drive to nationhood virtual tour (1854 - 1868)

Group 3: 8-26Group 3: 8-26

““As fragments we shall be lost As fragments we shall be lost but let us be united and we shall but let us be united and we shall be as a rock.”be as a rock.” Thomas D’Arcy Thomas D’Arcy

McGeeMcGee

Drive to Nationhood Virtual Drive to Nationhood Virtual TourTour

(1854 - 1868)(1854 - 1868)

CanadianHistory ToursAssociation

Sights to See (Table of Contents)Sights to See (Table of Contents) GlossaryGlossary Rep by Pop - Why Canada West loved it, and Canada East hated itRep by Pop - Why Canada West loved it, and Canada East hated it What is the reciprocity Treaty? Why is it important?What is the reciprocity Treaty? Why is it important? Expansion of the United States, and the threat to the Canadian Colonies.Expansion of the United States, and the threat to the Canadian Colonies. American Expansion and the Colonies desire for Union (Confederation)American Expansion and the Colonies desire for Union (Confederation) American Expansion and Great Britain's desire for Union (Confederation)American Expansion and Great Britain's desire for Union (Confederation) The Atlantic Colonies (1854 – 64)The Atlantic Colonies (1854 – 64) Charlottetown Conference, 1864Charlottetown Conference, 1864 Who are the Father's of Confederation?Who are the Father's of Confederation? A brief rundown of the Confederation debateA brief rundown of the Confederation debate PEI and NewfoundlandPEI and Newfoundland The Constitution Act of 1867The Constitution Act of 1867 Sir John A. Macdonald, Canada's first Prime MinisterSir John A. Macdonald, Canada's first Prime Minister British North America Act and Canada's system of FederalismBritish North America Act and Canada's system of Federalism When did Canada finally do away with the BNA Act?When did Canada finally do away with the BNA Act? Why were some events in Canada’s history key in allowing us to become a Why were some events in Canada’s history key in allowing us to become a

nation?nation? (2 slides) (2 slides) BibliographyBibliography


GlossaryGlossaryCanadian

History ToursAssociation

72 Resolutions- 72 Resolutions- A list of guidelines or rules that are A list of guidelines or rules that are to be followed as a basis for ruling a group of to be followed as a basis for ruling a group of people.people.

Anti-Confederation-Anti-Confederation- Those people against Those people against Confederation or the idea for union.Confederation or the idea for union.

Canada East- Canada East- Former name for Quebec; also called Former name for Quebec; also called Lower Canada.Lower Canada.

Canada West- Canada West- Former name for Ontario; also called Former name for Ontario; also called Lower Canada. Lower Canada.

Confederation- Confederation- The federal union of British North The federal union of British North American Colonies. The members would retain American Colonies. The members would retain some power over their own affairs and turn some some power over their own affairs and turn some powers over to a central government. powers over to a central government.

Dominion of Canada- Dominion of Canada- region consisting of the region consisting of the provinces of New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Ontario, provinces of New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Ontario, and Quebec.and Quebec.

Fenains-Fenains- A group of Irish Catholics in the United A group of Irish Catholics in the United States, whom wanted to end the British rule over States, whom wanted to end the British rule over IrelandIreland

Free Trade-Free Trade- Trade between countries where taxes or Trade between countries where taxes or tariffs are not involved. tariffs are not involved.

Great Coalition- Great Coalition- formed in June of 1864. It was formed in June of 1864. It was when the parties joined together in a new political when the parties joined together in a new political party to that they called a Confederation Partyparty to that they called a Confederation Party

Tariffs- Tariffs- A tax on money paid to the government of a A tax on money paid to the government of a country when products are brought into a country. country when products are brought into a country.

Definitions are from Canada Revisited Textbook.Definitions are from Canada Revisited Textbook.

Please get yourself familiar with these terms before we start our

tour. Please ask questions duringthe tour if you do not understand

anything.

Rep By PopRep By Pop Representation by population is the number of

elected members of the legislative assembly is based on the number of voters.

Canada West followed George Brown and his reformers (Clear Grit) party they had wanted representation by population

This meant Canada West would have more representatives since population was higher then the East

Representatives for Canada East followed George Etienne Cartier and he was against it because they would lose power.


