drilling and the associated drillhole measurements of the
TRANSCRIPT
P O S I V A O Y
FI -27160 OLKILUOTO, F INLAND
Tel +358-2-8372 31
Fax +358-2-8372 3709
Ant t i Öhberg , ed .
K immo Kemppa inen
Heta Lamp inen
Juha N iemonen
Jar i Pö l l änen
Tauno Raut i o
Pekka Rouh ia i nen
Anna -Mar ia Ta rva inen
December 2007
Work ing Repor t 2007 -97
Drilling and the Associated Drillhole Measurements of the Pilot Hole ONK-PH7
December 2007
Base maps: ©National Land Survey, permission 41/MYY/07
Working Reports contain information on work in progress
or pending completion.
Antt i Öhberg , ed .
Saan io & R iekko la Oy
K immo Kemppa inen , Heta Lamp inen
Pos iva Oy
Juha N iemonen
Oy Ka t i Ab
Jar i Pö l l änen , Pekka Rouh ia inen
PRG-Tec Oy
Tauno Raut io , Anna -Mar ia Tarva inen
Suomen Ma lm i Oy
Work ing Report 2007 -97
Drilling and the Associated Drillhole Measurements of the Pilot Hole ONK-PH7
DRILLING AND THE ASSOCIATED DRILLHOLE MEASUREMENTS OF THE PILOT HOLE ONK-PH7
ABSTRACT
The construction of the ONKALO access tunnel started in September 2004 at Olkiluoto. Most of the investigations related to the construction of the access tunnel aim to ensure successful excavations, reinforcement and sealing. Pilot holes are drillholes, which are core drilled along the tunnel profile. The length of the pilot holes typically varies from several tens of metres to a couple of hundred metres. The pilot holes are aimed to confirm the quality of the rock mass for tunnel construction, and in particular to identify water conductive fractured zones and to provide information that could result in modifications of the existing construction plans.
The pilot hole ONK-PH7 was drilled from chainage 1880 to chainage 1980.31 in February 2007. The length of the hole is 100.31 m. The aim during the drilling work was to orient core samples as much as possible. The deviation of the drillhole was measured during and after the drilling phase. Electric conductivity was measured from the collected returning water samples.
Logging of the core samples included the following parameters: lithology, foliation, fracturing, fracture frequency, RQD, fractured zones, core loss and weathering. The rock mechanical logging was based on Q-classification. The tests to determine rock strength and deformation properties were made with a Rock Tester-equipment.
Difference Flow method was used for the determination of hydraulic conductivity in fractures and fractured zones in the drillhole. The overlapping i.e. the detailed flow logging mode was used. Besides flow logging Single Point Resistance (SPR), Electric Conductivity (EC) and temperature of the drillhole water were also measured. The flow logging was performed with 0.5 m section length and with 0.1 m depth increment. Water loss measurements were conducted between the hole depth of 1.18 m and the hole bottom.
Geophysical logging and optical imaging of the pilot hole included the fieldwork of all surveys, the integration of the data as well as interpretation of the acoustic and drillhole radar data.
No groundwater samples were taken due to low water flow from the drillhole.
Keywords: pilot hole, ONKALO, core drilling, drillhole measurements, flow logging
PILOTTIREIÄN ONK-PH7 KAIRAUS JA REIKÄTUTKIMUKSET
TIIVISTELMÄ
ONKALOn ajotunnelin rakentaminen aloitettiin Olkiluodossa syyskuussa 2004. Useimmat ajotunnelin rakentamisen aikaiset tutkimukset liittyvät louhinnan, lujituksen ja injektoinnin suunnitteluun. Pilottireikien, jotka kairataan tunnelin profiiliin, pituus vaihtelee tyypillisesti muutamien kymmenien metrien ja muutaman sadan metrin välillä. Pilottireikien avulla varmistutaan kalliomassan laadusta ennen sen louhimista. Pilotti-reikien avulla tunnistetaan vettäjohtavat rakenteet ja niistä saatavalla tiedolla voidaan modifioida olemassa olevia louhintasuunnitelmia.
Pilottireikä ONK-PH7 kairattiin paalulukemalta 1880 paalulukemalle 1980,31 helmi-kuussa 2007. Reiän pituus on 100,31 m. Kairauksen aikana tavoitteena oli saada mahdollisimman paljon suunnattua näytettä. Taipuma mitattiin kairauksen aikana ja sen jälkeen. Sähkönjohtavuus mitattiin reiästä palautuvasta reikävedestä otetuista vesinäyt-teistä.
Kallionäytteen kartoitus käsitti seuraavat parametrit: litologia, liuskeisuus, rakoilu, ra-koluku, RQD, rikkonaisuusvyöhykkeet, näytehukka ja rapautuneisuus. Kalliomekaani-nen raportointi perustui Q-luokitukseen. Kiven lujuus- ja muodonmuutosparametrit määritettiin Rock Tester -laitteistolla.
Rakojen sekä rakovyöhykkeiden vedenjohtavuus mitattiin Posiva Flow Log -virtausero-mittarilla. Mittausvälin pituus oli 0,5 m ja pisteväli 0,1 m. Virtausmittauksen yhteydessä mitattiin myös maadoitusvastus, reikäveden sähkönjohtavuus ja lämpötila. Virtaus-mittauksessa käytettiin 0,5 m mittausväliä ja 0,1 m pisteväliä. Vesimenekkikokeet tehtiin reikäsyvyyden 1,18 m ja reiän pohjan välillä.
Reikägeofysiikan mittauksista ja reiän optisen kuvantamisesta saadut tulokset integroi-tiin ja akustisen menetelmän ja reikätutkan data tulkittiin.
Vesinäytteitä ei voitu ottaa, koska reiän tuotto oli liian alhainen.
Avainsanat: pilottireikä, ONKALO, kallionäytekairaus, reikämittaukset, virtausmittaus
FOREWORD
In this report the results of drilling pilot hole ONK-PH7 and the associated drillhole investigations are presented. Oy Kati Ab Kalajoki contracted by Posiva Oy drilled the pilot hole. Geological Survey of Finland (GTK) and Posiva carried out the geological logging of the drill core.
Hydraulic flow measurements were assigned to PRG-Tec Oy. Suomen Malmi Oy was assigned the rock mechanical tests on drill core samples.
The following persons have contributed to the compilation of this report: section 1 Antti Öhberg/Saanio & Riekkola Oy, section 2 Juha Niemonen/Oy Kati Ab, section 3 Kimmo Kemppainen/Posiva Oy and Heta Lampinen/Posiva Oy, section 4 (4.1, 4.2) Kimmo Kemppainen/Posiva Oy; (4.3) Tauno Rautio/Suomen Malmi Oy, section 5 (5.1) Antti Öhberg/Saanio & Riekkola Oy; (5.2) Jari Pöllänen and Pekka Rouhiainen/PRG-Tec Oy; (5.3) Juha Niemonen/Oy Kati Ab, section 6 Anna-Maria Tarvainen/Suomen Malmi Oy and section 7 Antti Öhberg/Saanio & Riekkola Oy.
This report was prepared for publication by Helka Suomi from Posiva Oy.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
ABSTRACT TIIVISTELMÄFOREWORD
1 INTRODUCTION................................................................................................... 3
2 CORE DRILLING .................................................................................................. 72.1 General ........................................................................................................ 72.2 Equipment .................................................................................................... 72.3 Mobilization and preparing to work .............................................................. 82.4 Drilling work.................................................................................................. 82.5 Deviation surveys....................................................................................... 102.6 Electric Conductivity surveys ..................................................................... 112.7 Demobilization............................................................................................ 11
3 GEOLOGICAL LOGGING ................................................................................... 133.1 General ...................................................................................................... 133.2 Lithology..................................................................................................... 133.3 Foliation...................................................................................................... 143.4 Fracturing ................................................................................................... 163.5 Fracture frequency and RQD ..................................................................... 233.6 Fractured zones and core loss................................................................... 243.7 Weathering................................................................................................. 25
4 ROCK MECHANICS ........................................................................................... 274.1 General ...................................................................................................... 274.2 The Rock quality ........................................................................................ 274.3 Rock mechanical field tests on core samples ............................................ 30
4.3.1 Description of tests ......................................................................... 304.3.2 Strength and elastic properties....................................................... 32
5 HYDRAULIC MEASUREMENTS ........................................................................ 355.1 General ...................................................................................................... 355.2 Flow logging ............................................................................................... 35
5.2.1 Principles of measurement and interpretation ................................ 355.2.2 Equipment specifications................................................................ 435.2.3 Description of the data set.............................................................. 44
5.3 Water loss measurements (Lugeon tests) ................................................. 45
6 GEOPHYSICAL LOGGINGS .............................................................................. 476.1 General ...................................................................................................... 476.2 Equipment and methods ............................................................................ 47
6.2.1 WellMac equipment ........................................................................ 476.2.2 Rautaruukki equipment................................................................... 486.2.3 Normal resistivity sonde ................................................................. 486.2.4 RAMAC equipment......................................................................... 486.2.5 Sonic equipment............................................................................. 486.2.6 Optical televiewer ........................................................................... 48
6.3 Fieldwork.................................................................................................... 506.4 Processing and results............................................................................... 51
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6.4.1 Natural gamma radiation ................................................................ 526.4.2 Gamma-gamma density ................................................................. 526.4.3 Magnetic susceptibility.................................................................... 526.4.4 Single point resistance and normal resistivities.............................. 526.4.5 Wenner resistivity ........................................................................... 536.4.6 Drillhole radar ................................................................................. 536.4.7 Full Waveform Sonic ...................................................................... 546.4.8 Drillhole image................................................................................ 55
7 SUMMARY .......................................................................................................... 57
REFERENCES ............................................................................................................. 59
APPENDICES............................................................................................................... 65
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1 INTRODUCTION
The construction of the ONKALO access tunnel started in September 2004. The investigations during the construction of the access tunnel will provide complementary and detailed information about the host rock and will also include monitoring of disturbances caused by the construction activities. Most of these investigations related to construction aim to ensure successful excavations, reinforcement and sealing and are also used in ordinary tunnelling projects. Some of the investigations are specific for ONKALO -project, such as the pilot holes along the tunnel profile. The location of ONKALO is presented in Figure 1-1.
