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dr.Syazili Mustofa, M.BiomedLektor mata kuliah ilmu biomedikDepartemen biokimia dan biologi

molekulerFK Unila

thyroid

trachea

larynx

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• Thyroxine (T4)• Triiodothyronine (T3)

Both control metabolic rate and cellular oxidation

• Calcitonin (from parafolicular cells)-lowers blood CA ++ levels and causes CA++ reabsorption in bone

Thyroid gland selectively uptakes iodine to produce T3 & T4

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Thyroxine and its precursors: Structure & Synthesis

Figure 23-8: Thyroid hormones are made from tyrosine and iodine

Thyroid Hormone Regulation

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- Hyperthyroidism (Grave’s, Goiter)

- Hypothyroidism (Cretinism, Myxedima)

Thyroid Disorders

Goiter

Lack of iodine in diethyposecretion of T3 & T4

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hyposecretion of T3 & T4

CretinismCretinism

Myxedemahyposecretion of T3 & T4

myxedemaAfter thyroid treatment

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Exophthalmos-hyperthyroidism

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PTH release:1) stimulates osteoclasts2) enhances reabsorption of Ca++ by kidneys3) increases absorption of Ca++ by intestinal

mucosal cells

Hyperparathyroidism- too much Ca++ drawn out of bone; could be due to tumor

Hypoparathyroidism- most often follow parathyroid gland trauma or after removal of thyroid--- tetany, muscle twitches, convulsions; if untreatedrespiratory paralysis and death

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• Regulates glucose uptake by cells

• Controlled via negative feedback:

insulin & glucagon

• Blood sugar level: 90 mg/mL

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• Produced by the cells of the Islets of Langerhan

• Catalyze oxidation of glucose for ATP production

• Lowers blood glucose levels by promoting transport of glucose into cells.

• Stimulates glucose uptake by the liver and muscle cells.

• Stimulates glycogen synthesis in the liver and muscle cells.

• Also stimulates amino acid uptake and protein synthesis of muscle tissue

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• Produced by the cells of the Islets of Langerhans

• Stimulates change of glycogen to glucosein the liver.

• Synthesis of glucose from lactic acid and non carbohydrate molecules such as fatty acids and amino acids

• Causes in blood glucose concentration

hypoglycemic- low blood sugar; deficient in glucagon

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Type I Diabetes hyposecretion of insulin

insulin dependantjuvenile onset

Type II Diabeteslate onset (adult)

insensitivity of cells to insulinmanage by exercise & diet

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Adrenal Glands

adrenal cortex

adrenal medulla

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Hormones of the Adrenal Medulla

• Adrenalin (epinephrine): converts glycogen to glucose in liver

• Noradrenalin (norepinephrine): increases blood pressure(sympathetic nervous system)

• Corticosteroids: glucose levels)

Hormones of the Adrenal Cortex

Glucocorticoids- cortisol1. Decrease protein synthesis2. Increase release and use of fatty acids3. Stimulates the liver to produce glucose from non carb’s

Mineralcorticoids- aldosterone1. Stimulates cells in kidney to reabsorb Na+ from filtrate2. Increases water reabsorption in kidneys3. Increases blood pressure

Sex Steroids- small amts (androgens)1. Onset of puberty2. Sex drive

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Cushing’s Syndrome

Hypersecretion of cortisone; may be caused by an ACTH releasing tumor in pituitary

Symptoms: trunkal obesity and moon face, emotional instability

Treatment: removal of adrenal gland and hormone replacement

Addison’s Disease

Hyposecretion of glucocorticoids and mineral corticoids;

Symptoms- wt loss, fatigue, dizziness, changes in mood and personality, low levels of plasma glucose and Na+ levels, high levels of K+

Treatment- corticosteroid replacement therapy

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Located anterior to the heart

Produces- thymopoetin and thymosinhelps direct maturation and specialization of T-lymphocytes (immunity)

ThymusThymus

Ovaries- produce estrogen and progesteroneresponsible for maturation of the reproductive organs and 2ndary sex characteristics in girls at puberty

GonadsGonads

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Female Reproductive System

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menarch

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Testes- produce sperm and testosterone (initiates maturation of male repro organs and 2ndary sex characteristics in boys at puberty)

GonadsGonads

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Male Reproductive System