Reciprocity TreatyReciprocity Treaty The Reciprocity Treaty occurred from 1854 The Reciprocity Treaty occurred from 1854

to 1865 in which the colonies of British to 1865 in which the colonies of British North America lost their status and lost most North America lost their status and lost most of their markets,this resulted in economic of their markets,this resulted in economic hard times.hard times.

Reciprocity meant that there would be Reciprocity meant that there would be free free tradetrade in natural products, and it would in natural products, and it would improve the economic situation between the improve the economic situation between the United States and British North America.United States and British North America.

Reciprocity Treaty was meant to let the Reciprocity Treaty was meant to let the British North America colonies sell their British North America colonies sell their products to USA without paying products to USA without paying tariffstariffs whenever products entered or leftwhenever products entered or left

Over time an idea spread among the colonies Over time an idea spread among the colonies of British North America which stated that if of British North America which stated that if the colonies were to become united (eliminate the colonies were to become united (eliminate tariffstariffs) then economic prosperity would ) then economic prosperity would proceed. proceed.


Expansion of the United States and the Expansion of the United States and the Threat to the Canadian ColoniesThreat to the Canadian Colonies

The The FenainsFenains were a group of Irish people were a group of Irish people trying to take back Ireland from Britain but trying to take back Ireland from Britain but they weren’t going to attack directly so they they weren’t going to attack directly so they attacked the North American colonies.attacked the North American colonies.

The good western farm land was hard to The good western farm land was hard to obtain due to the American occupation.obtain due to the American occupation.

Canadians looked to the west, present day; Canadians looked to the west, present day; Manitoba, Saskatchewan, and Alberta, for a Manitoba, Saskatchewan, and Alberta, for a place to settle. However the American had place to settle. However the American had their eye on them.their eye on them.

The colonies of British North America were The colonies of British North America were concerned about the threat but if they were concerned about the threat but if they were to annex they would get the land before the to annex they would get the land before the Americans were able too.Americans were able too.

British Columbia and Vancouver island British Columbia and Vancouver island were in threat because the British Colonies were in threat because the British Colonies traded with San Francisco, and the gold traded with San Francisco, and the gold rush also drew many American citizens into rush also drew many American citizens into the Northern Colonies.the Northern Colonies.


American Expansion and the American Expansion and the Colonies desire for UnionColonies desire for Union

Colonies were concerned that the Colonies were concerned that the Americans would try to buy land in Americans would try to buy land in British North America from Britain British North America from Britain and that they would be invaded. and that they would be invaded.

Good farmland in Canada West was Good farmland in Canada West was getting more difficult to keep but the getting more difficult to keep but the Americans were also thinking about Americans were also thinking about moving to the western lands.moving to the western lands.

If the colonies of British North If the colonies of British North America were to join together and America were to join together and annex these western lands they annex these western lands they would get the land before the would get the land before the Americans did.Americans did.

They would also be able to defend They would also be able to defend themselves better against the united themselves better against the united states.states.

The union of the colonies was The union of the colonies was known as known as confederationconfederation..


American Expansion and Great American Expansion and Great Britain's desire for UnionBritain's desire for Union

Britain encouraged unity between the Britain encouraged unity between the colonies so that they could have a colonies so that they could have a stronger nation (defense) and governors stronger nation (defense) and governors were instructed to encourage unity.were instructed to encourage unity.

From time of the American revolution From time of the American revolution the US had expressed an interest in the US had expressed an interest in taking away the British empire (failed in taking away the British empire (failed in the American Revolutionary War and the American Revolutionary War and the War of 1812) the War of 1812)

If Britain wanted confederation then If Britain wanted confederation then many people would have to favor it in many people would have to favor it in that reason alonethat reason alone

Britain’s change in attitude towards her Britain’s change in attitude towards her British North American colonies meant British North American colonies meant Britain was in favor of the colonists Britain was in favor of the colonists taking on more responsibility for taking on more responsibility for governing themselves, this influenced governing themselves, this influenced the decision of a few people.the decision of a few people.


The Atlantic Colonies (1854 – The Atlantic Colonies (1854 – 64)64)

In the early 1860’s Atlantic In the early 1860’s Atlantic Colonies of Newfoundland, Nova Colonies of Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island, and Scotia, Prince Edward Island, and New Brunswick faced serious New Brunswick faced serious problems.problems.

