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S 61R

June 1970

U.S.Training andEmployment ServiceTechnical ReportS-61 R

U.S. DEPARTMENT DE HEALTH.EDUCATION 81 WELFAREOFFICE OF EDUCATION

THIS DOCUMENT HAS BEEN REPRO-DUCED EXACTLY AS RECEIVED FROMTHE PERSON OR ORGANIZATION ORIG-INATING IT, POINTS OF VIEW OR OPIN-IONS STATED DO NOT NECESSARILYREPRESENT OFFICIAL OFFICE OF EDU-

'CATION POSITION OR POLICY.

U.S.DERARTMENT OF LABORManpower Adminisation

Technical Report on Development of USTES Aptitude Test Battery

For . .

Plumber (const.) 862.381Plpe Fitter (const.) 862.381

S -61R

(Developed in Cooperation with theTexas State Employment Service)

U. S. Department of LaborManpower Administration

June 1970

FOREWORD

The United States Training and Employment Service General AatitudeTest Battery (GATB) was first published in 1947. Since that time theGATB has been included in a continuing program of research to validate

the tests against success in many different occupations. Because of

its extensive research base the GATB has come to be recognized as thebest validated multiple aptitude test battery in existence for use in

vocational guidance.

The GATB consists of 12 tests which measre 9 aptitudes: General

Learning Ability, Verbal Aptitude, Nume7Acal Aptitude, Spatial Aptitude,

Foilm Perception, Clerical Perception, Motcr Coordination, Fing,,:rDexterity,

«rid Manual Dexterity. The aptitude sccr, are standard scores with 100 as

theaverage for the general working population, with a standard deviation

of 20.

Occupational norms are established in termsof minimum qualifying scores

for each of tha significantaptitude measures which, in combination

predict job performance. For ary given occupation, cutting scores areset only for those aptitudes which contrihnt e to the prediction ofperformance of the job duties of the experimental sample. It is importantto recognize that another job might have the same job title but the jobcontent might not be similar. The GATB norms described in this report areappropriate for use only for jobs with content similar to that shown in thejob description included in this report.

GATB Study # 827

Development of USTES Aptitude Test Battery

For

Plumber,(const.) 862.381-074Pipe Fitter (const.) 862.381-042

S -61R

This report describes research undertaken for ne purpose of developing GeneralAptitude Test Battery (GATB) norms for the occupation of Plumber (const.)862.381-074 and Pipe Fitter (const.) 862,381-042. The following normswere established:

GATB Aptitudes Minimum AcceptableGATB Scores

N - Numerical Ability 85

S - Spatial Ability 80

Q Clerical Perception 75

M - Manual Dexterity 80

Research Summary-Validation Sample

Sample:

322 male workers apprenticed as Plumbers and Pipe Fitters in variouscities in Texas.

This study was conducted prior to the requirement of proVidingminority group information. Therefore, minority group status isunknown.

Criterion:

Supervisory ratings.

Design:

Concurrent (test and criterion data were colledted at approximately thesame time).

Minimum aptitude requirements were determined on the basis of a jobanalysis and statistical analyses of aptitude mean scores, aptitude-criterion correlations and selective efficiencies.

Al

2

Concurrent Validity:

Phi Coefficient = .30 (13/2<.0005)

Effectiveness of Norms:

Only 67% of the nontest-selected workers used for this study were good

workers; if the workers -Iad been test-selected with the above norms,.

77% would have been good workers. Thirty-three percent of the nontest-selected workers used for this studywere poor workers; jf the workershad been test-selected with the above norms, only 23% would have been

poor workers. The effectiveness of the norms is shown graphically in

Table 1:

TABLE 1

Effectiveness of Norms

Without Tests With Tests

Good Workers 67% 77%

Poor Workers 33% 23%

SAMPLE DESCRIPTION

Size:

N = 322

Occupational Status:

Apprentices.

Work Settim:

Apprentices were employed in Houston, Beaumont, Dallas,

San Antonio, Texas.

Fort Worth a ritl

Employer Selection Requirements:

Education: None required. High School education preferred.

Previous Experience: None required.

Tests: None used.

Other: None.