When the access tunnel progresses deeper, specific attention will be paid to the impact of high groundwater pressure on the construction and investigations activities. Investigations essential for the construction activities can be divided into probing, mapping and drilling of pilot holes. Again, most information acquired for construction purposes will be essential also for the site characterisation. Additional investigations for pure characterisation purposes will also be carried out.
Pilot holes are drillholes to be drilled along the tunnel profile. The length of the pilot holes typically varies from several tens of metres to a couple of hundred metres. The pilot holes are mostly aimed to confirm the quality of the rock mass for tunnel construction, and in particular to identify water conductive fractured zones. The information provided by pilot holes can result in modifications of the existing construction plans (i.e. they are an integral part of coordinated investigation, design and construction activities). The pilot holes will also be used for the comparison of the drill core and the tunnel sidewall mapping, particularly on the characterisation levels.
Pilot holes will play an important role on the characterisation levels in preventing the tunnels from unexpectedly intersecting fractured zones, which would result in large groundwater inflows, and in making it possible to consider such intersections in advance and in carrying out appropriate pre-grouting. According to the current plans all research tunnels need to be explored by means of pilot holes before construction. Pilot holes are also fundamental for acquiring reliable in situ data on the host rock. The drillholes must be designed, assessed and drilled so that the disturbances to the host rock (e.g. undesirable hydraulic connections, uncontrolled leakages, etc.) are minimised and the natural integrity of the host rock is not jeopardised.
At the repository construction phase long pilot holes (200…250 m) will likely play an important role in the assessment of rock mass conditions before the disposal tunnels are excavated. For this reason, it is important to gain as much experience as possible of their use as early as possible. Decisions on the location of these pilot holes are based on the bedrock model and other relevant data, possibly assisted by statistical analyses. Pilot holes may, for example, be drilled into major fractured zones or other structures of interest (Posiva 2003).
Pilot holes are planned to cover those sections of the access tunnel, where it will intersect significant structures based on the geological model. It is planned that the access tunnel section below level -300 will also be confirmed by pilot holes before excavation. According to the current geological model (Paulamäki et al. 2006) and the
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latest layout about 1932 m of pilot holes are needed above the main characterisation level (-420). The pilot holes in ONKALO will be drilled inside the tunnel profile to avoid disturbances in the surrounding rock mass (Posiva Oy 2003).
The first pilot hole OL-PH1 was core drilled from the surface prior to the excavation work of the ONKALO access tunnel, see Table 1-1. Pilot hole ONK-PH7, described in this report, was drilled in February 2007. The location of the pilot holes PH1-PH7 in ONKALO is presented in Figure 1-2. In this report the term “hole depth” is defined as hole length from the tunnel face.
Figure 1-1. The location of ONKALO at Olkiluoto.
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Table 1-1. The completed pilot holes.
Pilot hole Hole length (m)
Date drilling was completed
Chainageinterval
Referencereport
OL-PH1 160.08 Jan. 2004 -23-137 Niinimäki 2004 ONK-PH2 122.31 Dec. 2004 135 - 257 Öhberg et al.
2005ONK-PH3 145.04 Sep. 2005 696.87 - 841.78 Öhberg et al.
2006cONK-PH4 96.01 Oct. 2005 874.1 - 970 Öhberg et al.
2006bONK-PH5 202.64 Jan. 2006 991.4 - 1194 Öhberg et al.
2006aONK-PH6 155.04 Sep. 2006 1404 - 1559 Öhberg et al.
2007ONK-PH7 100.31 Feb. 2007 1880-1980.31
Figure 1-2. The location of pilot holes PH1-PH7 in ONKALO.
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2 CORE DRILLING
2.1 General
The aim of the drilling work was to drill a 100 m long pilot hole ONK-PH7 (later PH7) inside the ONKALO access tunnel profile. The tunnel profile at the starting point of the pilot hole was 8.5 m wide and 6.65 m high. The dip of the tunnel was 1:-10 (-5.7 degrees). The planned starting point for the pilot hole was at the chainage 1880 and the target point at the chainage 1980, Figure 2-1. The actual starting point was the same as the planned and the target 100.31 m forward at the chainage 1980.31. The main purpose of the drilling was to acquire and adjust the geological, geophysical, hydrogeological and rock mechanical knowledge prior to the excavation of the tunnel into the area.
2.2 Equipment
The pilot hole PH7 was drilled with a fully hydraulic ONRAM-1000/4 rig powered by electric motor. The drill rig and working base was installed on Mercedes Benz truck, Figure 2-2. The list of equipment at the site is presented in Appendix 2.1.
Hagby-Asahi’s wireline drill rods (wl-76) and a 3-metre triple tube core barrel were used in this work. The diameter of the hole is 76.3 mm and diameter of core sample is 51.0 mm. Triple tube coring enables undisturbed core sampling from broken rock and fracture fillings. The inner tube can be opened and the undisturbed sample can be taken out from the inner tube.
Figure 2-1. The planned position of pilot hole PH7 (red) in chainage interval from
1880 to 1980.
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Figure 2-2. The drill rig and working base are installed on a truck.
2.3 Mobilization and preparing to work
The rig was mobilized to Olkiluoto on the 22th of February in 2007. In the morning next day the rig was moved into the access tunnel of ONKALO and installed to the site. A surveying contractor (Prismarit Oy) checked the orientation of the rig and collaring of the hole was started on the 23th of February by casing drilling.
2.4 Drilling work
Core drilling started on the 23th of February after preliminary preparations. Initial azimuth of the drillhole was 315 degrees and initial dip –4.0 degrees, Table 2-1. The drilling contractor, Oy Kati Ab, was prepared to orientate the drillhole according to the demands (the pilot hole must stay inside the tunnel profile) appointed by Posiva Oy. The orientation was planned to be accomplished by wedging. One wedge would have bended the hole approximately 1.0…1.5 degrees. The drilling contractor was also prepared to use directional drilling equipment. The deviation of the drillhole was measured with three different devices. After every 25 metres the azimuth and the dip were measured with Maxibor tool. At the end of drilling work the hole was surveyed by Flexit and DeviFlex tools. Maxibor is an optical instrument and it measures the curvature of consecutive hole segments using reflected light inside its steel tubes. Flexit is an electronic multi-shot and single-shot system that uses the same methodology as the
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EMS system. DeviFlex tool measures the dip at every station and the curvature of the hole is measured by tension strain gauge.
Table 2-1. The starting point coordinates and orientation of PH7.
PH7 Northing Easting Elevation Direction (o) Dip (o) ChainagePlanned 6791999.18 152972.60 -174.00 315 -4.0 1880
Measured 6791999.70 1525972.06 -174.05 314.79 -3.6 1980.31
Drilling work was carried out as 2 shift work (á 12 h). The crew in a shift consisted of a driller and an assistant driller. Surveyor completed deviation surveys and drilling manager superintended the work.
Drill core samples were wrapped into aluminium foil and placed in wooden core boxes. Before closing the aluminium wrap the boxes were photographed with a digital camera. After each run the hole depth was marked on a wooden block wrapped into aluminium foil as well. The list of oriented samples is provided in Appendix 2.2.
The hole was completed in 23 runs, Appendix 2.3. Average length of a run was 2.41 metres. The drilling report sheet is presented in Appendix 2.4.
The flushing water was labelled. The label substance uranine (sodium fluorescein) was readily mixed by Posiva Oy into the water taken from the tunnel waterline. The sample from the water returning from the hole was taken during every drill run. Altogether 38 water samples were collected for electric conductivity measurements. Once a day one sample of labelled water was collected from the waterline for analysis in TVO´s laboratory. That water sample was collected into a plastic bottle wrapped into aluminium foil to prevent degradation of label substance. During the drilling operation 32.18 m3 of water was used and 30.41 m3 of water, returned from the hole, was pumped out from the tunnel.
The casing was drilled to the depth of 0.90 m. The casing was cemented into place with aluminate cement (Ciment Fondu La Farge). Because of the leakage between the casing and drillhole the casing was re-cemented. The casing was cemented into the tunnel face with aluminate cement the volume of which was about 6 litres. The volume of 0.5 dl of accelerating agent (Ciment Fondu) was added to the mixture. The rock was normal and drilling progressed normally during drilling of pilot hole PH7.