There had been little industrial There had been little industrial development in the region because development in the region because the United States had plans to end the United States had plans to end the special treaty (Reciprocity the special treaty (Reciprocity Treaty) by 1866. Treaty) by 1866.

Atlantic colonies began to look at Atlantic colonies began to look at the idea of maritime union the idea of maritime union (maritime provinces), which (maritime provinces), which resulted in a conference scheduled resulted in a conference scheduled on September 1864, in on September 1864, in Charlottetown, PEI to discuss Charlottetown, PEI to discuss possible union of Atlantic possible union of Atlantic Colonies. Colonies.


Charlottetown Conference, Charlottetown Conference, 18641864

Colonies of Nova Scotia, PEI, and New Brunswick Colonies of Nova Scotia, PEI, and New Brunswick decided to meet in Charlottetown, PEI on decided to meet in Charlottetown, PEI on September 1September 1stst 1864. 1864.

Discussed the idea of the union of Atlantic Discussed the idea of the union of Atlantic Colonies.Colonies.

Province of Canada decided to take advantage of Province of Canada decided to take advantage of this and tried to convince the Atlantic colonies to this and tried to convince the Atlantic colonies to join with them in a larger union (Confederation) join with them in a larger union (Confederation) and also promised to build a railway connecting and also promised to build a railway connecting Canada and the Atlantic Colonies (Trans-Canada).Canada and the Atlantic Colonies (Trans-Canada).

John A McDonald, George Brown, George Etienne John A McDonald, George Brown, George Etienne Cartier, Alexander Galt, and Thomas D’Arcy Cartier, Alexander Galt, and Thomas D’Arcy McGee went in order to state why they thought McGee went in order to state why they thought there should be a British North American Union. there should be a British North American Union.

By the end of the Charlottetown Conference a By the end of the Charlottetown Conference a decision had been made to work toward a decision had been made to work toward a confederation of all the British North American confederation of all the British North American Colonies and another conference was scheduled to Colonies and another conference was scheduled to be held at Quebec in a month’s time.be held at Quebec in a month’s time.


Who are the Father's of Who are the Father's of Confederation?Confederation?

There were many people who played an There were many people who played an important role in the conferences that led up important role in the conferences that led up to the Confederation of Canada. to the Confederation of Canada.

Some people played more influential roles Some people played more influential roles than other, these people were known as the than other, these people were known as the Father’s of Confederation, Father’s of Confederation,

They included John A. Macdonald, George They included John A. Macdonald, George Brown, George-Etienne Cartier, Alexander Brown, George-Etienne Cartier, Alexander Tilloch, Charles Tupper, Thomas D’Arcy Tilloch, Charles Tupper, Thomas D’Arcy McGee, and Hector-Louis Langevin. McGee, and Hector-Louis Langevin.

These people believed that the division of These people believed that the division of powers between the Federal and Provincial powers between the Federal and Provincial governments were not to be a cause of governments were not to be a cause of tension, this became an issue in the tension, this became an issue in the Maritimes region. Maritimes region.


A brief rundown of the A brief rundown of the Confederation debateConfederation debate

In the province of Canada debate continued for 6 weeks In the province of Canada debate continued for 6 weeks but in the end but in the end Great CoalitionGreat Coalition (the political party (the political party formed that was called the Confederation Party) had an formed that was called the Confederation Party) had an overwhelming majority on its side.overwhelming majority on its side.

The positives of the confederation were that if they The positives of the confederation were that if they were united with the Atlantic provinces then they would were united with the Atlantic provinces then they would be able to defend their country, the trade would be able to defend their country, the trade would improve, and the possibility of building a trans-improve, and the possibility of building a trans-continental railway would also arise.continental railway would also arise.

The negatives of the confederation were that more The negatives of the confederation were that more people were interested in protecting the Canadian way people were interested in protecting the Canadian way of life, this way of life would be threatened, and uniting of life, this way of life would be threatened, and uniting with the other is not necessary for trade.with the other is not necessary for trade.