- 3

Princiaal_Activities:

The job duties for each worker are camparable to those shown in the jobdescription in the Appendix.

Minimum Experience;

All workers in the final sample had at least ten months job eNtoerience.

TABLE 2

StandardDeviations (SD), Ranges and Pearson Product-MomentCorrelations with tha Criterion (r) for Age, Education andExperience;N = 322.

Mean SD Range

Age (years) 23.1 4.3 16-41 -.059Education (years) 11.1 1.8 3-16 .315**Experience (months) 31.9 16.6 10-60 .118*

*Significant at the .05 level.**Significant at the .01 level.

EXPERIMENTAL TEST BATTERY

All 12 tests of the GATB, B-1001 were administered during February 1953 toMarch 1954. The B-1001 scores were converted to equivalent B-1002 scores.

CRIMRION

The critericn consisted of ratings ba.-,..ed on a cambination of job performanceand school achievement. These ratings were made by the Area Joint Committeeof Plumbers and Pipe Fitters and the scnool coordinator. The rules andregulations of the State and Area Committees require the employeIs and theschools to furnish monthly ratings of the apprentices for review at eachmeeting. The schools furnished attendance marks, progress records, gradesand ratings on the attitude towards the job. These complete records werereviewed and combination overall ratings were userl to obtain the broadcategory ratfngs. No attempt was made to treat either the data on schoolwork or job performance separately, since the canmittees felt that the twomeasures should be combinei for criteAon purposes. The committeeswere well acquainted with every apprentice in,their respective samples. Theratings were combined by placing all of the workers who were rated in theabove average group together. The same was done for the average and belowaverage groups. This resulted in 103 people in the above average group, 114in the average group and 205 in the below ave=age group. For computationalpurposes, the ratings were converted to quantitative values of 61, 50 and39 for the above average, average and below average groups :cespectively.

Criterion Dichotomy:

The criterion distribution was dichotomized into low and high groups byplacing 33%of the sample in the low group to correspond with the per-centage of workers considered unsatisfactory or marginal. Workers inthe high criterion group were designated as "good workers" and those inthe low group as "poor workers." The criterion critical score is 50.

APTITUDES CONSIDERED FOR INCLUSION IN THE NORMS

Aptitudes were selected for tryout in the norms on the basis of a qualitativeanalysis of job duties involved and a statistical analysis of test and criteriondata, Tables 3, 4 and 5 show the results of the qualitative and statisticalanalyses.

TABLE 3

Qualitative Analysis(Based on the job analysis, the aptitudes indicated

appear to be important to the work performance)

Aptitudes Rationale

G - General Learning Atility Reauired in learning and undertanding the reading

.of blueprints, specifications and applicablebuilding codes in addition to knowing andpracticing all safety codes. It is alsoimportant in order tc plan work well aheadof installation so -that piping work will hecoordinated with other: crafts.

N - Numerical Aptitude Required in calculating length and volume ofpipes. It is important to be able to measureand cut pipes to about 1/8 inch accuracy and tostub out drainage and other piping lines to 1/16inch of absolute height in relation to finishedfloor level.

S - Spatial Aptitude Required to:visualize installations from blue-prints, sketches andspecifications and to makesimple piping drawings.

P - Form Perception Required to recognize on sight all common fittings,pipe sizes, tools and materials.

M - Manual Dexterity Required in all phases of handling equipment andpipes safely, skillfully and accurately.

5 -

TABLE 4

Means (M), Standard Deviations (SD),Correlations with the Criterion

Mean

Ranges and Pearson Product-Moment(r) for the Aptitudes of the GATB; N =322

SD Range

G- General Learning Ability 99.6 16.4 54-155 .371**V - Verbal Aptitude 92.9 15.7 57-148 .304**N - Numerical Aptitude 95.7 17.6 41-146 .297**S - Spatiai Aptitude 109.7 18.6 63-157 .289**P - Form Perception 102.1 16.9 60-156 .162xxQ - Clerical Perception 91.3 14.7 51-144 .305**K - Motor Coordination 93.7 16.5 33-138 .165**F - Finger Dexterity 100.3 18.5 52-166 .110*M - Manual Dexterity 107.4 18.4 57-161 .208**

*Significant at the .05 level.**Sionificant at the .01 level.

