UNIT 6: Classification and Evolution Biology I DAYSHEET 63: Introduction to Evolution and Review Name _____________________________________ Date: __________

Catalyst/Bellringer: Use the passage below to answer the following questions!

Carl Linnaeus was a famous biologist who is known as the father of taxonomy – the science of classifying different organisms. When scientists classify organisms they put them into different groups. The groups start out general and then get more specific. There are six general groups of organisms, called kingdoms. The six kingdoms of life are eubacteria, archaebacteria, protists, plants, fungi, and animals. Here are some important facts about each kingdom:

Eubacteria are prokaryotes and are unicellular. Some eubacteria are pathogenic – this means they can make you sick! For example, the bacteria that cause strep throat and food poisoning are in the kingdom eubacteria!

Archaebacteria are also prokaryotes and unicellular. They live in extreme environments, like hot springs, deep under the ocean in deep sea vents, or in extremely salty seas!

Protists are eukaryotes. Most protists are unicellular. In just a single cupful of pond water there could be lots of protists, including amoeba, paramecium, and euglena.

Fungi are eukaryotes. The kingdom fungi include unicellular yeast you use for baking, and large multicellular mushrooms that grow on dead logs. Fungi eat by absorption, using digestive juices to break down food in the environment and then sucking up the nutrients. Fungi are important decomposers – the breakdown dead plants and animals.

Plants are multicellular eukaryotes that are autotrophic – can make their own food! Plants make their own food using photosynthesis, which takes place in the chloroplasts inside the plant cells.

Animals are eukaryotes that are multicellular and motile – they can move around! Humans are members of the animal kingdom!

1. A scientist discovers a new organism that is eukaryotic, multicellular, and contains photosynthetic chlorophyll pigments. Into which kingdom should the organism be placed? 2. A scientist discovers a new organism that feeds through absorption. Into which kingdom should the organism be placed? 3. A scientist discovers a new organism that is pathogenic, unicellular, and has no nucleus. Into which kingdom should the organism be placed? 4. A scientist sampling a pond discovers a new organism that has a nucleus, but is unicellular. Into which kingdom of life should the organism be placed?

Activity 1: Cornell Notes

Biology Objective / Essential Question:

Main Ideas / Questions: 1. 2.

Notes: • ______________________ = when living things change over time

• _____________________________ was the father of evolutionary theory.

• Darwin proposed that evolution happens through ____________________

_________________________.

STOP-AND-JOT:

1. What is evolution?

• Natural selection is when organisms with _____________________

survive and pass down their genes, while organisms with _________

_____________ die out. The result of natural selection is organisms with

____________________ for their environment.

• An adaptation is a _____ that helps an organism ______________ or

______________ in its environment.

o ______________ is when an organism blends into its environment

o ______________ is when one organism looks like another

• Natural selection is also called __________________________________

o Organisms that are _____ can survive and reproduce better

STOP-AND-JOT:

1. What adaptation did the fish evolve over time?

2. What adaptation did the finches evolve over time?

Main Ideas / Questions: 3.

Notes: • In science, a _________ is an idea supported by lots of _______________

• There are 3 main types of evidence for the theory evolution:

1) ___________________ = remains of long-dead organisms

o The principle of ____________________ allows scientists to date fossils. It states that the oldest fossils are always at the __________ and the youngest at the _____!

2) ___________________ = study of the way our bodies are put together

o Structures in two organisms that evolved from a ______________ _______________ are called ______________________________

o Structures in two organisms that are similar but do _______ come from a common ancestor are called ______________________ structures. These structures are similar because they evolved in a similar ______________________.

STOP AND JOT: What is the difference between homologous structures and analogous structures?

3) ___________________ = the study of molecules such as DNA o Organisms with ________________ DNA are more ____________

_________________. Their DNA is similar because they share a recent _____________________________________.

STOP AND JOT: Which organism is most closely related to the zebra?

1) ________________ evolution is when organisms share a common ancestor but evolve different adaptations for their environments 2) ________________ evolution is when organisms do NOT share a common ancestor but evolve similar adaptations because they live in a similar environment

Activity 2: Open-Note Quiz Directions: Use your notes and the information below to complete this open note quiz. To receive full credit, you must use test taking strategies for all SOL questions!

