathotypes in the screening nurseries field are serially collected throughoutthe season and race typed to aid interpretation and validation of phenotypic data recorded duringeach screening cycle. Frequency and predominance of pathotypes recorded and reported tocollaborators.

EIARCIMMYT - Kenya


Activity: 24.b.5. National pathogen surveillance and race analysis in Ethiopia. (EIAR-Ambo)


Completed. Survey and collection done several times b/c of yellow rust pressure in 2013 main season.


Institution-UnitRust surveys during wheat growing seasons are conducted and samples collected (methodsconforming to Objective 23).

EIARCIMMYT - Kenya


Completed.


Institution-UnitRace analysis conducted by EIAR-Ambo on collected samples and virulence patterns of races inEthiopia determined.

EIARCIMMYT - Kenya


Activity: 24.b.6. Characterize the nature and distribution of the stem rust population in Ethiopia’s durum/tetraploid wheat crop through surveys and establishedtrap nurseries. (EIAR-Ambo)


Ten spore samples collected from DZ station during 2013 off-season are under race analysis currently. Spore samples collected from the DZ station are not likely to berepresentative of the durum rust population in Ethiopia.


Institution-UnitRust samples systematically collected from farmer fields and trap nurseries of durum wheat. EIAR

CIMMYT - Kenya


Race mostly TTKSK and widely distributed in Oromya and moderately in SNNP regions but less in Amhara and Tigray regions.


Institution-UnitDistribution of stem rust virulences and races determined. EIAR

CIMMYT - Kenya


153


Activity: 24.b.7. Establishment of a Seed health unit, including standard protocols to be implemented for seed exchange in complementation with nationalregulatory authorities.



Institution-UnitSeed health unit operational and complementing role of national quarantine authorities. EIAR

CIMMYT - Kenya



Institution-UnitSeed health management protocols established and communicated in consultation with nationalquarantine authorities.

EIARCIMMYT - Kenya


Not completed. Need agreement of EIAR management to staff this position.


Institution-UnitStaff trained in seed health issues and protocols. EIAR

CIMMYT - Kenya


Completed.


Institution-UnitSeed health quarantine protocols implemented, including enforcement. EIAR

CIMMYT - Kenya


Activity: 24.b.8.In-service learning/training opportunities for EIAR and national skill development.


We had two scientists trained in 2012 (1 at GRRC & 1 in Sydney) and 1 will be trained in 2014.


Institution-UnitThree scientists trained (one per year, 2011-2013) at international cereal rust labs in the area ofcereal rust genetics, race surveillance, race analysis, screening and rust pathology techniques.

EIARCIMMYT - Kenya

Red = changedJul 2013(RecursAnnually)

154


Yes Mr. Worku Dembel of Kulumsa trained at CIMMYT in August 2013.


Institution-UnitThree staff trained (one per year, 2011-2013) at CIMMYT in the area of field management,screening, data collection and methodologies related to rust resistance evaluation, selection andbreeding.

EIARCIMMYT - Kenya


Yes good number of EIAR scientists regularly attend international conferences. Eight trainees (4F, 4M) trained in Njoro in 2012, and seven (1F, 6M) in '13


Institution-UnitEIAR scientists attend and participate in international conferences, 2011-2013. EIAR

CIMMYT - Kenya


Kulumsa pathologists given orientation and demonstration on how to manage yellow rust in KU greenhouse.


Institution-UnitNational technical staff trained by two local training events relevant to field and greenhouse rustscreening.

EIARCIMMYT - Kenya


Activity: 24.b.9. Strategic investments to enhance the precision and capacity to generate reliable and accurate stem rust phenotypic data.



Institution-UnitSeven hectares of land and excellent research facilities are available for national and internationalrust screening activities.

EIARCIMMYT - Kenya



Institution-UnitGreenhouse capable of high throughput rust resistance seedling assays becomes available. EIAR

CIMMYT - Kenya



Institution-UnitTunnel house capable of generating reliable and repeatable phenotypic data is available. EIAR

CIMMYT - Kenya


155



Institution-UnitSeed health unit is operational. EIAR

CIMMYT - Kenya


Activity: 24.c.1 Tablet hand held data collection tools for Scoring

Component: 24.c. Data Collection


Institution-UnitEvaluation , Testing, and Recommendation of tablets for field use durability for scoring data Sathguru


Not completed. Put on hold for the time being. Tablet solution for surveillance to be implemented and stability achieved first.


Institution-UnitBeta version of scoring data collection tablet is tested in Njoro Sathguru


Not completed. Put on hold for the time being. Tablet solution for surveillance to be implemented and stability achieved first.


Institution-UnitBeta version of scoring data collection tablet is tested in India Sathguru



Institution-UnitFinal version of tablet is developed and in use during the 2013 Main Season in Kenya Sathguru



Institution-UnitTablet-based scoring data collection system is adopted by scoring teams at Internationalscreening nurseries

Sathguru


156

DRRW Phase II Activity OutputsObjective 25: Durably resistant, high yielding wheat varieties

Activity: 25.a.1. Spring bread wheat varieties with resistance to TTKSK and other stem rust variants for irrigated and higher production environments of Africa,Middle East, West, Central and South Asia.

Component: 25.a. Bread wheat.

Completed.


Institution-UnitBetween 30–50 high yielding, rust resistant potential replacement varieties tested annually inreplicated yield trials in various countries at more than 50 field sites.

CIMMYT - Mexico


Completed.


Institution-UnitBetween 100–150 additional high yielding, multiple rust resistant lines distributed annually forevaluation and selection as small plots at more than 100 sites worldwide.

CIMMYT - Mexico



Institution-UnitAbout 10 new multiple rust resistant varieties with >5% higher yield potential than current cultivarsreleased officially in various countries.

CIMMYT - Mexico


Completed.


Institution-UnitApplication of appropriate breeding methodology and use of germplasm with durable resistancepromoted for NARS breeding programs.

CIMMYT - Mexico


Completed.


Institution-UnitStrong partnerships built for the fast release and promotion of new stem rust resistant cultivars. CIMMYT - Mexico


157


Activity: 25.a.2. Spring bread wheat varieties with resistance to TTKSK and other stem rust variants for drought-stressed and low production environments ofAfrica, Middle East, West, Central and South Asia.

Component: 25.a. Bread wheat.

Completed.


Institution-Unit15–20 lines sent every year to NARS coming from rainfed international trials and screeningnurseries with good yield potential, tolerance to drought and resistance to yellow rust, leaf rust andUg99 stem rust.

CIMMYT - Mexico



Institution-UnitAt least 50 lines sent to NARS with good yield potential, tolerance to drought, resistance to yellowrust, leaf rust and Ug99 stem rust.

CIMMYT - Mexico



Institution-Unit3–4 stem rust resistant varieties selected for release by NARS. CIMMYT - Mexico


Activity: 25.b.1. Durum wheat varieties for Ethiopia, South Asia, and North Africa with resistance to TTKSK and other rust races.

Component: 25.b. Africa and South Asia.


Institution-UnitApproximately 50 high yielding, stem rust resistant durum lines distributed worldwide in CIMMYTscreening nurseries.

CIMMYT - Mexico



Institution-Unit20–30 stem rust resistant durum varieties with >5% higher yield than current varieties distributedworldwide for yield/adaptation testing by NARS.

CIMMYT - Mexico



Institution-Unit2–3 stem rust resistant candidates varieties for release in Ethiopia. CIMMYT - Mexico


158


Activity: 25.b.2. Kenya breeding.


Completed.


Institution-UnitStrengthen research capacity in wheat improvement through close collaboration with wheat scientists in Kenya.



Completed.


Institution-UnitAssist the Kenyan Njoro ARI in building research infrastructure. KARI - Njoro

CIMMYT - Kenya


Completed.


Institution-UnitLiaise with multiple partners for germplasm and data exchange. KARI - Njoro

CIMMYT - Kenya


Activity: 25.b.3. South Asia.


Completed.


Institution-UnitStrengthen research capacity in wheat improvement through close collaboration with wheat scientists in South Asia.

Cornell - IPSathguru


Completed.


Institution-UnitAssist South Asia (Afghanistan, Bangladesh, India and Nepal) national programs in identifying andpromoting new improved wheat cultivars with genetic protection to rust and other pathogens,including cultivars for the newly opened irrigated areas.

Cornell - IPSathguru


159


Completed.