The hole was washed and cleaned with a steel brush and water jet directed to the drillhole walls through the holes drilled in the brush frame made of stainless steel. The used water pressure was 40 bars. The rods were lowered slowly downwards and the rods were rotated simultaneously. During the cleaning and washing operation 2.57 m3 oflabelled water was used and 2.41 m3 of returning water was pumped out from the tunnel.
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2.5 Deviation surveys
The deviation survey with Maxibor tool was completed using a measuring interval of 25 metres in order to control the straightness of the hole and to ensure that the hole was inside the planned tunnel profile.
The survey tools were pumped to the bottom with wire-line water pump. The survey was completed in three metres long intervals by pulling the tool upwards with wire-line winch.
The deviation survey was carried out with DeviFlex to the drillhole depth of 92 metres and with Flexit and Maxibor to the drillhole depth of 96 metres. The comparison of survey results at the hole depth of 84 metres is presented in Table 2-3. Flexit and DeviFlex are measuring the dip at every station. The consistencies between the three surveys with respect to elevation (result of dip measurement) and deviation are presented in Table 2-3. When comparing deviation Maxibor and Flexit show consistent results.
The results of the final survey with Maxibor tool indicate that the hole was deviated 0.42 metres down and 0.79 metres right at the hole depth of 96 metres. The results of deviation surveys by Flexit, Maxibor and DeviFlex survey tools are given in Appendices 2.5…2.7, respectively.
Table 2-2. Surveyed hole position at 84 metres depth in PH7.
Tool Station Dip Azimuth Easting (o) Northing Elevation
Flexit 84 -4.02 316.17 1 525 913.37 6 792 059.88 -179.66
Maxibor 84 -3.93 315.48 1 525 913.03 6 792 059.20 -179.68
DeviFlex 84 -3.18 318.84 1 525 914.25 6 792 060.40 -179.12
Table 2-3. Comparison of the results with different tools at the hole depth of 84 metres.
The red colour indicates the biggest difference and blue colour indicates the smallest
difference between the three survey tools when they are compared as pairs between
each other.
Tool 1 Tool 2 Difference
DipDifference Azimuth
Difference Easting (o)
Difference Northing
Difference Elevation
DeviFlex Maxibor 0.75 3.36 1.22 1.21 0.56DeviFlex Flexit 0.84 2.67 0.88 0.52 0.54Maxibor Flexit 0.09 -0.69 -0.34 -0.68 -0.02
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2.6 Electric Conductivity surveys
The collected 38 water samples from returning water were measured with a Pioneer Ion Check 65 conductivity meter. The meter was calibrated according to the conductivity standard (Unidose Radiometer analytical 1000 µS/cm) and the conductivity values are temperature corrected to 20 C. The conductivity readings are presented in Appendix 2.8.
2.7 Demobilization
Demobilization of the rig took place after Water Loss Measurements, which was the last field activity in PH7, on March 1st, 2007.
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3 GEOLOGICAL LOGGING
3.1 General
The core logging of PH7 followed the normal Posiva logging procedure, which has been used in previous pilot hole drilling programmes at Olkiluoto. Geologists from Geological Survey of Finland and Posiva carried out the geological core logging. From the core samples the lithology, foliation, fracturing, fractured zones, weathering, rock quality and possible intersections (not encountered) were mapped. The directions of fracture- and foliation planes were also measured using drillhole imaginary. After the loggings digital photos were taken from every core box and selected core samples for rock mechanical field-testings were chosen. The core box numbers and the photographs are presented in Appendices 3.8 and 3.9, respectively.
3.2 Lithology
The lithological classification used in the mapping follows the classification by Mattila (2006). In this classification, migmatitic metamorphic gneisses are divided into veined- (VGN), stromatic- (SGN) and diatexitic gneisses (DGN). The percentage of the leucosome content in gneisses was recorded in the log when encountered. The non-migmatitic metamorphic gneisses are separated into mica- (MGN), mafic- (MFGN), quartz- (QGN) and tonalitic-granodioritic-granitic gneisses (TGG). The metamorphic rocks form a compositional series that can be separated by rock texture and the proportion of neosome. Igneous rock names used in the classification are coarse-grained pegmatitic granite (PGR), K-feldspar porphyry (KFP) and metadiabase (MDB).
The PH7 drill core consists nearly totally of DGN (98.2 %) that in general included thin pegmatitic granite veins with diffuse contacts. The DGN contains biotite-rich schlierens and large amounts of cordierite grains that are pinitised to a variable degree. Short sections of PGR, MGN and QGN are typical within the rock. The DGN is an irregular or weakly banded rock that is extremely intact for the most part of it with a total fractureless core length of 43.75 m. The leucosome content in DGN varies between 45-80 %, most of the rock being between 60-75 %. Highest leucosome content (80 %) in DGN located between hole section 9-13 m, where the rock was also more deformed than in other parts of the core. Particularly the section 11.25-13 m was deformed in semi-ductile/ductile fashion, having slightly mylonitic and brecciated appearance. Section was also chloritized and epidotized, which was not typical for the rest of the core.
Apart from the small PGR veins (to present a distinct rock type in the drillhole core lithology, the section must be 1 m) in DGN, one distinct pegmatitic granite vein (1.8 % of total core length) located at the end of the hole in the depth section 89.0-90.8 m.PGR in PH7 is a pale, coarse grained, massive rock that contains small amount of pinitised cordierite grains and mica inclusions. Like the DGN, the PGR is also extremely intact, as it is not fractured.
The lithology recorded from the core is presented in the Figure 3-1 and in Appendix 3.1.
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Figure 3-1. The lithology of PH7 according to the core logging.
3.3 Foliation
Measurements of foliation were carried out in one-metre intervals using drillhole imaginary for the orientation and the core sample for the characterisation. A total of 101 observations of foliation were made. The classification of the foliation type and intensity used in this study is based on the characterisation procedure introduced by Milnes et al. (2006). Foliation type was estimated macroscopically in one metre intervals and classified into five categories:
- MAS = massive - GNE = gneissic - BAN = banded - SCH = schistose - IRR = irregular
The gneissic (GNE) type is a rock dominated by quartz and feldspars; no continuous trains of micas or amphiboles, banded foliation (BAN) has intercalated gneissic and schistose layers and schistose (SCH) type is a rock dominated by micas and/or amphiboles (these minerals are arranged in continuous trains so that the preferred orientation of crystallographic cleavages provide a general plane of mechanical weakness).
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The intensity of the foliation is also based on visual estimation and classified into four categories:
- 0 = Massive or irregular - 1 = Weakly foliated - 2 = Moderately foliated - 3 = Strongly foliated
The two variables (type and intensity) can be combined in a matrix, which is constructed to reflect the mechanical properties of the rock. Massive (MAS) corresponds to massive rock with no visible orientations and irregular (IRR) to folded or mixed rock.
The measured foliation orientations in PH7 are shown in a stereogram in Figure 3-2 and presented in Appendix 3.2. The foliation strikes NE-SW and dips towards the SE (mean dip direction/dip 121º/44º).
Figure 3-2. Contour plot of foliation orientations in PH7. The trend of the pilot hole
(315 ) is shown as a black line (Fisher equal area, lower hemisphere projection).
The foliation type in the predominant rock type, DGN, is mainly irregular (75.8 %). There are some banded (16.3 %) and schistose (5 %) parts in the rock, but the banding is weak. The 3 % of the rock, that is massive, is due the existence of PGR veins.
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3.4 Fracturing
Each fracture was described individually and attributes include orientation, type, colour, fracture filling, surface shape and roughness. The Ja (joint alteration) and Jr (joint roughness) parameters for the Q-classification were also collected for each fracture. The abbreviations related to fracture types are given in Table 3-1.
Table 3-1. The abbreviations used to describe the fracture type are in accordance with
the classification used by Suomen Malmi Oy (Niinimäki, 2004).
Abbreviation Fracture type op open ti tight, no filling material fi filled
fisl filled slickensided grfi grain filled clfi clay filled
Healed or welded fractures were classified as tight and described in the remarks column.The thickness of the filling was estimated with an accuracy of 0.1 mm. The recognition of fracture fillings is qualitative and visually estimated. Where the recognition of the specified mineral was not possible, the mineral was described with a common mineral group name, such as clay and sulphides, in accordance with the fracture mineral database, which Kivitieto Oy and Posiva Oy has developed. The abbreviations related to minerals are given in Table 3-2.
Table 3-2. Abbreviations used for different minerals during the loggings.
Abbreviation Mineral Abbreviation Mineral
AN = analcime NA = nakrite KS = kaolinite + other
clay minerals HB = hydrobiotite
BT = biotite PA = palygorsgite LM = laumontite HE = hematite CC = calcite PB = galena MH = molybdenite IL = illite CU = chalcopyrite SK = pyrite MK = pyrrhotite IS = illite + other clay
minerals DO = dolomite SM = smectite MO = montmorillonite KA = kaolinite EP = epidote SR = sericite MP = black pigment KI = kaolinite + illite FG = phlogopite SV = clay mineral MS = feldspar KL = chlorite GR = graphite VM = vermikulite MU = muscovite KM = K-feldspar GS = gismondite ZN = sphalerite
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The fracture surface shapes and roughness classes are given in Table 3-3.