• What is natural selection? ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

SOL Break: Which of the following best characterizes natural selection?

a. Faced with an environment in which leaves grew only at the tops of most relatively short trees, giraffes responded by growing long necks.

b. Only giraffes with long necks moved into an environment in which leaves grew only at the tops of most relatively short trees.

c. During their lifetimes, short-necked giraffes grew long necks so they could reach leaves at the tops of relatively short trees.

d. Among a population of giraffes, those with long necks were able to survive better in an environment in which leaves grew only at the tops of most relatively short trees.

Which of the following best describes the main concept behind Darwin’s theory of natural selection?

a. Organisms compete for limited resources. b. Organisms best suited to their environment will survive and reproduce. c. Organisms vary in their physical traits, and some traits are inheritable. d. Organisms produce more offspring than can survive

• What are adaptations?

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

SOL Break: Camels have the ability to survive for long periods of time without water. This is an example of

a. Speciation b. A behavioral adaptation c. Variation within a species d. A physiological adaptation

SOL Break: Some insect species have developed an ability to resist pesticides. Which statement best

describes this phenomenon?

a. Because their survival depended on it, the insects developed variations that made them resistant to poisons.

b. Natural selection results in an unfavorable variation for the insects. c. Random variation in the population led to a population with a favorable

adaptation. d. Some of the insects became instantly immune when the poisons were introduced

into their environment.

SOL Break: Which of the following most likely adds to the genetic diversity of a population of prokaryotes?

a. Cell division b. Meiosis c. Mutation d. Binary fission

We also discussed the importance of fitness in the last set of notes. We know that the word “fitness” is used very differently in science than it at the gym.

• What does it mean to be “fit” in science? ______________________________________

• What does the statement “survival of the fittest” mean? __________________________ _______________________________________________________________________

SOL Break: What would most likely happen to a population of plants it their environment experiences

long-term climate change that results in a much hotter and drier environment?

a. The plants would increase the number of seeds they make to improve their chances of reproducing.

b. Individual plants would work hard to grow longer roots and thicker leaves. c. The plants that gather and store water most efficiently would survive to pass those

traits. d. All of the plants would die off before producing offspring.

The Emergence of New Species: Speciation A species is a group of organisms that can breed and produce fertile offspring (their babies can have babies). Let’s make sure we understand this concept. Try the test below:

• Are these individuals members of the same species? ________________________________ • How do you know? __________________________________________________________

Now look at the pictures of the two individuals below. The individual on the right is a horse. The individual on the left is a zebra.

• Are these individuals members of the same species? ________________________________ Don’t forget that individuals within the same species must be able to produce offspring that are fertile!!! Although horses and zebra can mate, the resulting offspring (called a zorse) cannot have more babies. Because a cross between and horse and a zebra is not fertile, horses and zebras are NOT members of the same species. Speciation: So you’ve probably figured out that there are TONS of different species on the plant. Where did they all come from? The answer to this question can be found when exploring genetic variation within populations. Remember that variation exists within a population (Jay-Z/President Obama example). This is a good thing. This allows natural selection to “pick” the best (most helpful) traits to be passed on to the next generation. Survival of the fittest, again! Over a long time, natural selection can create members of a species that have a large number of genetic variations. These variations can become so numerous, that they prevent individuals from mating and producing fertile offspring.

• If two individuals can no longer mate and produce fertile offspring, are they members of the same species? ____________________

This means that natural selection can cause new species to arise from preexisting species. These old species descend from still older species. The evolutionary process that gives rise to new species from older species is called Speciation. Let’s look at an example. In the picture below, you’ll notice that a number of arrows point away from a central bird. This central bird is a common finch. Over a long period of time, finches developed genetic variations that led to the development of a number of new species. These new species include finches that eat leaves, fruits, insects, and grubs.

• What is speciation? _______________________________________________________

• Is the image above an example of divergent or convergent evolution? How do you know?