Institution-UnitLiaise with multiple partners for germplasm and data exchange. Cornell - IP

Sathguru


Activity: 25.b.4 Variety Adoption & Impact in Ethiopia Special Initiative



Institution-UnitEnumerators and supervisors contracted and trained



Institution-UnitHousehold and community surveys undertaken in Oromia, Amhara, SNNPR and Tigray regions



Institution-UnitData entry and quality control

Red = changedJul 2014


Institution-UnitData analysis completed



Institution-UnitFinal report and journal paper


160


Activity: 25.c.1. Foster the engagement of the entire household in participatory variety selection through “Family variety selection” in India and Ethiopia.

Component: 25.c. Whole Family Variety Selection.


Institution-UnitAll organizing partners from NGOs, national programs, and DRRW project are convened to planWhole Family Variety Selection approach and implementation. Realistic targets are agreed uponincluding: What data will be collected at Family Field Days is determined, A strong missionstatement is drafted for this project component and MoUs are agreed upon.

Cornell - IP



Institution-UnitWhole Family Variety Selection is implemented in two countries. Cornell - IP


Partially.


Institution-UnitResults of Whole Family Variety Selection are shared with DRRW breeders. Cornell - IP


Activity: 25.d.1. Foster a new generation of wheat pathologists and breeders in contempor-ary wheat improve-ment with emphasis on durable adult plantresistance to stem rust.

Component: 25.d. Strengthened national program capacity.

Completed.


Institution-UnitA cadre of young research technicians and scientists (40) trained, enabling uniform reporting ofglobal wheat rust surveillance data and knowledge.

CIMMYT - Mexico



Institution-UnitSenior scientists (24-30) trained at CIMMYT and ICARDA on wheat pathology/breeding,particularly on the use of minor gene resistance in pathology research and variety development.

CIMMYT - Mexico


161


Not completed. Instead of IWIS3, CGIAR is moving to IBField Book Program. It was tested and improved for use by wheat program in Mexico. Migration to begin in Nov 2013 and we expect completion by september 2014


Institution-UnitIWIS3 (an ICIS application) implemented across all Objective 25 DRRW partners, enabling better sharing of germplasm phenotypic data and information, and deployment of molecular breedingplatform tools to enable more robust application of marker assisted selection.

CIMMYT - Mexico


162

DRRW Phase II Activity OutputsObjective 26: High breeding value wheat lines with two or more marker-selectable stem rust resistant genes

Activity: 26.a.1. Seedling stem rust screening of wild relatives of cultivated wheats, introgression lines, mapping populations, and high breeding value lines.

Component: 26.a. Gene discovery, postulation, and phenotypic support of genetic mapping andgermplasm development.

Milestone met. We characterized 1421 accessions of Aegiops spp. with multiple stem rust races in addtion to TTKSK and developed 30 crosses to investigated thegenetics of resistance. We characterized 650 durum lines, selected from previous tests for Ug99 resistance, with multiple field testing and multiple stem rust races at theseedling stage. New accessions (1000) were tested in Debre Zeit and St Paul. In total, we have evaluated 4200 accessions and selected 223 lines exhibiting resistant tomoderate resistant reactions in multiple field tests. Twenty-seven populations were developed to investigated the genetics of resistance. We continued the evaluation ofhigh-value breeding germplasm of international nurseries with multiple stem rust races in seedling, including CIMMYT M8SRRSN (the 8th CIMMYT Spring Wheat StemRust nursery, 456 entries coordinated by Ravi Singh), C5WWSSRN (The CIMMYT-Turkey Winter Wheat international Stem Rust Resistance nursery, 126 entriescoordinated by Alex Morgounov), and Pakistan National Elite Breeding Nursery (437 entries from the Wheat Productivity Enhancement Project between ARS andPakistan). Genes effective against Ug99 were postulated where it was possible.


Institution-UnitIdentification of Ug99 resistant Triticum/Aegilops spp., Haynaldia villosa, Secale cereale (andderived triticales) accessions, and Thinopyrum spp.-derived amphiploids with potentially newsources of seedling resistance based on multipathotype analysis; 2000 entries tested per year.

USDA - ARSU of MN



Institution-UnitIdentification of Ug99 resistant rye (Secale cereale and derived triticales) accessions andintrogression lines with new sources of seedling resistance based on multipathotype analysis; 100entries per year.

USDA-ARS


Yes. We screened over 350 accessions in the Sitopsis section to race TTKSK and found a very high frequency of resistance in the germplasm varying from 19% (Ae.searsii) to 100% (Ae. speltoides).


Institution-UnitIdentification of Ug99 resistant Sitopsis accessions (Ae. bicornis, Ae. longissima, Ae. sharonensis,and Ae. speltoides) and Ae. variabilis, Ae. kotschyi and Ae. geniculata with potentially new sourcesof seedling resistance; 300 entries tested per year (12/2010, recurring annually) at TAU; up to 300entries tested per year.

U of MN


Free State: Completed. U of MN: No. We have not received any materials related to genetic mapping and the selection of introgression lines from Aegilops species in the Sitopsis.


Institution-UnitSeedling phenotypic data for genetic mapping and selection of introgression lines and breedingparents; 500-1000 entries tested per year at UMN (03/2011, recurring annually); 300 entries testedper year (12/2010, recurring annually) at Free State; 500 entries tested per year at UMN.

U of MNU of Free State



Institution-UnitSeedling Phenotyping of Mapping Populations; Pheotyping T. monococcum populations: Einkorn/ PI 272557

U of MN


163



Institution-UnitIdentification of Ug99 resistant Sitopsis accessions (Ae. bicornis, Ae. longissima, Ae. sharonensis,and Ae. speltoides) and Ae. variabilis, Ae. kotschyi and Ae. geniculata with potentially new sourcesof seedling resistance; 300 entries tested per year (12/2010, recurring annually) at TAU; up to 300entries tested per year.

ICCI Tel Aviv University


Activity: 26.a.2. Controlled APR screening of seedling-susceptible wild relatives, landraces, mapping populations, and high breeding value lines.

Component: 26.a. Gene discovery, postulation, and phenotypic support of genetic mapping andgermplasm development.

Free State: Completed.U of MN: Aside from the Kingbird/PBW343 population received two years ago, we have not received additional populations for screening in this grant cycle


Institution-UnitAdult-plant phenotypic data for QTL mapping. 300 lines tested per year with 5 replicates (~1500data points).




Institution-UnitAdult-plant phenotypic data for QTL mapping, validation of adult-plant resistance QTL, andconfirmation of high-value breeding lines. 200 lines tested per year with 4 replicates in BL-3facility. (~800 data points).



Mapping populations from CIMMYT and WSU routinely evaluated at Debre-Zeit station. WSU/Pumphrey evaluating 2 mapping panels (n=256 and 300)


Institution-UnitTetraploid wheat accessions with potentially new sources of APR;APR phenotypic data for genetic mapping, validation of APR QTL, and confirmation of high-value breeding lines in controlled screen-house.

EIAR


Not reached, paper is part of PhD thesis of C.M. Bender and she has not delivered on writing commitments


Institution-UnitMethods for quantitative infection and measurement of APR are determined, standardized andcommunicated to the rust community.

U of Free State


164


Activity: 26.b.1. Introgression, population development, and/or allelism testing of primary gene pool sources of seedling and adult plant resistance.

Component: 26.b. Population development and introgression of new sources of resistance.

To be completed in Objective 26 Milestone table.


Institution-UnitRecombinant inbred line populations developed for new sources of seedling and APR resistanceidentified in Watkins collection wheat landraces. At least two populations advanced twogenerations per year.

U of Sydney


Yes, milestone has been fully met. The milestone for developing five or more new doubled-haploid and/or recombinant inbred populations for mapping novel sources ofresistance in tetraploid wheats has been met. Three populations derived from crosses of durum Rusty with T. carthlicum PI 387696, T. dicoccum PI 193883, and T. turgidum PI 387336 have been advanced to F7 generations in 2013, and one population from the cross Rusty/T. dicoccoides PI 466979 has been advanced to F5 generation. Because the hybrid from the cross Rusty/T. polonicum CItr 14803 was highly sterile, two new F1 hybrids were produced by crossing CItr 14803 to durum line47-1 and durum cultivar Divide. The new hybrids will be used to develop RI populations.


Institution-UnitFive or more new doubled-haploid and/or recombinant inbred populations for mapping novelsources of resistance in tetraploid wheats. ~200 DH and/or 400 SSD progeny advanced twogenerations per year .

USDA - ARS


Activity: 26.b.2. Introgression, population development, and/or allelism testing of intractable (secondary/ tertiary gene pool) sources of seedling and adult plantresistance.


