drinking addiction

7/23/2019 Drinking Addiction

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Colegiul National Ion Luca

Caragiale Ploiesti

Proiect la engleza

Tema : Drinking

addiction

Elevi: Vieru Raluca


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Alcoholism, also known as alcohol use disorder (AUD)and alcohol dependence syndrome, is a broad term for any

drinking of alcoholthat results in problems.[1!t was pre"iously

di"ided into two main types alcohol abuseand alcohol

dependence. !n a medical conte#t alcoholism is said to e#ist whentwo or more of the following is present$ a person drinks large

amounts o"er a long time period, has di%culty cutting down,

ac&uiring and drinking alcohol takes up a great deal of time,

alcohol is strongly desired, usage results in not ful'lling

responsibilities, usage results in social problems, usage results in

health problem, usage results in risky

situations,withdrawaloccurs when stopping, and tolerancehas

occurred to use.[

Alcohol use can aect all parts of the body butparticularly aects the brain, heart, li"er, pancreas, and immune

system. *his can result in mental illness,+ernicke orsako

syndrome, an irregular heart beat, li"er failure, and an increase

the risk of cancer, among other disease. Drinking

duringpregnancycan cause damage to the baby resulting in fetal

alcohol syndrome. -enerally women are more sensiti"e to

alcohols harmful physical and mental eects than men.

/oth en"ironmental factors and genetics are in"ol"ed in causingalcoholism with about half the risk attributed to each. A personwith a parent or sibling with alcoholism are three to four timesmore likely to be alcoholic themsel"es. 0n"ironmental factorsinclude social, cultural, and beha"ioral inuences. 2igh stressle"els, an#iety, as well as ine#pensi"e easily accessible alcoholincreases risk. 3eople may continue to drink partly to pre"ent orimpro"e symptoms of withdrawal. A low le"el of withdrawal maylast for months following stopping. 4edically alcoholism is

considered both a physical and mental illness. /oth&uestionnaires and certain blood tests may detect people withpossible alcoholism. 5urther information is then collected tocon'rm the diagnosis.

3re"ention of alcoholism is possible by regulating and limiting thesale of alcohol, ta#ing alcoholto increase its cost, and pro"iding
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethanolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcoholism#cite_note-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcohol_abusehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcohol_dependencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcohol_dependencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Withdrawalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tolerancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcoholism#cite_note-NIH2013-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pancreashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immune_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immune_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mental_illnesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wernicke_Korsakoff_syndromehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wernicke_Korsakoff_syndromehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrythmiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cirrhosishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pregnancyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fetal_alcohol_syndromehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fetal_alcohol_syndromehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stress_(biological)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stress_(biological)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcohol_taxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcoholism#cite_note-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcohol_abusehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcohol_dependencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcohol_dependencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Withdrawalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tolerancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcoholism#cite_note-NIH2013-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pancreashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immune_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immune_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mental_illnesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wernicke_Korsakoff_syndromehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wernicke_Korsakoff_syndromehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrythmiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cirrhosishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pregnancyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fetal_alcohol_syndromehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fetal_alcohol_syndromehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stress_(biological)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stress_(biological)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcohol_taxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethanol


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ine#pensi"e treatment. *reatment may take se"eral steps./ecause of the medical problems that can occur duringwithdrawal, alcohol deto#i'cationshould be carefully controlled.6ne common method in"ol"es the use

ofben7odia7epinemedications, such as dia7epam. *his can beeither gi"en well admitted to a health care institution oroccasionally while a person remains in the community with closesuper"ision.[16ther addictionsor mental illness may complicatetreatment.[18After deto#i'cation support such as grouptherapyor self9help groupsare used to help keep a person fromreturning to drinking. 6ne commonly used form of support is thegroup Alcoholics Anonymous. *hemedications acamprosate, disul'ram, or naltre#onemay also beused to help pre"ent further drinking.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcohol_detoxificationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzodiazepinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diazepamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcoholism#cite_note-Blondell-2005-13http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Addictionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcoholism#cite_note-14http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_therapyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_therapyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-help_grouphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcoholics_Anonymoushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acamprosatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disulfiramhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naltrexonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcohol_detoxificationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzodiazepinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diazepamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcoholism#cite_note-Blondell-2005-13http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Addictionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcoholism#cite_note-14http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_therapyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_therapyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-help_grouphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcoholics_Anonymoushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acamprosatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disulfiramhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naltrexone


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3re"ention of alcoholism is possible by regulating and limiting thesale of alcohol, ta#ing alcoholto increase its cost, and pro"idingine#pensi"e treatment.[1:*reatment may take se"eral steps.