TABLE 5

Summary of Qualitative and Quantitative Data

Type of Evirlence_,_Lpiitudes

V N

X.

S

I X ,

Q K F

-.M

Job Analysis Data

Important .

Irrelevant

AelativALy_liiiahjylean X

Relatively Low Standard DevSignificant Corrolation

With Criterion X X. XAptitudes to i)e Considered

for Trial Norms G V N S P Q K

DERIVATION AND VALIDITY OF NORMS

Final norms were derived on the basis of the degree to which trial norms con-sisting of various combinations of aptitudes G, V, N, S, F, Q, K, F, and Mat ,trial cutting scores were able to differentiate between the 67% of thesample considered to be good workers and the 32% of the sample consideredto be poor workers. Trial cutting scores at five-point intervals approximatelyone standard deviation below the mean are tried because this will eliminateabout one-third of the sample with three-aptitude norms. For four-aptitudetrial norms, cutting scores of slightly less than one standard deviationbelow the mean will eliminate about one-third of the sample; for two-aptitudetrial norms, minimum cutting scores of slightly more than one standarddeviation below the mean will eliminate about one-third of the sample. ThePhi Coefficient was used as a basis fo:r comparing trial norms. Norms ofN-85, S-80, Q-75 and M-80 provided optiLlum differentiation for the occupationof Plumber (const.) 862.381-074 and Pipe Fitter (const.) 862.331-042. Thevalidity o-F these norms is shown in Table 6 and is indicated by a Phi Coefficientof .30 (statistically significant at the .0005 level).

TABLE 6

Concurrent Validity of Test NormsN-85, S-80, Q-75 and M-80

NonqualifyingTest Scores

QualifyingTest Scores Total

Good Wcrkers 46 171 217Poor Workers 54 51 105

Total 100 222 322

,

Phi Coefficient = .30 Chi Square OC2) = 28.8

YSignificance Level = P/2 <.0005

DETERMINATION OF OCCUPATIONAL APTITUDE PATTERN

The data for this study met the requirements for incorporatin, the occupationstudied into OAP-37 which is shown in the 1970 edition of Section II of theManual for the General Aptitude Test Battery. A Phi Coefficient of .19 isobtained with the OAP-37 norms of N-80, S-95, and M-85.

7

CHECK STUDY RESEARCH SUMMARY SHEET FOR S-61R

S-61R

Plumber (const.) 862.381-074Pipe Fitter (const.) 862.381-042

GATB Study #827

Check Study Research Summary

Sample:

89 male journeymen employed as plumbers and pipe fitters in Texas.

This study was conducted prior to the requirement of providing minoritygroup status. Therefore, minority group composition is unknown.

TABLE 7

Means, Standard Deviations (SD), Ranges,and Pearson Prodtct-MomentCorrelations with the Criterion (r) for Age, Education, Experience, andAptitudes of the GATB. N = 89.

Mean SD Range

Age (years) 37.4 8.3 25-63 .184Education isyears) 10.2 2.1 4-16 .123Experience (months) 125.7 91.4 12-504 .380xxG - General Learning Ability 96.5 16.1 51-128 .223*V - Verbal Aptitude 94.9 16.2 56-131 .165N - Numerical Aptitude 93.6 17.7 54-127 .230*S - Spatial Aptitude 99.4 17.5 66-140 .024P - Form Perception 86.0 17.1 35-127 .098Q - Clerical Perception 84.0 16.0 52-124 .202K - Motor Coordination 83.1 20.6 37-130 .049F - Finger Dexterity 90.4 23.1 33-154 .041M - Manual Dexterity 92.7 20.5 30-143 .046

*Significant at tho .05 level.**Significant at the .01 level.

Criterion:

Supervisory ratings.

Design:

Concurrent (tests and criterion data were collected at approximately thesame time).