Ongoing but progress on track and exceeding milestones. Three new genes have been identified from Ae, tauschii, genetically mapped with good resolution, andintrogressed into elite hexaploid wheat backgrounds. Ten H. villosa amphiploids have been produced with Ug99 resistance, and several new genes will result from thiseffort . Six additional accessions of H. villosa and five different Aegilops species accessions have been used to develop additional amphiploids and backcross populationswith additional new resistance genes to come.


Institution-UnitNew amphiploid and chromosome addition stocks for Haynaldia villosa and Aegilops spp.. Directintrogression lines and synthetic hexaploids with potentially new sources of seedling and APRresistance from Ae. tauschii. Mapping/allelism testing populations for high-priority resistancesources. Five amphiploids, direct introgressions from ten Aegilops accessions, and eightmapping/allelism populations advanced two generations per year.

WSU


Completed. Nearly 1200 F2 progeny belonging to five resistant by resistant crosses in an allelism test of potentially different sources of stem rust resistance in various Aegilops species were evaluated for their reaction.


Institution-UnitAllelism tests, amphiploids and chromosome addition lines for Sitopsissection species. Sixallelism/mapping populations and amphiploids with four Sitopsis accessions produced each year.

U of MN


165


All Ae. speltoides recombinants derived from accession AEG357-4 and all surviving hybrids of T. dicoccoides advanced past BC2 up to BC4 stage. Homozygous lineshave been produced and seed multiplication in field completed for two Ae. speltoides accessions. Although achieving this Milestone, work with T. dicoccoides has beensuspended because of inability to isolate stem rust resistant plants.


Institution-UnitBackcross introgression/mapping/allelism testing populations with Ug99-resistant Ae. speltoides (4accessions) and T. dicoccoides (8 accessions) advanced two generations per year.

U of Adelaide


Completed.


Institution-UnitAllelism tests, amphiploids and chromosome addition lines for Sitopsissection species. Sixallelism/mapping populations and amphiploids with four Sitopsis accessions produced each year.



Activity: 26.b.3. Targeted molecular-cytogenetic manipulation of intractable sources of seedling and adult plant resistance.



Institution-UnitTranslocation stocks with minimal alien chromatin for four new Ug99-effective resistance genesfrom Th. intermedium, Ae. caudata, Th. ponticum, and Th. junceum.

USDA - ARS



Institution-UnitTranslocation stocks with minimal alien chromatin for new Ae. sharonensis-derived stem rustresistance genes.

U of MN



Institution-UnitTranslocation stocks with minimal alien chromatin for four Ug99-effective resistance genes fromAe. geniculata, Ae. searsii, Ae. speltoides, H. villosa (7/2011) and additional resistance genesidentified in via 26.b.2.

WSUKSU



Institution-UnitTranslocation stocks with minimal alien chromatin for Ae. speltoides and Th. ponticum derivedresistance genes.

U of Adelaide


166



Institution-UnitTranslocation stocks with minimal alien chromatin for new Ae. sharonensis-derived stem rustresistance genes.



Activity: 26.c.1. Mapping rust resistance loci toward development of diagnostic markers for effective genes.

Component: 26.c. Mapping, validation, and delivery of marker-selectable resistance genes.


Institution-UnitHigh-resolution genetic maps of two or more Ug99-effective stem rust resistance loci. Robust DNAmarkers that are tightly linked or diagnostic for stem rust gene detection.

Cornell - PBG




U of MN




UC Davis



Institution-UnitChromosomal location two or more new sources of stem rust resistance (Ug99-effective) throughmolecular mapping and and identification of linked markers.

U of Sydney




CSIRO


167


Completed.


Institution-UnitMapping populations suitable for APR mapping, phenotypic data, and framework genetic maps forthree APR populations.

CIMMYT - Mexico



Institution-UnitHigh-resolution genetic maps of the Ug99-effective stem rust resistance loci in durum wheat.Robust DNA markers that are tightly linked or diagnostic for stem rust gene detection.

USDA - ARS


Activity: 26.c.2. Validation of effective APR genes conferring resistance to the Ug99 lineage.



Institution-UnitBackcross near-isogenic populations for APR loci in Kingbird, Juchi, and Kiritati. Heterogeneousinbred families suitable for near-isogenic line development.

CIMMYT - Mexico



Institution-UnitBackcross-derived doubled haploid populations contrasting for APR loci in multiple geneticbackgrounds.

CIMMYT - Mexico



Institution-UnitNear-isogenic lines/populations for two or more APR loci in two or more spring wheatbackgrounds.

CIMMYT - Mexico



Institution-UnitNear-isogenic lines/populations for two or more APR loci in two or more spring wheat/durumbackgrounds (12/2013) Study of epistatic interactions among APR genes.

U of MNUC Davis


168



Institution-UnitMutant populations for Kingbird and appropriate parent. Single QTL backcross isolines fromParula.

CSIRO



Institution-UnitBackcross-derived isolines of two APR loci derived from wheat landraces. U of Sydney



Institution-UnitNear-isogenic lines/populations for two or more APR loci in two or more CWANA winter wheatbackgrounds.

Cornell - PBG



Institution-UnitStudy of epistatic interactions among APR genes. CSIRO


Activity: 26.c.3. Parent building and delivery to breeding programs.


Partially completed. Combination of Sr2+Sr25+Sr26 received from Jim Anderson in two genetic background distribution in 8th SRRSN. Rest of the activity not funded.


Institution-UnitHigh breeding value lines homozygous for two or more effective marker-selectable stem rustresistance genes distributed in International Stem Rust Screening Nursery. Twelve elite genotypesused as recurrent parents.

CIMMYT - Mexico


Completed.


Institution-UnitOptimized screening conditions for DNA markers linked to Ug99-effective resistance loci andmarker-assisted pyramids in high-breeding value lines.

CIMMYT - Mexico


169


Activity: 26.d.1. Preservation and distribution of germplasm.

Component: 26.d. Collection, preservation and distribution of genetic resources and information.

Completed.


Institution-UnitGenetic stocks, amphiploids, mapping populations, resistance donors, validation, and high-valuebreeding lines preserved and distributed to international wheat breeding community. reservation:H.Bockelman/ NSGC Aberdeen, H. Tsujimoto/NBP Japan, B.S. Gill/WGGRC (in-kind collaborators); Additional distribution via International Stem Rust Screening Nursery

CIMMYT - Mexico


Activity: 26.d.2. Management of genetic information and resources.

Component: 26.d. Collection, preservation and distribution of genetic resources and information.

By October 2013 MASWheat had protocols for 43 leaf, stripe and stem rust resistance genes (16 leaf rust, 9 stripe rust and 18 stem rust). During the period 10/2012-9/2013 the site received on average 1,792 visits/month and 5,168 pageviews/month, these values represented an increase of 29% and 17% respectively compared to theprevious period. On any month around 51% of the visitors have visited the site before, suggesting that the site functions as a source of reference information. Anotherindication of this characteristic is that around 200 papers and book chapters cite MASWheat. We continued distributing lines with different resistance gene combinations tothose that requested them. Yr36-Yr48 combination was deposited in the NSGC.


Institution-UnitCentralized web-accessible information on effective sources of stem rust resistance, includingdonor germplasm, mapping information, useful DNA markers, detailed protocols, feedback tools,and available high breeding value lines. Coordination of Obj. 26 germplasm distribution andscreening nursery entries. Strong international partnerships.

UC Davis


Activity: 26.e.1. Recurrent selection scheme yielding lines with high levels of APR while empirically evaluating GS models for APR.

Component: 26.e. Evaluation of Genomic Selection Models for Breeding for APR.


Institution-UnitInitiation of cycle one of recurrent selection scheme by crossing 10 high performing parents in allpossible combinations and intermating the F1s.

Cornell - PBG

Red = changedJul 2012


Institution-UnitSelection of lines to be intermated in cycle two of recurrent selection scheme using GeneticEstimated Breeding Values (GEBVs) calculated with GS models.

Cornell - PBG


170


Completed.


Institution-UnitSelection of intermated cycle two lines using GEBVs calculated with GS models. Cornell - PBG



Institution-UnitPhenotypic evaluation in Njoro, Kenya of selected cycle one and cycle two lines for APR, andempirical evaluation of GS models.

Cornell - PBG


Activity: 26.e.2. Genomic Selection: A Tool to Decrease Work-Life Conflict in Agricultural Research.

Component: 26.e. Evaluation of Genomic Selection Models for Breeding for APR.


Institution-UnitUse data from CGIAR and private companies to look at effect of molecular advancements on timespent away from home.

Cornell - PBG


Completed.


