drone strike position paper

Delegate Of the Russian Fedration

Government

conventional long form: Russian Federation GOVERNMENTAL SYSTEM: federal Head of state: Dmitri Medvedev

Official language: Russian region : Asian

Russian 79.8%, Tatar 3.8%, Ukrainian 2%, Bashkir 1.2%, Chuvash 1.1%, other or unspecified 12.1% (2002 census)

Official language : Russian

Religions:Russian Orthodox 15-20%, Muslim 10-15%, other Christian 2% (2006 est.)note: estimates are of practicing worshipers; Russia has large populations of non-practicing believers and non-believers, a legacy of over seven decades of Soviet rule

Population:142,500,482 (July 2013 est.)country comparison to the world: 9Population growth rate:-0.02% (2013 est.)country comparison to the world: 198

Birth rate:12.11 births/1,000 population (2013 est.)country comparison to the world: 164

Death rate:13.97 deaths/1,000 population (2013 est.)country comparison to the world: 10Maternal mortality rate:34 deaths/100,000 live births (2010)country comparison to the world: 120

Life expectancy at birth:total population: 69.85 yearscountry comparison to the world: 152male: 64.04 yearsfemale: 76.02 years (2013 est.)Drinking water source:improved:urban: 99% of populationrural: 92% of populationtotal: 97% of populationunimproved:urban: 1% of populationrural: 8% of populationtotal: 3% of population (2010 est.)

Sanitation facility access:improved:urban: 74% of populationrural: 59% of populationtotal: 70% of populationunimproved:urban: 26% of populationrural: 41% of populationtotal: 30% of population (2010 est.)

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HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:1% (2009 est.)country comparison to the world: 48Education expenditures:4.1% of GDP (2008)country comparison to the world: 110

Literacy:definition: age 15 and over can read and writetotal population: 99.6%Economy - overview:Russia has undergone significant changes since the collapse of the Soviet Union, moving from a globally-isolated, centrally-planned economy to a more market-based and globally-integrated economy. Economic reforms in the 1990s privatized most industry, with notable exceptions in the energy and defense-related sectors. The protection of property rights is still weak and the private sector remains subject to heavy state interference. In 2011, Russia became the world's leading oil producer, surpassing Saudi Arabia; Russia is the second-largest producer of natural gas; Russia holds the world's largest natural gas reserves, the second-largest coal reserves, and the eighth-largest crude oil reserves. Russia is also a top exporter of metals such as steel and primary aluminum. Russia's reliance on commodity exports makes it vulnerable to boom and bust cycles that follow the volatile swings in global prices. The government since 2007 has embarked on an ambitious program to reduce this dependency and build up the country's high technology sectors, but with few visible results so far. The economy had averaged 7% growth in the decade following the 1998 Russian financial crisis, resulting in a doubling of real disposable incomes and the emergence of a middle class. The Russian economy, however, was one of the hardest hit by the 2008-09 global economic crisis as oil prices plummeted and the foreign credits that Russian banks and firms relied on dried up. According to the World Bank the government's anti-crisis package in 2008-09 amounted to roughly 6.7% of GDP. The economic decline bottomed out in mid-2009 and the economy began to grow again in the third quarter of 2009. High oil prices buoyed Russian growth in 2011-12 and helped Russia reduce the budget deficit inherited from 2008-09. Russia has reduced unemployment to a record low and has lowered inflation below double digit rates. Russia joined the World Trade Organization in 2012, which will reduce trade barriers in Russia for foreign goods and services and help open foreign markets to Russian goods and services. At the same time, Russia has sought to cement economic ties with countries in the former Soviet space through a Customs Union with Belarus and Kazakhstan, and, in the next several years, through the creation of a new Russia-led economic bloc called the Eurasian Economic Union. Russia has had difficulty attracting foreign direct investment and has experienced large capital outflows in the past several years, leading to official programs to improve Russia's international rankings for its investment climate. Russia's adoption of a new oil-price-based fiscal rule in 2012 and a more flexible exchange rate policy have improved its ability to deal with external shocks, including volatile oil prices. Russia's long-term challenges also include a shrinking workforce, rampant corruption, and underinvestment in infrastructure.

GDP: 1.858 trillion Russia is the largest producer of organic compounds

Electricity - production :

1.064 trillion kWh (2012 est.)

country comparison to the world: 4

Electricity - consumption:

1.038 trillion kWh (2012 est.)


Electricity - exports:

19.14 billion kWh (2012 est.)


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Electricity - imports:

2.661 billion kWh (2012 est.)


Electricity - installed generating capacity:

223.1 million kW (2012 est.)


Electricity - from fossil fuels:

67.7% of total installed capacity (2012 est.)


Electricity - from nuclear fuels:



Electricity - from hydroelectric plants:



Electricity - from other renewable sources:

0% of total installed capacity (2012 est.)


Crude oil - production:

10.4 million bbl/day (2012 est.)


Crude oil - exports:



Crude oil - imports:

16,380 bbl/day (2012 est.)


Crude oil - proved reserves:

80 billion bbl (1 January 2013 es)



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Refined petroleum products - production:



Refined petroleum products - consumption:



Refined petroleum products - exports:



Refined petroleum products - imports:

24,300 bbl/day (2012 est.)


Natural gas - production:

673.2 billion cu m (2012 est.)


Natural gas - consumption:

460 billion cu m (2012 est.)


Natural gas - exports:



Natural gas - imports:



Natural gas - proved reserves:

47.8 trillion cu m (1 January 2013 es)


Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy:

1.788 billion Mt (2011 est.)


Natural resources:

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wide natural resource base including major deposits of oil, natural gas, coal, and many strategic minerals, reserves of rare earth elements, timber

note: formidable obstacles of climate, terrain, and distance hinder exploitation of natural resources

We spend 5% of our GDP for military. We have 70 million strong manpower if need be.

Rithvik Mathur Delegate of the Russian Federation, Security Council Israel-Palestinian Federation Conflict

The Russian Federation favours a two state solution. We have supported Palestine in the past and will continue to do so while still maintaining ties with Israel. The Russian Federation is in a quartet group consisting of the United States of America, The European Union, the United Nations and The Russian Federation. The roadmap made by this group is highly comprehensive and can serve as a base for the resolution to be passed by this committee. The Russian Federation supports implementation of UN resolutions pertaining to this issue such as resolution number 338.

The Russian Federation believes that for both nations to thrive the Palestinian Federation should elect a stable government and maintain close ties with Israel and should thoroughly define borders both terrestrial and nautical. These nations should also tackle militia, insurgents and radicals in the region. UN peacekeepers presences in this region are imperative. A comprehensive treaty defining borders should be drafted by Israel and Palestine. It should connect West Bank and the Gaza strip. International Highways are a must to make movement of peacekeeping forces, internationally displaced persons, immigrants and goods easier.

The resolution passed should encourage recognition of both states and promote trade to help stabilize economies. Foreign developmental and military aid must be strictly observed and should be administered by the UN rather than recipient nations to prevent embezzlement or misuse of funds.

Through promoting bilateral ties between Israel and Arab nations stability can be achieved in this region

Moderated caucuses

1. Human right situation: Gaza strip2. Flaws in the 2 state solution 3.

The UN must rationally adapt itself to new world realities. It should also strengthen its influence and preserve its multinational nature and integrity of the UN Charter provisions. The reform of the UN Security Council is an essential component of its revitalization. The time has come to speed up the search for a compromise formula of its expansion and increased efficiency of its work.

Reso

Notingwith concern that the situation in the Middle East is tense and is likely to remain so, unless and until a comprehensive settlement covering all aspects of the Middle East problem can be reached,Having considered the report of the Secretary-General on the United Nations Disengagement Observer Force of 30 November 2011 (S/2011/748), and also reaffirming its resolution 1308 (2000) of 17 July 2000, Expressing grave concern at the serious events that occurred in UNDOF’s area of operations on 15 May and 5 June that put the long-held ceasefire in jeopardy, Noting that evolving conditions in the region could have an impact on the functioning of the Force, 1. Calls upon the parties concerned to implement immediately its resolution 338 (1973) of 22 October 1973; 2. Calls on all parties to cooperate fully with the operations of UNDOF and to ensure the security of as well as unhindered and immediate access for the United Nations personnel carrying out their mandate, in conformity with existing agreements;

3. Recalls the obligation on both parties to fully respect the terms of the 1974 Disengagement of Forces Agreement, and calls on the parties to exercise maximum restraint and prevent any breaches of the ceasefire and the area of separation; 4. We l c o m e s the efforts being undertaken by the United Nations Disengagement Observer Force to implement the Secretary General’s zero-tolerance policy on sexual exploitation and abuse and to ensure full compliance of its personnel with the United Nations code ofconduct, requests the Secretary-General to continue to take all necessary action inthis regard and to keep the Security Council informed, and urges troop-contributing countries to take preventive and disciplinary action to ensure that such acts are properly investigated and punished in cases involving their personnel;

The Declaration outlined the following mutual objectives:

to institute consultations on security and defense matters at an appropriate level and in an appropriate format

to develop strategic dialogue, particularly in regard to security issues having implications for the Russian Federation

and the European Union

to extend the scope of regular consultations at expert level on the issues of disarmament, arms control and non-

proliferation

to promote cooperation in crisis management area

As a next step, in May 2002, in a Joint Statement at the Russia-EU Summit in Moscow the sides emphasized the

following topics for future regular discussions:

conflict prevention

deminning

use of Russian strategic airlift cap by the European Union

Starting in 2006, the level of cooperation in the military area between the Russian Federation and the European Union

has been scaling up. The initiative belongs to the Austrian Presidency that has promoted the idea of enhancing the

dialog with the Russian Federation along the previously agreed lines.

Since then, meetings between the Chief of General Staff (CGS) of the Russian Armed Forces and the Chairman of the

European Union Military Committee have been taking place regularly. In May 2007, the Russian CGS Army General

Baluevsky delivered a speech to the Military Committee at the level of Chiefs of General (Defence) Staff of the

European Union Member states.

In June 2007, the Minister of Defence of the Russian Federation, Mr. Serdyukov, during his visit to Brussels held talks

with the European Union High Representative, Mr. J.Solana, where the intentions of both sides to further develop the

cooperation in the military field was confirmed.

In addition to that, there were three rounds of consultations between experts from the Russian Ministry of Defence and

from the EU Council Secretariat. At the meetings on 9 February and on 27 September 2006 the sides mainly discussed

the issues related to crisis management in an attempt to work out a common approach. There, the Russian Federation

for the first time has issued a proposed timetable for Russia-EU joint events in the military area for the period of 2006-

2007.

There is a continuous participation (at a frequency of twice per year) of Russian representatives at ESDP Orientation

Courses conducted by the European Defence College.

The EU Council Secretariat is permanently informing the Russian Federation about the strategic level staff exercises

taking place two times per year ("MILEX" and "CRISMEX"). Joint briefings concerning the aims, goals and

achievements have been taking place at different stages of these exercises.

In second half of 2009, there was the first visit of the Director of the Federal Service for Military-Technical

cooperation of the Russian Federation, Mr.Dmitriev to the European Defence Agency. It was agreed to study the

possibilities of establishing "experts level" working groups to discuss the issues of mutual interest in the areas of

modernization and service of military hardware as well as in research and technology.

The participation of the Russian contingent in the EU crisis management operation in Chad/CAR has become a

significant step in the Russia-EU cooperation. The decision to send a Russian Aviation Group (RAG) to EUFOR

Chad/CAR was taken by the President of the Russian Federation in January 2008. In accordance with the Presidential

Decree, 120 military personnel and four MI-8 transport helicopters took part in the European Union's peacekeeping

effort from January 5 to March 15, 2009.

The contribution of RAG into the success of the EU operation has been assessed as significant. High professional

skills, capabilities and readiness of Russian military personnel to conduct a mission in a harsh environment have been

distinguished by operation's Commander.

In December 2009, the lessons learned exercise from RAG participation in EUFOR Chad/CAR was conducted in

Brussels with participation of representatives from Ministries of Defence and Foreign Affairs of the Russian

Federation and the EU Council Secretariat, the European Commission and the European Union Military Staff.

The coordination of activities in fighting piracy along the coast of Somali is another example of a successful practical

Russia-EU interaction in crisis management. It started from the very beginning of EU Operation "Atalanta"

(December 2008) and is being developed vigorously. The Russian Federation and the European Union have

established the procedures for a multi-level exchange of information, an immediate assistance in terms of emergency,

a close tactical coordination at sea. Two rounds of consultations have been conducted in Brussels and Moscow.

The Russia-EU cooperation in the Gulf of Aden constitutes two parallel closely coordinated Navy operations, that

allows both sides to use available assets with better efficiency and success.

In January 2010, there was the first meeting of the Chief of General Staff of the Russian Armed Forces Army General

N.Makarov and the Chairman of EU Military Committee General H.Syren where the agreement was achieved to

continue further developing the Russia-EU cooperation in the military field.1. The main goal of the 64th session of the UN General Assembly is to continue consolidating multilateral principles in the world policy. Russia has constantly been in favor of a strengthened UN role in the multipolar system of international relations which is now taking shape. In the context of the global financial and economic crisis, increased possibility of conflicts in a number of regions, food and climate challenges it is necessary to agree upon joint positions in order to solve these acute problems under the UN auspices.2. Russia advocates strict observance of the exclusive rights granted by the UN Charter to the UN SC as a main body responsible for maintaining international peace and security. We believe that capacity of the UN in this sphere should be fostered through more efficient cooperation with regional and subregional partners according to Chapter VIII of the UN Charter.3. We share other Member States' opinion regarding the need to reform the UN SC. We consider an increased central role and improved efficiency of this body based on broader representation of mainly developing countries as the purpose of such reforms.