Table 3-3. The fracture surface shape and roughness classification using modification
of Barton’s (Barton 1974) Q-classification
Fracture shape Fracture roughness Planar Rough
Stepped Smooth Undulated Slickensided
In addition to this, the fracture morphology and fracture alteration were also classified according to the Q-system (Grimstad & Barton 1993). Fracture roughness is described with the joint roughness number, Jr (Table 3-4) and the fracture alteration with the joint alteration number Ja (Table 3-5).
Table 3-4. The concise description of joint roughness number Jr (Grimstad & Barton
1993).
Jr Profile i) Rock wall contact ii) Rock wall contact before 10 cm shear.
4 SRO Discontinuous joint or rough and stepped 3 SSM Stepped smooth 2 SSL Stepped slickensided 3 URO Rough and undulating 2 USM Smooth and undulating
1.5 USL Slickensided and undulating 1.5 PRO Rough or irregular, planar 1 PSM Smooth, planar
0.5 PSL Slickensided, planar Note1. Descriptions refer to small scale features and intermediate scale features, in that order.
Jr No rock-wall contact when sheared 1 Zone containing clay minerals thick enough to prevent rock-
wall contact 1 Sandy, gravely or crushed zone thick enough to prevent
rock-wall contact Note1. Add 1 if the mean spacing of the relevant joint set is greater than 3. 2. Jr = 0.5 can be used for planar slickensided joints having lineation, provided the lineations are oriented for minimum strength.
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Table 3-5. The concise description of joint alteration number Ja (Grimstad & Barton
1993).
Ja Rock wall contact (no mineral filling, only coatings). 0.75 Tightly healed, hard, non-softening impermeable filling, i.e. quartz, or
epidote.1 Unaltered joint walls, surface staining only. 2 Slightly altered joint walls. Non-softening mineral coatings, sandy
particles, clay-free disintegrated rock, etc. 3 Silty or sandy clay coatings, small clay fraction (non-softening). 4 Softening or low-friction clay mineral coatings, i.e. kaolinite, mica,
chlorite, talc, gypsum, and graphite, etc., and small quantities of swelling clays (discontinuous coatings, 1-2 mm or less in thickness. Rock wall contact before 10 cm shear (thin mineral fillings).
4 Sandy particles, clay-free disintegrated rock, etc. 6 Strongly over-consolidated, non-softening clay mineral fillings
(continuous, < 5 mm in thickness). 8 Medium or low over-consolidation, softening, clay mineral filling
(continuous < 5 mm in thickness). 8-12 Swelling-clay fillings, i.e. montmorillonite (continuous, < 5 mm in
thickness). Value of Ja depends on percentage of swelling clay-sized particles, and access to water, etc. No rock-wall contact when sheared (thick mineral fillings).
6-12 Zones or bands of disintegrated or crushed rock and clay. 5 Zones or bands of silty- or sandy-clay, small clay fraction (non-
softening).10-20 Thick, continuous zones or bands of clay.
During the fracture logging the surface colour was registered, the colour often caused by the dominating fracture mineral or minerals e.g. chlorite (green) or kaolinite (white). Existence of minor filling minerals usually causes some variation in the colour of the fracture surface. These shades were described as reddish or greenish, etc.
In the fracture mapping 57 fractures in total were recorded, Appendix 3.3. There are 40 filled fractures (70.2 %), 15 tight (26.3 %), one slickensided (1.8 %), and one clay-filled (1.8 %). From the total of 15 tight fractures, 14 fractures are healed. The frequencies of fracture surface qualities and morphologies and both joint roughness and joint alteration numbers are shown as histograms in Figures 3-3…3-7.
Clear majority of the fractures have an undulated shape (Figure 3-3). Most of the fractures also have rough profile (Figure 3-4) and high joint roughness numbers (Figure 3-5), indicating a high friction in the fracture surface. Low joint alteration numbers (Figure 3-6) also support this conclusion.
19
Fracture shape
0
40
17
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
stepped undulated planar
Figure 3-3. Histogram of fracture shape.
Fracture roughness
44
12
1
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
rough smooth slickensided
Figure 3-4. Histogram of fracture roughness.
20
Joint roughness number
0
3
15
9
30
00
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
0,5 1 1,5 2 3 4
Figure 3-5. Histogram of joint roughness numbers.
Joint alteration number
15
20
15
7
0 0 00
5
10
15
20
25
0,75 1 2 3 4 5 6
Figure 3-6. Histogram of joint alteration numbers.
21
A clear majority of the fractures (40 from the total of 57) is concentrated in the first 20 m of the core, therefore the best representative of the relative amount of fracture filling minerals in the PH7 can be seen in the first column (0-20 m) in Figure 3-7. In this part of the core the fracture fillings are calcite, pyrite, chlorite, epidote, clay, kaolinite and quartz. Minor occurrences of illite, biotite and graphite were also recorded. The slickensided surface contained chlorite, epidote, calcite, graphite and some unidentified clay material, which is quite usual for this fracture roughness type at ONKALO.
Fracture filling minerals in ONK-PH7
0 %
20 %
40 %
60 %
80 %
100 %
0-20 m 20-40 m 40-60 m 60-80 m 80-100.31 m
SV
SR
SK
MU
MS
MK
KV
KM
KL
KA
IL
IM
HE
GR
EP
CC
BT
Figure 3-7. Diagram of the fracture filling minerals in PH7. Fracture logging data has been divided into 20 m long sections.
After every sample run, the drilling contractor marked the drill core with an orientation mark. During the drillings in total 19 qualified orientation marks were made. Some marks were discarded because of bad marks and in some parts of the drill core it was not possible to mark with a baseline due to spinning of the drill core during the drilling. Still, 87.2 % of the whole drill core was orientated. The base line drawn between these marks on the drill core acts as a ground for the measurements from the sample. From the oriented drill core sections core alpha and beta angles of every fracture were measured (Figure 3-8) (Appendices 3.2 and 3.3). Each alpha and beta value was recalculated to real dip and dip directions using drill hole orientation and hole deviation survey data.
22
Figure 3-8. The fracture orientation measurements from orientated core. The core
alpha ( ) angle measured relatively to core axis. The core beta ( ) angle measured
clockwise relatively to reference line looking downward core axis in the direction of
drilling. Figure modified from Rocscience Inc. Drillhole orientation data pairs, Dips (v.
5.102) Help.
The most common fracture direction in PH7 is parallel to the foliation of the rock with a NE-SW trend and relatively low dip angle towards SE (mean dip direction/dip 131º/35º). These fractures are common in all parts of drill core. Second set, though not very numerous (4 fractures), has the typical N-S direction for near vertical /steep angle fractures at Olkiluoto. These steep fractures (mean dip direction/dip 092º/74º) are focused on the drillhole section between 5.83-11.92 m that partly overlaps the weak and the only fractured zone in the PH7 (RiII, 11.15-12.8 m). Some horizontal or sub-horizontal fractures occurred in the hole (set 3 and partly set 1), but possible horizontal fractures could be underrepresented because of the horizontal direction of the hole. The very low angle fractures in the 3rd set (mean dip direction/dip 069º/20º) occur repeatedly in every 13.5-17.0 m, which might indicate some connection to e.g. foliation pattern. Due to the small number of fractures (6 fractures), the interpretation is very loose. The distribution of all fracture orientations (Appendices 3.3 and 3.4) in PH7 is shown in Figure 3-9 as Fisher equal area, lower hemisphere projection.
The fracture orientation is also measured from drillhole imaginary. Also in that specific log, aperture class, real aperture and comparison of Posiva flow log and core samples, are presented (Appendix 3.4).
23
Figure 3-9. Distribution of poles to fractures in PH7 according to drillhole imaginary
(Fisher equal area, lower hemisphere projection). The trend of the pilot hole is shown
as a black line.
3.5 Fracture frequency and RQD
Average fracture frequency along the drillhole is 0.57 fractures/metre and the average RQD value is 99.8 %. Fracture frequency and RQD are shown graphically in Figure 3-10 and also presented in Appendix 3.5.
24
Fracture frequency and RQD
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Fra
ctu
res
/me
tre
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
RQ
D
NAT_FRACTURES RQD %
Figure 3-10. Frequency of natural fractures and RQD along the PH7.
3.6 Fractured zones and core loss
The fractured zones are classified as in RG-classification. Fractured or broken core is divided into four classes RiII, RiIII, RiIV and RiV and described in the Table 3-6.
Table 3-6. Fractured zone classification (Gardemeister et al. 1976, Saanio (ed.), 1987).
Abbreviation Description of fractured zone classification RiII Fractured section, where fracture frequency is 10 to 30 centimetres. RiIII Densely fractured section, where fracture frequency is less than 10
centimetres. RiIV Densely fractured section, where fracture frequency is less than 10
centimetres. Crust-structure with clay filled fractures. RiV Weak clay structure
Only one fractured zone is intersected by the PH7 (Appendix 3.6). It is a RiII zone that occurs at the hole depth section of 11.15-12.80 m. It is uncertain whether this is actually a fractured zone, since out of the 11 fractures defined belonging into the zone, 4 fractures are sealed and additionally the zone cannot be seen in the drillhole imaginary.