Institution-UnitTrain female graduate student in GS while also testing hypothesis that GS will reduce amount oftime spent phenotyping in the field (Jessica Rutkoski).

Cornell - PBG



Institution-UnitSupport publication of paper title “Genomic Selection: A New Tool to Decrease Work-Life Conflictin Agricultural Research.”

Cornell - PBG


Activity: 26.f.1. Molecular Genetics of Rust Resistance near the Sr9 locus; identification of markers, population development, phenotyping and marker validation

Component: 26.f. Molecular Genetics of Rust Resistance


Institution-UnitIdentification of markers tightly linked to Sr9 allelles—DArT derived markers and markers linked toYr5

USDA - ARS


171


Yes, this milestone has been fully met. The allelic relationship between Sr9e and SrGabo56 is understood. The data suggest the two genes are alleles of the same gene ortightly linked. Additionally an isolate of Puccinia graminis from South Africa was detected with virulence to the resistance gene SrWeb. Our previous results indicated thatSrWeb and SrGabo56 may be the same gene. We sent Gabo 56 to be screened with the virulent isolate by Zac Pretorius. Dr. Pretorious found that both SrWeb andSrGabo56 were not effective to this new isolate suggesting that these genes are indeed the same.


Institution-UnitLinkage testing between Sr9e and SrGabo 56. USDA - ARS



Institution-UnitPublication of genetics and mapping of stem rust resistnace in Gabo 56/alelism with Sr9. USDA - ARS



Institution-UnitVIGS induced gene silencing of putative Yr5 homologs in wheat lines possessing Sr9 alleles. USDA - ARS



Institution-UnitMolecular characterization of SrGabo56 / Yr5 homologs. USDA - ARS


172

DRRW Phase II Activity OutputsObjective 27: Optimized wheat improvement system in Ethiopia

Activity: 27.a.1 Coordinate DRRW wheat breeding activities in Ethiopia for an integrated wheat improvement program.

Component: 27.a. All.

Completed.


Institution-UnitAn integrated and evolving national wheat improvement program (breeding, plant protection,extension) that serves Ethiopia, Africa, and the world.

EIAR


Completed.


Institution-UnitCollaboration within the National program and between the National program and Internationalprograms, Regional programs, and NGOs is coordinated: CIMMYT, ICARDA, DRRW (Cornell),AGRA, ARIs, GCP, USDA, Sasakawa Global 2000, and other NARS.

EIAR



Institution-UnitAgro-ecologies and farming systems identified and confirmed as breeding targets. EIAR



Institution-UnitWheat-based research centers (RARI’s) engaged in evaluation and selection. EIAR



Institution-UnitStaffing positions identified and filled, with responsibilities outlined. EIAR


Completed. We have $$ identified for training in preventative maintenance. Need to follow through on this opportunity.


Institution-UnitMaintenance and repairs to equipment, purchase of budgeted equipment, with equipment beingplaced into service.

EIAR


173



Institution-UnitBreeding and replicated testing programs tailored to match resources and budgeted priorities. EIAR


Yes M&E done by Cornell DRRW group routinely. Phase I closing workshop held in March with EIAR management and staff.


Institution-UnitProgress and direction of programs Monitored/Evaluated. EIAR


Activity: 27.a.2. Bread wheat breeding.



Institution-UnitTwo cycles per year Kulumsa-based spring bread wheat breeding program is operating. Programoutlined: Holeta (Septoria hot-spot), Bekoji/Meraro (Yellow rust), KARI-Njoro (shuttle SRscreening), KU/DZ/Arsi Robe (stem rust).

EIAR



Institution-UnitAgronomic, pathologic and end-use quality objectives prioritized and listed: Seed color, Volumeweight, Industrial baking quality, other.

EIAR


5,159 entries/lines from d/f sources evaluated at Debre-Zeit during 2013 off- and main seasons.


Institution-Unit10,000 introductions from international nurseries evaluated and promising lines selected for entryinto Observation Nurseries at designated sub-centers.

EIAR


9,023 entries (5,389 at DZ & 3634 at KU) under evaluation currently in 2013 main season.


Institution-Unit10,000 introductions from international nurseries evaluated and promising lines selected for entryinto Observation Nurseries at designated sub-centers.

EIAR


174


Attempt to cross damaged by moles in lath house.


Institution-UnitParent lines used in hybridization identified and 300 crosses outlined EIAR


10 male and 25 female parents used and at least 250 crosses expected.


Institution-UnitParent lines used in hybridization identified and 300 crosses outlined. EIAR


Completed.


Institution-UnitF2 – F6 germplasm / generations evaluated at hotspot shuttle locations over seasons for traits ofinterest.

EIAR


1096 F2-F6 generations at Kulumsa; 128 F3 shutled to Njoro. 1649 F2 - F6 ICARDA populations



EIAR


Five sets of BW observation nurseries with 638 entries under evaluation in 5 locations.


Institution-UnitFive sets of 200 promising lines evaluated in observation nurseries at two to three locations. EIAR


Six sets of Pre-National Variety Trials with 185 entries under testing in > ten locations.


Institution-UnitFive sets of 20 high yielding, rust resistant entries evaluated annually in replicated trials (NVT) at 4-6 locations for two years.

EIAR


175


Two sets of BW VVt in progress in optimum (3 candidates) and low moisture stress (2 candidates) areas, respectively.


Institution-UnitFour sets of variety release verification trials (VVT) with at least one candidate variety planted on-station and on-farm trials.

EIAR


Completed.


Institution-UnitAn array of key breeding lines genotyped at CG centers. EIAR



Institution-UnitRelationships with NARS, CG, and Objective 26 scientists strengthened and cultivated. EIAR


Activity: 27.a.3. Durum wheat breeding.



Institution-UnitTwo cycles per year Debre-Zeit based durum wheat breeding program is operating. Programoutlined.

EIAR



Institution-UnitAgronomic, pathologic and end-use quality objectives prioritized and listed. EIAR


Completed.


Institution-UnitInternational durum wheat nurseries evaluated and promising introductions identified. EIAR


176


Completed.


Institution-UnitInternational durum wheat nurseries evaluated and promising introductions identified. EIAR


Completed.




Currently only 101 F1 population in field.




Not completed.



EIAR


Completed.



EIAR


One set of 204 lines under test at 3 locations.


Institution-UnitTwo sets of 200 promising lines evaluated in observation nurseries at 2-3 locations. EIAR


177



Institution-UnitTwo sets of 20 high yielding, rust resistant entries evaluated annually in replicated trials (NVT) at 4-6 locations for two years.

EIAR


No VVT this season.


Institution-UnitTwo sets of variety release verification trials (VVT) with at least one candidate variety planted on-station and on-farm trials.

EIAR


Completed.


Institution-UnitRelationships with NARS, CG, and Objective 26 scientists strengthened and cultivated. EIAR


Activity: 27.a.4. Develop the human resource capacity for wheat research in Ethiopia.


Two researchers (M) participated in 2013 CIMMYT basic wheat course. Seven researchers (1F + 6M) currently attending Njoro rust scoring course.


Institution-UnitSkills of the EIAR technical staff and assistants are enhanced with short-term trainingopportunities.

EIAR



Institution-UnitTraining opportunities for EIAR scientists, such as biotechnology, data management and interaction with ARI counterparts result in progressive breeding programs. Exchange visits withARIs and sister institutions and long-term training at ARIs.

EIAR



Institution-UnitEnhanced skills and training in preventative maintenance and repairs to research equipment. Smallengine repair and maintenance and preventative maintenance of field and lab equipment.

EIAR


178


Activity: 27.a.5. Acquire necessary equipment to modernize and improve efficiencies of EIAR bread wheat and durum wheat improvement programs.



Institution-UnitNecessary equipment has been acquired. EIAR


Irrigation facility almost complete with minor work of connecting the pump with the power supply and fixing water pond gates.


Institution-UnitIrrigation capacity is maximized to meet program requirements. EIAR


Lab & GH okay, but cold room and seed health facilities yet to be improved.


Institution-UnitLab, greenhouse, cold room, and seed health facilities improved or constructed. EIAR



Institution-UnitEssential field equipment has been acquired and / or received necessary repairs to achievefunctional use.

EIAR


179

DRRW Phase II Activity OutputsObjective 28: Project management, communications, and coordination

Activity: 28.a.1. Financial/contractual management.

Component: 28.a. Project management.

Completed.


Institution-UnitSubcontracts executed, task orders issued, invoices paid, and ad hoc financial issues addressed. Cornell - IP


Activity: 28.a.2. Reporting to BMGF.