The experience of intergovernmental negotiations on the Security Council reform shows that none of the officially proposed reform patterns enjoys broad support. Under these conditions, the "intermediate pattern" that provides for an increase in non-permanent SC members with longer Council terms and their possible subsequent reelection, could drive the discussion from the deadlock. However, in any case of SC enlargement, the present exclusive rights of its permanent members, including the right to veto, should remain unchanged. While advocating the broadest possible consensus with regard to the SC reform, we consider it unacceptable to force any decisions through voting in the UN General Assembly or setting artificial timeframes to adopt such decisions.4. The growing demand for UN peacekeeping and constantly increasing number of tasks addressed in its context makes this field of activity one of the main ones in UN work. In recent years, Russia has been making an increasingly significant contribution to PKOs led by the UN: Russian helicopter groups have been deployed as part of the UN Missions in Sudan and Chad/CAR; training of peacekeepers for African countries on the premises of Russian training centers is underway; Russia remains the leader on the market of the UN peacekeeping services.5. The new quality of the UN peacekeeping requires increased military expertise in making relevant decisions by the UN SC. In this context, we are favoring a more active role of the Military Staff Committee (MSC), a subsidiary SC body provided for by the UN Charter. Our suggestion is that a renewed MSC work in a flexible format involving all SC members and countries contributing troops and other services to UN PKOs, as appropriate.6. Under disarmament issues the Russian delegation is planning again to submit draft resolutions "Transparency and Confidence Building Measures in the Outer Space Activities" and "Achievements in the Sphere of Information Tasks and Telecommunications in the Context of International Security" to the UN General Assembly. We are expecting that they will as usually enjoy substantial support from Member States, or may be even adoption by consensus.During the discussion of nuclear disarmament issues in the run up to 2010 NPT Review Conference, we shall proceed from the need to reach a new agreement with the United States on further controlled reduction and limitation of the two countries’ nuclear weapon stockpiles that would succeed the START which expires in December 2009, as well as to involve into the process all nuclear powers without exception, including the unrecognized5 nuclear powers.7. We support the development of international cooperation on exclusively peaceful uses of outer space under the aegis of the United Nations, and with the central and coordinating role of the UN Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space.It is important to continue strengthening the international legal framework for national activities in outer space and begin practical development of a comprehensive convention on international space law.8. The Russian Federation gives priority to collaboration with the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO). Being a UNESCO Member State since 1954, Russia has contributed in every possible way to strengthening the international role of the Organization, playing an active part in realizing its policy goals and numerous multilateral projects. The Russian Federation stands for further development of the Organization and transforming it into an effective instrument for the implementation of the UN Development Goals.In this regard, our country has taken the decision to present the candidature of Alexander Yakovenko, Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation, for the election to the post of UNESCO General Director at the Organization’s 35th General Conference in October this year.We are convinced that the election of the Russian candidate will contribute to more efficient use of the intellectual and cultural potential of the Organization in the interests of all countries of the world.9. Russia actively promotes further development of the intercivilizational dialogue within the United Nations. We shall continue to facilitate useful activities of the Alliance of Civilizations (AoC) by taking an active part in the work of the Group of Friends of the Alliance of Civilizations and in other events within its framework. We stand for an early formalization of the UN - AoC relations by adopting a relevant General Assembly resolution.We consider it necessary to complement the intercivilizational dialogue with a religious component. The creation under the UN auspices of a Consultative Council of Religions that would provide a forum for the exchange of opinion among the representatives of major world religions would serve this purpose. We are paying due attention to the initiative to declare the International Decade of Interreligious and Intercultural Dialogue, Understanding and Cooperation for Peace.10. We believe that an effective response of the world community to the global challenge of international terrorism can only be ensured on the basis of and in strict compliance with the UN Charter, as well as other applicable principles and norms of international law. It is necessary to make maximum use of the potential of the consensus-approved UN Global Counter-Terrorism Strategy aiming to widen the range of the participants of the UN counter-terrorism Conventions and providing States with practical assistance in their implementation.We are in favor of the universalization of the International Convention for the Suppression of Acts of Nuclear Terrorism.We proceed from the need for earliest agreement of the draft Comprehensive Convention on International Terrorism, the adoption of which would strengthen the legal base of international antiterrorist interaction.11. We believe it is important to develop international cooperation in combating the world drug problem in strict compliance with the current UN anti-drug conventions. We welcome the commitment to step up efforts in implementing the decisions of the Twentieth Special Session of the UN General Assembly on the World Drug

Problem, which found its reflection in the documents of the Fifty Second Session of the Commission on Narcotic Drugs (Vienna, March 2009). We regard as counterproductive the attempts to impose as a world standard controversial ways of combating drug abuse, in particular, those based on the concept of harm reduction.We are deeply worried about the scope of the Afghan drug threat. Remaining the world’s largest producer of opiates (93 percent of global production), Afghanistan is becoming a leader in cannabis production. In this context, Russia’s initiative to set up a comprehensive system of anti-drug and financial security belts, with the UN coordinating role and with Afghanistan’s engagement, is particularly relevant.Russia contributes to fighting drug trafficking, including through its participation in the effective multilateral operation Channel, as well as the SCO, CSTO, RNC and OSCE anti-drug initiatives.12. We stand for a joint anti-crime strategy to be drawn up under the UN auspices and approved by major relevant UN bodies, above all, the Commission on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice.We support the UN efforts to increase the number of States Parties to the 2003 UN Convention against Corruption (Russia has been a Party to the Convention since 2006) and implement it efficiently. We call for adopting at the Third Session of the Conference of the States Parties to this Convention (Doha, Qatar, November 2009) a decision to establish a generally acceptable and effective mechanism to review the implementation of the Convention, and effective procedures for returning corruption assets to the countries of origin, and to expand technical assistance to countries concerned.We intend to make use of the preparation for the Twelfth UN Congress on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice (Brazil, El Salvador, April 2010) to develop effective ways of resolving global problems to make criminal justice systems more efficient (crime prevention, development of juvenile justice and the reform of the penitentiary system).13. We take note of the dangerous trend of the expanding piracy area off the coast of Somalia. We support the decisive measures, including forcible, taken in accordance with the Security Council resolutions to suppress piracy, as well as to prevent its spreading to other vulnerable areas off the coast of Africa.The presence of war ships in the region of a number of States including Russia acting in close coordination contributes to improving the situation and counteracting piracy, but does not resolve all the problems. We should take steps to eliminate the piracy infrastructure, in particular its financial component. We should focus on the legal aspects of fighting piracy. It appears appropriate to work out additional mechanisms that may take the form of a specialized international tribunal in order to ensure that the States and the world community carry out concerted and efficient actions to prosecute those involved in piracy.14. We believe that it is important to encourage the Middle East settlement process on all tracks with a focus on the key role of the Palestinian-Israeli relations, with the prospect of creation of an independent, viable Palestinian State living side by side with Israelin peace and security.Today it is necessary to re-launch Israeli-Palestinian contacts based on prior arrangements and a universally recognized international legal framework for settlement (Security Council resolutions 242, 338, 1397, 1515, the Madrid principles, and the Road Map), bring the situation back on the political track, according to UN Security Council resolutions 1850 and 1860, which reaffirmed the central role of the Security Council in the peacekeeping efforts in this region. This will allow inter alia to bring to an end the blockade of the Gaza Strip and resume humanitarian aid supplies to the region. Concurrently, the threat of rocket attacks on southern Israel should be eliminated. The sides should avoid unilateral actions or steps prejudging final settlement, including the problems ofJerusalem and refugees. In this respect, it is important that Israel should stop new settlement activities. The split among the Palestinians, which should be bridged on the basis of the Palestinian Liberation platform and of the Arab Peace Initiative also hampers the settlements process.The Moscow Conference, the need for which has been recognized by international consensus, is called to become a significant step in the Middle East settlement process.15. We stand for maximum engagement of the United Nations in the settlement in Iraq, and active use of the UN potential to achieve national accord.We appreciate the humanitarian efforts of the United Nations Assistance Mission for Iraq (UNAMI), its activities in electoral area, improving the country's Constitution, supporting the political process and involving Iraq's neighboring States in overcoming the internal crisis in the country.16. The foreign military presence in Afghanistan remains under current conditions the main deterrent against the opposition's extremist activities. Having that in mind, we intend to cooperate with the UNSC-mandated International Security Assistance Force (ISAF), including on the transit of their property and personnel staff through the Russian territory.The process of national reconciliation in Afghanistan should be continued strictly under the anti-Taliban sanctions regime established by the Security Council resolution 1267. We absolutely reject any arrangements with the leaders of Taliban or other extremist groups. At the same time, Russia is not against contacts with moderate Talibs, provided that they disarm, recognize the Constitution and current government of Afghanistan, and abandon their links with al-Qaeda.17. In case of a possible UN discussion of the situation in Abkhazia and Georgia, we will seek that the decisions of the Organization reflect the new realities, which emerged after Tbilisi aggression against South Ossetia in August

2008. We will focus on the need for a legally binding document on the non-use of force between Georgia and Abkhazia, as well as Georgia and South Ossetia. The Russian Federation will continue its efforts to promote security and social and economic development in the new, young states ofTranscaucasia. To prevent further remilitarization of Georgia, we will insist on an international embargo on supplies of offensive weapons to Tbilisi as one of the pillars of stability in the region.18. Russia remains convinced that the unilaterally proclaimed independence (UPI) of Kosovo was unlawful. We expect an unbiased opinion of the International Court of Justice on this issue at the request by the General Assembly. Time has shown that the UPI has not been helpful in addressing the key problems of Kosovo. The situation in the province is anything but stable showing no shifts towards reconciliation between the Serbian and Albanian communities. Kosovo is de-facto ethically divided, and the possibility of renewal of interethnic violence remains. The quasi-state remains an unviable entity un capable to function on its own. We are convinced that the Security Council and the UN Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo (UNMIK) should closely control the Kosovo processes.19. We stand for a just, comprehensive and viable solution to the Cyprus problem providing for the establishment of a bicommunal, bizonal federation with political equality, as stipulated in relevant UNSC resolutions. It is important that the United Nations efforts regarding the Cyprus affairs within the mandate of the UN Secretary-General’s good offices mission encourage the settlement process and be unbiased and objective. With regard to the talks, there should be no external arbitration or artificial schedules. Cypriots themselves should make the decision that would serve the interests of both the Greek and the Turkish communities.20. We support close interaction between the UN and the African Union in developing agreed approaches to resolving conflict situations in the region. We welcome the constructive dialogue and expanded partnership between the UN and the African Union, as well as with the major African sub-regional organizations, including the efforts to establish the African Standby Force. Russia is directly involved in all the UN PKOs on the continent.Africa's enhanced stability also depends on the success of the fight against the illicit proliferation of small arms and light weapons and illicit diamond production and traffic. We stand ready to broaden international cooperation to this end.Russia stands for partnership that combines the responsibility of the Africans themselves for their own destiny and active international support. We are implementing this approach through comprehensive assistance to the continent both on a bilateral basis and within the existing international mechanisms, including the G8.21. We view the UN sanctions as a major instrument for achieving political and diplomatic settlement of conflict situations. At the same time, enforcement measures should remain the exclusive prerogative of the UN Security Council. Sanctions should be imposed with utmost caution and be precisely targeted. They should not exceed the scope of relevant Security Council resolutions or permit any broad or arbitrary legal interpretation. Measures that can exacerbate the social and economic situation of broad strata of the population are unacceptable.22. Russia stands for the settlement of the nuclear problem of the Korean Peninsula through political and diplomatic means. We still believe that the six-party is optimum negotiation the format in this regard. All parties should take a responsible approach, comply with the decisions of the UN Security Council and bear in mind the interests of both maintaining stability in North-East Asia and ensuring a sustainable WMD non-proliferation regime. It is important to return North Korea to the negotiation process and ensure that all parties strictly fulfill their obligations.23. We support the political and diplomatic settlement of the situation around the Iranian nuclear program. It is essential to continue seeking a negotiation process with Iran to ensure that mutually acceptable solutions are found for all remaining problems and confidence of the international community in Iran's nuclear program is restored, which must have an exclusively peaceful nature.To achieve this goal it is essential to ensure full and transparent cooperation between Iran and the IAEA to clarify all the aspects of its nuclear activities, and that Iran complies with the resolutions of the IAEA Board of Governors and the UN Security Council.24. As for the responsibility to protect the population from genocide, war crimes, ethnic cleansings and crimes against humanity, we are guided by the relevant section of the 2005 World Summit Final Document. It is important how the fundamental provisions of the responsibility to protect concept will be implemented. In this regard, the proposals of the UN Secretary-General on the instruments and procedures necessary for the implementation of the responsibility to protect require thorough consideration. We believe that it is necessary to avoid reckless and hasty steps on voluntary implementation of this concept that is a rather sensitive issue for many States.25. We will vigorously stand up for our approach in the UN regarding inadmissibility of distorting history and revising WWII outcome. It is especially important given that the 64th session of the General Assembly is held in the year of the 65th anniversary of the WWII Victory.Within the framework of these efforts and the fight against all forms and manifestations of racism, discrimination and xenophobia, Russia will again submit the traditional draft resolution on "Inadmissibility of Certain Practices that Contribute to Fuelling Contemporary Forms of Racism, Racial Discrimination, Xenophobia and Related Intolerance" to the General Assembly. We hope that the delegations that did not support this initiative earlier would join the wide circle of States, opposing glorification of Nazi war criminals and countering revanchism in the world.

26. Russia considers it important to cooperate in protecting and promoting human rights. In this regard, the primary responsibility falls on the States themselves while international organizations and mechanisms play only a supporting role and contribute to achieving these goals. We should strive to make the UN human rights architecture function without politicization with the focus on providing technical assistance to States in protecting human rights and freedoms.Adopting decisions that criticize the situation in certain countries does not contribute to establishing a constructive dialogue with them. This practice is even more inappropriate given the launch of the Universal Periodic Review mechanism in the Human Rights Council. Russia strongly condemns the use of human rights issues as a pretext to interfere in the internal affairs of States and pressuring them to achieve different goals.27. We support the activity of the Office of the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights, in particular by a making voluntary annual contribution in the amount of USD two million. In order to improve the work of the Office, it is necessary to strengthen its transparency and accountability to UN Member States, observe the principle of fair geographical representation in recruitment.28. International humanitarian cooperation and the activities of international humanitarian agencies, including the Office of the UN High Commissioner for Refugees, are an important part of the joint efforts aimed at maintaining peace and strengthening security and stability. We believe that the success of the delicate humanitarian work that should be based on the norms of the UN Charter and fundamental humanitarian principles in many ways depends on the way it correlates with the efforts of the international community on political settlement.29. As for social development, Russia supports further elaboration of concrete practical steps aimed at implementing the concept of the "global partnership" set forth in the Millennium Declaration, Monterrey Consensus, decisions of the World Summit for Social Development and 24th special session of the General Assembly. The UN Commission for Social Development remains the main coordinating body of the UN system on population ageing, ensuring equal opportunities for disabled persons, strengthening the role of family and youth development.The entry into force of the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities aimed at ensuring their better integration in the life of society and applying international human rights standards to them without any discrimination is very important. Russia has greatly contributed to elaboration of this treaty and signed the Convention in 2008. Today, we are working on its ratification.30. Russia supports the policy of ensuring gender equality and advancement of women based on the outcomes of the Fourth World Conference on Women and the 23rd Special Session of the UN General Assembly. In our view the reform of the UN gender architecture currently being discussed should exclude duplication in the work of relevant structures and enhance their efficiency while preserving the adequate accountability of the UN Secretariat to Member States.31. Russia strengthens international cooperation in the protection of children's rights by promoting the ideas of the Convention on the Rights of the Child and implements the tasks set up in the final document of the 27th Special Session of UN General Assembly "A World Fit for Children". Russia's ratification in 2008 of the Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the involvement of children in armed conflict has demonstrated its commitment to international standards in human rights and humanitarian spheres.32. The Government of the Russian Federation puts a priority on the protection of the rights and interests of indigenous peoples.Russia was one of the initiators of the UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples. The majority of its provisions served a basis for the Concept of the sustainable development of indigenous peoples of the North, Siberia and Far East of the Russian Federation - a unique document designed to translate into practice the standards of the rights of indigenous peoples.33. We view the cooperation in sports and promotion of the Olympic ideals in the world as an effective means of educating peoples in mutual respect and understanding. We are convinced that the XXII Olympic Winter Games in Sochi in 2014 will give a strong impulse to the development of the Olympic movement.34. We proceed from the objective necessity to strengthen the dialogue and cooperation between the UN and civil society institutions.We consider it necessary to enhance the role and authority of the ECOSOC NGO Committee within the UN system which is, in fact, the only body ensuring the UN-NGO interaction.35. The implementation of the outcomes of the UN Conference on the World Financial and Economic Crisis and Its Impact on Development (New York, June 24-26) represents an absolute priority of the social and economic agenda of the session. We assume that the Conference provides necessary prerequisites for a sound political foundation for an efficient implementation of the anti-crisis actions that have been agreed upon, including within the G20 format, as well as for further endeavors to reform the global financial and economic architecture on the basis of multilaterality.36. One of the important tasks before the session is, in our view, the preparation for 2010 Millennium Development Goals (MDG) Summit. We are ready to closely and constructively collaborate with all partners in order to early identify the event modalities and initiate a Summit final document on the basis of the UN Secretary-General's comprehensive report.