/ecause of the medical problems that can occur duringwithdrawal, alcohol deto#i'cationshould be carefully controlled.6ne common method in"ol"es the useofben7odia7epinemedications, such as dia7epam. *his can beeither gi"en well admitted to a health care institution oroccasionally while a person remains in the community with closesuper"ision.[16ther addictionsor mental illness may complicate
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcohol_taxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcoholism#cite_note-12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcohol_detoxificationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzodiazepinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diazepamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcoholism#cite_note-Blondell-2005-13http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Addictionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcohol_taxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcoholism#cite_note-12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcohol_detoxificationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzodiazepinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diazepamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcoholism#cite_note-Blondell-2005-13http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Addiction


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treatment.[18After deto#i'cation support such as grouptherapyor self9help groupsare used to help keep a person fromreturning to drinking. 6ne commonly used form of support is thegroup Alcoholics Anonymous. *he

medications acamprosate, disul'ram, or naltre#onemay also beused to help pre"ent further drinking.

*he +orld 2ealth 6rgani7ationestimates that as of :;1; therewere :;< million people with alcoholism worldwide (8.1= of thepopulation o"er 1> years of age). !n the United ?tates about 1@million (@=) of adults and ;.@ million (:..= of all deaths) are belie"ed to be due toalcohol. !t often reduces a persons life e#pectacy by around tenyears. !n the United ?tates it resulted in economic costs of B::8billion U?D in :;;C.4any terms, some insultingandothers informal, ha"e been used to refer to people aected byalcoholism including$ tippler, drunkard, dipsomaniac, andsouse. !n 1@, the +orld 2ealth 6rgani7ationdiscouraged the

use of alcoholism due to it ine#act meaning, preferring alcoholdependence syndrome

Long-term misuse

?ome of the possible long9term eects of ethanolan indi"idual

may de"elop. Additionally, in pregnant women, alcohol can

cause fetal alcohol syndrome.

Alcoholism is characterised by an increasedtoleranceto

and physical dependenceon alcohol, aecting an indi"iduals

ability to control consumption . *hese characteristics play a role

decreasing an alcoholics ability to stop drinking. Alcoholism can

ha"e ad"erse eects on mental health, causing psychiatric
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcoholism#cite_note-14http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_therapyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_therapyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-help_grouphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcoholics_Anonymoushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acamprosatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disulfiramhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naltrexonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Health_Organizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcoholism#cite_note-DSM5-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Europehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pejorativehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slanghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dipsomaniachttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Health_Organizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long-term_effects_of_ethanolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fetal_alcohol_syndromehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcohol_tolerancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_dependencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcoholism#cite_note-14http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_therapyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_therapyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-help_grouphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcoholics_Anonymoushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acamprosatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disulfiramhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naltrexonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Health_Organizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcoholism#cite_note-DSM5-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Europehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pejorativehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slanghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dipsomaniachttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Health_Organizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long-term_effects_of_ethanolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fetal_alcohol_syndromehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcohol_tolerancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_dependence


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disorders and increasing the risk of suicide. A depressed moodis

a common symptom.

3hysical

Eong9term alcohol abuse can cause a number of physicalsymptoms, including cirrhosisof the

li"er,pancreatitis, epilepsy, polyneuropathy, alcoholic dementia,

heart disease, nutritional de'ciencies,peptic ulcers[:


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lower "olume of distribution for alcohol than men, and because

the stomachs of men tend to metaboli7e alcohol more &uickly


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3sychiatric

Eong9term misuse of alcohol can cause a wide range of mentalhealth problems. ?e"ere cogniti"eproblems are commonHappro#imately 1; percent of all dementia cases are related to

alcohol consumption, making it the second leading cause ofdementia. 0#cessi"e alcohol use causes damage to brain function,and psychological health can be increasingly aected o"er time.

?ocial skillsare signi'cantly impaired in people suering fromalcoholism due to the neuroto#ic eects of alcohol on the brain,especially the prefrontal corte#area of the brain. *he social skillsthat are impaired by alcohol abuseinclude impairments inpercei"ing facial emotions, prosodyperception problemsand theory of mindde'citsH the ability to understand humour is

also impaired in alcohol abusers.3sychiatric disorders are common in alcoholics, with as many as:> percent suering se"ere psychiatric disturbances. *he mostpre"alent psychiatric symptomsare an#ietyand depressiondisorders. 3sychiatric symptomsusually initially worsen during alcohol withdrawal, but typicallyimpro"e or disappear with continuedabstinence. 3sychosis, confusion, andorganic brain syndromemaybe caused by alcohol misuse, which can lead to a misdiagnosis

such as schi7ophrenia. 3anic disordercan de"elop or worsen as adirect result of long9term alcohol misuse.

*he co9occurrence of maFor depressi"e disorder and alcoholism iswell documented. Among those with comorbidoccurrences, adistinction is commonly made between depressi"e episodes thatremit with alcohol abstinence (substance9induced), anddepressi"e episodes that are primary and do not remit withabstinence (independent episodes). Additional use of otherdrugs may increase the risk of depression.