Completed.


Institution-UnitReports from subcontractors submitted; compiled report from Cornell successfully submitted. Cornell - IP


Completed.


Institution-UnitRegular communications with BMGF to give program officer good sense of day-to-day progress,challenges, and opportunities.

Cornell - IP


Activity: 28.a.3. Programmatic management.


Completed.


Institution-UnitMilestone monitoring system developed and maintained. Cornell - IP


180


Completed.


Institution-UnitCollaborating scientists/institutions visited periodically by DRRW Management. Cornell - IP


Completed.


Institution-UnitRegular interaction between DRRW Management and Team Leaders and key stakeholders isongoing.

Cornell - IP


Completed.


Institution-UnitAnnual DRRW project meeting held (may be in conjunction with BGRI annual meeting, or may be aseparate affair).

Cornell - IP


Completed.


Institution-UnitAd hoc objective-specific workshops supported. Cornell - IP


Completed.


Institution-UnitProject-wide metrics for impact monitored. (ongoing with annual update delivered to BMGFfollowing September reporting period each year)

Cornell - IP


Activity: 28.a.4. External Program Advisory Committee (EPAC).


Completed.


Institution-UnitEPAC provides regular input to DRRW and BMGF on project progress and travels as necessary toreview DRRW progress.

Cornell - IP


181


Activity: 28.a.5. Internal IT.


Completed.


Institution-UnitEquipment and IT support provided to assist project administration and internal management andcommunication.

Cornell - IP


Activity: 28.a.6. Supplies.


Completed.


Institution-UnitInternal administrative and project management supplies acquired and services rendered. Cornell - IP


Activity: 28.b.1. Perform communications activities supporting project coordination/management.

Component: 28.b. Communications.

Completed.


Institution-UnitBrochures, Power Point presentations, and posters to describe DRRW project developed anddistributed to key audiences.

Cornell - IP


Completed.


Institution-UnitInformation about project progress regularly shared with DRRW collaborating scientists. (Quarterlyupdates)

Cornell - IP


182


Activity: 28.b.2. Maintain comprehensive 'wheat rust' web presence.

Component: 28.b. Communications.

Completed.


Institution-UnitWheat Rust Knowledge Bank contains scientific information related to the wheat rusts requestedby and provided by the rust community, and is a sustainable, well-trafficked online resource forscientists, policymakers, donors, and the public.

Cornell - IP


Completed.


Institution-UnitVirtual Communities for scientific discussion established and maintained. Cornell - IP


Completed.


Institution-UnitDRRW project website developed and maintained with frequently updated information relevant toscientists, policy-makers, donors, the media, and the public.

Cornell - IP


Activity: 28.c.1. Manage global access.

Component: 28.c. Global access and impact.

Completed.


Institution-UnitAnnual update developed on DRRW innovations. Cornell - IP


Completed.


Institution-UnitDiligence on freedom-to-operate conducted. Cornell - IP


183


Completed.


Institution-UnitAnnual review of project level workflows ensuring impact conducted. Cornell - IP


Activity: 28.d.1. Foster the execution of activities that enhance gender parity in the field of wheat breeding and training.

Component: 28.d. Gender opportunity enhancement.

Completed.


Institution-UnitObjective-specific gender activities implemented. Cornell - IP


Completed.


Institution-UnitGender and diversity issues in DRRW project regularly monitored. Cornell - IP


Completed.


Institution-UnitOpportunities to enhance gender parity are realized and enhanced through contingency genderfunds.

Cornell - IP


Activity: 28.e.1. Stem Rust Isolate Sequencing Initiative

Component: 28.e. Special Initiatives


Institution-UnitConvening is held to plan special initiative work plan. Cornell - IP

Red = changedJan 2011

184



Institution-UnitSSR markers are shared between special initiative partners. Cornell - IP


Completed.


Institution-UnitPuccinia graminis (Pgt) isolates fingerprints are resolved and data are shared. Cornell - IP



Institution-UnitPuccinia graminis (Pgt) isolates genomic sequences are resolved and data are shared . Cornell - IP


Activity: 28.e.2. Gene Deployment Initiative

Component: 28.e. Special Initiatives


Institution-UnitConvening is held to plan special initiative work plan. Cornell - IP



Institution-UnitFour post docs are hired. Cornell - IP



Institution-Unit2 x three major gene stacks are developed (non-transgenic) Cornell - IP


185



Institution-UnitMajor gene stacks are integrated into CIMMYT germplasm. Cornell - IP


186

DRRW Phase II Year3 Progress Report • Appendix D: Media and Advocacy

Appendix D Media and Advocacy Report

DRRW communication highlights during the reporting period (October 1, 2012–September 30, 2013) include a jump in the number and geographic coverage of videos, a steady increase in the press coverage of relevant topics, an expanded social media presence, and collaborations with South Asian and U.S. stakeholders. Collaborations Mirroring the theme of the 2013 BGRI Workshop in New Delhi—partnerships and collaborations—many of the DRRW communications efforts during the past year featured collaborations with individuals, institutions and agencies, and other stakeholders. South Asia For communications around the 2013 BGRI Workshop, the DRRW team worked closely with partners at Sathguru and India media firm Imprimis starting in August (Beijing) 2012, with 3 press conferences in Delhi (Oct 2012, May 2013, August 2013) to advocate for 2013 BGRI Technical Workshop and 50th anniversary of Norman Borlaug’s visit to India. The August 2013 press conference alone featured over 40 Indian journalists and led to substantial coverage in the Indian media. See http://bit.ly/17suMIA for more information. The culmination of the BGRI Workshop was the launch event with President Mukhejee in Vigyan Bhawan Plenary Hall on August 18. This was made possible by collaborations among DRRW, Sathguru and other India partners. The event was broadcast live on Indian TV.

The DRRW team worked with Mark Lynas to develop a communications strategy, starting with his January 2013 address. Lynas was a keynote speaker during the 2013 BGRI Technical Workshop, and the DRRW leveraged his presence as an advocate for biotechnology during the meeting by helping to coordinate interviews with TV and other media. Lynas's subsequent Southeast Asia tour was arranged by the DRRW leadership team. Representatives from the DRRW communications team attended the 2013 SAARC training in Nepal in February. Indian journalists also were invited by Sathguru thus expanding South Asia awareness and public policy advocacy efforts. The DRRW team also worked with Maina Dhital, a Nepalese journalist, to publicize the 2013 SAARC Training. She traveled with DRRW team to Nepal, helped cover the SAARC Workshop, conducted interviews in local languages with farmers, and organized a press conference attended by fellow Nepalese journalists that she activated through the Society of Economic Journalists. Excellent advocacy about the Ug99/wheat/food security issue in Nepal ensued in national media. Report on globalrust.org website. Washington DC

Ronnie Coffman, Jeanie Borlaug, Julie Borlaug, Sarah Evanega and Linda McCandless attended a reception at the US Ambassador to India’s residence in Washington, DC, on August 8, to kick off and promote 50th anniversary year of Borlaug in India and the 2013 BGRI Technical Workshop. Key Washington policymakers and USAID donors were invited and among those attending DRRW is currently collaborating with the U.S. Botanical Garden and several U.S. land grant universities to establish exhibits in Washington D.C. to promote to domestic and international visitors the importance of Borlaug wheat varieties, food security, U.S. wheat, and general knowledge of plant breeding and the Ug99 threat. The exhibit, which will be in place during 2014, will feature text, photos, and videos provided by DRRW to the U.S. Botanical Garden.

187


Video Assets The DRRW team continued to create educational and advocacy videos and post on the BGRI YouTube channel. The BGRI YouTube channel featured 7,421 Video Views, 24,760 minutes of BGRI Content watched, 43 Subscribers, 21 Shares, and 46 Likes. Among the video-asset highlight during the year:

• Developed a new 9-minute WIT video https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MVvwYRLapPA and broadcast it during the WIT Award Luncheon at the 2013 BGRI Workshop. The video educates viewers about the award opportunity and successful career development of WIT winners through a series of interviews.

• A 14-minute video on “Indian Farmers & Scientists Remembering Dr. Borlaug,” was aired during BGRI Workshop Inaugural Event.

• Video proceedings from 2013 BGRI Technical Workshop uploaded onto globalrust.org website.

• “Life Cycle of Wheat Stem Rust” had over 6000 views on YouTube and was featured at the 2013 America Phytopathological Society-Mycological Society of America meeting as part of their PHYTOFILMS, a showcase of plant pathology videos.