The rock at the fractured zone is epidotized and chloritezed, which is probably due some semi-ductile to ductile deformation phase, that has given the rock a slightly mylonitic and brecciated appearance. Epidote and chlorite give the zone an olive green to dark green colour. The only slickensided fracture in the PH7 is located within the zone.
25
Some core loss has occurred in the drillhole section 10.34-13.11 m, but the exact location is uncertain. At this section several peaces of core have spinned during drilling, so it is likely that the loss has occurred in several places due the mechanical grinding of the core as it has spinned. The core loss is probably related to the RiII zone.
3.7 Weathering
The weathering degree of the drill core was classified according to the method developed by Korhonen et al. (1974) and Gardemeister et al. (1976), see Table 3-7.
Most of the drill core is unweathered, having only a few sparsely distributed pinitized spots. Only the rock section 11.2-13.5 m is slightly weathered. The slightly weathered section is a bit more pinitised than the rest of the core and it also contains chlorite and epidote, which are not so abundant in the other parts of the core. The weathering degree along the PH7 is illustrated in Figure 3-11 and also presented in Appendix 3.7.
Table 3-7. The weathering degree classification and the used abbreviations (Korhonen
et al. 1974 and Gardemeister et al. 1976).
Abbreviation Description of weathering type Rp0 unweathered Rp1 slightly weathered Rp2 strongly weathered Rp3 completely weathered
Figure 3-11. The weathering along the tunnel profile in the PH7.
26
27
4 ROCK MECHANICS
4.1 General
The rock quality is classified using Q- and GSI-methods, during the core logging. These classifications are done parallel to same core intervals and compared to each other using certain conversion formula.
Rock strength and deformation property tests were made with a Rock Tester-equipment. The device is meant for field-testing of rock cores to evaluate rock strength and deformation parameters. The rock cores tested can be unprepared and the test itself is easy to perform. The samples for testing the strength and deformation properties of the rock were chosen and taken by Posiva. The tests were assigned to Suomen Malmi Oy.
Also dynamic rock mechanical parameters, Young’s modulus Edyn, Shear modulus µdyn,Poisson’s ratio dyn and apparent Q’ value (Barton 2002) were computed from the acoustic and density data (see chapter 6.4.7).
4.2 The Rock quality
The rock quality has been classified using Barton’s Q-classification (Rock Tunnelling Quality Index, Barton, 1974 and Grimstad & Barton, 1993) and Hoek’s GSI-classification (The Geological Strength Index, Hoek 1994). The Q-classification was used as the basis for the rock mechanical logging. The core was visually divided into sections based on the Q-value. The lengths of these sections can vary from less than a metre to several metres. In each section the rock quality is as homogenous as possible. The roughness and alteration numbers are estimated for each fracture surface and for each section the roughness and alteration numbers are calculated (average, median and lower and higher quartiles) and the median value is used in the Q-quality calculations. The roughness and alteration numbers are listed in the fracture table, Appendix 3.3. RQD is defined as the cumulative length of core pieces longer than 10 cm in a run divided by the total length of the core run. The total length of core must include all sections with core loss. Any mechanical breaks caused by the drilling process or by extracting the core from the core barrel should be ignored. The number of joint sets is estimated with the Dips software. In addition, to each joint set mean joint set orientation, mean roughness number, alteration number, spacing and fillings are calculated (Appendix 4.1). In case when Jn -value is 0.5-1 (massive, none or few joints), properties are not reported. Those sections with no fractures are classified as massive rock (Jn = 0.5). Also 1 is added to joint roughness number (Jn + 1) in sections where fracture spacing is more than 3 metres. This is mentioned in remarks column. Parameters are illustrated in Figures 4-1 and 3-3.
Q-value is calculated by equation 4-1 (Barton, 1974 and Grimstad & Barton, 1993).
SRF
J
J
J
J
RQDQ w
a
r
n
** (4-1)
28
Some constant values have been used. All fractures, which are tight or closed, are classified in joint alteration (Ja) as number 0.75. These closed or tight fractures are counted as well in RQD value. In calculations joint water (Jw) and stress reduction factors (SRF) are assumed to 1. Results (Q’) are presented in Figure 4-2 and Appendix 4.1.
In general the rock quality in PH7 is very good or better. At the first 18 m rock quality is very good with only a few fractures that can be classified easily. The fractured section at depth interval 11.15-12.80 (RiII) does not cause lowering of rock quality, this section was marked as uncertain and it cannot be seen in drillhole imaginary. Below depth 18 m core samples are sporadically fractured (Figure 3-10), and quite often Jn-value is 0.5 or 1, which means massive rock or rock with few random fractures. Also 1 is added to Jr-value as was mentioned in classification table (Table 3-4): Add 1 if the mean spacing of the relevant joint set is greater than 3. Using these values Q’ will easily exceed the upper limit 1000, up to 1333.
Figure 4-1. Description of RQD and joint set number Jn (Grimstad & Barton 1993).
29
Figure 4-2. The rock mass quality (Q’) along the tunnel profile. Joint water and stress
reduction factors are assumed as 1.
The GSI-classification (The Geological Strength Index, Hoek 1994) is based on visual observations of rock structures and fracture surface quality. Also according to the Appendix 4.1 numeric values are given for sections. In logging the version for schistose rock (Figure 4-3) were taken as the base case (Hoek & Karzulovic, 2001). Both observations are made individually of the same intervals, which were estimated for Q-classification.
GSI-value is also possible to calculate from Q-value. In this calculation Jw and SRF -values should be 1. Equation (4-2) for calculated GSI-value is:
44'ln9 QGSI (4-2)
Parameters and results are illustrated in Appendix 4.1.
30
Figure 4-3. Description of GSI for schistose metamorphic rock (Hoek & Karzulovic,
2001).
4.3 Rock mechanical field tests on core samples
4.3.1 Description of tests
Rock strength and deformation properties were tested with Rock Tester-equipment. The device is meant for field-testing of cores to evaluate rock strength and deformation parameters. The cores to be tested can be left unprepared and the test itself is easy to perform.
Young’s modulus E, Poisson’s ratio and Modulus of Rupture Smax were measured with a Bend test in which the outer supports were placed 190 mm apart (L) and the inner supports 58 mm apart (U). The diameter of the core (D) is about 51 mm. The test arrangement is shown in Figure 4-4.
Young’s modulus describes the stiffness of rock in the condition of isotropic elasticity. This can be calculated based on Hooke’s reduced law (Equation 4-3)
31
Ea [Pa] (4-3)
= stress [Pa]
a = axial strain
Poisson’s ratio is defined as the ratio of radial strain and axial strain (Equation 4-4).
a
r
(4-4)
r = radial strain
a = axial strain
Values of the Modulus of Rupture are read directly from the Bend test measurement.
The uniaxial compressive strength of the rock, c, was determined indirectly from the point load test results. The point load tests were made according the ISRM suggestions (ISRM 1981 and ISRM 1985). The point load index IS50, which is determined in the test, is multiplied by coefficient value of 20 to make resulting values correspond to the uniaxial compressive strength (Pohjanperä et al. 2005).
Figure 4-4. Bend test with radial and axial strain gauges glued on the core sample.
In the point load test, the load is increased until the core sample breaks (Figure 4-5). The point load index is calculated from the load required to break the sample. The test result is valid only if the broken surface goes through the load points. The point load index IS is calculated from Equation 4-5.
IP
DS 2
[Pa] (4-5)
P = point load [N]
D = diameter of the core sample [mm]
U
L
D
L > 3,5D
D U L/3
32
The point load index is dependent on the diameter of the core sample and it is therefore corrected to the point load index IS50 (i.e. a 50 mm diameter core) using Equations 4-6 and 4-7. The index IS50 is then correlated with the uniaxial compressive strength of the rock by multiplying the index by a coefficient of 20. After these correlations the result is not dependent on the sample size.
I F IS S50 (4-6)
FD
50
045,
(4-7)
Figure 4-5. Point load test.
4.3.2 Strength and elastic properties
Samples for testing the strength and elastic properties of the rock were chosen and taken by Posiva. In total, five samples were tested. One Bend test and two Point load tests were made on each sample.
The mean uniaxial compressive strength of the rock in the pilot hole PH7 is 178.7 MPa. The mean elastic modulus (Young’s Modulus) is 42 GPa and the mean Poisson’s ratio 0.27.
Differences in results are probably caused by the variability in the foliation intensity and the grain size. After sample testing, a geologist marked test direction on the point load samples and logged the following parameters: foliation angles in the Point load tests, rock type, foliation intensity and description of foliation. The description of foliation in the point-loaded samples is presented in Table 4-2.
The bend test results are presented in Table 4-1 and the point load test results and foliation information of point load test samples are presented in Table 4-2. The uniaxial compressive strength, Young’s modulus and Modulus of Rupture versus depth are shown in Figure 4-6.