In the Atlantic Colonies there was strong opposition in In the Atlantic Colonies there was strong opposition in the Atlantic Colonies to the the Atlantic Colonies to the 72 resolutions72 resolutions and thus to and thus to Confederation, many thought that they were doing fine Confederation, many thought that they were doing fine on their own and could see no reason to join Canada on their own and could see no reason to join Canada and take its problems. and take its problems.


A brief rundown of the A brief rundown of the Confederation Debates Contd.Confederation Debates Contd.

In 1865 Premier Tilley’s pro-confederation fought an In 1865 Premier Tilley’s pro-confederation fought an election on the issue of Confederation unfortunately they election on the issue of Confederation unfortunately they had losthad lost

The opponents of the Premier Tilley’s pro-confederation The opponents of the Premier Tilley’s pro-confederation stressed that New Brunswick would lose control over its stressed that New Brunswick would lose control over its own affairs in confederation and people believed themown affairs in confederation and people believed them

There were some circumstances that changed the 2 There were some circumstances that changed the 2 elections for confederation they are as follows: the fear of elections for confederation they are as follows: the fear of American Invasion opened again by Fenain raids, Great American Invasion opened again by Fenain raids, Great Britain announced that they supported the idea of union, Britain announced that they supported the idea of union, and that people had time to think about the possible and that people had time to think about the possible economic benefits of union. Finally they were convinced economic benefits of union. Finally they were convinced that union would mean more money for railway that union would mean more money for railway constructionconstruction

People in Nova Scotia were quite interested in a union of People in Nova Scotia were quite interested in a union of Maritime colonies Maritime colonies

Premier Charles Tupper watched the 1865 election loss & Premier Charles Tupper watched the 1865 election loss & decided not to call an election until Joseph Howe lost decided not to call an election until Joseph Howe lost some of his support. Finally in 1866 pro-confederation some of his support. Finally in 1866 pro-confederation Premier Tilly was back in office.Premier Tilly was back in office.


PEI and NewfoundlandPEI and Newfoundland In PEI there was a widespread opposition to In PEI there was a widespread opposition to

the idea of Confederation, because people the idea of Confederation, because people were concerned that the islands 5 were concerned that the islands 5 representatives in the House of Commons representatives in the House of Commons would have little power or influence.would have little power or influence.

The Islanders saw no advantage in the The Islanders saw no advantage in the proposed customs union because the islands proposed customs union because the islands government operating revenues almost government operating revenues almost entirely from duties on trade with other entirely from duties on trade with other colonies.colonies.

The people of Newfoundland were really not The people of Newfoundland were really not interested in confederation partly because interested in confederation partly because they felt that they had little in common with they felt that they had little in common with the people of the united province of Canada the people of the united province of Canada

When they heard about the When they heard about the anti-anti-confederationconfederation events in the other Atlantic events in the other Atlantic Colonies they lost interest all together.Colonies they lost interest all together.


The Constitution Act of 1867The Constitution Act of 1867 The aim of the Constitution Act The aim of the Constitution Act

was to create a federal union was to create a federal union (Confederation) of the colonies of (Confederation) of the colonies of British North America associated British North America associated with the Great Britain.with the Great Britain.

The proclamation of the The proclamation of the Dominion of CanadaDominion of Canada was was announced at Windsor castle in announced at Windsor castle in Great Britain in May 1867.Great Britain in May 1867.

The Dominion of Canada was to The Dominion of Canada was to consist of the provinces New consist of the provinces New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Ontario, Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Ontario, and Quebec.and Quebec.

The most important question that The most important question that the writers of the Constitution Act the writers of the Constitution Act had to decide was whether there had to decide was whether there should be both national and should be both national and provincial levels of government, or provincial levels of government, or just national level.just national level.


Sir John A. Macdonald, Sir John A. Macdonald, Canada's First Prime Minister Canada's First Prime Minister

(1867)(1867) Helped to create the Liberal Conservative Party in Helped to create the Liberal Conservative Party in

Canada West in 1854.Canada West in 1854. Many believed he was the prime force behind the Many believed he was the prime force behind the

Confederation.Confederation. Macdonald’s vision as prime minister was to Macdonald’s vision as prime minister was to

enlarge the country and unify it. enlarge the country and unify it. He was responsible of the building of the Canadian He was responsible of the building of the Canadian

Pacific Railway.Pacific Railway. Sir John A. Macdonald and his party were forced to Sir John A. Macdonald and his party were forced to

resign in 1873 due to the Pacific Scandal. resign in 1873 due to the Pacific Scandal.