BGRI communications director and videographer visited Ethiopia in November 2012 with Jeanie Borlaug, Sarah Evanega and Dr. Bedada to advocate for and document Kulumsa Field Day, Gender Workshop, and make second field visit to Makida. The footage acquired will be used in a subsequent Ethiopia video. In addition to a new Ethiopia video, others in production include:

• Wheat improvement in Nepal

• Wheat Rust Screening • Genomics (in collaboration with Next Generation Cassava Breeding project)

• Exclusive Interview with Arun Joshi about training of young scientists and extension workers. Press Coverage The BGRI and Ug99 were represented twice on the cover of Science in the past year. The May 31 issue featured BGRI collaborator Indu Sharma. The August 16 issue, dedicated to smarter pest control, featured an image of Ug99 on wheat.

188


Meltwater News, a web-based media monitoring service retained in October 2009, continues to provide twice-daily media reports to the DRRW communications team.

Figure 1 shows the total number of media hits for Ug99, BGRI and wheat rust. The October spike in coverage represents carry-over from the 2012 BGRI workshop in Beijing combined with the first of the coordinated press conferences in India in advance of the 2013 BGRI workshop in New Delhi. Figure 2 shows the media hits for each separate category (Ug99, BGRI, wheat rust). Figure 1. Number of stories about Ug99, BGRI or wheat rust appearing in U.S. and international press (print and online), October 2012-September 2013

Figure 2. Number of stories about Ug99, BGRI or wheat rust appearing in U.S. and international press (print and online) by category, October 2012-September 2013

Source: Meltwater, Inc. 2013. Note: Total numbers between Figures 1 and 2 might not match due to some stories appearing in more than one category.

189


Website and Social Media The BGRI experienced over 30,000 visits to the www.globalrust.org website during the reporting period (October 1, 2012-September 30, 2013). Visits to the website came from 148 countries/territories. Social media presence continues to expand: 717 followers on Twitter (up 350 from previous year). Facebook has over 1000 “Likes,” (500 increase from previous year). The Linked-In group has 360 vetted members with more than 30 discussions on lab positions, scholarships, training and workshop opportunities. Active solicitations of new members are ongoing.

190

DRRW Phase II Year 3 Progress Report • Appendix F: Impact Metrics

Appendix F Impact Metrics

Breeding and seed delivery

Bread wheat: 274 new high yielding lines that carry near-immune to moderately resistant APR responses included in CIMMYT international replicated yield trials and non-replicated screening nurseries for distribution in 2013 and 2014.

Durum: 17 resistant and 44 moderately resistant high yielding lines distributed globally. Genetic basis of resistance is not known but is likely to be based on to a large extent on non- single major gene.

More than 21,000 tons of seed of rust resistant wheat varieties are available for planting:

9,059 tons of seed are available in Ethiopia for distribution. (980 tons of pre-basic seed, 6,208 tons of basic seed, and 1,235 tons of certified seed through the public sector and 380 tons of pre-basic seed, and 3,256 tons of certified seed through the private sector.

12,070 tons of seed of rust resistant varieties are being produced in Kenya on more than 50,000 hectares for distribution to farmers.

100 tons of seed of rust resistant wheat candidate varieties are available for planting in Nepal and Bhutan. 17 seed companies now are selling seed in Nepal, contributing to the adoption of new varieties, and to local economies in the region.

Women accounted for 15-22% of participants in all village-level field days in Ethiopia. In Nepal, 100 women participated field activities under the project.

Pre-‐breeding (Year 3: Oct 2012–Sep 2013)

>40 plant genes identified as sources of resistance to TTKSK (Ug99) Sr2, Sr12, Sr13, Sr15, Sr21, Sr22, Sr25, Sr26, Sr28, Sr32, Sr33, Sr35, Sr37, Sr39, Sr40, Sr42, Sr43, Sr44, Sr45, Sr46, Sr47, Sr50, Sr51, Sr52, Sr53, Sr55, Sr56, Sr57, Sr58, SrWeb/Gabo56, Sr1662, SrTr129, SrTm4, SrTA10187, SrTA10171, SrSha7, SrC, SrNiini, SrND643, SrHuw234, SrYanac; consistent QTL on chromosomes 1A, 1B, 2B, 3D, 4A, 5B, 6B, 7A, 7B; Sr55, Sr56, Sr57 and Sr58 were validated to confer APR to Ug99 and other stem rust populations, joining Sr2 for APR resistance.

27 resistance genes in wheat breeders’ toolbox: Sr2, Sr13, Sr15, Sr22, Sr25, Sr26, Sr28, Sr32, Sr33, Sr35, Sr39, Sr40, Sr42, Sr45, Sr47, Sr50, Sr53, Sr55, Sr56, Sr57, Sr58 SrWeb/Gabo56, Sr1662, SrTA10187, SrTA10171, SrND643, SrNiini

Sr58 was designated as the pleiotropic APR gene component of the Lr46/Y29/Pm39 locus. SrND643 mapped to 4AL and identified as a new gene. Temporarily designated genes SrSha7, SrNinii, and SrTmp mapped to same position on 6DS as Sr42 and SrCad, indicated that they are the same genes.

Diagnostic SNP markers were trialed at the GRRC, Australia, and University of the Free State.

43 leaf, stripe and stem rust resistance genes (16 leaf rust, 9 stripe rust and 18 stem rust) were protocoled and posted on MASWheat by October 2013.

1,792 visits/month and 5,168 page-views/month, on average, to MASWheat—an increase of 29% and 17% respectively compared to the previous period. About 51% of the visitors have visited the site before, suggesting that the site functions as a source of reference information.

Surveillance

20 national focal points regularly contribute surveillance data to international focal point (including 4 new contributing countries). From South Asia, four national focal points (India, Nepal, Bhutan and Bangladesh) have been contributing surveillance data to the International Focal Point over the last two years.

200

DRRW Phase II Year 3 Progress Report • Appendix F: Impact Metrics

33 samples were race-typed in a timely manner by UMN-CDL. In addition more than 1,500 rust disease samples were race typed in other regions.

25 institutions used seed distributed by ICARDA for trap nurseries (including 3 institutions in South Asia).

3 institutions received seed for differential sets: Directorate for Wheat Research, India, EIAR, Ethiopia, and CIMMYT (Nepal and Bhutan).

Early warning of a rust threat and coordinated national response was implemented for first time in Ethiopia.

Aecia from 141 barberry plants were analyzed using sequence information, and were identified as belonging to the Puccinia graminis species complex, P. arrhenatheri and P. striiformoides (syn. P. striiformis f.sp. dactylis).

East African screening facilities

58,000 accessions were screened in international screening nurseries in Kenya and Ethiopia (48,000 in Kenya and 10,000 in Ethiopia) during the off and main-seasons 2013.

80,000 lines over three seasons evaluated from more than 25 countries and research institutions at KARI, Njoro, yielded reliable phenotypic data.

15,000 lines over three seasons at were evaluated at Debre-Zeit, Kulumsa, and Melkasa research centers.

8 seasons of international screenings from India have yielded reliable data, differentiating resistant and susceptible cultivars and 2 seasons of reliable data was obtained from Nepal for international screenings.

Programs from 28 countries are screening cereal germplasm in the East African rust nurseries: USA: USDA, NDSU, Cornell University Canada: Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, University of Alberta Mexico: CIMMYT (irrigated bread wheat and rain-fed programs) Australia: University of Sydney, CSIRO South America: Argentina, Uruguay, Paraguay, Africa: Kenya, Ethiopia, South Africa, Uganda, Egypt, Morocco Asia: India, China, Nepal, Bangladesh, Pakistan, Afghanistan, Bhutan Middle East: ICARDA, Iran EU countries: Sweden,

Others: Tajikistan, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Turkey, Israel

283 lines with nine different Sr genes (known) and few unknown genes are distributed in CIMMYT international trials.

200 lines with genes/genetic basis of resistance were postulated in collaboration with national programs and the international screening nursery at the Directorate of Wheat Research, India.

Advocacy

Aproximately $87 million Co-funding raised by partners engaged in the Borlaug Global Rust Initiative: See Appendix E: Other Funding to Subcontractors for Wheat and Rust Research.

Human capacity

62 scientists (including 17 students) from Kenya and Ethiopia participated in international training and applied skills learned to their own research programs.

86 scientists from the SAARC region participated in international training.

201

DRRW Phase II Year 3 Progress Report • Appendix G: Publications

Appendix G Project Publications

Ayliffe M, Singh D, Park R, Moscou M, Ward E, Wulff B, Champouret N, Garvin D and Pryor T (in

press) The infection of Brachypodium distachyon with cereal rusts. Molecular Plant Microbe Interactions.