33
0,0
25,0
50,0
75,0
100,0
125,0
150,0
175,0
200,0
225,0
250,0
0,0 50,0 100,0
Depth [m]
Un
iax
ial
co
mp
ress
ive s
tren
gth
[M
Pa
] a
nd
Yo
un
g's
Mo
du
lus
[GP
a]
0,0
5,0
10,0
15,0
20,0
25,0
30,0
35,0
40,0
Mo
du
lus
of
Ru
ptu
re
[MP
a]
Young's Modulus [GPa]
Uniaxial compressive strength [MPa]
Modulus of Rupture [MPa]
Figure 4-6. Uniaxial compressive strength, elastic modulus, and Modulus of Rupture
versus depth in drillhole PH7.
Table 4-1. Summary of rock mechanics field test results in drillhole PH7.
Sample ID, average depth,
m
E
GPa
Smax
MPa
Rock type
3.7 55.9 0.35 13.6 DGN 27.3 54.4 0.16 28.1 DGN 59.2 52.1 0.37 16.5 DGN90.2 10.8 0.24 2.3 PGR99.8 36.9 0.22 7.3 DGN
average 42.0 0.27 13.6
34
Table 4-2. Summary of point load test results and foliation description of point load test
samples in drillhole PH7.
2
Foliation angle
Borehole depth (m)
Z
(m)
LS50
MPa
1
C
MPa (o) (o)
3
Degreeof
foliation
4
Description of foliation
5
Rock type
6
Time from
drilling 3.3 -174.28 10.4 207.8 15 30 1 irregular DGN 49 4.0 -174.33 9.8 196.1 25 20 2 banded, regular DGN 49
27.0 -175.93 10.5 209.7 7 10 2 gneissic DGN 4827.5 -175.97 11.2 223.8 5 25 2 gneissic DGN 4858.8 -178.15 10.5 209.1 - - 0 DGN 4859.5 178.20 7.7 155.0 45 20 2 banded, regular DGN 4889.9 -180.32 8.3 165.5 - - 0 PGR 4790.5 -180.36 8.9 177.2 25 45 1 irregular PGR 4799.5 -180.99 4.1 82.1 - - 0 DGN 47100.1 -181.03 8.0 160.6 35 35 1 irregular DGN 47
Average 8.9 178.7
Notes for Table 4-2
1 Use coefficient factor of 202 Definition of and angles and measured in the tested, point-loaded sample
3 Foliation intensity in the tested, point-loaded sample. 0 = no foliation, 1 = weak, 2 = medium, 3 = strong (based on the Finnish engineering geological rock classification)4 Additional description of foliation in the tested, point-loaded sample like regular through the sample, irregular, two different foliations, etc.5 Definition of rock type in the tested, point-loaded sample6 Time in days between the core drilling and the point load test
Z (m) calculated using borehole dip 70.0º
35
5 HYDRAULIC MEASUREMENTS
5.1 General
Pilot hole PH7 was measured with Posiva Flow Log/Difference Flow method in February 2007. The fieldwork as well as the subsequent interpretation were conducted by PRG-Tec Oy. Hole section 0.7 – 99.7 m was measured with 0.5 m section length.
Water loss tests (Lugeon tests) were conducted in the hole section 1.18-100.18 m to give background information for the grouting design. In the water loss tests pressurized water is pumped into a drillhole section, and the loss of water is measured.
5.2 Flow logging
5.2.1 Principles of measurement and interpretation
5.2.1.1 Measurements
Unlike traditional types of drillhole flowmeters, the Difference flowmeter method measures the flow rate into or out of limited sections of the drillhole instead of measuring the total cumulative flow rate along the drillhole. The advantage of measuring the flow rate in isolated sections is a better detection of the incremental changes of flow along the drillhole, which are generally very small and can easily be missed using traditional types of flowmeters.
Rubber disks at both ends of the downhole tool are used to isolate the flow in the test section from that in the rest of the drillhole, see Figure 5-1. The flow along the drillhole outside the isolated test section passes through the test section by means of a bypass pipe and is discharged at the upper end of the downhole tool.
The Difference flowmeter can be used in two modes, a sequential mode and an overlapping mode (i.e. detailed flow logging method). In the sequential mode, the measurement increment is as long as the section length. It is used for determining the transmissivity and the hydraulic head of sections (Öhberg &Rouhiainen, 2000). In the overlapping mode, the measurement increment is shorter than the section length. It is mostly used to determine the location of hydraulically conductive fractures and to classify them with regard to their flow rates. Fracture-specific transmissivities are calculated on the basis of overlapping mode. Overlapping mode was used in this study.
The Difference flowmeter measures the flow rate into or out of the test section by means of thermistors, which track both the dilution (cooling) of a thermal pulse and transfer of thermal pulse with moving water. In the sequential mode, both methods are used, whereas in the overlapping mode, only the thermal dilution method is used because it is faster than the thermal pulse method.
Besides incremental changes of flow, the downhole tool of the Difference flowmeter can be used to measure:
36
- The electric conductivity (EC) of the drillhole water and fracture-specific water. The electrode for the EC measurements is placed on the top of the flow sensor, Figure 5-1.
- The single point resistance (SPR) of the drillhole wall (grounding resistance), The electrode of the Single point resistance tool is located in between the uppermost rubber disks, see Figure 5-1. This method is used for high-resolution length determination of fractures and geological structures.
- The prevailing water pressure profile in the drillhole. The pressure sensor is located inside the electronics tube and connected via another tube to the drillhole water, Figure 5-2.
- Temperature of the drillhole water. The temperature sensor is placed in the flow sensor, Figure 5-1.
WinchPumpComputer
Flow along the borehole
Rubberdisks
Flow sensor-Temperature sensor is located in the flow sensor
Single point resistance electrode
EC electrode
Measured flow
Figure 5-1. Schematic of the downhole equipment used in the Difference flowmeter.
37
FLOW TO BE MEASURED
FLOW ALONG THE BOREHOLE
RUBBERDISKS
FLOW SENSOR
PRESSURE SENSOR (INSIDE THE ELECTRONICSTUBE)
CABLE
Figure 5-2. The absolute pressure sensor is located inside the electronics tube and
connected via another tube to the drillhole water.
The principles of difference flow measurements are described in Figures 5-3 and 5-4. The flow sensor consists of three thermistors, see Figure 5-3 a. The central thermistor, A, is used both as a heating element for the thermal pulse method and for registration of temperature changes in the thermal dilution method, Figures 5-3 b and c. The side thermistors, B1 and B2, serve to detect the moving thermal pulse, Figure 5-3 d, caused by the constant power heating in A, Figure 5-3 b.
Flow rate is measured during the constant power heating (Figure 5-3 b). If the flow rate exceeds 600 mL/h, the constant power heating is increased, Figure 5-4 a, and the thermal dilution method is applied.
If the flow rate during the constant power heating (Figure 5-3 b) falls below 600 mL/h, the measurement continues with monitoring of transient thermal dilution and thermal pulse response (Figure 5-3 d). When applying the thermal pulse method, also thermal dilution is always measured. The same heat pulse is used for both methods.
Flow is measured when the tool is at rest. After transfer to a new position, there is a waiting time (the duration can be adjusted according to the prevailing circumstances) before the heat pulse (Figure 5-3 b) is launched. The waiting time after the constant power thermal pulse can also be adjusted, but is normally 10 s long for thermal dilution and 300 s long for thermal pulse. The measuring range of each method is given in Table 5-1.
38
The lower end limits of the thermal dilution and the thermal pulse methods in Table 5-1 correspond to the theoretical lowest measurable values. Depending on the drillhole conditions, these limits may not always prevail. Examples of disturbing conditions are floating drill cuttings in the drillhole water, gas bubbles in the water and high flow rates (above about 30 L/min) along the hole. If disturbing conditions are significant, a practical measurement limit is calculated for each set of data.
Table 5-1. Ranges of flow measurements.
Method Range of measurement (mL/h)
Thermal dilution P1 30 – 6 000
Thermal dilution P2 600 – 300 000
Thermal pulse 6 – 600
39
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80Time (s)
0
50
100
Te
mp
era
ture
diff
ere
nce
(m
C)
0 10 20 30 40 50
0
5
10
15
dT
(C
)
Flow rate (mL/h)594
248
125
71.4
28.4
12.3
5.40
3.00
0 10 20 30 40 50
0
10
20
30
40
50
Po
we
r (m
W)
Flow sensor
Constant power in A
Thermal dilution methodTemperature change in A
Thermal pulse methodTemparature difference between B1 and B2
P1
AB1 B2
a)
b)
c)
d)
Figure 5-3. Flow measurement, flow rate <600 mL/h.
Thermal pulse method Temperature difference between B1 and B2
40
Figure 5-4. Flow measurement, flow rate > 600 mL/h.