_______________________________________________________________________

SOL Break: What happens during the process of speciation?

a. A species becomes genetically diverse. b. Two species become one. c. A species becomes extinct. d. A new species is formed.

Speciation occurs when members of similar populations no longer interbreed to produce fertile offspring within their natural environment. New species evolve in two basic ways:

1. Geographic Isolation 2. Reproductive Isolation

Geographic Isolation: Physical barriers can sometimes prevent interbreeding by breaking large populations into smaller ones. Geographic isolation occurs whenever a physical barrier divides a population.

When these populations become isolated from one another, they can no longer reach each other to breed. Natural selection will continue to act of each newly isolated population. This means that each population will become increasingly become more genetically dissimilar over time. If separated for long period of time, the populations become so genetically different that they can no longer interbreed with one another. Reproductive Isolation: This form of isolation leads to the formation of new species (speciation) WITHOUT the presence of physical barriers. Reproductive isolation occurs when formerly interbreeding organisms can no longer mate and produce fertile offspring. Reproductive isolation can result in speciation in one of two ways:

• What are the two ways in which new species can evolve? ________________________________________________________________________

SOL Break: Suppose a dam breaks and water forms a river downstream that splits a population of squirrels. Half of the population is on the eastern side of the river, and the other half is on the western side of the river. After 500 years, the climate changes, and the river dries up. The two populations of squirrels coexists again but are not able to breed. What type of speciation does this scenario represent?

a. Geographic isolation b. Parapatric isolation c. Behavioral isolation d. Migration

______________________________________________________________________________________ Evidence for Evolution: Scientists have three specific areas of focus that provide evidence for evolution:

1. Fossils 2. Anatomy 3. Biochemistry

Fossils: Fossils are the preserved remains or imprints of an organism that lived long ago. The fossil records of animals show a pattern of development from early ancestors to modern descendents. Much like the pattern of development leading to the modern day horse below:

Scientists can also use layers of undisturbed rock to determine the relative age of fossilize organisms. Fossils found in undisturbed rock layers are oldest at the bottom of the column and youngest at the top. Additionally, fossil organisms are simplest at the bottom and increase in complexity toward the top of the column.

• What are fossils? _________________________________________________________ Based on the information provided in the previous paragraph, determine the relative ages of each fossilized organism in the picture below:

1. Can you determine the relative age of the three organisms above? ______

2. Which organism is the oldest? __________________________________

3. Which organism is the youngest? ________________________________ Anatomy: Many vertebrates (organisms with a backbone-like you!) share similarities during embryonic development because they have common ancestors. Embryos are the earliest stage of growth and development in both plants and animals.

• What are embryos? _______________________________________________________

Because embryonic stages of development can be similar in many different species, we can use embryology to determine how closely related different species are to one another. Although the shark, lizard, chicken, pig, and human are not identical to one another, their embryonic cells have the same order of development, shape, and tissue structure.

• How can scientists use embryology to support evolution? _______________________________ _______________________________ _______________________________

SOL Break: The embryonic development among the different organisms shown below is evidence of –

a. Coevolution b. Analogous structures c. Vestigial structures d. Common ancestry

Eventually embryonic similarities can give rise to HOMOLOGOUS STRUCTURES. Let’s do a little prefix review.

What does the term “homozygous” mean? ______________________________

What does the prefix “homo” mean? ___________________________________ We can apply the same prefix meaning to the word homologous. Homologous Structures are structures on living things that have a common origin but not necessarily a common function. Homologous structures look similar to one another. This provides strong evidence that vertebrates all descended from a common ancestor. Let’s look at the examples below.

• What are homologous structures? ___________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________

• Although the human, horse, cat, bat, bird, and whale forelimbs have different functions, their parts are basic structure are similar. What does this suggest about the ancestry of all these organisms? _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Analogous Structures, on the other hand, are different structures that perform similar functions. Environmental pressures causes organisms that are not closely related to develop structures to perform similar functions. This means that analogous structures do not demonstrate common ancestry!!! Take a look at the insect, bat, and bird wings below. They all have the same function (flight), but evolved from totally different structures.