37. During the upcoming UN GA session we intend to work efficiently to identify further possibilities of financing for development. Of principal importance is, in our view, to preserve the onward trends that emerged recently in this regard and provide an adequate financial assistance to poor countries amid the crisis.Despite the negative impact of the world crisis on the financial and economic situation in our country we reaffirm our obligations on rendering aid to poor countries. We believe that strengthening regional foundations and mechanisms for financing of economic development and recovery from crises, in particular within the EurAsEC space, represents one of the priorities of the Russian input into international development. Russia's contribution to the Eurasian Economic Community Anti-crisis fund will amount to US dollars 7.5 billion.38. Environmental protection and sustainable development issues have been firmly established as major priorities of the international community.Russia has been actively engaged in the activities of the Commission on Sustainable Development (CSD) and the UN Environment Program (UNEP). We support further strengthening the UNEP's role as a key mechanism of the UN system for coordinating international environmental activities.We consider it vitally important to interact within the key global environmental conventions such as the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), the UN Convention to Combat Desertification (CCD), the Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer, the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer, etc.39. The 15th Conference of the States Parties to the UN Framework Convention on climate change and Fifth Meeting of the Parties to the Kyoto Protocol to be held in Copenhagen in 2009 will become key events in the sphere of climate-related international cooperation. This forum is expected to adopt decisions regarding a new regime of the international cooperation the reduction of anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases for the period beyond 2012 (Post Kyoto Period).40. We stand for elaborating a new legal framework for international energy cooperation covering all its aspects of energy interaction and involving all major energy-producing (exporting), transiting and consuming (importing) countries.We will actively use the UN fora to promote the relevant initiative of the Russian President Dmitry Medvedev that has set the goals and laid out the principles of such a new legal framework for international energy cooperation.41. Russia is seriously concerned about the global food crisis (GFC). The complex nature of the crisis requires a comprehensive approach to agriculture development.The World Grain Summit held in St. Petersburg this June significantly contributed to stabilizing the global food market.We support the UN efforts to overcome the global food crisis together with the High-level Task Force established by the UN Secretary-General to this end, which is playing a coordinating role.We consider that the G8 initiative on global partnership for agriculture and food supported by many countries holds much promise.42. We have been consistently supporting enhanced UN humanitarian efforts.We believe that the UN and its Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs should play a major role in mobilizing humanitarian aid that should be rendered on the principles of humanity, neutrality, impartiality, and independence, with the final decision made, however, by the government of the affected country.43. Russia has been consistently supporting enhanced global efforts to promote international cooperation in disaster prevention and mitigation.We support the International Strategy for Disaster Reduction (ISDR) and consider the 2005 Hyogo Framework for Action intended to reduce human vulnerability to disasters to be its principal element.We consider the global platform for disaster risk reduction to be an appropriate format to develop cooperation in this area.44. We believe that the primary objectives of the UN management reform are improving the effectiveness of the UN Secretariat in implementing the decisions of the Member States, and increasing accountability and transparency of its activities.Russia is concerned about the growing trend within the Secretariat to use piecemeal budgeting, when the draft budget fails to meet a large number of additional resource requirements, including those related to poorly coordinated reform initiatives. We believe that this approach undermines the UN financial and budget system, budget discipline within the Secretariat, and hampers timely and informed decision-making by the Member States.We call to focus on specific decisions regarding the issues that could help ensure that the UN Secretariat yields tangible results and increase the responsibility of Secretariat officials for the decisions made by the Member States.45. Considering the UN draft budget for the biennium 2010-2011 we will proceed from the need to contain the growth of Organization's expenses. Any additional financial requirements must be clearly justified and result-oriented.In view of soaring financial requests of the Secretariat related to financing the UN peacekeeping activities, we consider it reasonable to seek cost-effectiveness, and strict adherence to the procedures of submitting budget proposals and their clear justification.

I. General provisions

The Foreign Policy Concept of the Russian Federation (hereinafter referred to as "the Concept") is a system of views on the content, principles and main areas of the foreign policy activities of Russia.

This Concept shall supplement and develop the provisions of the Foreign Policy Concept of the Russian Federation, approved by the President of the Russian Federation on 28June 2000.

This Concept shall be based on the Constitution of the Russian Federation, Federal Laws, generally recognized principles and norms of international law, international treaties of the Russian Federation, instruments of the Russian Federation governing the activities of the state authorities of the Russian Federation in the area of foreign policy, as well as the Concept of National Security of the Russian Federation, Military Doctrine of the Russian Federation and other relevant documents.

International developments in the field of international relations in the beginning of the 21stcentury and strengthening of Russia have required reassessment of the overall situation around Russia, rethinking of the priorities of the Russian foreign policy with due account for the increased role of the country in international affairs, its greater responsibility for global developments and related possibilities to participate in the implementation of the international agenda, as well as in its development. As regards the international situation, along with a positive trend, i.e. the strengthening of the positions of the Russian Federation in international affairs, negative trends emerged that are to be considered in conducting foreign policy of Russia in specific areas.

In accordance with the uppermost priority of the national security policy, i.e. protection of interests of the individual, society and the state, main foreign policy efforts should focus on achieving the following chief objectives:

to ensure national security, to preserve and strengthen its sovereignty and territorial integrity, to achieve strong positions of authority in the world community that best meet the interests of the Russian Federation as one of influential centers in the modern world, and which are necessary for the growth of its political, economic, intellectual and spiritual potential;

to create favorable external conditions for the modernization of Russia, transformation of its economy along innovation lines, enhancement of the living standards, consolidation of society, strengthening of the foundations of the constitutional system, rule of law and democratic institutions, realization of human rights and freedoms and, as a consequence, ensuring competitiveness of the country in a globalizing world;

to influence global processes to ensure formation of a just and democratic world order, based on collectiveness in finding solutions to international problems and supremacy of international law, first of all provisions of the UN Charter, as well as relations of equal partnership among States with a central and coordinating role of the UN as the key organization governing international relations and possessing a unique legitimacy;

to promote good neighborly relations with bordering States, to assist in eliminating the existing hotbeds of tension and conflicts in the regions adjacent to the Russian Federation and other areas of the world and to prevent emergence of the new ones;

to search for agreement and coinciding interests with other States and international associations in the process of finding solutions to the tasks according to Russia's national priorities, to establish, on that basis, a system of bilateral and multilateral partnerships aimed to ensure stability of the international position of the country in the face of international foreign policy volatility;

to provide comprehensive protection of rights and legitimate interests of Russian citizens and compatriots abroad;

to promote an objective image of the Russian Federation globally as a democratic state committed to a socially oriented market economy and an independent foreign policy;

to promote and propagate, in foreign States, the Russian language and Russian peoples' culture constituting a unique contribution to cultural and civilizational diversity of the contemporary world and to the development of an intercivilizational partnership.

II. The modern world and the foreign policy of the Russian Federation

The modern world is going through fundamental and dynamic changes that profoundly affect the interests of the Russian Federation and its citizens. Anew Russia, basing on a solid foundation of its national interests, has now acquired a full-fledged role in global affairs.

Differences between domestic and external means of ensuring national interests and security are gradually disappearing.

In this context, our foreign policy becomes one of major instruments of the steady national development and of ensuring its competitiveness in a globalizing world.

Russia, being a permanent member of the UN Security Council, participant in the G8 and other authoritative international and regional organizations, intergovernmental dialogue and cooperation mechanisms, and as a country possessing a major potential and significant resources in all spheres of human activities, vigorously developing relations with leading States and associations throughout the world and integrating consistently into the world economy and politics, exerts a substantial influence upon the development of a new architecture of international relations.

Drastic transformation of international relations, the end of ideological confrontation and steady overcoming of the Cold War legacy and its prejudices and stereotypes, the strengthening of Russia and its international position have all contributed to significant enhancement of global cooperation. The threat of a fullscale war, including a nuclear one, has been diminished.

Today, traditional cumbersome military and political alliances can no longer provide for counteracting the whole range of modern challenges and threats which are transnational in their nature. Bloc approaches to international problems are being replaced by a network diplomacy based on flexible forms of participation in international structures for the search of joint solutions to common tasks.

Together with the military power of States, economic, scientific and technological, environmental, demographic and informational factors are coming to the fore as major factors of influence of a state on international affairs. Ofincreasing influence are: the level of protection of interests of the individual, as well as those of society and the state; spiritual and intellectual development of citizens; improved wellbeing of people; balance of educational, scientific and production resources; general level of investments in human capital; efficient use of mechanisms governing global markets of goods and services, diversified economic relations; comparative advantages of States in integration processes. Economic interdependence of States is becoming one of key factors of international stability. Prerequisites are being created for building a more stable and crisisresistant world order.

At the same time, new challenges and threats (first of all, international terrorism, narcotraffic, organized crime, spread of weapons of mass destruction and means of their delivery, regional conflicts, demographic problems, global poverty, including energy poverty, as well as illegal migration and climate change) are global problems that require adequate response of the entire international community and solidarity efforts to overcome them. The ecological factor is playing an increasingly important role, the problem of prevention of and counteracting infectious diseases is becoming evermore urgent. The complex nature of challenges facing the international community requires development of a balanced strategy of their solution, based on the interrelationship of issues of security, social and economic development and human rights protection.

The contradictory trends determining the current state of international relations are a result of the transitional period in

their development. Those trends are reflecting differences in understanding of a genuine meaning and consequences of the end of the Cold War. It is for the first time in the contemporary history that global competition is acquiring a civilizational dimension which suggests competition between different value systems and development models within the framework of universal democratic and market economy principles.

As the constraints of the bipolar confrontation are being overcome, the cultural and civilizational diversity of the modern world is increasingly in evidence. Areligious factor in shaping the system of contemporary international relations is growing, inter alia, as regards its moral foundation. This problem cannot be resolved without a common denominator that has always existed in major world religions.

The reaction to the prospect of loss by the historic West of its monopoly in global processes finds its expression, in particular, in the continued political and psychological policy of "containing" Russia, including the use of a selective approach to history, for those purposes, first of all as regards the World War Two and the postwar period.

The need for the international community to develop a common vision of our era is becoming evermore urgent, which could only be achieved through open and honest substantive discussions of the problems confronting the mankind. What is needed is to provide favorable conditions for scientists to carry out their professional work with a view to establishing the historical truth and preventing historical issues from becoming an instrument of practical policy.

The unilateral action strategy leads to destabilization of international situation, provokes tensions and arms race, exacerbates interstate differences, stirs up ethnic and religious strife, endangers security of other States and fuels tensions in intercivilizational relations. Coercive measures with the use of military force in circumvention of the UN Charter and Security Council cannot overcome deep social, economic, ethnic and other differences underlying conflicts, undermines the basic principles of international law and leads to enlargement of conflict space, including in the geopolitical area around Russia.

The UN is to play a fundamental role in developing full-fledged intercivilizational dialogue aimed at reaching agreement between representatives of various religions, confessions and cultures.

Russia will continue to seek the strengthening of principles of multilateralism in international affairs, development of an architecture of international relations that would be based on the recognition by the international community of the principles of security indivisibility in the modern world and would reflect its diversity.

The interests of Russia are directly connected to other global tendencies, inter alia:

globalization of the world economy. This trend along with complementary opportunities for social and economic progress and development of human contacts, is fraught with new dangers, especially for weak economies. The threat of largescale financial and economic crises is growing, as well as development imbalances in various regions of the world which are a result of unequal starting positions and domestic potentials to respond to the modernization challenges. The globalization process confronts the increasing desire of individual States to protect their economic sovereignty, and such kind of protectionism often acquires the forms of economic nationalism when pragmatic interests are substituted with political considerations. The cultural identity of the overwhelming majority of countries and peoples suffers the increasing onslaught of globalization;

growing role, due to objective factors, of multilateral diplomacy, international institutions and mechanisms in global policy and economy, as a result of growing interdependence of States and the need to make global development more manageable;

enhanced economic potential of the emerging global growth centers, inter alia, as a result of a more equal distribution of development resources due to liberalization of global markets. The economic growth in those countries and regions converts into their political influence, the trend to a polycentric world order growing further;

development of regional and subregional integration in the area of the Community of Independent States (CIS), in the

Euro-Atlantic and Asia-Pacific regions, in Africa and Latin America. Integration associations are acquiring an evergrowing importance in the global economy and emerge as a major factor of regional and subregional security, including peacemaking activities;

military and political rivalry of regional powers; growing separatism, ethno national and religious extremism. Integration processes, including in the Euro-Atlantic region, are often of selective and restrictive nature. Attempts to lower the role of a sovereign state as a fundamental element of international relations and to divide States into categories with different rights and responsibilities, are fraught with undermining the international rule of law and arbitrary interference in internal affairs of sovereign States;

ignoring by individual States and their groups of major principles of international law. Russia advocates full universality of the generally recognized norms of international law both in their understanding and application.

Strengthening of international position of Russia and solution of the tasks related to the establishment of equal mutually beneficial partnerships with all countries, successful promotion of our foreign economic interests and provision of political, economic, information and cultural influence abroad require the use of all available financial and economic tools of the state and provision of adequate resources for the Russian Federation's foreign policy.

The Russian Federation possesses real capacity to play a welldeserved role globally. In this respect, of fundamental importance are the following factors: strengthened Russian statehood, stable economic growth, further political and economic reforms, resolution of social problems, overcoming of the resource-based economy and its transition to innovations, as well as improved demographic situation. Other important factors include the strengthened civil society institutes and governmental support to national nongovernmental organizations interested in promoting Russia's foreign policy interests.

Russia pursues an open, predictable and pragmatic foreign policy determined by its national interests. Russia develops international cooperation on the basis of equality, mutual respect for interests and mutual benefit.

Balanced and multivector character of Russia's foreign policy is its distinguishing feature. This is due to a geopolitical position of Russia as the largest EuroAsian power, its status as one of the leading States of the world and a permanent member of the UN Security Council. Our national interests today make it imperative to actively promote positive agenda covering the whole spectrum of international problems.

Russia fully recognizes its responsibility for maintenance of security both globally and regionally and is prepared to take joint actions with all other States concerned aimed at finding solutions to common problems. Should our partners be unprepared for joint efforts, Russia, in order to protect its national interests, will have to act unilaterally but always on the basis of international law.