-5 0 5 10 15
0
50
100
150
200
Po
we
r (m
W)
AB1 B2
Flow sensor
Constant power in A
-5 0 5 10 15Time (s)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
dT
(C)
Flow rate (mL/h)321 000
132 000
54 900
24 800
13 100
6 120
3 070
1 110
Thermal dilution methodTemperature change in A
P1
P2
a)
b)
c)
41
5.2.1.2 Interpretation
The interpretation is based on Thiems or Dupuits Equation (5-1) that describes a steady state and two dimensional radial flow into the drillhole (Marsily 1986).
hf – h = Q/(T·a) (5-1) where- h is hydraulic head in the vicinity of the drillhole and h = hf at the radius of
influence (R), - Q is the flow rate into the drillhole, - T is the transmissivity of fracture, - a is a constant depending on the assumed flow geometry. For cylindrical flow, the
constant a is:
a = 2· /ln(R/r0) (5-2) where- r0 is the radius of the well and - R is the radius of influence, i.e. the zone inside which the effect of the pumping is
detected.
If flow rate measurements are carried out using two levels of hydraulic heads in the drillhole, i.e. natural or pump-induced hydraulic heads, then the undisturbed (natural) hydraulic head and transmissivity of fractures can be calculated. Two equations can be written directly from equation 5-1:
Qf1 = Tf·a·(hf- h1) (5-3)
Qf2 = Tf·a·(hf- h2) (5-4) where- h1 and h2 are the hydraulic heads in the drillhole at the test level, - Qf1 and Qf2 are the flow rates at a fracture and - hf and Tf are the hydraulic head (far away from drillhole) and the transmissivity of a
fracture, respectively.
Since, in general, very little is known of the flow geometry, cylindrical flow without skin zones is assumed. Cylindrical flow geometry is also justified because the drillhole is at a constant head and there are no strong pressure gradients along the drillhole, except at its ends.
The radial distance R to the undisturbed hydraulic head hf is not known and must be assumed. Here a value of 500 is selected for the quotient R/r0.
The hydraulic head and the transmissivity of fracture can be deduced from the two measurements:
hf = (h1-b h2)/(1-b) (5-5)
Tf = (1/a) (Qf1-Qf2)/(h2-h1) (5-6)
42
Since the actual flow geometry and the skin effects are unknown, transmissivity values should be taken as indicating orders of magnitude. As the calculated hydraulic heads do not depend on geometrical properties but only on the ratio of the flows measured at different heads in the drillhole, they should be less sensitive to unknown fracture geometry. A discussion of potential uncertainties in the calculation of transmissivity and hydraulic head is provided in (Ludvigson et al. 2002).
Hydraulic aperture of fractures can be calculated (Marsily 1986):
T = e3·g· /(12·µ·C) (5-7)
e = (12·T·µ·C/(g· ))1/3 (5-8) where- T = transmissivity of fracture (m2/s)- e = hydraulic aperture (m) - µ = viscosity of water, 0.00139 (kg/(ms)) - g = acceleration for gravity, 9.81 (m/s2)- = density of water, 999 (kg/m3)- C = experimental constant for roughness of fracture, here chosen to be 1.
43
5.2.2 Equipment specifications
The Posiva Flow Log/Difference flowmeter monitors the flow of groundwater into or out from a drillhole by means of a flow guide (rubber discs). The flow guide thereby defines the test section to be measured without altering the hydraulic head. Groundwater flowing into or out from the test section is guided to the flow sensor. Flow is measured using the thermal pulse and/or thermal dilution methods. Measured values are transferred in digital form to the PC computer.
Type of instrument: Posiva Flow Log/Difference Flowmeter Drillhole diameters: 56 mm, 66 mm and 76-77 mm Length of test section: A variable length flow guide is used. Method of flow measurement: Thermal pulse and/or thermal dilution. Range and accuracy of measurement: Table 5-1. Additional measurements: Temperature, Single point resistance,
Electric conductivity of water, Caliper, Water pressure
Winch: Mount Sopris Wna 10, 0.55 kW, 220V/50Hz. Steel wire cable 1500 m, fourconductors, Gerhard -Owen cable head.
Length determination: Based on the marked cable and on the digital length counter
Logging computer: PC, Windows XP Software Based on MS Visual Basic Total power consumption: 1.5 - 2.5 kW depending on the pumps
Range and accuracy of sensors is presented in Table 5-1.
Table 5-1. Range and accuracy of sensors.
Sensor Range Accuracy
Flow 6 – 300 000 mL/h ± 10 % curr.value
Temperature (middle thermistor) 0 – 50 C 0.1 C
Temperature difference (between outer thermistors) -2 - + 2 C 0.0001 C
Electric conductivity of water (EC) 0.02 – 11 S/m ± 5 % curr.value
Single point resistance 5 – 500 000 ± 10 % curr.value
Groundwater level sensor 0 – 0.1 MPa ± 1 % fullscale
Absolute pressure sensor 0 - 20 MPa ± 0.01 % fullscale
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5.2.3 Description of the data set
5.2.3.1 Field work
The activity schedule is presented in Table 5-2.
Table 5-2. Activity schedule.
Started Finished Activity
26.2.2007 19:24 27.2.2007 03:33 Drillhole PH7. Flow logging without pumping (during natural outflow from the open drillhole)(L = 0.5 m, dL = 0.1 m).
5.2.3.2 Results of drillhole PH7
The detailed flow logging was performed with 0.5 m section length and with 0.1 m length increments, see Appendices 5.1 – 5.5. The method gives the location of fractures with a length resolution of 0.1 m. The test section length determines the width of a flow anomaly of a single fracture. If the distance between flowing fractures is less than the section length, the anomalies will be overlapped resulting in a stepwise flow anomaly.
Transmissivity was calculated using Equation 5-6 assuming that h1 = 6 m (masl, elevation of groundwater level), h2 = -174.05 m (masl, elevation of the top of the drillhole), see Appendices 5.6 and 5.7. Drawdown in the drillhole is then h1 - h2 = 180.05 m and the corresponding flow is Qf2. Qf1 (assumed flow when head in the drillhole is 6 m) is assumed to be much smaller than Qf2 and therefore Qf1 is neglected (Qf1= 0).
Some fracture-specific results were rated to be “uncertain” results, Appendices 5.1 – 5.5, short line. The criterion of “uncertain” was in most cases a minor flow rate (< 30 mL/h). Fracture at the depth of 45.7 m is very uncertain.
Hydraulic aperture is calculated assuming C = 1, i.e. fracture surface is assumed to be smooth. This results small hydraulic apertures.
Electric conductivity and temperature of drillhole water were measured during flow logging, see Appendices 5.8 and 5.9. Temperature was measured during the flow measurement. These results represent drillhole water only approximately because the flow guide carries water with it. The EC-values are temperature corrected to 25 C to make them more comparable with other EC measurements (Heikkonen et al. 2002).
There was no measurable flow out from the open drillhole, see Appendix 5.10. The sum of measured flows was 0.0073 L/min (438 mL/h).
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5.3 Water loss measurements (Lugeon tests)
Water loss measurements in PH7 were performed by the drilling crew. The upper and the lower packers blocked 6.00 metres long interval by three 7 cm wide swelling rubber seals. The total length of both upper and lower seal element was 0.24 metres before pressing. By pressing the rods against the bottom of the hole the rubber seals swell and isolate the test interval from the rest of the drillhole and fixed water pressure for measuring interval can be introduced with the water pump of the drill rig. Between the packers one 3 metres long perforated drill rod and one shortened drill rod were used to convey water into pressurized area. The shortened rod and adapter between rod and packer were used to get pressurized area to be exactly 6 metres long.
Tests were completed with 21, 25, 28, 25 and 21 bar water pressure levels for each measuring interval. The pressurization time was 10 minutes per each pressure level and per each interval. For each pressure level the amount of water released into bedrock was measured with water flow gauge. The measured interval was moved upwards by adding two 3 metres long drill rods below the closed lower packer after every measuring session per depth interval. In the first interval only the upper packer and two 3 metres long perforated drill rods with 13.5 cm thread protection bushing was used. The bottom of the drillhole acted as lower packer in the first interval 97.18-100.18 metres. Exceptional 3 metre interval was used at the bottom of the hole. The last interval was at the depth 1.18 – 7.18 metres. Because of the leakage either from fracture in rods or rod couplings the test results from the interval 37.95 – 100.18 m are not valid. Because of urgent need to continue other work in tunnel and because of the good solid rock the interval 37.95 – 100.18 metres was measured as an one interval by the request of Posiva supervisor.
Six measurements (measuring interval 6 m) from 1.18 metres to the hole depth of 37.18 metres and one measurement with a 62.23 m long interval from 37.95 metres to the bottom of the hole 100.18 m were conducted altogether, Appendix 5.11. For the interpretation calculations the hydrostatic pressure was calculated based on collared hole dip at the collar of the hole and groundwater level elevation 6.0 m. The hydrostatic pressure used in calculations varied from 18.7 bars at the first interval to 19.3 bars at the last interval at the bottom of the hole.
The interpretation of the tests is presented in Appendix 5.11.
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47
6 GEOPHYSICAL LOGGINGS
6.1 General
Suomen Malmi Oy (Smoy) carried out geophysical drillhole surveys of the pilot hole PH7. Quality control of raw data, interpretation of drillhole radar and sonic data as well as data integration was subcontracted to Pöyry Environment Oy. The assignment included imaging and geophysical surveys and interpretation. The drillhole geophysics contributes to fracture detection and orientation as well as further description of the crystalline bedrock at the Olkiluoto site. This report describes the field operation of the drillhole surveys and the data processing and interpretation. The quality of the results is shortly analysed and the data presented in the Appendices 6.1…6.8. The data from the geophysical drillhole surveys are provided in the attached CD in the back cover of this report (plastic pocket).