3sychiatric disorders dier depending on gender. +omen whoha"e alcohol9use disorders often ha"e a co9occurring psychiatricdiagnosis such as maFor depression, an#iety, panicdisorder, bulimia, post9traumatic stress disorder(3*?D),orborderline personality disorder. 4en with alcohol9use disordersmore often ha"e a co9occurring diagnosis
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitivehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_skillshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prefrontal_cortexhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcohol_abusehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prosody_(linguistics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theory_of_mindhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxietyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_depressive_disorderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychosishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confusionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_brain_syndromehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schizophreniahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panic_disorderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comorbidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulimiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-traumatic_stress_disorderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borderline_personality_disorderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitivehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_skillshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prefrontal_cortexhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcohol_abusehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prosody_(linguistics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theory_of_mindhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxietyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_depressive_disorderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychosishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confusionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_brain_syndromehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schizophreniahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panic_disorderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comorbidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulimiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-traumatic_stress_disorderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borderline_personality_disorder


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of narcissisticorantisocial personality disorder, bipolar disorder,schi7ophrenia, impulse disorders or attention de'citIhyperacti"itydisorder. +omen with alcoholism are more likely to ha"e a historyof physical or se#ual assault, abuse and domestic "iolence than

those in the general population, which can lead to higherinstances of psychiatric disorders and greater dependence onalcohol.

?ocial eects

*he social problems arising from alcoholism are serious, causedby the pathological changes in the brain and the into#icatingeects of alcohol. Alcohol abuse is associated with an increasedrisk of committing criminal oences, including childabuse, domestic "iolence, rape, burglaryand assault. Alcoholism

is associated with loss of employment, which can lead to 'nancialproblems. Drinking at inappropriate times, and beha"ior causedby reduced Fudgment, can lead to legal conse&uences, such ascriminal charges for drunk dri"ingor public disorder, or ci"ilpenalties for tortiousbeha"ior, and may lead to a criminalsentence.

An alcoholics beha"ior and mental impairment, while drunk, canprofoundly aect those surrounding them and lead to isolationfrom family and friends. *his isolation can lead to marital

conictand di"orce, or contribute to domestic "iolence.Alcoholism can also lead to child neglect, with subse&uent lastingdamage to the emotional de"elopment of the alcoholicschildren. 5or this reason, children of alcoholic parents can de"elopa number of emotional problems. 5or e#ample, they can becomeafraid of their parents, because of their unstable mood beha"iors.!n addition, they can de"elop considerable amount of shame o"ertheir inade&uacy to liberate their parents from alcoholism. As aresult of this failure, they de"elop wretched self9images, whichcan lead to depression.[>@
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narcissistic_personality_disorderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antisocial_personality_disorderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bipolar_disorderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attention_deficit/hyperactivity_disorderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attention_deficit/hyperactivity_disorderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_abusehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_abusehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domestic_violencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burglaryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assaulthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termination_of_employmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drunk_drivinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relational_disorderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relational_disorderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divorcehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domestic_violencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_neglecthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcoholism#cite_note-57http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narcissistic_personality_disorderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antisocial_personality_disorderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bipolar_disorderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attention_deficit/hyperactivity_disorderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attention_deficit/hyperactivity_disorderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_abusehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_abusehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domestic_violencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burglaryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assaulthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termination_of_employmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drunk_drivinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relational_disorderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relational_disorderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divorcehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domestic_violencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_neglecthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcoholism#cite_note-57


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Alcohols rewarding and reinforcing (i.e., addicti"e) properties aremediated through its eects on dopamineneurons inthemesolimbic reward pathway, which connects the "entraltegmental areato the nucleus accumbens(JAcc). 6ne of

alcohols primary eects is the allosteric inhibition of J4DAreceptorsand facilitation of -A/AAreceptors(e.g., enhanced-A/AAreceptor9mediated chlorideu# through allostericregulationof the receptor). At high doses, ethanol inhibitsmost ligand gated ion channelsand "oltage gated ion channelsinneurons as well.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Addictivehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dopaminehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesolimbic_reward_pathwayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ventral_tegmental_areahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ventral_tegmental_areahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleus_accumbenshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NMDA_receptorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NMDA_receptorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GABAA_receptorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GABAA_receptorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GABAA_receptorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GABAA_receptorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chloridehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allosteric_regulationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allosteric_regulationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ligand_gated_ion_channelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltage_gated_ion_channelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Addictivehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dopaminehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesolimbic_reward_pathwayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ventral_tegmental_areahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ventral_tegmental_areahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleus_accumbenshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NMDA_receptorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NMDA_receptorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GABAA_receptorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chloridehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allosteric_regulationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allosteric_regulationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ligand_gated_ion_channelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltage_gated_ion_channel


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+ith acute alcohol consumption, dopamineis released inthe synapsesof the mesolimbic pathway, in turn heighteningacti"ation of postsynaptic D1 receptors. *he acti"ation of thesereceptors triggers postsynaptic internal signaling e"ents

through protein kinase Awhich ultimately phosphorylatecA43response element binding protein(GK0/), inducing GK0/9mediated changes in gene e#pression.

+ith chronic alcohol intake, consumption of ethanol similarlyinduces GK0/ phosphorylation through the D1 receptor pathway,but it also alters J4DA receptorfunction through phosphorylationmechanismsH an adapti"edownregulationof the D1 receptorpathway and GK0/ function occurs as well. [[

drinking addiction

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