Russia is not going to get involved in a costly confrontation, including renewed arms race, destructive for its economy and disastrous for its internal development.

III. Priorities of the Russian Federation for addressing global problems

Diversity and complexity of international problems and crisis situations call for a timely assessment of each of them when implementing the Russian Federation's foreign policy. The use of political and diplomatic, legal, military, economic, financial and other instruments in handling foreign policy tasks should be commensurate with their real value in terms of safeguarding Russia's foreign policy interests; moreover, these instruments should be applied on the basis of adequate coordination among all branches of power as well as appropriate agencies.

1. The emergence of a new world order

Russia looks forward to emergence of a stable system of international relations based on the principles of equality, mutual respect and mutually beneficial cooperation as well as the norms of international law. Such a system aims at

ensuring reliable and equal security for every member of the international community in the political, military, economic, information, humanitarian and other areas and employs multilateral diplomacy as its main tool.

The United Nations, an organization for which there is no real alternative and which has a unique legitimacy, should continue to serve as a clearing-house for the coordination of international relations and world politics in the 21stcentury. Russia supports the efforts aimed at strengthening its central and coordinating role. This implies:

strict observance of the ends and principles enshrined in the UN Charter;

rational reform of the UN so that it could gradually adapt itself to changing global political and economic realities;

further improving the effectiveness of the work of the UN Security Council, which has the primary responsibility for the maintenance of international peace and security, and making this body more representative in the course of the reform while keeping its work as expeditious as possible. Any decisions on the enlargement of the Security Council should enjoy the widest agreement of the States Members of the United Nations. The five permanent members of the Security Council shall retain their status.

Russia attaches great importance to improving the manageability of the world development and establishing a self-regulating international system, an effort that requires collective leadership by the leading States, which should be representative in geographical and civilizational terms and fully respect the central and coordinating role of the UN. For these ends, Russia will make itself more fully engaged in such formats as the Group of Eight and its dialogue with its traditional partners, the Troika (Russia, India and China) and the BRIC Four (Brazil, Russia, India and China), as well as by more actively using other informal structures and venues for dialogue.

2. The primacy of law in international relations

Russia consistently supports the strengthening of the legal basis of international relations and complies with its international legal obligations in good faith. The maintenance and strengthening of international rule of law is among its priorities in the international arena. The rule of law is intended to ensure a peaceful and fruitful cooperation among States while maintaining the balance of their often conflicting interests as well as safeguarding the interests of the world community as a whole. Adherence to international law is important for safeguarding the interests of our country, its nationals and legal entities. Russia intends to:

ensure compliance by the international stakeholders with their international obligations both to Russia and to the world community as a whole; combat violations of international law by States, international organizations, non-governmental organizations and individuals. The globalization of challenges and threats to security and sustainable development increases the importance of the UN Security Council as a universal instrument for safeguarding international rule of law;

counter the attempts by individual countries or groups of countries to revise the universally accepted norms of international law enshrined in universal documents such as the UN Charter, the 1970 Declaration on Principles of International Law concerning Friendly Relations and Cooperation among States in accordance with the UN Charter, as well as in the CSCE FinalAct of 1975. Arbitrary and politically motivated interpretation by certain countries of fundamental international legal norms and principles such as non-use of force or threat of force, peaceful settlement of international disputes, respect for sovereignty and territorial integrity of States, right of peoples to self-determination, as well as the attempts to portray violations of international law as its "creative" application, are especially detrimental to international peace, law and order. Such actions erode the basis of international law and inflict a lasting damage to its authority;

promote the codification and progressive development of international law, especially under the UN aegis, universal acceptance of the UN treaties and their uniform interpretation and application and, in general, a careful treatment of these unique legal instruments and the regimes established by them;

strive to strengthen the international legal basis of cooperation within the CIS and in other regional and subregional forums, put our strategic relations with the European Union on a solid and modern legal basis and establish a legal space under the auspices of the Council of Europe that would span across the entire Europe;

make efforts to complete the process of legal regulation of the State border of the Russian Federation as well as of boundaries of maritime areas over which it exercises its sovereign rights and jurisdiction.

3. Strengthening international security

Russia consistently calls for diminished role of the force factor in international relations with simultaneous enhancement of strategic and regional stability. Towards these ends, the Russian Federation:

unswervingly fulfils its international obligations under international treaties in the sphere of nonproliferation of weapons of mass destruction, arms control and disarmament, as well as takes confidence-building measures in military sphere; participates in negotiations to work out and conclude new accords in these fields consistent with its national interests and on the basis of the principles of equality and indivisibility of security;

reaffirms its unfailing policy of developing multilateral foundations of nonproliferation of nuclear weapons, other weapons of mass destruction and means of their delivery; stands for compliance with the NonProliferation Treaty, the Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production and Stockpiling of Bacteriological (Biological) and Toxin Weapons and on Their Destruction, as well as the Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production, Stockpiling and Use of Chemical Weapons and on Their Destruction; is actively engaged in international endeavors to control traffic of dualuse materials and technologies; promotes the early entry into force of the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty; supports a global missile nonproliferation regime on the basis of a legally binding agreement;

is prepared to negotiate with all nuclear powers a reduction of strategic offensive weapons (intercontinental ballistic missiles, submarine-launched ballistic missiles as well as heavy bombers and warheads they carry) up to a minimum level sufficient to maintain strategic stability;

promotes the prevention of deployment of weapons in outer space and the establishment of a system of collective response to potential missile threats on an equal basis, and opposes unilateral actions in the field of strategic antimissile defense that are destabilizing international situation;

considers that the present fundamental development trends, including the emerging multipolarity, and diversification of risks and threats lead to the conclusion that the strategic stability issue cannot anymore be addressed exclusively within the framework of Russia- US relations. Objectively, the time is coming to involve major States in these endeavors, first of all nuclear ones, interested in joint actions to ensure common security. This is the essence of the strategic openness underlying Russian initiatives, in particular those related to collective counteraction to potential missile threats for Europe and to lending of globalized character to the regime of the Treaty Between the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and the United States of America on the Elimination of Their Intermediate-Range and Shorter-Range Missiles of 1987;

consistently speaks for the prevention of the arms race, opposes attempts to develop and deploy destabilizing, including new types, weapons, such as lowyield nuclear warheads, nonnuclear intercontinental ballistic missiles, and strategic antimissile systems;

attaches special attention to such an important aspect of consolidating strategic stability as ensuring international information security;

supports international efforts against illegal traffic of light and small arms;

intends to further promote enhanced regional stability in Europe through participation in the processes of conventional

armed forces limitation and reduction as well as through confidence-building measures in military sphere on the basis of the principle of equal security for all parties;

regards international peacemaking as an effective instrument for settling armed conflicts and resolving post-crisis nation building tasks and intends to increase its participation in international peacemaking activities under the auspices of the United Nations and within the framework of collaboration with regional and international organizations; and will actively contribute to improving the United Nations preventive anti-crisis potential;

firmly proceeds from the premise that only the UN Security Council has the authority to sanction the use of force for the purpose of coercion to peace;

regards Article51 of the UN Charter as an adequate and not subject to revision legal basis for the use of force in self-defense, including in the face of existing threats to peace and security such as international terrorism and proliferation of weapons of mass destruction;

views fighting international terrorism as its most important domestic and foreign policy task taking into account the necessity of systemic and comprehensive use of politico-legal, advocacy, socio-economic and special measures focusing on the preventive aspect of such counteraction; calls for elaboration of further measures aimed at consolidation of the global anti-terrorism coalition under the UN aegis with the participation of regional organizations without resorting to double standards and on the basis of universal anti-terrorism conventions and decisions of the UN Security Council; will promote the right of every individual regardless of his/her nationality, race, sex or religion for the protection against terrorism and terrorist acts. Russia, in accordance with international law and its legislation, will take all necessary measures to repel and prevent terrorist attacks against itself and its citizens, to protect them against terrorist acts, prohibit activities within its territory aimed at organizing such acts against citizens or interests of other countries, and not give refuge or floor to terrorists and instigators of terrorism;

will seek political and diplomatic settlement of regional conflicts on the basis of collective actions of the international community proceeding from the premise that modern conflicts cannot be solved by the use of force, their settlement should be sought through engagement in dialogue and negotiations of all parties rather than through isolation of one of them;

targeted efforts to counter drug trafficking and organized crime in cooperation with other States both multilaterally, especially within the framework of specialized international bodies, and bilaterally;

supports establishment of effective institutions under the auspices of the United Nations and other international and regional organizations to ensure cooperation in the response to calamities and large-scale man-made disasters, as well as to other emergencies, including mitigation capacity building and enhancement of early warning and forecast systems;

participates in international cooperation aimed at regulating migration processes and ensuring rights of migrant workers;

as a multinational and multiconfessional state facilitates dialogue and partnership between cultures, religions and civilizations, consistently pursues this policy in the United Nations, UNESCO, OSCE and the Council of Europe, as well as other international and regional organizations, including in the context of cooperation with the Organization of the Islamic Conference; supports relevant initiatives of the civil society and actively interacts with the Russian Orthodox Church and other main confessions of the country.

4. International economic and environmental cooperation

Russia has been making a considerable contribution to the stability of the global economy and finance by its steadily high economic growth, which to a great extent is based on the increasing domestic demand, and by its natural and accumulated financial resources. Consequently, Russia proposes to contribute, including through joining the World

Trade Organization and the Organization of Economic Cooperation and Development, to shaping a just and democratic architecture of global trade, economic, monetary and financial relations with a view to becoming a fullfledged and efficient member of it.

The main priority of the Russian Federation's policy in the area of international economic relations is to contribute to the development of its national economy in the environment of globalization by ensuring equal positions of the country and Russian business in the system of world economic links. To achieve this goal, the Russian Federation:

seeks maximum benefit and minimizes risks in the process of further integration of Russia in the world economy taking into account the need to ensure economic, energy and food security of the country;

creates favorable political conditions for diversifying Russia's presence in the world markets through expanding the export range and geography of foreign economic and investment links of Russia;

takes trade policy measures to protect interests of the Russian Federation in accordance with international rules and counteracts trade and political measures of foreign States encroaching upon the rights of the Russian Federation and Russian enterprises;

provides state support to Russian enterprises and companies in getting access to new markets and in developing traditional markets, counteracts discrimination of national investors and exporters, especially in the markets of hightech products and goods of high level of procession;

assists in drawing foreign investments in science-intensive and other priority areas of the Russian economy;

continues to build up and modernize the capacity of the fuel and energy industry to support its reputation of a responsible partner in the energy markets, while ensuring sustainable development of its economy and contributing to the maintenance of balanced world energy markets;

strengthens strategic partnership with the leading producers of energy resources, develops active dialogue with consuming countries and transit countries on the basis of the principles of energy security enshrined in the final documents of the Saint Petersburg G8 Summit in 2006, assuming that measures being taken to guarantee reliability of energy supplies should be consistently supported by forthcoming activities aimed at ensuring stability of demand and secure transit;

actively employs possibilities of regional economic and financial organizations to protect interests of the Russian Federation in the corresponding regions, paying special attention to the activities of organizations and institutions that contribute to strengthening of integration processes in the CIS space;

in accordance with the norms of international law, uses all available economic leverage, resources and competitive advantages to protect its national interests.

The Russian Federation stands for expanding international cooperation in order to ensure environmental security and to counter climate changes on the planet, including through the use of brandnew energy-saving and resource-saving technologies, in the interest of the entire world community. Among priorities in this sphere are further development of science-based approaches to the preservation of the healthy natural environment and increased interaction with all the States of the world in the area of environmental protection with a view to ensuring sustainable development of the present and future generations. The Russian Federation:

regards sustainable socio-economic development of all countries as an indispensable component of the modern collective security system and believes that international development assistance should be aimed at searching for effective ways to support efforts to eliminate the disbalances in the development of various regions. For these ends, Russia, using its donor capacity, pursues an active and targeted policy in the area of international development assistance both multilaterally and bilaterally;

supports international cooperation in healthcare with the leading role of the World Health Organization as one of the priorities in the global agenda and as an integral component of ensuring sustainable development.

Given the growing importance of sea areas, both from the economic point of view and in terms of strengthening security, their effective use has become a pressing task. For these purposes, the Russian Federation will try to ensure safe navigation regimes that would meet its national interests, as well as responsible fishing and research activities in the World Ocean combined with the measures to protect sea environment, fight terrorism and counter spread weapons of mass destruction. In accordance with the international law, Russia intends to establish the boundaries of its continental shelf, thus expanding opportunities for exploration and exploitation of its mineral resources.

5. International humanitarian cooperation and human rights

Russia, being committed to universal democratic values, including protection of human rights and freedoms, sees its goals in the following:

to seek respect for human rights and freedoms in the entire world through a constructive international dialogue on the basis of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, taking advantage of other opportunities, including at the regional level, in the area of human rights, and preventing double standards, respecting national and historic peculiarities of each State in the process of democratic transformations without imposing borrowed value systems on anyone;

to protect rights and legitimate interests of the Russian citizens and compatriots living abroad on the basis of international law and effective bilateral agreements, regarding the multimillion Russian diaspora- the Russian world- as a partner, including for expanding and strengthening the space of the Russian language and culture;

to contribute to the consolidation of the organizations of compatriots so as to ensure a more efficient protection by them of their rights in their countries of residence and to preserve the ethnic and cultural identity of the Russian diaspora and its links with its historic motherland, to consistently create conditions to assist in the voluntary resettlement to the Russian Federation of those compatriots who would make such choice;

to contribute to learning and spread of the Russian language as an integral part of the world culture and an instrument of inter-ethnic communication;

to firmly counter manifestations of neofascism, any forms of racial discrimination, aggressive nationalism, anti-Semitism and xenophobia, attempts to rewrite the history, use it for instigating confrontation and revanchism in the world politics, and revise the outcome of the World War Two;

to develop, including through the use of the resources, potential and initiatives of the institutions of civil society in public diplomacy, international cultural and humanitarian cooperation as a means of building intercivilizational dialogue, achieving concord and ensuring mutual understanding between peoples, paying special attention to the interreligious dialogue;

to build up interaction with international and non-governmental human rights organizations to strengthen universal norms in the area of human rights without double standards, to link them with the responsibility of persons for their actions, first of all in terms of preventing contempt for the feelings of believers and promoting tolerance, and to strengthen moral foundations in the human rights dialogue;

on the basis of the above-mentioned to expand participation in international human rights conventions and agreements, and to amend the legislation of the Russian Federation accordingly.

6. Information support for foreign policy activities

An important part of the foreign policy activities of the Russian Federation is communicating to the broad world

public full and accurate information about its stand on the main international problems, foreign policy initiatives and actions by the Russian Federation, its domestic social and economic development processes and plans, as well as on the accomplishments of Russian culture and science.

In public diplomacy, Russia will seek its objective perception in the world, develop its own effective means of information influence on public opinion abroad, strengthen the role of the Russian mass media in the international information environment providing them with essential state support, as well as actively participate in international information cooperation, and take necessary measures to repel information threats to its sovereignty and security.

IV. Regional priorities

Development of bilateral and multilateral cooperation with the CIS Member States constitutes a priority area of Russia's foreign policy.