British North America Act British North America Act and Canada's system of and Canada's system of

FederalismFederalism The British North America Act created the Dominion The British North America Act created the Dominion

of Canada in 1867. of Canada in 1867. The Dominion of Canada in 1867 stated powers of The Dominion of Canada in 1867 stated powers of

the provincial and federal government, outlined the the provincial and federal government, outlined the ways in which the government would be structured ways in which the government would be structured and guaranteed protection for minority groups .and guaranteed protection for minority groups .

Many people in the provinces of New Brunswick and Many people in the provinces of New Brunswick and Nova Scotia were anxious to have their own Nova Scotia were anxious to have their own provincial governments which resulted in a system of provincial governments which resulted in a system of Federalism.Federalism.

The System of Federalism meant that the Dominion The System of Federalism meant that the Dominion of Canada would have two levels of government of Canada would have two levels of government national or federal and provincial.national or federal and provincial.

Canada’s system of federalism would be a system Canada’s system of federalism would be a system with a central government and provincial with a central government and provincial governments and the central government would have governments and the central government would have no more power than the provincial governments no more power than the provincial governments would have little power and few rights.would have little power and few rights.


When did Canada finally do When did Canada finally do away with the BNA Act?away with the BNA Act?

In the 1970s, Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau took In the 1970s, Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau took up the cause and eventually all the provinces up the cause and eventually all the provinces except Québec accepted a new agreement, which except Québec accepted a new agreement, which became the Constitution Act of 1982. became the Constitution Act of 1982.

This act established a correcting formula and This act established a correcting formula and added a Charter of Rights and Freedoms.added a Charter of Rights and Freedoms.

Prime Minister Brian Mulroney attempted to Prime Minister Brian Mulroney attempted to secure Québec's approval of the new constitution secure Québec's approval of the new constitution in 1987 with the in 1987 with the Meech Lake AccordMeech Lake Accord, which , which required the unanimous agreement of all required the unanimous agreement of all provinces within a three-year period. As a result provinces within a three-year period. As a result of a new language argument and concerns from of a new language argument and concerns from English-speaking Canadians over identification English-speaking Canadians over identification of Québec as a “distinct society,” however, the of Québec as a “distinct society,” however, the agreement was never passed. agreement was never passed.

The constitutional crisis continued, even after The constitutional crisis continued, even after Mulroney forged another compromise among all Mulroney forged another compromise among all the parties, when the Charlottetown agreement the parties, when the Charlottetown agreement was defeated in a national voting in October was defeated in a national voting in October 1992.1992.


Why were some events in Canada’s history Why were some events in Canada’s history key in allowing us to become a nation?key in allowing us to become a nation?

The key events in Canada’s history in our segment or portion included the British North American Act The key events in Canada’s history in our segment or portion included the British North American Act (Constitution Act), Sir John A. Macdonald’s efforts to build the Canadian Pacific Railway, American (Constitution Act), Sir John A. Macdonald’s efforts to build the Canadian Pacific Railway, American Expansion and the Colonies desire for Union/ Great Britain's desire for Union, Confederation, and the Expansion and the Colonies desire for Union/ Great Britain's desire for Union, Confederation, and the Confederation debates. Confederation debates.

The British North American Act created the Dominion of Canada in 1867, without this crucial step it The British North American Act created the Dominion of Canada in 1867, without this crucial step it could have been possible that all the colonies in the Maritimes region could have been a part of a separate could have been possible that all the colonies in the Maritimes region could have been a part of a separate country (Atlantic Colonies Union) or it could have been possible that our country wouldn’t have been country (Atlantic Colonies Union) or it could have been possible that our country wouldn’t have been based on the separate powers of the provincial and federal governments. based on the separate powers of the provincial and federal governments.