Bailey J, Karaoglu H, Wellings CR, Park RF (2013) Isolation and characterisation of 25 genome-derived simple sequence repeat markers for Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici. Molecular Ecology Resources (submitted).

Bansal UK, Zwart R, Bhavani S, Wanyera R, Gupta V, Bariana HS (2012) Microsatellite mapping identifies TTKST-effective stem rust resistance gene in wheat cultivars VL404 and Janz . Molecular Breeding DOI 10.1007/s11032-012-9759-y.

Bariana HS, Bansal UK, Bhavani S, Kolmer JA (2013) Rust Resistance in Durum wheat- Discovery to deployment. Crop and Pasture Science (submitted).

Basnet BR, Lopez-Vera EE, Singh RP, Huerta-Espino J, Bhavani S, Jin Y, Rouse MN, Singh S (2013) Molecular mapping and validation of SrND643: A new gene effective against stem rust race Ug99 in bread wheat. In preparation.

Bernardo AN, Bowden RL, Rouse MN, Newcomb MS, Marshall DS, G. Bai (2013) Validation of molecular markers for new stem rust resistance genes in U.S. hard winter wheat. Crop Sci. 53:755-764.

Bouajila A, Zoghlami N, Murad S, Baum M, Ghorbel A, Nazari K (2013) Genetic differentiation in Pyrenophora teres f. teres populations from Syria and Tunisia as assessed by AFLP markers. Letters in Applied Microbiology 56:389-400, DOI: 10.1111/lam.12029.

Cabral AL, Karaoglu H, Park RF (2013) The use of microsatellite polymorphisms to characterise and compare genetic variability in Avena strigosa and A. barbata. Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution 60:1153-1163.

Campbell J, Giroux MJ, Feiz L, Jin Y, Wang M, Chen X, Huang L (2012) A new broad-spectrum disease resistance locus in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Theor Appl Genet 125:391-404.

Cantu D, Segovia V, MacLean D, Bayles R, Chen X, Kamoun S, Dubcovsky J, Saunders DGO, Uauy C. 2013. Genome analyses of the wheat yellow (stripe) rust pathogen Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici reveal polymorphic and haustorial expressed secreted proteins as candidate effectors. BMC Genomics. 14:270.

Dadrezaei ST, Nazari K, Afshari F, Goltapeh EM (2013) Phenotypic and molecular characterization of wheat leaf rust resistance gene Lr34 in Iranian wheat cultivars and advanced lines. American Journal of Plant Sciences 4:1821-1833, DOI:10.4236/ajps.2013.49224.

Dadrezaie ST, Lababidi S, Nazari K, Goltapeh E, Afshari F, Alo F, Shams-Bakhsh M, Safaie N (2013) Molecular genetic diversity in Iranian populations of Puccinia triticina, the causal agent of wheat leaf rust. American Journal of Plant Sciences 4:1375-1386. DOI: 10.4236/ajps.2013.47168.

Derevnina L, Singh D, Park RF (in press) Identification and characterization of seedling and adult plant resistance to Puccinia hordei in Chinese barley germplasm. Plant Breeding.

Ghazvini H, Hiebert CW, Zegeye T, Fetch T (2012) Inheritance of stem rust resistance derived from Aegilops triuncialis in wheat line Tr129. Can. J. Plant Sci. 92:1037-1041.

202


Golegaonkar P, Wellings CR, Singh D, Park RF (2013) Genetic and molecular analyses of resistance to a variant of Puccinia striiformis in barley. Journal of Applied Genetics 54:1-9.

Haile JK, Hammer K, Badebo A, Singh RP, Roder MS (2013) Haplotype analysis of molecular markers linked to stem rust resistance genes in Ethiopian improved durum wheat varieties and tetraploid wheat landraces. Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution. 60:853–864.

Hale I, Mamuya I, Singh D (2013) Sr31-virulent races (TTKSK, TTKST, and TTTSK) of the wheat stem rust pathogen Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici are present in Tanzania. Plant Disease 97:557

Hansen JG, Lassen P, Justesen AF, Nazari K, Hodson D and Hovmøller MS (2013) Barberry rust survey – Developing tools for data management and dissemination. Log-in protected report available at http://wheatrust.org/international-services/rust-on-barberry/ (version 11th July 2013), 15 pages.

Hawkesford MJ, Araus JL, Park R, Calderini D, Miralles D, Shen T, Zhang J, Parry MAJ (2013) Prospects of doubling global wheat yields. Food and Energy Security DOI:10.1002/fes3.15.

Herrera-Foessel SA, Singh RP, Lillemo M, Huerta-Espino J, Bhavani S, Singh S, Lan CX, Calvo-Salazar V, Lagudah ES (2013) Lr67/Yr46 confers adult plant resistance to stem rust and powdery mildew in wheat. Theoretical and Applied Genetics (under review).

Hickey LT, Lawson W, Platz GJ, Fowler RA, Arief V, Dieters M, Germán S, Fletcher S, Park RF, Singh D, Pereyra S, Franckowiak J (2012) Mapping Quantitative Trait Loci for Partial Resistance to Powdery Mildew in an Australian Barley Population. Crop Science 52:1021–1032.

Hyman G, Hodson D, Jones P (2013) Spatial analysis to support geographic targeting of genotypes to environments. Frontiers in Physiology. 4:40(1-13).

Karaoglu H, Lee CMY, Park R (2013). Simple sequence repeats in Puccinia graminis: abundance, cross formae speciales and intra-species utility, and development of novel markers. Australasian Plant Pathology DOI:10.1007/s13313-013-0199-x.

Letta T, Maccaferri M, Badebo A, Ammar K, Ricci A, Crossa J, Tuberosa R(2013) Searching for novel sources of field resistance to Ug99 and Ethiopian stem rust races in durum wheat via association mapping. Theoretical and Applied Genetics DOI:10.1007/s00122-013-2050-8.

Letta T, Olivera P, Maccaferri M, Jin Y, Ammar K, Badebo A, Crossa J, Noli E, Tubersoa R (2013) Genome-wide search of stem rust resistance loci at the seedling stage in durum wheat. Theor. Appl. Genet. (in press)

Liu W, Danilova TV, Rouse MN, Bowden RL, Friebe B, Gill BS, Pumphrey MO. 2013. Development and characterization of a compensating wheat–Thinopyrum intermedium Robertsonian translocation with Sr44 resistance to stem rust (Ug99). Theor Appl Genet 126(5):1167-1177.

Liu W, Danilova TV, Rouse MN, Bowden RL, Friebe B, BS, Pumphrey MO (2013) Development and characterization of a compensating wheat-Thinopyrum intermedium Robertsonian translocation with Sr44 resistance to stem rust (Ug99). Theor. Appl. Genet. 126:1167-1177.

Lopez-Vera EE, Nelson S, Singh RP, Basnet BR, Haley SD, Bhavani S, Huerta-Espino J, Xoconostle-Cazares B, Ruiz-Medrano R, Rouse MN, Singh S (2013) Resistance to stem rust Ug99 in six bread wheat cultivars maps to chromosome 6DS. Theoretical and Applied Genetics (under review).

203


Mago R, Verlin D, Zhang P, Bansal U, Bariana H, Jin Y, Ellis J, Hoxha S, Dundas I (2013) Development of wheat-Aegilops speltoides recombinants and simple PCR-based markers for stem rust resistance genes on the 2S#1 chromosome. Theor. Appl. Genet. DOI:10.1007/s00122-013-2184-8.

Mujeeb-Kazi A, Kazi AG, Dundas I, Rasheed A, Ogbonnaya F, Kishii M, Bonnett D, Wang R R-C, Xu S, Chen P, Mahmood T, Bux H, Farrakh S (2013) Genetic Diversity for Wheat Improvement as a Conduit to Food Security. In Advances in Agronomy, Sparks DL (Ed.), Elsevier, pp179-257.

Nazari K, El Amil R (2013) First Report of Resistance of Wheat Line Avocet ‘S’ to Stripe Rust Caused by Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst) in Syria. Plant Disease 97: 996-996. DOI: 10.1094/pdis-11-12-1109-pdn.

Nazari K, Mafi M (2013) Physiological races of Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici in Iran and evaluation of seedling resistance to stem rust in Iranian wheat cultivars. Phytopathologia Mediterranea 52:110-122.

Nazco, R, Peña RJ, Ammar K, Villegas D, Crossa J, Moragues M, Royo C (2013) Variability in glutenin subunit composition of Mediterranean durum wheat germplasm and its relationship with gluten strength. Journal of Agricultural Science, DOI:10.1017/S0021859613000117.