Russia forges friendly relations with all the CIS Member States on the basis of equality, mutual benefit, respect and regard for the interests of each other. Strategic partnerships and alliances are developed with States that demonstrate their readiness to engage in them.

Russia approaches trade and economic relations with the CIS Member States taking into consideration the level of cooperation achieved and consistently follow market principles which is an important condition for promoting truly equal relationship and strengthening objective prerequisites for advancing modern forms of integration.

Russia actively develops interaction between the CIS Member States in the humanitarian sphere by preserving and increasing common cultural and civilizational heritage that provides an important resource for the whole of the CIS and for each of its Member States in the era of globalization. Particular attention is paid to supporting compatriots who live in the CIS Member States, as well as to negotiating mutual agreements intended to protect their educational, linguistic, social, labor, humanitarian and other rights and freedoms.

Russia will increase cooperation with the CIS Member States in ensuring mutual security, including joint efforts to combat common challenges and threats, primarily international terrorism, extremism, drug trafficking, transnational crime, and illegal migration. The priorities here include elimination of terrorist and drug trafficking threats emanating from the territory of Afghanistan and prevention of risks of destabilization of the situations in Central Asia and Transcaucasia.

To achieve these goals Russia will:

take steps to ensure further realization of the potential of the CIS as a regional organization, a forum for multilateral political dialogue and mechanism of multidimensional cooperation with priorities set in the areas of economy, humanitarian interaction and combating existing and emerging challenges and threats;

continue agreed efforts to create favorable conditions for effective establishment of theUnion State by gradually transforming relations between Russia and Belarus on the basis of market principles within the framework of developing a common economic space;

actively interact with Belarus and Kazakhstan within the Eurasian Economic Community (EurAsEC) in order to establish a customs union and common economic space and encourage other EurAsEC Member States to participate in this work;

further strengthen EurAsEC as a core element of economic integration, amechanism to support implementation of major water-energy, infrastructure, industry and other joint projects;

promote in every possible way the Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO) as a key instrument to maintain stability and ensure security in the CIS area focusing on adapting the CSTO as a multifunctional integration body to

the changing environment, as well as on ensuring capability of the CSTO Member States to take prompt and effective joint actions, and on transforming the CSTO into a central institution ensuring security in its area of responsibility.

Russia will continue to actively support peaceful resolution of conflicts in the CIS area based on international law, respect for earlier agreements and search for agreement between the parties involved, by fulfilling responsibly its mission of a mediator in the negotiations and peacekeeping.

Russia's attitude towards subregional entities and other bodies to which Russia is not party in the CIS area is determined by their assessed real contribution into ensuring good neighborly relations and stability, their eagerness to take into account Russia's legitimate interests in practice and to duly respect existing cooperation mechanisms, such as the CIS, CSTO, EurAsEC, and Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO).

In the same way Russia will define its approaches to developing comprehensive practical interaction in the Black Sea and Caspian Sea regions by preserving the identity of the Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation and strengthening the mechanism of cooperation between the Caspian States.

The main objective of the Russian foreign policy on the European track is to create a truly open, democratic system of regional collective security and cooperation ensuring the unity of the Euro-Atlantic region, from Vancouver to Vladivostok, in such a way as not to allow its new fragmentation and reproduction of bloc-based approaches which still persist in the European architecture that took shape during the Cold War period. This is precisely the essence of the initiative aimed at concluding a European security treaty, the elaboration of which could be launched at a pan-European summit.

Russia calls for building a truly unified Europe without divisive lines through equal interaction between Russia, the European Union and the United States. This would strengthen the positions of the Euro-Atlantic States in global competition. Being the biggest European State with multinational and multiconfessional society and centuries-old history, Russia stands ready to play a constructive role in ensuring a civilizational compatibility of Europe, and harmonious integration of religious minorities, including in view of various existing migration trends.

Russia advocates a strengthened role of the Council of Europe as an independent and universal European organization that determines the level of legal standards in all its Member States without applying discriminatory practices against or extending privileges to anyone, as an important instrument of eliminating dividing lines on the continent.

It is in Russia's interests that the OSCE fulfill in good faith its function of being a forum for an equitable dialogue between the OSCE participating States and for collective consensus decision-making on the basis of a comprehensive approach to military and political, economic and humanitarian aspects of security based on the balance of interests. In order to fully implement this function the whole process of OSCE functioning should be underpinned by a solid regulatory framework ensuring the supremacy of collective intergovernmental bodies' prerogatives.

In the military and political sphere Russia will seek to fix the imbalances present in the sphere of conventional arms and armed forces reduction and to adopt new confidence-building measures.

The Russian Federation will develop its relations with the European Union, which is a major trade, economic and foreign-policy partner, will promote strengthening in every possible way the interaction mechanisms, including through establishment of common spaces in economy, external and internal security, education, science and culture. From the long-term perspective, it is in the interests of Russia to agree with the European Union on a strategic partnership treaty setting special, most advanced forms of equitable and mutually beneficial cooperation with the European Union in all spheres with a view to establishing a visafree regime.

The Russian Federation is interested in the strengthening of the European Union, development of its capacity to present agreed positions in trade, economic, humanitarian, foreign policy and security areas.

The development of mutually advantageous bilateral relationships with Germany, France, Italy, Spain, Finland,

Greece, the Netherlands, Norway and some other West-European States is an important resource for promoting Russia's national interests in the European and world affairs, as well as contributing to putting the Russian economy on an innovative track of development. Russia would like the potential for interaction with Great Britain to be used along the same lines.

Russia has been developing onward practical interaction with Nordic countries including the implementation within the framework of multi-lateral mechanisms of joint cooperation projects in the Barents/Euro-Arctic region and the Arctic as a whole with account of the interests of indigenous peoples.

Russia is open for further expansion of pragmatic and mutually respecting cooperation with the States of Central, Eastern and South-Eastern Europe taking into account genuine readiness to do so on the part of each of them.

The Russian Federation is willing to interact with Latvia, Lithuania and Estonia in the spirit of good-neighborliness and on the basis of reciprocal consideration of interests. Of fundamental importance for Russia are the matters relating to the rights of the Russian-language population in accordance with the principles and norms of European and international law, as well as questions of ensuring sustenance of the Kaliningrad Region.

Proceeding from a realistic assessment of the role of NATO, Russia deems it important to ensure progressive development of interaction within the format of the Russia-NATO Council in the interests of ensuring predictability and stability in the Euro-Atlantic Region, the utmost utilization of the existing potential for apolitical dialogue and practical cooperation in resolving issues relating to responses to common threats, such as terrorism, the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction, regional crises, drug trafficking, natural and man-made disasters.

Russia will build its relationship with NATO taking into consideration the degree of the alliance's readiness for equal partnership, unswerving compliance with the principles and standards of international law, the implementation by all its members of the obligations, assumed within the framework of the Russia-NATO Council, not to ensure one's security at the expense of security of the Russian Federation, as well as the obligation to display military restraint. Russia maintains its negative attitude towards the expansion of NATO, notably to the plans of admitting Ukraine and Georgia to the membership in the alliance, as well as to bringing the NATO military infrastructure closer to the Russian borders on the whole, which violates the principle of equal security, leads to new dividing lines in Europe and runs counter to the tasks of increasing the effectiveness of joint work in search for responses to real challenges of our time.

Russia builds its relations with the USA taking into account not only the vast potential of that country for mutually advantageous bilateral trade, economic, scientific, technological and other cooperation, but also its key influence on the state of global strategic stability and international situation as a whole. Russia is interested in making effective use of the existing broad infrastructure for interaction, including a continued dialogue on foreign policy, security and strategical stability issues, which permits to find mutually acceptable solutions on the basis of coinciding interests.

To this end, it is necessary to transform the Russian-US relations into strategic partnership, overcome the barriers of strategic principles of the past and focus on real threats, while working for the resolution of differences between Russia and the USA in the spirit of mutual respects in the areas where they persist.

Russia has been consistently favoring new agreements with the United States on disarmament and arms control in the interests of preserving continuity of this process, strengthening confidence building and transparency measures in space activity and anti-missile defense, as well as on issues of non-proliferation of weapons of mass destruction, secure development of peaceful nuclear energy, broadening cooperation in countering terrorism and other challenges and threats as well as settlement of regional conflicts.

Russia is interested in US actions in the world stage be based on the principles and norms of international law, first of all the UN Charter.

The long-term priorities of the American track in the Russian policy consist in putting the relationship with the USA

on a solid economic foundation, ensuring joint development of aculture for resolving differences on the basis of pragmatism and respect for the balance of interests, which will permit to ensure greater stability and predictability in the Russian-US relations.

The relations with Canada, which are traditionally stable and almost immune to the effects of political environment, are an important element of the North American dimension of Russia's balanced policy. Russia is interested in boosting further the dynamics of bilateral trade, economic links and investment cooperation as well as interaction in the Arctic.

In the context of the Russian Federation's multi-vector foreign policy, the Asia–Pacific Region has important and ever-increasing significance, which is due to Russia's belonging to this dynamically developing region of the world, its interest in tapping its potential for the realization of programs aimed at economic development of Siberia and the Far East, the need for strengthening regional cooperation in the field of countering terrorism, ensuring security and maintaining adialogue between civilizations. Russia will continue to actively participate in major integration mechanisms of the Asia–Pacific Region, notably the Asia–Pacific Economic Cooperation Forum, the mechanisms of partnership with the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), including the ASEAN Regional Forum.

Further strengthening of the SCO, promoting its initiative for setting up a network of partner ties among all the integration associations in the Asia–Pacific Region occupy a special place.

The development of friendly relations with China and India forms an important track of Russia's foreign policy in Asia. Russia will build up the Russian–Chinese strategic partnership in all fields on the basis of common fundamental approaches to key issues of world politics as a basic constituent part of regional and global stability. Bringing the scope and quality of economic interaction in line with the high-level of political relations constitutes a major task in the field of bilateral ties.

While deepening strategic partnership with India, Russia keeps by its line of principle aimed at strengthening interaction on topical international issues and comprehensive strengthening of the mutually advantageous bilateral ties on all fronts, particularly in ensuring a substantial growth in the trade and economic sphere.

Russia shares the interest displayed by China and India in building effective foreign policy and economic interaction in a trilateral format– Russia-India-China.

The Russian Federation is in favor of good-neighborly relations and creative partnership with Japan in the interest of the peoples of both countries. The problems inherited from the past should not pose an obstacle in this way. The work for finding a mutually acceptable solution to those issues will be continued.

Russia intends to further develop its relations with Turkey, Egypt, Algeria, Iran, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Libya, Pakistan and other leading regional States in bilateral and multilateral formats.

Russian's foreign policy is aimed at increasing positive momentum in its relations with South-East Asian States, primarily to develop strategic partnership with Vietnam as well as to promote multifaceted cooperation with Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand, Philippines, Singapore and other countries of the region.

It is of fundamental importance to Russia to bring about a peaceful and sustainable climate for Asia where there are still sources of tension and conflicts and a growing risk of proliferation of weapons of mass destruction. Our efforts will be focused on ensuring Russia's active participation in the search for a political solution to the nuclear problem of the Korean Peninsula, maintaining constructive relations with the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK) and the Republic of Korea, promoting dialogue between Seoul and Pyongyang and strengthening security in the North-East Asia.

Russia will fully contribute to finding political and diplomatic ways of solving the situation regarding the nuclear programme of the Islamic Republic of Iran based on the recognition of the right of all States Parties to the Nuclear

Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) to the peaceful use of nuclear energy as well as upon strict compliance with the requirements of nuclear non-proliferation regime.

The deepening crisis in Afghanistan poses a threat to the security of the southern CIS boundaries. Russia, in collaboration with other countries concerned, the United Nations, the Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO), the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) and other multilateral institutions, will make consistent efforts to prevent the export of terrorism and drugs from Afghanistan, find a just and lasting political solution to the problems of this country while respecting the rights and interests of all country's ethnic groups and achieve post-conflict rehabilitation of Afghanistan as a sovereign and peace-loving State.

Russia will be making a substantial contribution to the stabilization of the situation in the Middle East by using its status as a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council and a member of the Quartet of international mediators. The main goal is to channel collective efforts into achieving, on an internationally acceptable basis, a comprehensive and long-term settlement of the Arab-Israeli conflict in all its aspects, including the establishment of an independent Palestinian State living in security and peace side by side with Israel. Such a settlement should be reached with the participation of all States and nations that are key actors in bringing stability to the region and taking into consideration their legitimate interests. The Russian Federation is in favor of increasing collective efforts, on the basis of mutual respect, to contribute to ending violence and to reach political settlement in Iraq through national reconciliation and full restoration of country's statehood and economy.

To enhance its interaction with the States of the Islamic world, Russia will take advantage of its participation as an observer in the work of the Organization of the Islamic Conference and the League of Arab States, and play an active role in implementing the G8 Partnership with the Broader Middle East and North Africa Region. Priority attention will be paid to developing mutually beneficial economic cooperation, in particular in the energy sector, with countries of this region, which is of strategic importance to Russia's national interests.

Russia will enhance its multi–pronged interaction with African States at the multilateral and bilateral levels, including through the dialogue and cooperation within the G8, and contribute to a prompt resolution of regional conflicts and crisis situations in Africa. We will develop political dialogue with the African Union and subregional organizations taking advantage of their capabilities to involve Russia in economic projects implemented on the continent.

Russia will seek to establish a strategic partnership with Brazil, broaden its political and economic cooperation with Argentine, Mexico, Cuba, Venezuela and other Latin American and Caribbean countries and their associations relying on the progress achieved in relations with the States of this region in recent years, enhance its interaction with these States within the international organizations, promote export of Russia's high-technology products to Latin American countries and implement joint energy, infrastructure and high-tech projects, inter alia, in accordance with the plans elaborated by the regional integration associations.

V. Shaping and implementing the foreign policy of the Russian Federation

The President of the Russian Federation, in conformity with his constitutional powers, directs its national foreign policy and, in his capacity of the Head of State, acts on behalf of the Russian Federation on the international stage.

The Federation Council and the State Duma of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation, within the framework of their constitutional powers, provide legislative support for the country's foreign policy, take measures to fulfill its international obligations as well as enhance the efficiency of parliamentary diplomacy.

The Government of the Russian Federation acts to implement the country's foreign policy.

The Security Council of the Russian Federation assesses the challenges and threats to the national interests and security of Russia in the international sphere, submits proposals to the President of the Russian Federation for his decision as the Head of State on issues of foreign policy of the Russian Federation in the field of national security, as well as on coordination of activities of federal executive bodies and executive bodies of the Subjects of the Russian

Federation in the process of the implementation of the decisions taken in the area of ensuring national security, and evaluates the efficiency of those decisions.

The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation develops a general foreign policy strategy for the Russian Federation, submits relevant proposals to the President of the Russian Federation and implements the foreign policy of the Russian Federation in accordance with this Concept, as well as coordinates foreign policy activities of the federal executive bodies.