It could have also been possible that Canada didn’t exist at all (part of United States of America) or It could have also been possible that Canada didn’t exist at all (part of United States of America) or Canada’s country map wouldn’t have included the Maritimes provinces. It also could have resulted in a Canada’s country map wouldn’t have included the Maritimes provinces. It also could have resulted in a different form system of government than the present system with the legislative assembly, the different form system of government than the present system with the legislative assembly, the representatives from the provinces, and the powers listing the various requirements for both the representatives from the provinces, and the powers listing the various requirements for both the provincial and federal governments. Thus, this was important to Canada, but it was the first step to provincial and federal governments. Thus, this was important to Canada, but it was the first step to having a united country with many provinces.having a united country with many provinces.

Sir John A. Macdonald’s efforts during his presidency included the building of the Canadian Pacific Sir John A. Macdonald’s efforts during his presidency included the building of the Canadian Pacific Railway which connected the Atlantic Colonies to the western provinces of Canada such as Alberta, Railway which connected the Atlantic Colonies to the western provinces of Canada such as Alberta, Saskatchewan, British Colombia and Manitoba. Saskatchewan, British Colombia and Manitoba.

Why were some events in Canada’s history Why were some events in Canada’s history key in allowing us to become a nation?key in allowing us to become a nation?

(Contd.)(Contd.) Without this crucial step, it could have been possible that Canada would either have not Without this crucial step, it could have been possible that Canada would either have not

been connected to the western provinces or the western provinces would have been poorer been connected to the western provinces or the western provinces would have been poorer compared to the “eastern” riches. This is obviously because the eastern provinces were compared to the “eastern” riches. This is obviously because the eastern provinces were developed first, due to their closeness to Europe (where people first came from).developed first, due to their closeness to Europe (where people first came from).

This step was crucial in allowing us to become a nation, because this allowed the This step was crucial in allowing us to become a nation, because this allowed the connection between the two areas, and allowed the government to plan for development in connection between the two areas, and allowed the government to plan for development in the western region. Without it, it could have resulted in many revolutions on the western the western region. Without it, it could have resulted in many revolutions on the western side because many people in that region would not have received as much attention from side because many people in that region would not have received as much attention from the government, leading to the possible formation of two countries. the government, leading to the possible formation of two countries.

The confederation and the confederation debates were obviously very crucial because The confederation and the confederation debates were obviously very crucial because they combined the Atlantic colonies and the province of Canada to form the Dominion of they combined the Atlantic colonies and the province of Canada to form the Dominion of Canada. Without this step, it could have been that our country would have been formed Canada. Without this step, it could have been that our country would have been formed later, or it could have been possible that it wouldn’t have been formed at all! There is also later, or it could have been possible that it wouldn’t have been formed at all! There is also a chance that the country would have had a different geography (map), without the a chance that the country would have had a different geography (map), without the Maritimes provinces being involved with Canada. Maritimes provinces being involved with Canada.

American Expansion and the Colonies desire for Union/ Great Britain's desire for Union American Expansion and the Colonies desire for Union/ Great Britain's desire for Union were what caused the Confederation. Without these key points it could have been possible were what caused the Confederation. Without these key points it could have been possible that Confederation was not selected by the people and thus our nation couldn’t have been that Confederation was not selected by the people and thus our nation couldn’t have been formed. These points influenced the decision for many voters and caused them to vote for formed. These points influenced the decision for many voters and caused them to vote for Confederation. It was important because this caused a majority of the people to go for Confederation. It was important because this caused a majority of the people to go for Confederation and developed the Canada that we know today (in terms of both physical Confederation and developed the Canada that we know today (in terms of both physical geography as well as political system).geography as well as political system).

BibliographyBibliography

Retrieved on June 6Retrieved on June 6thth 2007http://www.pco- 2007http://www.pco-bcp.gc.ca/aia/default.asp?bcp.gc.ca/aia/default.asp?Language=E&Page=federation&Sub=WhoWeLanguage=E&Page=federation&Sub=WhoWeretheFathersofConferetheFathersofConfe

Retrieved on June 6Retrieved on June 6thth 2007 2007 http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_7615724http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761572476/British_North_America_Act.html76/British_North_America_Act.html


THE ENDTHE END

““Federalism is a great principle that speaks Federalism is a great principle that speaks to the very foundation of human nature." -to the very foundation of human nature." -

Thomas D'Arcy McGee Thomas D'Arcy McGee


Thank you for participatingin this tour. We hope you learned new things and we

hope you enjoyed it.

drive to nationhood virtual tour (1854 - 1868)

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