Newcomb M, Acevedo M, Bockelman HE, Brown-Guedira G, Goates BJ, Jackson EW, Jin Y, Njau P, Rouse M, Singh D, Wanyera R, Bonman JM (2013) Field resistance to the Ug99 race group of the stem rust pathogen in spring wheat landrace. Plant Dis. 97:882-890.

Niu Z, Klindworth DL, Yu GT, Friesen TL, Chao S, Jin Y, Cai X, Rasmussen JB, Ohm J-B, Xu SS. Development and characterization of wheat lines carrying Sr43 for stem rust resistance derived from Thinopyrum ponticum. Theoretical and Applied Genetics (submitted).

Niu Z, Puri K, Chao S, Jin Y, Sun Y, Steffenson B, Maan S, Xu S, Zhong S (2013) Genetic analysis and molecular mapping of crown rust resistance in common wheat. Theor. Appl. Genet. (in press).

Njau PN, Bhavani S, Huerta-Espino J, Keller B, Singh RP (2013) Identification of QTL associated with durable adult plant resistance to stem rust race Ug99 in wheat cultivar 'Pavon 76'. Euphytica 190:33–44.

Nour HS, Solis I, Sillero JC, Herrera-Foessel S, Ammar K, Martinez F (2013) Evaluation of macroscopic and microscopic components for partial resistance to leaf rust in durum wheat. Journal of Pathology (in press).

Olivera P, Kilian A, Wenzl P, Steffenson B (2013) Development of a genetic linkage map for Sharon goatgrass (Aegilops sharonensis) and mapping of a leaf rust resistance gene. Genome 56:367-376.

Olivera, P.D., A. Badebo, S. Xu, D. Klindworth, and Y. Jin. 2012. T Resistance to race TTKSK of Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici in emmer wheat (Triticum turgidum ssp. dicoccum). Crop Sci. 52:2234-2242.

Olivera PD, Jin Y (2013) Genetic resources for stem rust resistance in cultivated and wild tetraploids. Options Méditerranéennes. (in press)

Olivera PD, Pretorius ZA, Badebo A, Jin Y (2013) Identification of resistance to races of Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici with broad virulence in triticale (X Triticosecale). Plant Disease 97:479-484.

204


Olson EL, Rouse MN, Pumphrey MO, Bowden RL, Gill BS, Poland JA (2013) Simultaneous transfer, introgression, and genomic localization of genes for resistance to stem rust race TTKSK (Ug99) from Aegilops tauschii to wheat. Theor. Appl. Genet. 126:1179-1188.

Olson EL, Rouse M, Pumphrey M, Bowden R, Gill BS, Poland J (2013) Introgression of stem rust resistance genes SrTA10187 and SrTA10171 from Aegilops tauschii to wheat. Theoretical and Applied Genetics 126:2477-84.

Olson EL, Rouse M, Pumphrey M, Bowden R, Gill BS, Poland J (2013) Simultaneous transfer, introgression, and genomic localization of genes for resistance to stem rust race TTKSK (Ug99) from Aegilops tauschii into wheat. Theoretical and Applied Genetics 126:1179-1188.

Ornella L, Singh S, Perez P, Burgueno J, Singh RP, Tapia E, Bhavani S, Dreisigacker S, Braun HJ, Mathews KL, Crossa J (2012) Genomic prediction of genetic values for resistance to wheat rusts. The Plant Genome, 5:136-148.

Pardey PG, Beddow JM, Kriticos DJ Hurley TM, Park RF, Duveiller E, Sutherst RW, Burdon JJ, Hodson D (2013) Rethinking and Right-sizing Investments in Global Stem Rust Research. Science 340:6129(147-148).

Patpour M, Nazari K, Ogbonnaya F, Alavi SM, Mousavi A (2013) Phenotypic and Molecular Characterization of Resistance to Stem Rust in Wheat Cultivars and Breeding Advanced Lines from Iran and Syria. Crop Breeding Journal (in press).

Periyannan S, Bansal U, Bariana H, Deal K, Luo M, Dvorak J, Lagudah E (2013) Identification of a robust molecular marker for the detection of the stem rust resistance gene Sr45 in common wheat. Theoretical and Applied Genetics (submitted).

Periyannan S, Moore J, Ayliffe M, Bansal U, Wang X, Huang L, Deal K, Luo M, Kong X, Bariana H, Mago R, McIntosh R, Dodds P, Dvorak J, Lagudah E (2013). The gene Sr33, an ortholog of barley Mla genes, encodes resistance to wheat stem rust race Ug99. Science 341:786-788.

Qi LL, Pumphrey MO, Friebe B, Zhang P, Chen Q, Bowden RL, Rouse MN, Jin Y, and Gill BS (2011) A novel Robertsonian translocation event leads to transfer of a stem rust resistance gene (Sr52) effective against race Ug99 from Dasypyrum villosum into bread wheat. Theor Appl Genet 123:159-167.

Rouse M, Nava IC, Chao S, Anderson JA, Jin Y (2012) Identification of markers linked to the Ug99 stem rust resistance gene Sr28 in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Theor. Appl. Genet. 125:877-885.

Saintenac C, Zhang W, Salcedo A, Rouse MN, Trick HN, Akhunov E, Dubcovsky J (2013) Identification of wheat gene Sr35 that confers resistance to Ug99 stem rust race group. Science 341:783-786.

Singh S, Singh RP, Bhavani S, Huerta-Espino J, Lopez-Vera EE (2013) QTL mapping of slow-rusting, adult plant resistance to race Ug99 of stem rust fungus in PBW343/Muu RIL population. Theoretical and Applied Genetics. 126:1367–1375.

Singh A, DePauw RM, Knox RE, Cuthbert RD., Singh AK, Singh D, Bhavani S, Fetch T, Campbell HL (2013) Mapping of stem rust resistance QTL and study of their epistatic interactions in hexaploid wheat. Theoretical and Applied Genetics 126(8):1951-64.

Singh A, Knox RE, DePauw RM, Singh AK, Cuthbert RD, Campbell HL, Singh D, Bhavani S, Fetch T, Clarke F (2013) Identification and mapping in spring wheat of genetic factors controlling stem rust resistance and the study of their epistatic interactions across multiple environments. Theor. Appl. Genet. DOI:10.1007/s00122-013-2109-6.

205


Singh D, Mohler VM, Park RF (2013) Discovery, characterisation and mapping of wheat leaf rust resistance gene Lr71. Euphytica 190:131-136.

Singh S, Singh RP, Bhavani S, Huerta-Espino J, Lopez Vera E (2013) QTL mapping of slow-rusting, adult plant resistance to race Ug99 of stem rust fungus in PBW343/Muu RIL population. Theoretical and Applied Genetics 126(5):1367-1375.

Smith K, Budde A, Dill-Macky R, Rasmusson, D, Schiefelbein E, Steffenson B, Wiersma, J, Wiersma J, Zhang B (2013) Registration of 'Quest' spring malting barley with improved resistance to Fusarium head blight. 2013. Journal of Plant Registrations 7:125-129.

Terracciano I, Maccaferri M, Bassi F, Mantovani P, Sanguineti MC, Salvi S, Simkova HS, Dolezel J, Massi A, Ammar K, Kolmer J, Tuberosa R (2013) Development of COS-SNP and HRM markers for high throughput and reliable haplotype-based detection of Lr14a in durum wheat (Triticum durum Desf.). Theoretical and Applied Genetics, DOI:10.1007/s00122-012-2038-9.

Turner MK, DeHaan LR, Jin Y, Anderson JA (2013) Wheat-grass-wheat partial amphiploids as a novel source of stem rust and Fusarium head blight resistance. Crop Sci. 53:1994-2005.

Wang X, Richards J, Gross T, Druka A, Kleinhofs A, Steffenson B, Acevedo M, Brueggeman R (2013) The rpg4-mediated resistance to wheat stem rust (Puccinia graminis) in barley (Hordeum vulgare) requires Rpg5, a second NBS-LRR gene, and an actin depolymerization factor. Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions 26:407-418.

Zheng Q, Klindworth DL, Friesen TL, Li Z-S, Zhong S, Jin Y, Xu SS (2013) Characterization of Thinopyrum Species for Seedling Resistance to Stem Rust Ug99 and Variability in Ploidy Level. Plant Disease (pending).

206

durable rust resistance in wheatwheatrust.cornell.edu/reports/2013_drrw_report.pdfdurable rust...

Documents