The Subjects of the Russian Federation develop their international relations in accordance with the Constitution of the Russian Federation, the Federal LawNo.4FZ of January4, 1999 "On Coordination of International and Foreign Economic Relations of the Subjects of the Russian Federation" and other legislative acts. The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation and other federal executive bodies provide assistance to the Subjects of the Russian Federation in implementing international and foreign economic cooperation in strict compliance with sovereignty and territorial integrity of Russia and making use of the capacities of the Council of the Heads of the Russian Federation's Subjects and the Advisory Council for international and foreign economic relations of the Subjects of the Russian Federation, which operate under the Foreign Ministry of the Russian Federation. The development of cooperation in regions and border areas is an important reserve for bilateral relations with relevant countries and regions in the trade, economic, humanitarian and other fields.

In working out foreign policy decisions, the federal executive bodies cooperate, on a permanent basis, with the Chambers of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation, political parties, non-governmental organizations, the academic community and business associations of Russia encouraging their participation in international cooperation. A broader involvement of civil society in the foreign policy process is consistent with the trends of Russia's domestic development, meets the goal of maintaining agreement in the country on foreign policy issues and contributes to its efficient execution.

In financing foreign policy activities, the resources of the Federal Budget should be used more extensively, with non-budget funds being attracted through the mechanism of the State-private partnership on a voluntary basis.

The consistent execution of Russia's foreign policy is called upon to create favorable conditions for the realization of the historic choice of the peoples of the Russian Federation in favor of rule of law, a democratic society and socially-oriented market economy.

In a few months Russia will enter a new decade of the twenty-first century. Of course, important junctures and significant dates are more symbolic than practical. But they give us a reason to reflect on the past, evaluate the present, and think about the future. Think about what awaits each of us, our children, our country.

First, let’s answer a simple but very serious question. Should a primitive economy based on raw materials and endemic corruption accompany us into the future? And should the inveterate habit of relying on the government, foreign countries, on some kind of comprehensive doctrine, on anything or anyone – as long as it’s not ourselves – to solve our problems do so as well? And if Russia can not relieve itself from these burdens, can it really find its own path for the future?Next year we will celebrate the sixty-fifth anniversary of Victory in the Great Patriotic War. This anniversary reminds us that our present day is the future of the heroes who won our freedom. And that the people who vanquished a cruel and very strong enemy back in those days must today overcome corruption and backwardness. To make our country both modern and viable.As the contemporary generation of Russian people, we have received a huge inheritance. Gains that were well-deserved, hard-fought and hard-earned by the persistent efforts of our predecessors. Sometimes the cost of hardships really was terrible casualties. We have a huge territory, large amounts of natural resources, solid industrial potential, an impressive list of outstanding achievements in science, technology, education and art, a glorious history regarding our army, navy, and nuclear weapons. By using its authority Russian power has played a significant -- and in some periods determinate -- role in events of historic proportions.How should we manage that legacy? How to magnify it? What will the future of Russia be for my son, for the children and grandchildren of my fellow citizens? What will be Russia’s place, and hence the place of our descendants, heirs, and future generations, among other nations in the global labour market, in the system of international relations, in global culture? What must we do to steadily improve the quality of life of Russian citizens today and in the future? To

allow our society to become richer, freer, more humane and more attractive? So that Russian society can give to those who desire it a better education, an interesting job, a good income, and comfortable environment for both personal life and creative activity?I have answers to these questions. And before I turn to them, I would like to assess the current situation.The global economic crisis has shown that our affairs are far from being in the best state. Twenty years of tumultuous change has not spared our country from its humiliating dependence on raw materials. Our current economy still reflects the major flaw of the Soviet system: it largely ignores individual needs. With a few exceptions domestic business does not invent nor create the necessary things and technology that people need. We sell things that we have not produced, raw materials or imported goods. Finished products produced in Russia are largely plagued by their extremely low competitiveness.This is why production declined such much, more than in other economies, during the current crisis. This also explains excessive stock market volatility. All this proves that we did not do all we should have done in previous years. And far from all things were done correctly.The energy efficiency and productivity of most of our businesses remains shamefully low, but that is not the worst part. The trouble is that it seems that owners, directors, chief engineers and officials are not very worried about this.As a result Russia’s influence in global economic processes is, quite frankly, not as great as we would like. Of course, in the era of globalisation the influence of any country cannot be unlimited. That would even be harmful. But our country must have substantial opportunities, as befits Russia’s historic role.As a whole democratic institutions have been established and stabilised, but their quality remains far from ideal. Civil society is weak, the levels of self-organisation and self-government are low.Every year there are fewer and fewer Russians. Alcoholism, smoking, traffic accidents, the lack of availability of many medical technologies, and environmental problems take millions of lives. And the emerging rise in births has not compensated for our declining population.We managed to gather the country together to stop centrifugal tendencies. But many problems still remain, including the most acute ones. Terrorist attacks on Russia are continuing. Residents of the republics in the North Caucasus simply do not know peace. Military and law enforcement personnel are dying, as are government and municipal employees, and civilians. Of course these crimes are committed with the support of international criminal groups. But let's face up to it, the situation would not be so critical if the socio-economic development of southern Russia were more viable.To sum up, an inefficient economy, semi-Soviet social sphere, fragile democracy, negative demographic trends, and unstable Caucasus represent very big problems, even for a country such as Russia.Of course we do not need to exaggerate. Much is being done, Russia is working. It is not a half-paralyzed, half-functioning country as it was ten years ago. All social systems are operating. But this is still not enough. After all, such systems only propagate the current model, and do not develop it. They cannot change current ways of life and therefore bad habits remain.Achieving leadership by relying on oil and gas markets is impossible. We must understand and appreciate the complexity of our problems. We must frankly discuss them in order to act. In the end, commodity exchanges must not determine Russia’s fate; our own ideas about ourselves, our history and future must do so. Our intellect, honest self-assessment, strength, dignity and enterprise must be the decisive factors.My starting point while setting out five priorities for technological development, offering specific measures for the modernisation of the political system, as well as measures to strengthen the judiciary and fight corruption, is my views on Russia’s future. And for the sake of our future it is necessary to liberate our country from persistent social ills that inhibit its creative energy and restrict our common progress. These ills include:1. Centuries of economic backwardness and the habit of relying on the export of raw materials, actually exchanging them for finished products. Peter the Great, the last tsars and the Bolsheviks all created – and not unsuccessfully – elements of an innovative system. But the price of their successes was too high. As a rule, it was done by making extreme efforts, by using all the levers of a totalitarian state machine.2. Centuries of corruption have debilitated Russia from time immemorial. Until today this corrosion has been due to the excessive government presence in many significant aspects of economic and other social activities. But it is not limited to governmental excess -- business is also not without fault. Many entrepreneurs are not worried about finding talented inventors, introducing unique technologies, creating and marketing new products, but rather with bribing officials for the sake of ‘controlling the flows’ of property redistribution.3. Paternalistic attitudes are widespread in our society, such as the conviction that all problems should be resolved by the government. Or by someone else, but never by the person who is actually there. The desire to make a career from scratch, to achieve personal success step by step is not one of our national habits. This is reflected in a lack of initiative, lack of new ideas, outstanding unresolved issues, the poor quality of public debate, including criticism. Public acceptance and support is usually expressed in silence. Objections are very often emotional, scathing, but superficial and irresponsible. Well, this is not the first century that Russia has had to confront these phenomena.

People tell us that we cannot completely cure chronic social diseases. Those traditions are steadfast, and history tends to repeat itself. But at one point serfdom and rampant illiteracy seemed insurmountable. However, we overcame them all the same.Of course traditions have a considerable influence. But they nevertheless fit in with each new era and undergo changes. Some simply disappear, and not all of them are useful. For me, only unquestionable values which must be preserved may be regarded as traditions. They include interethnic and interfaith peace, military valour, faithfulness to one’s duty, hospitality and the kindness inherent in our people. Bribery, theft, intellectual and spiritual laziness, and drunkenness, on the other hand, are vices that offend our traditions. We should get rid of them by using the strongest terms.Of course today’s Russia will not repeat its past. Our time is truly new. And not just because it is moving forward, as time does, but also because it opens up before our country and each one of us tremendous opportunities. Opportunities of which there was no trace twenty, thirty, or much less a hundred or three hundred years ago.The impressive legacy of the two greatest modernisations in our country’s history – that of Peter the Great (imperial) and the Soviet one – unleashed ruin, humiliation and resulted in the deaths of millions of our countrymen. It is not for us to judge our predecessors. But we must recognize that the preservation of human life was not, euphemistically speaking, a government priority in those years. Unfortunately, this is a fact. Today is the first time in our history that we have a chance to prove to ourselves and the world that Russia can develop in a democratic way. That a transition to the next, higher stage of civilization is possible. And this will be accomplished through non-violent methods. Not by coercion, but by persuasion. Not through suppression, but rather the development of the creative potential of every individual. Not through intimidation, but through interest. Not through confrontation, but by harmonising the interests of the individual, society and government.We really live in a unique time. We have a chance to build a new, free, prosperous and strong Russia. As President I am obliged to do everything in my power to make sure that we fully take advantage of this opportunity.In the coming decades Russia should become a country whose prosperity is ensured not so much thanks to commodities but by intellectual resources: the so-called intelligent economy, creating unique knowledge, exporting new technologies and innovative products.I recently identified five strategic vectors for the economic modernisation of our country. First, we will become a leading country measured by the efficiency of production, transportation and use of energy. We will develop new fuels for use on domestic and international markets. Secondly, we need to maintain and raise our nuclear technology to a qualitatively new level. Third, Russia's experts will improve information technology and strongly influence the development of global public data networks, using supercomputers and other necessary equipment. Fourth, we will develop our own ground and space infrastructure for transferring all types of information; our satellites will thus be able to observe the whole world, help our citizens and people of all countries to communicate, travel, engage in research, agricultural and industrial production. Fifth, Russia will take a leading position in the production of certain types of medical equipment, sophisticated diagnostic tools, medicines for the treatment of viral, cardiovascular, and neurological diseases and cancer.As we follow these five strategies for success in high-tech spheres, we will also pay constant attention to the development of our most important traditional industries and, first of all, the agro-industrial complex. One in three of us live in rural areas. The availability of modern social services for rural residents, increasing their incomes, improving their working conditions and daily life will always remain our priority.Of course Russia will be well-armed. Well enough so that it does not occur to anyone to threaten us or our allies.These goals are realistic. The targets we have set for achieving them are difficult but attainable. We have already developed detailed, step-by-step plans to move forward in these areas. We will encourage and promote scientific and technological creativity. First and foremost, we will support young scientists and inventors. Secondary and higher education will prepare a sufficient number of specialists for promising industries. Academic institutions will concentrate major efforts on the implementation of breakthrough projects. Legislators will take all decisions to ensure comprehensive support for the spirit of innovation in all spheres of public life, creating a market place for ideas, inventions, discoveries, and new technologies. Public and private companies will receive full support in all endeavours that create a demand for innovative products. Foreign companies and research organisations will be offered the most favourable conditions for establishing research and design centres in Russia. We will hire the best scientists and engineers from around the world. Most importantly, we will explain to our young people that the most important competitive advantage is knowledge that others do not have, intellectual superiority, the ability to create things that people need. As Pushkin wrote: “There is a higher courage: the courage of invention, creation, where an extensive plan is overwhelmed by the creative idea.” Inventors, innovators, researchers, teachers, entrepreneurs who introduce new technologies, will become the most respected people in society. In turn, society will give them everything they need to be productive.Of course an innovative economy cannot be established immediately. It is part of a culture based on humanistic values. It is grounded in our efforts to transform the world and guarantee a better quality of life, liberate individuals from poverty, disease, fear and injustice. Talented people who want reform, people who can create new and better things will not come here from another planet. They are already here among us. And that is clearly proven by the

results of international intellectual competitions, the fact that inventions made in Russia are patented abroad, and the fact that our best specialists are headhunted by the world’s largest companies and universities. We -- the government, society and the family unit -- must learn to find, nurture, educate and take care of such people.I also think that technological development is a priority public and political task because scientific and technological progress is inextricably linked with the progress of political systems. Experts believe that democracy originated in ancient Greece, but in those days there was no extensive democracy. Freedom was the privilege of a select minority. Full-fledged democracy that established universal suffrage and legal guarantees for the equality of all citizens before the law, so-called democracy for everyone emerged relatively recently, some eighty to one hundred years ago. Democracy occurred on a mass scale, not earlier than the mass production of the most necessary goods and services began. When the level of technological development of Western civilization made it possible to gain universal access to basic amenities: to education, health care and information. Every new invention which improves our quality of life provides us with an additional degree of freedom. It makes our existential conditions more comfortable and social relations more equitable. The more intelligent, smarter and efficient our economy is, the higher the level of our citizens’ welfare, and our political system and society as a whole will also be freer, fairer and more humane.The growth of modern information technologies, something we will do our best to facilitate, gives us unprecedented opportunities for the realisation of fundamental political freedoms, such as freedom of speech and assembly. It allows us to identify and eliminate hotbeds of corruption. It gives us direct access to the site of almost any event. It facilitates the direct exchange of views and knowledge between people all around the world. Society is becoming more open and transparent than ever – even if the ruling class does not necessarily like this.Russia's political system will also be extremely open, flexible and internally complex. It will be adequate for a dynamic, active, transparent and multi-dimensional social structure. It will correspond to the political culture of free, secure, critical thinking, self-confident people. As in most democratic states, the leaders of the political struggle will be the parliamentary parties, which will periodically replace each other in power. The parties and the coalitions they make will choose the federal and regional executive authorities (and not vice versa). They will be responsible for nominating candidates for the post of president, regional governors and local authorities. They will have a long experience of civilized political competition: responsible and meaningful interaction with voters, inter-party cooperation and the search for compromises to resolve acute social problems. They will bring together in one political entity every element of society, citizens of all nationalities, the most diverse groups of people and territories of Russia endowed with ample powers.The political system will be renewed and improved via the free competition of open political associations. There will be a cross-party consensus on strategic foreign policy issues, social stability, national security, the foundations of the constitutional order, the protection of the nation's sovereignty, the rights and freedoms of citizens, the protection of property rights, the rejection of extremism, support for civil society, all forms of self-organisation and self-government. A similar consensus exists in all modern democracies.This year we started moving towards the creation of such a political system. Political parties were given additional opportunities to choose those occupying leadership positions in the federal regions and municipalities. We relaxed the formal requirements for the creation of new parties. We simplified the conditions in place for the nomination of candidates for election to the State Duma. We passed legislation guaranteeing equal access to public media for parliamentary parties. A number of other measures were adopted as well.Not everyone is satisfied with the pace at which we are moving in this direction. They talk about the need to accelerate changes in the political system. And sometimes about going back to the ‘democratic’ nineties. But it is inexcusable to return to a paralyzed country. So I want to disappoint the supporters of permanent revolution. We will not rush. Hasty and ill-considered political reforms have led to tragic consequences more than once in our history. They have pushed Russia to the brink of collapse. We cannot risk our social stability and endanger the safety of our citizens for the sake of abstract theories. We are not entitled to sacrifice stable life, even for the highest goals. In his time Confucius remarked: "Impatience in small matters destroys a great idea". We have all too often experienced this in the past. Reforms for the people, not the people for reform. At the same time this will displease those who are completely satisfied with the status quo. Those who are afraid and do not want change. Changes will take place, but they will be gradual, thought-through, and step-by-step. But they will nevertheless be steady and consistent.Russian democracy will not merely copy foreign models. Civil society cannot be bought by foreign grants. Political culture will not be reconfigured as a simple imitation of the political traditions of advanced societies. An effective judicial system cannot be imported. Freedom is impossible to simply copy out of a book, even a very clever one. Of course we'll learn from other nations – from their experiences, their successes and failures in developing democratic institutions. But no one will live our lives for us. Nobody is going to make us free, successful and responsible. Only our own experience of democratic endeavour will give us the right to say: we are free, we are responsible, we are successful.Democracy needs to be protected. The fundamental rights and freedoms of our citizens must be as well. They need to be protected primarily from the sort of corruption that breeds tyranny, lack of freedom and injustice. We have just begun to develop such protective mechanisms. Our judicial system must be a central component here. We have to create a modern efficient judiciary, acting in accordance with new legislation on the judicial system and based on