• What type of structures demonstrates a shared common ancestor? _____________________ • What types of structures demonstrate no common ancestry? __________________________

Vestigial Structures: Many organisms also have vestigial structures, features that don’t serve a purpose in an organism’s body but are homologous to structures possessed by another organism. • Can you think of any vestigial structures found inside of you?

_______________________________________________________________ Some species of whales and snakes show vestigial remnants of their ancestors’ hind limbs.

• What do these vestigial structures suggest about the ancestors of whales and snakes?

______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________

SOL Break: Comparative anatomy provides evidence to support the theory of evolution. The examples shown below suggest a shared ancestry with other animals. What are they called?

a. Vestigial structures b. Redundant structures c. Analogous structures d. Homologous structures

The blue whale has two tiny femurs (thigh bones) embedded deep within its body. these thigh bones appear to serve no useful purpose for the blue whale. The femurs of a blue whale are a type of

a. Vestigial structure b. Redundant structure c. Analogous structure d. Homologous structure

In cephalopods (such as squid and octopuses), eyes develop from skin, and the lens is a crystalline secretion of the skin cells. In vertebrates, the eyes develop from the brain, and the lens is cellular. The yes of all these organisms are examples of -

a. Vestigial structures b. Redundant structures c. Analogous structures d. Homologous structures

Biochemistry: Biological molecules also provide evidence for evolution. Comparisons of DNA and RNA of different species produce biochemical evidence for evolution. The more closely related two species are, the greater the similarity in genetic sequence. • What are the three pieces of evidence used to support evolution?

______________________________________________________________

Whale Evolution

Directions: Go to www.biomonsters.com. Under “Academic Biology” “What We Did In Class Today” “Daysheet 63” and watch the Whale Evolution video. Listen as the video clip is being played and read the article below. Check off any types of evidence that were used in the movie. If a type of evidence is used, explain the info it gave scientists in the last column.

TYPE OF EVIDENCE

USED? WHAT IT TELLS US

Fossils

Anatomy: Homologous

Structure

Anatomy: Vestigial Structure

Biochemistry

Other?

Gene Study Links Whales and Hippos WASHINGTON (AP) - One has no legs and swims in the ocean, and the other has four legs and lives in rivers, but a genetic study shows that the whale and the hippo are close relatives in evolutionary history. The study, by researchers at the Tokyo Institute of Technology in Japan and Pennsylvania State University at University Park, Pa., compared gene sequences from the minke whale, the sperm whale and the hippopotamus. It found the diverse animals share a sequence of genes inherited from an ancient common ancestor. A report of the study appears Tuesday in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. The study found that the camel, pig, giraffe, sheep and cow share some gene sequences with the whale and hippo, indicating that far back in time all had a common ancestor, according to evolution theory. The animals diverged genetically. A gene sequence found only in whales and the hippo show that they share a common ancestor that was not part of the evolutionary history of the other animals. Until 1985, it was generally thought that pigs were more closely related to whales. Other genetic studies since have suggested the whale-hippo link. The new study, researchers say, confirms that the hippo is the closest living relative to the whale. David Hillis of the University of Texas, in a PNAS commentary, said whales and hippos share several adaptations, including the lack of hair and oil-producing skin glands, and the ability to communicate and to nurse offspring under water.

HW63: SOL Simulation Biology I Name: ____________________________ Date: ________________________

2012 Biology Simulation Checklist and Contract

Checklist: _____ Tablet _____ Charger _____ Keyboard _____ Pen / pencil _____ A snack and a drink _____ Layered clothing _____ A book or something to work on quietly. You may not take out your phone or MP3 device during the testing period. You may work on tablet when your test is complete. _____ A good night’s sleep _____ Eat your breakfast and lunch Testing Contract I understand that this test is an SOL simulation. I must follow all SOL testing procedures, including • Immediately follow the procedures for setting up your tablet upon arriving at your testing site • Do not talk once the testing period begins • Keep any phone or MP3 device away and turned off If you do not follow these testing guidelines you will be asked to leave the testing environment. You will receive a ZERO on your SOL Simulation. _____________________________ ________________________ Signature Date