10

Concurrent Validity:

Phi coefficient = .25

Effectiveness of Norms:

Only 70% 6f the nontest-selected workers used for this study were goodworkers; if the workers had been test-selected with the S-61R norms,82% would have been good workers. Thirty percent of the nontest-selectedworkers used for this study were poor workers; if the workers had beentest-selected with the S-61R norms, only 18% would have been poor workers.The effectiveness of the norms when applied to this independent sampleis shown graphically in Table 8:

TABLE 8

Effectiveness of S-61R Normson Check Study Sample #827

Without Tests With Tests

i

Good Workers 70% 82%

Poor Workers 30% 18%

TABLE 9Concurrent Validity of S-61R Norms

On Check Study Sample #827

NonqualifyingTest Scores

QualifyingTest Scores Total

Good Workers 25 37 62

Poor Workers 19 8 27

Total 44 45 89

Phi coefficient = .25 Chi Square (4) = 5.6

Significance Level = P/2 <.01

- 9June 1970 5-61R

FACT SHEET

Job Title

Plumber (const.) 862.381-074Pipe Fitter (const.) I 862.381-042

Job Summary

Assembles, installs, and repairs pipes, fittings, and fixtures ofheating, water, and drainage systems, according to specifications andplumbing codes. Lays out, fabricates, assembles, and installs pipingand piping systems, fixtures, and equipment for steam, hot water,heating, cooling, lubricating and industrial processing systems, onbasis of knowledge of system operation and study of building plansor working drawings.

Work Performed

Reads and interprets blueprints, building plans, and specifications todetermine work aids required and sequence of installations. Locatesand marks position of pipe and pipe connections, passage holes for pipe,fixtures, stacks, and meters, using tape, spirit level, and plumb bob.Cuts openings in walls and floors to accommodate pipe and pipe fittings,using handtools and power tools. Cuts pipe for water, gas, and otherlines using pipe cutters, pipe-cutting machine, cutting torch, hacksaw,or hammer and chisel. Threads pipe, using threading machine. Bendspipe by hand or with pipe-bending machine.

Assembles and installs variety of metal and nonmetal pipe and pipefittings including those made of brass, copper, lead, glass, steel,and plastic, using handtools and power tools. Joins pipe by means ofthreaded, calked, wiped, soldered, brazed, fused, or cemented joints.Installs drains and related flashing on roof to allow passage of ventpipes. Selects and installs specified or appropriate traps and relatedconnections. Installs refrigeration and air-conditioning systems in-cluding compressors, pumps, meters, pneumatic and hydraulic controls, andpiping. Installs special connections and equipment such as expansionjoints, valves, and meters with welded, flanged, or threaded connections.Installs strainers, traps, regulating or reducing valves, and condensatelines on steam pipes.

Attaches pipaor tubing to floors, wall, framings, or ceilings, usingbrackets or hangers. Extends lines to designated fixtures or appliancesand stubs out, using plugs or nipples, and caps. Fills pipe system withwater or air and reads pressure gage to determine whether system isleaking. Sets fixtures in designated locations, installs supports, andlevels fixtures, using spirit level. Installs metal escutcheons, valvehandles, soap racks, shower heads, and water closets. Measures, cuts

12

- 10 -

and threads pipe and connects pipe to hot and cold outlets on waterheater. Replaces washers in leaky faucets, mends burst pipes, and opensclogged drains to repair and maintain plumbing.

May lay glazed or ungalzed clay, concrete, or cast-iron pipe to formsewers, drains, and water mains.

Effectiveness of Norms

Only 67% of the nontest-selected workers used for the validation studywere good workers; if the workers had been test-selected with the S-61Rnorms, 77% would have been good workers. 33% of the nontest-selectedworkers used for this study we e poor workers; if these workers had beentest-selected with the S-61R norms, only 23% would have been poorworkers.

Only 70% of the nontest-selected workers used in the cross-validationstudy were good workers; if the workers had been test-selected withthe S-61R norms, 82% would have been good.workers. 30% of the nontest-selected workers used for this study were poor workers; if these workershad been test-selected with the S-61R norms, only 18% would have beenpoor workers.

Aaplicability of S-61R Norms

The aptitude test battery is applicable to jobs which include a majorityof duties described above.

GP 0 098.792

13

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF LABORMANPOWER ADMINISTRATIONWASHINGTON; D:C. 20210

OFFICIAL BUSINESS

POSTAGE AND FEES PAIDU.S. DEPARTMENT OF LABOR

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