contemporary legal principles. We also have to rid ourselves of the contempt for law and justice, which, as I've said repeatedly, has lamentably become a tradition in this country. But the formation of a new judicial system cannot be achieved by competitions or campaigns, or idle talk about how the system itself is rotten and that it would be easier to create new judicial and law enforcement systems than to change them. There are no entirely new judges, just as there are no new public prosecutors, police, intelligence personnel, civil servants, businessmen and so on. We need to create normal working conditions for the law enforcement agencies and get rid of the imposters once and for all. We have to teach law enforcement officers to protect and defend rights and freedoms, to justly, clearly and effectively resolve conflicts in the legal field. We need to eliminate attempts to influence judicial decisions for whatever reasons. Ultimately, the judicial system itself has to understand the difference between what it means to act in the public interest or in the selfish interests of a corrupt bureaucrat or businessman. We need to cultivate a taste for the rule of law, for abiding by the law, respect for the rights of others, including such important rights as that of property ownership. It is the job of the courts with broad public support to cleanse the country of corruption. This is a difficult task but it is doable. Other countries have succeeded in doing this.We will do everything possible to allow the people in Russia's Caucasus to lead normal lives. Economic and humanitarian programmes for the south of the country will soon be reviewed and fleshed out. We will set up some very clear criteria to assess the performance of heads of governmental structures dealing with the Caucasus. This applies primarily to federal and regional ministries and departments responsible for policy in industrial production, finance, social development, education and culture. At the same time, law enforcement authorities will continue to stamp out the bandits who seek to intimidate and terrorise the population of some Caucasian republics with their crazy ideas and barbaric customs.Negative demographic trends must be slowed and stopped. We need to improve the quality of medical care, promote fertility, ensure safety on the road and in the workplace, combat the pandemic of alcoholism and develop physical culture and mass sport. This requires both a strategic approach and making such things the everyday tasks of the government.Whatever the scope or effects of these transformations, their goal is ultimately the same, improving the quality of life in Russia. Creating better conditions by providing citizens with housing, employment, medical care, care of pensioners, protection of children, and support for people with disabilities – these are the duties of the authorities at all levels.Russian politicians often remind us that, under our Constitution, Russia is a welfare state. This is true, but we must not forget that the modern welfare state is not some kind of bloated Soviet social security system, and benefits are not distributed from the sky. A welfare state is a complex, balanced system of economic incentives and social benefits, legal, ethical and behavioural standards, a system whose productivity crucially depends on the quality of work and level of training of every one of us.Whatever is distributed to society by government should only be what it has earned. Living beyond our means is immoral, unwise and dangerous. We need to make the economic system more productive so that we can earn more. Not just wait for the oil price rising at a given moment – we've got to earn our way.We will improve the efficiency of social services in all spheres, paying special attention to problems of material and medical support for veterans and pensioners.The modernisation of Russian democracy and establishment of a new economy will, in my opinion, only be possible if we use the intellectual resources of post-industrial societies. And we should do so without any complexes, openly and pragmatically. The issue of harmonising our relations with western democracies is not a question of taste, personal preferences or the prerogatives of given political groups. Our current domestic financial and technological capabilities are not sufficient for a qualitative improvement in the quality of life. We need money and technology from Europe, America and Asia. In turn, these countries need the opportunities Russia offers. We are very interested in the rapprochement and interpenetration of our cultures and economies.Of course no relationship is free from contradictions. There will always be controversial topics, reasons for disagreement. But resentment, arrogance, various complexes, mistrust and especially hostility should be excluded from the relations between Russia and the leading democratic countries.We have many common goals, including absolute priorities which affect every inhabitant on Earth such as the non-proliferation of nuclear weapons and reducing the risk of adverse effects from man-made climate change.We must have interested partners and involve them in joint activities. And if we need to change something ourselves in order to do so, abandon previous prejudices and illusions, then we should do so. I am of course not referring to a policy of unilateral concessions. Lack of will and incompetence will not gain us any respect, gratitude, or gains. This has already happened in our recent history. Naive notions of the infallible and happy West and the eternally underdeveloped Russia are unacceptable, offensive and dangerous. But no less dangerous is the path of confrontation, self-isolation, mutual insults and recrimination.Nostalgia should not guide our foreign policy and our strategic long-term goal is Russia’s modernisation. Along with this Russia is one of the world's leading economies, a nuclear power and a permanent member of the UN Security Council. It should openly and explicitly explain its position and defend it in all venues, without weaselling or giving in

to pressure to conform. And in the case of a threat to our own interests we must strongly defend them. I talked about these principles of our foreign policy in August last year.In addition to this active work on the western front, we must increase our cooperation with the countries of the EurAsEC [Eurasian Economic Community], CSTO [Collective Security Treaty Organisation] and CIS [Commonwealth of Independent States]. These are our closest, strategic partners. We share the common goal of modernising our economies, regional security, and a more equitable world order. We must also develop worldwide cooperation with our partners in the SCO [Shanghai Cooperation Organisation] and BRIC [Brazil-Russia-India-China].Like every great people, the Russian people are brilliant and heroic, they command the world's respect and admiration, and at the same time our history has been a controversial, complex, ambiguous one. It means different things to different people in different countries. And much remains to be done to protect our historical heritage from distortion and political speculations. We must look clearly at our past and see our great victories, our tragic mistakes, our role models, and the manifestations of the best features of our national character.In any case, we will be attentive to our history and we will respect it. First and foremost we must respect our country's role in maintaining a balanced world order for centuries. Russia has always, at all stages of its development, sought to achieve a more equitable world order.Russia has often sought to protect small nations, those confronted with the threat of enslavement or even destruction. This was the case only recently, when Saakashvili's regime launched its criminal attack on South Ossetia. Russia has often put an end to the plans of those bent on world domination. Russia has twice appeared in the vanguard of the great coalitions: in the 19th century to stop Napoleon and in the 20th by defeating the Nazis. In war and peace, when a just cause has demanded decisive action, our people have been there to help. Russia has always been a staunch ally in war and an honest partner in economic and diplomatic affairs.In the future, Russia will be an active and respected member of the international community of free nations. It will be strong enough to exert a significant influence on the formulation of decisions that have global implications. It will be able to prevent anyone's unilateral actions from harming our national interests or adversely affecting our internal affairs, from reducing Russians' level of income or damaging their security.For these reasons, along with other countries we are trying to reform the world's supranational political and economic institutions. The aim of this modernisation is the development of international relations in the interests of as many peoples and countries as possible. We want to establish rules of cooperation and dispute settlement, in which priority is given to modern ideas of equality and fairness.These are my views on the historical role of our country and its future. These are my answers to some of the questions that affect us all.I would invite all those who share my convictions to get involved. I would also invite those who do not agree with my ideas but sincerely desire change for the better to be involved as well. People will attempt to interfere with our work. Influential groups of corrupt officials and do-nothing ‘entrepreneurs’ are well ensconced. They have everything and are satisfied. They're going to squeeze the profits from the remnants of Soviet industry and squander the natural resources that belong to all of us until the end. They are not creating anything new, do not want development, and fear it. But the future does not belong to them – it belongs to us. And we are an absolute majority. We will act patiently, pragmatically, consistently and in a balanced manner. And act now: act today and tomorrow. We will overcome the crisis, backwardness and corruption. We will create a new Russia. Go Russia!

"World Space Observatory / Ultraviolet" Astrophysical Observatory, provides results of studies of astronomical objects spectral wavelength range of electromagnetic radiation from 1000 to 3200 Angstroms and dynamics of processes occurring in them. Spacecraft launch is scheduled for 2011. "Spectrum - RG" Astrophysical Observatory, provides results of studies of astronomical objects in the X-and gamma-band: 0.08 keV - 10.0 MeV Spacecraft launch is scheduled for 2012. "Gamma - 400" Space Observatory to determine the nature of "dark matter" in the universe, the development of the theory of the origin of high-energy cosmic rays and particle physics.

http://www.roscosmos.ru/main.php?id=11&did=436





Launching a spacecraft is planned after 2015. "Millimetron" Space Observatory and functioning on the basis of its interferometer with an angular resolution of 30 nanoseconds arc that provides unique information on the global structure of the universe, about the structure and evolution of galaxies and their nuclei, stars and planetary systems, as well as organic compounds in space objects with superstronggravitational and electromagnetic fields . Launching a spacecraft is planned after 2015. "Astrometry" Astrometric space complex, which provides construction of a fundamental system of celestial coordinates in the optical range, the measurement of the parallax of the reference stars with an accuracy of 10 -6 arcsec and resolve application problems of space navigation. Spacecraft launch is scheduled for 2018. In addition, there are projects that are realized by setting the scientific equipment to domestic and foreign spacecraft. "Cone" Carried out an experiment to study bursts of cosmic gamma radiation, which is held in November 1994. a spacecraft NASA "WIND" using Russian scientific equipment "cone". "Pamela" Study of antimatter in cosmic rays aboard an artificial satellite of the Earth. Registration flows and spectra of antiprotons and positrons. Search the nuclei of atoms of antimatter. Scientific equipment "Pamela" is set on the Russian spacecraft "Resource-DK", the launch of which was done in 2006. "Nucleon" The study of the chemical composition and energy spectra of high energy cosmic rays Starting a space experiment is planned for 2014.Full-scale space projects "Luna - Globe» Space complex, which provides scientific results of the global level of the internal structure of the Moon and the craterAitken at the lunar south pole, exploration of natural resources and the study of impacts on the moon coming corpuscular fluxes and electromagnetic radiation. Launching a spacecraft is scheduled after 2015. "Venus - D" Space complex, providing measurements of the chemical composition of the atmosphere of Venus, shooting surface during descent, the definition of the mineral composition of the surface layer of material, accurate measurement oftemperature and pressure, radiation fluxes, aerosol characteristics of the medium. Data on seismic activity of the planet. Spacecraft launch is scheduled for 2016. In addition, the planned projects realized by setting the domestic scientific instruments on foreign spacecraft for scientific purposes.

http://www.inasan.rssi.ru/rus/osiris











Currently successfully operate foreign spacecraft with Russia's participation in their scientific equipment complexes:

Launched in April 2001, the NASA spacecraft "Mars - Odyssey" is a scientific measurement in orbit around Mars. It is also fitted Russian instrument "Hyundai" .

Launched in June 2003, ESA spacecraft "Mars - Express" is a scientific measurement in orbit around Mars. On board there are six scientific instruments, most of which had their prototypes on the Russian spacecraft "Mars-96". Russian scientists as co-researchers involved in all scientific experiments machine "Mars - Express."

In November 2005, ESA launched the spacecraft "Venus Express". Its complex scientific equipment almost similar to the complex equipment on spacecraft ESA "Mars - Express." Russian scientists as co-researchers involved in all scientific experiments apparatus "Venus - Express."

To create a complex scientific equipment "LAND" Russian complex scientific equipment "LAND" will be installed on the NASA spacecraft "Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter."Russian research objective scientific equipment "LAND" is to find water ice in the polar regions of the Moon. Launch of NASA spacecraft was done in 2009. "DAN" Russian scientific instrument "Dan" will be installed on the rover NASA. The main scientific objective of the device "DAN" - explores the power of permafrost on Mars. Participation in international projects "Bepi Colombo" Exploration of the planet Mercurywith two placed in orbit around the planet spacecraft. Roscosmos participates in the international space project "Bepi Colombo" with ESA and JAXA by setting both spacecraft several scientific instruments. Study of the sun, space plasma and solar - terrestrial links The Sun is our nearest star, and pretty typical, which is observed as an extended object. It and its crown is a natural laboratory for studying the fundamental characteristics of the plasma. Scientific significance of solar research consists in the fact that it has a decisive influence on the basic processes in the world, including some of the technical system.This impact is on the various radio systems, power grids, the wireline in the Arctic, on the intensity of the induced electric currents in pipelines, etc. As an example, two well-known case of failure of the extended grid: March 13, 1989 with a sharp flash of magnetic variations induced electric current in the Hydro-Quebec power grid in Canada reached 100 amperes, which made the system unusable. This will leave a lasting energy without a large area with a population of several million people.Similar cases have been in our Arctic, for


http://www.iki.rssi.ru/hend/index-rus.htm

example 11-12 February 1958 on the Kola Peninsula. For pipelines in which the induced electrical currents confined to the ground, greatly enhance corrosion, sparking and fires can result in leaks. Seriousness of the problem has been demonstrated once again and complete failure of the television broadcast satellite «Telstar-401" occurred January 11, 1998 as a result of enhanced irradiation by energetic particles. Gradually there is the realization that the manifestations of solar activity has a profound effect on the body and theperson . Develop medical service warning of geomagnetic storms caused by solar activity. As part of the Federal Space Program of Russia for years 2006 - 2015 in the "Space tools for fundamental space research" to meet the challenges of this scientific direction provided that the following projects. Full-scale space projects "Coronas - Photon" Space complex, providing reception of integrated observations solar radiation, the processes of accumulation of energy and its transformation into accelerated particles during solar flares to monitor "space weather" and develop activities to parry negative impact on human health. Launching a spacecraft done in 2009.Currently, SC according to the purpose used. "Resonance" Space complex, providing research parameters of the propagation of low-frequency waves in a magnetized plasma of the magnetosphere of the Earth, studying the mechanisms of the resonant interaction of waves and particles in near-Earth space, recorded with the help of the heating terrestrial shortwave stand and artificial Earth satellite. The results of monitoring anthropogenic impacts on the Earth's magnetosphere and geophysical processes. Spacecraft launch is scheduled for 2012. "Interheliozond" Space complex for research parameters of the electromagnetic radiation from the sun close-(30-40 solar radii) c high sensitivity and resolution in optical, ultraviolet, X-ray and gamma-ray, as well as the parameters of the solar wind to solve the problems of heating of the solar corona and solar wind acceleration , origin of solar flares and coronary plasma emission. Spacecraft launch is scheduled for 2014. "THERION - F2" Space complex (CC) provides results of research parameters ionosphere and thermosphere, and the mechanisms that form thermosphere and ionosphere communication on a global scale through direct and remote measurement techniques on board LEO spacecraft at an altitude of 300 km. Start working on a spacecraft is scheduled for 2014. Research in space biology, physiology and Materials Biomedical research Study the effects of weightlessness on living organisms and the physiological mechanisms of adaptation to it in missions, as well as study the combined effect of weightlessness and other factors are crucial for long-term manned, so necessary for the development of the solar system planets. Using lower organisms for biomedical experiments (in contrast to the experiments on humans) allows tighter their productions, including the subsequent preparation of the biological material used. Study of intracellular processes, cells, tissues, organs and organisms in general on automatic spacecraft series brought very important results. Data were obtained on the absence of serious biological limits for the duration of stay of living organisms and human space






flight.The prospects of the use of artificial gravity to maintain an optimal state of the organism and prevent irreversible changes in it. Found evidence of the need to strictly differentiated approach to the creation of simulators for different muscles and muscle groups of man. As part of the Federal Space Program of Russia for years 2006 - 2015 in the "Space tools for fundamental space research" is planned to continue the program "Bion". "Bion - M" Space complex, providing research parameters of physiological state of biological objects under the influence of space factors for orbital flight, up to 45 days for the purpose of effective biomedical support long-term manned space flights. Running pevogo spacecraft "Bion - M" is scheduled for 2012. Microgravity physics Space tools for solving problems of space material produces in microgravity samples of materials with unique properties in comparison with terrestrial analogs. Such studies are conducted on automatic space vehicles such as "Photon". Their results was to obtain fundamental knowledge on the effects of weightlessness on the processes of heat and mass transfer in materials are in liquid phase state and growth in their thicker crystals. The effect of these processes on the DC and AC magnetic fields. Delivered a series of experiments on the electrophoretic separation and purification of biologically - active substances, as well as ion exchange diffusion in weightlessness. As part of the Federal Space Program of Russia for years 2006 - 2015 in the "Space assets technological purpose" is scheduled the following projects: "Foton-M" Space complex for microgravity research in space technology and biotechnology It is designed to provide reception of new knowledge on the physics of weightlessness; waste manufacturing processes of semiconductor materials, biomedical preparations (at microgravity 2.10 -6 G) with improved characteristics. Lifetime spacecraft in orbit - 30 days "Back-ICA" Fundamentally new space complex with the return spacecraft for microgravity experimental studies It is designed for obtaining basic knowledge about the processes taking place in the melts and solutions, and also in terms of biological structures in ultra low (below 10 -7 G) levels microgravity in order of their subsequent use in new industrial engineering and biological materials on Earth and using the space complex "OKA-T-ISS." Lifetime spacecraft in orbit - 1 year Spacecraft launch is scheduled for 2015. "OKA-T-MKC"

Space complex on the basis of the accepted infrastructure ISS automatic spacecraft designed for complex problem solving in the field of microgravity and application of technological and biotechnological research.

It will provide: production in microgravity level of at least 10 -6 G using nanotechnology semiconductor epitaxial structures for nanoelectronics (experimental designs of these structures), obtaining cartilage structures (small batches for medical use); receiving mercury-cadmium-tellurium single crystals for sensor equipment of the new generation, obtaining biologically active substances and other drugs and samples with properties significantly better properties of terrestrial analogs

Lifetime spacecraft in orbit five years.

Spacecraft launch is scheduled for 2015.

Conducting continuous monitoring of the country's territory and the state of industrial facilities by means of the

“Antistikhia”, Unified Information System on Sea (ESIMO), All-Russian Comprehensive Informing and Warning

System (OKSION), “Tsunami”, the system of objective control of objects

1 forecasting possible emergencies and calculation of the scenario of the possible natural and technogenic

emergencies

2 conducting video control for the state of facilities crucial for the national safety

3 automatization of the data base management processes and the processes on prevention and relief of emergencies of

any level

4 automated collection of information about the economic entities by means of Unified Dispatch Service “112”,

CMCs of regional centers and the subjects of the Russian Federation, issuing the integrated data to the management

5 automated informing of the population in case of a threat or any information about an emergency with an

opportunity of a feedback in real time mode by using the All-Russian Comprehensive Informing and Warning

System

6 organization of control and accompanying of the naval (river), terrestrial and air transportations on the territory of

the Russian Federation as well as abroad with the use of the system GLONASS-GPS, controlling the delivery of the

high-risk cargo, humanitarian aid cargo

7 organization of the receiving and the transmitting of the data along all the networks on the territory of the Russian

Federation as well as abroad

8 automated development, preparation and presentation of suggestions to the management to make decisions

Unbreakable laws during emergency

Article 20

1. Everyone shall have the right to life.

2. Capital punishment until its complete elimination may be envisaged by a federal law as an exclusive penalty for especially grave crimes against life, and the accused shall be granted the right to have his case examined by jurytrial.

Article 21

1. Human dignity shall be protected by the State. Nothing may serve as a basis for its derogation.

2. No one shall be subject to torture, violence or other severe or humiliating treatment or punishment. No one may be subject to medical, scientific and other experiments without voluntary consent.

Article 22

1. Everyone shall have the right to freedom and personal immunity.

2. Arrest, detention and remanding in custody shall be allowed only by court decision. Without the court's decision a person may be detained for a term more than 48 hours.

Article 23

1. Everyone shall have the right to the inviolability of private life, personal and family secrets, the protection of honour and good name.

Everyone shall be guaranteed the freedom of conscience, the freedom of religion, including the right to profess individually or together with other any religion or to profess no religion at all, to freely choose, possess and disseminate religious and other views and act according to them.

1. Everyone shall have the right to a free use of his abilities and property for entrepreneurial and economic activities not prohibited by law.

1. Everyone shall have the right to a home. No one may be arbitrarily deprived of his or her home.

Article 46

1. Everyone shall be guaranteed judicial protection of his rights and freedoms. 2. Decisions and actions (or inaction) of bodies of state authority and local self-government, public

associations and officials may be appealed against in court. 3. Everyone shall have the right to appeal, according to international treaties of the Russian Federation, to

international bodies for the protection of human rights and freedoms, if all the existing internal state means of legal protection have been exhausted.

Article 47

1. No one may be deprived of the right to the consideration of his or her case in that court and by that judge in whose cognizance the given case is according to law.

2. The accused of committing a crime shall have the right to the examination of his case by a court of jury in cases envisaged by the federal law.

Article 48

1. Everyone shall be guaranteed the right to qualified legal assistance. In cases envisaged by law the legal assistance shall be free.

2. Any person detained, taken into custody, accused of committing a crime shall have the right to receive assistance of a lawyer (counsel for the defence) from the moment of detention, confinement in custody or facing charges accordingly.

Article 49

1. Everyone accused of committing a crime shall be considered innocent until his guilt is proved according to the rules fixed by the federal law and confirmed by the sentence of a court which has come into legal force.

2. The accused shall not be obliged to prove his innocence. 3. Unremovable doubts about the guilt of a person shall be interpreted in favour of the accused.

Article 50

1. No one may be convicted twice for one and the same crime. 2. In administering justice it shall not be allowed to use evidence received by violating the federal law. 3. Everyone convicted for a crime shall have the right to appeal against the judgement of a superior court

according to the rules envisaged by the federal law, as well as to ask for pardon or a mitigation of punishment.

Article 51

1. No one shall be obliged to give incriminating evidence, husband or wife and close relatives the range of whom is determined by the federal law.

2. The federal law may envisage other cases of absolution from the obligation to testify.

Article 52

The rights of victims of crimes and of abuse of office shall be protected by law. The State shall provide access to justice for them and a compensation for sustained damage.

Article 53

Everyone shall have the right for a state compensation for damages caused by unlawful actions (inaction) of bodies of state authority and their officials.

Article 54

1. A law introducing or aggravating responsibility shall not have retrospective effect. 2. No one may bear responsibility for the action which was not regarded as a crime when it was committed. If

after violating law the responsibility for that is eliminated or mitigated, a new law shall be applied.

Important note

Article 59

1. Defence of the Fatherland shall be a duty and obligation of citizens of the Russian Federation.

2. A citizen shall carry out military service according to the federal law.

3. A citizen of the Russian Federation shall have the right to replace military service by alternative civilian service in case his convictions or religious belief contradict military service and also in other cases envisaged by the federal law.

The main tasks of the FSBI NCMC are:

Emergency monitoring and forecasting;

Information cooperation tasks aimed at providing safety of the population and territories on the Federal, Interregional

and Regional levels;

RSChS forces management, organization and conducting interdepartmental cooperation while solving the tasks on

emergency prevention and relief;

Establishment and constant development of the consistent contour of the Unified State System of Prevention and

Elimination of Emergency Situations.

From idea to its implementation

In the end of 2006 the Government of our country set EMERCOM of Russia the task to take all the necessary

measures and establish the National Crisis Management Center.

This task was done very quickly. Very soon the FSBI NCMC became the intellectual complex spread in different

territories which allows to promptly manage the forces and facilities of the Unified State System of Prevention and

Elimination of Emergency Situations and Civil Defence in critical emergency conditions.

At present similar centers have been created and operated in a number of European states. However, there are no

analogues to the Russian firmware set of decision making assistance, developed specially for the FSBI NCMC.

The basis for FSBI NCMC information resources consists of the up-to-date reference-information data bases available

in any operating mode.

ABILITIES OF FSBI NCMC

Ø Conducting continuous monitoring of the country's territory and the state of industrial facilities by means of the

“Antistikhia”, Unified Information System on Sea (ESIMO), All-Russian Comprehensive Informing and Warning

System (OKSION), “Tsunami”, the system of objective control of objects

1 forecasting possible emergencies and calculation of the scenario of the possible natural and technogenic

emergencies

2 conducting video control for the state of facilities crucial for the national safety

3 automatization of the data base management processes and the processes on prevention and relief of emergencies of

any level

4 automated collection of information about the economic entities by means of Unified Dispatch Service “112”,

CMCs of regional centers and the subjects of the Russian Federation, issuing the integrated data to the management

5 automated informing of the population in case of a threat or any information about an emergency with an

opportunity of a feedback in real time mode by using the All-Russian Comprehensive Informing and Warning

System

6 organization of control and accompanying of the naval (river), terrestrial and air transportations on the territory of

the Russian Federation as well as abroad with the use of the system GLONASS-GPS, controlling the delivery of the

high-risk cargo, humanitarian aid cargo

7 organization of the receiving and the transmitting of the data along all the networks on the territory of the Russian

Federation as well as abroad

8 automated development, preparation and presentation of suggestions to the management to make decisions

The Building is designed and constructed with the use of modern technologies in the following areas:

-Construction

-IT-systems

-Security Systems

-Life-Safety Systems

The following materials were used during construction:

-15,000 cubic meters of concrete

- 100 tons of metalware

- 9,000 square meters of glazing elements (double-glazing units)

Parameters of the building:

-Height - 49.875 m

-Number of floors, including the underground floors and the helipad - 15 floors

Intellectual Rescue Center.

New technologies

At present the work on the development of the so-called "brain"--automated system of management in emergency - is

coming to an end. Different data bases have been collected, for example, on forces and facilities which can be applied

for disaster relief, the data bases on potentially dangerous facilities an so on.

This information will enable to model the threats and emergencies, to develop warning variants, reducing the

consequences of the situation and the elimination of possible emergencies. Thus, different scenarios to role-play all

sorts of management decisions are being prepared.

Furthermore, the information frame is being created where the information resources will be stored, including the

already existent emergency management plans on certain facilities, as well as the tool providing the search and

forming of the decision variant considering different circumstances (season, time of the day, weather) in the

emergency area.

Further, depending on the situation, the prepared variant will be corrected or the executing team will be created which

will allow to reduce the time for decision taking.

As soon as the relief actions are taken the description of the accident management works is recorded into the data base

archives, so that the specialists will be able to refer to this experience in case a similar situation occurs.

For maximum efficiency the vertical of monitoring and management in the Subjects of the Russian Federation is

created.

This algorithm is the aim in the territorial bodies of EMERCOM of Russia: there exist and function their own crisis

management centers which are a part of the FSBI NCMC system.

The specialists of these centers collect the information, generalize it, analyze, use it in their work, transfer it to the

National Center and the interested Federal Executive Bodies.

Contents and Structure

The FSBI NCMC consists of the following subdivisions of EMERCOM of Russia:

-FSBI NCMC management, operational-analytical center, emergency response center, telecommunications center,

space monitoring center, IT development center.

FSBI NCMC has the following in its organizations inferior to it:

-CMC of the EMERCOM regional centers, headquarters of EMERCOM of Russia in the city of Moscow and the

Kaliningrad Region;

-CMC of the headquarters of EMERCOM of Russia in the subjects of the Russian Federation.

EMERCOM of Russia conducts immediate management of the work of the FSBI NCMC, which means that the senior

CMC EMERCOM of Russia coordinates the work of the subordinate CMC and duty dispatch services of its level.

FSBI NCMC conducts informational interaction with the crisis centers in other countries.

With the aim of informational interaction and to provide the work of the headquarters of the FSBI NCMC the

following organizations are subordinate to it:

-the CMC of the EMERCOM regional centers;

- the duty service of the All-Russian Emergency Monitoring and Forecasting Center ("Antistikhia" EMERCOM of

Russia);

-the duty service of the Center for Situational and Mathematical Modelling of Technogenic Emergencies and

Catastrophes of the FSI All-Russian Scientific-Research Institute for Fire Defence;

-the duty service of the Center to provide decision making of the All-Russian Research Institute for Civil Defence and

Emergency Relief Problems EMERCOM of Russia, other expert organizations.

Emergency Response Center

RSChS everyday management

CMC activities coordination, coordination of information centers, RSChS duty-dispatch services;

collection and processing of the information about emergencies, conducting accident management and other

emergency works.

Operational-Analytical Center

functional and territorial RSChS systems information analysis;

emergency occurrence and development forecast preparation'

providing informational exchange with the Federal Executive Bodies as part of RSChS;

modeling the possible emergency development based on the forecast.

Telecommunications Center

The Center is aimed at management of the existent telecommunications of EMERCOM of Russia, providing technical

support of the automated informational-management system of the Unified State System of Prevention and

Elimination of Emergency Situations, providing telecommunications support to the leading staff and the officials of

the Ministry.

All-Russian Comprehensive Informing and Warning System

All-Russian Comprehensive Informing and Warning System in the places of mass gathering of the people is

developed as part of the Federal Targeted Program "Reducing Risks and Mitigating Consequences of Natural and

Man-Caused Emergencies in the Russian Federation up to 2010".

For the past two years in Moscow and St. Petersburg there have been created the points of street informing and

warning of the population which are connected with the subsystems of information observation and collection, sound

accompanying and informational security. At present, the points of informing and warning of the population exist in

Moscow, St. Petersburg, Rostov-on-Don and Pyatigorsk. Moreover, the technologies like "flashing line" and the trial

example of the mobile set of the All-Russian Complex System of Informing the Population on the "Gazel" vehicle

have been accepted into operation.

Terminals of All-Russian Comprehensive Informing and Warning System will be installed in subways, at the stations,

in the streets and in the supermarkets. The screens will be broadcasting the necessary information about emergencies

which may occur, will show how to behave in this or that situation, how to render first aid to the injured and to

oneself.

drone strike position paper

Documents

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