6.2 Equipment and methods
The geophysical survey carried out in PH7 with Smoy´s equipment included optical imaging, Wenner, short normal and long normal resistivity, Single point resistance, natural gamma radiation, gamma-gamma density, magnetic susceptibility, acoustic and drillhole radar measurements. The drillhole surveys were carried out using Advanced Logic Technology’s (ALT) OBI-40 optical televiewer and FWS40 Full Waveform Sonic Tool, Geovista’s Elog Normal Resistivity Sonde, Malå Geoscience’s WellMac probes and RAMAC GPR drillhole antenna as well as Rautaruukki’s RROM-2 probe.
Cable was operated by a motorised winch. Depth measurement is triggered by pulses of a sensitive depth encoder, installed on a pulley wheel. Optical imaging, single point resistance, normal resistivities and full waveform sonic applied a Mount Sopris manufactured 1000 m long, 3/16” steel reinforced 4-conductor cable, WellMac and RROY measurements a 1000 m long 3/16” polyurethane covered 5-conductor cable, and radar measurement a 150 m long optical cable. The cables were marked with 10 m intervals for controlling depth measurement to adjust any cable slip and stretch.
6.2.1 WellMac equipment
WellMac equipment measures natural gamma, gamma-gamma density and susceptibility logs. WellMac system consists of a surface unit and a laptop interface as well as a cable winch, a depth measuring wheel and drillhole probe. All of them have a diameter of 42 mm. Technical information of WellMac equipment is presented in Appendix 6.9.
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6.2.2 Rautaruukki equipment
Wenner resistivity is measured using Rautaruukki Oy manufactured RROM-2 probe and recorded with KTP-84 data logging unit. Galvanic resistivity is measured from drillhole wall using four electrode Wenner configuration. Probe diameter is 42 m. Technical information of Rautaruukki equipment is presented in Appendix 6.10.
6.2.3 Normal resistivity sonde
Geovista Normal resisitivity ELOG sonde performs four different galvanic measurements: 16” normal resistivity, 64” normal resistivity, single point resistance (SPR) and spontaneous potential (SP). The sonde is compatible with ALT acquisition system. Measuring range is modified from the original 0-10 000 Ohm-m to 0-40 0000 Ohm-m. Probe diameter is 42 mm. The probe does not contain electrically conductive parts, except a voltage return in the middle of a 10 m insulator bridle, and the current return is grounded on a steel armored cable and a cable connector. Cable connector was attached to fixed electrode position when located out of drillhole at 0…12 m drillhole length. Technical information of ELOG is presented in Appendix 6.11.
6.2.4 RAMAC equipment
Drillhole radar survey is carried out using RAMAC GPR 250 MHz dipole antenna. RAMAC GPR system consists of a computer, a control unit CU II, a depth encoder, an optical cable and a drillhole radar probe. Measurement was controlled with Malå Groundvision software. The zero time correction of arrival times is calibrated before the measurement. Downhole probe diameter is 50 mm. A transmitter (Tx) and a receiver (Rx) are separated by a 0.5 m tube (Tx-Rx distance is 1.71 m). Technical information of RAMAC equipment is presented in Appendix 6.12.
6.2.5 Sonic equipment
Full waveform sonic measurement is recorded with Advanced Logic Technology’s (ALT) FWS40 probe, which is compatible with Smoy’s ALT acquisition system. The tool has a piezoceramic transmitter (Tx) of 15 kHz nominal frequency, and two receivers (Rx), with Tx-Rx spacing of 0.6 m (Rx1) and 1.0 m (Rx2). Tool diameter is 42 mm. Technical information of FWS40 is presented in Appendix 6.13.
6.2.6 Optical televiewer
Optical imaging is carried out using Advanced Logic Technology’s (ALT) OBI-40 optical televiewer. OBI-40 is a high-resolution optical drillhole imagery for wells and drillholes. The tool is used for fracture detection and evaluation, lithological interpretation etc.
OBI-40 creates a 360 degree image of drillhole wall by using a CCD camera and a prism. Orientation measurement is controlled with a 3-axes magnetometer and 3 accelerometers. This makes possible to measure drillhole azimuth and dip and create accurate orientation of the image. The diameter of the OBI-40 tool is 42 mm. Tool
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maximum azimuthal resolution is 720 pixels and vertical resolution 0.5 mm. Survey rate is 12 – 20 cm/min. Smoy has prepared special centralisers for 76 mm drillholes. Tool configuration is shown in Figure 6-1 and optical assembly in Figure 6-2. Technical information is presented in Appendix 6.14.
Figure 6-1. OBI40 configuration, length 1.7 m (ALT, Optical Borehole Televiewer
Operator Manual).
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Figure 6-2. OBI40 Optical assembly. The high sensitivity CCD digital camera with
Pentax optics is located above a conical mirror. The light source is a ring of light bulbs
located in the optical head (ALT, Optical Borehole Televiewer Operator Manual).
6.3 Fieldwork
The fieldwork was carried out within 2 working days, 27th and 28th February 2007. The assignment consisted of 100 m of drillhole surveys. The specifications of pilot hole PH7 are listed in Table 6-1 and the duration of the field work in Table 6-2. Table 6-3 shows survey parameters of each method.
Table 6-1. Pilot hole specifications.
ONK-PH07 Diameter Azimuth Dip Length (m) 76 mm 314.79 -4.00 100.31
Coordinates X Y Z6791999.70 1525972.06 -174.05
From ToChainage 1880 1980.31
Table 6- 2. Timing of the fieldwork.
Date Actions Surveyors 27.2.2007 Drillhole digital imaging AS, JK, HL, VS
28.8.2007 Drillhole digital imaging, Natural gamma, Density, Susceptibility, Wenner, Sonic, GPR and Elog surveys
AS, JK, HL, VS
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Table 6-3. Survey parameters of the applied methods.
Method Depth sampling
Settings Survey speed
Drillhole imaging 0.0005m 720 pixels / turn 0.18 m/min
Full wave sonic 0.02 m Time sampling 2 µs, time Interval 0…2048 µs R1 gain 1, R2 gain 1, compared to petrophysical histogram of KR1 … KR28
1.0 m/min
Wenner resistivity 0.02 m Calibrated with control box 2.0 m/min
Natural gamma 0.02 m Calibrated for rapakivi granite in 1999 2.0 m/min
Density 0.02 m Calibrated for KR19-KR22 in 2001, compared to petrophysical histogram of KR1 … KR28
2.0 m/min
Susceptibility 0.02 m Calibration with brick, compared to petrophysical histogram of KR1 … KR28
2.0 m/min
Single point resistance, normal resistivities
0.02 m Calibration tested with resistors and earlier results
4.0 m/min
Drillhole radar 0.02 m Zero time calibrated. Depth sampling 0.02 m, time sampling 0.18 ns, sampling frequency 5418 MHz
1.0 m/min
6.4 Processing and results
The processing of the conventional geophysical results includes basic corrections and calibrations presented in Posiva’s Working report 2001-30 (Lahti et al. 2001). The sonic interpretations, depth adjustments as well as data integration were carried out by Pöyry Environment Oy as described in Heikkinen et al. (2005).
Single point resistance, natural gamma radiation, gamma-gamma density, magnetic susceptibility as well as short normal, long normal and Wenner resistivity results are presented in Appendix 6.1. The drillhole radar results and interpretation are presented in Appendices 6.2 - 6.5. The full waveform sonic results are shown in Appendices 6.6 and 6.7. An example of the optical image is shown in Appendix 6.8. All optical televiewer images are presented on the attached CD.
The results were joined with the available geological data received from Posiva. The data includes lithology, fracture frequency, fracture location and core loss.
The initial depth matching is based on cable mark control. The locations of rock type contacts and fractures in core were used in the final depth matching. At first drillhole image was adjusted to core data. Gamma-gamma density was set to the image depth using mafic gneiss variants and leucosome parts. Susceptibility, natural gamma and sonic data were adjusted according to density. Electrical measurements were adjusted according to sonic and density minima, and high resistivity mafic units. Finally radar results were adjusted to depth of electrical results, using direct radar wave velocity and amplitude profile. Depth accuracy to core depth of all methods is better than 5 cm.
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6.4.1 Natural gamma radiation
The measured values are converted into µR/h values using a coefficient determined at drillholes HH-KR5 and HH-KR8 at Hästholmen in Loviisa. The conversion is carried out so that 1 µR/h equals 3.267 p/s. The determination of the coefficient is presented in Posiva’s Working report 99-22 (Laurila et al. 1999). The results are presented in Table 6-4.
Table 6-4. Results of the natural gamma parameters.
File name Depth interval (m) Range µR/h PH07_Geophysics.xls 0.41 – 99.59 9.79 – 84.48
6.4.2 Gamma-gamma density
The calibration of density values is carried out using the calibration conducted during surveys of drillholes OL-KR19, OL-KR20 and OL-KR22 and the petrophysical samples taken from those drillholes (Lahti et al. 2003). The accuracy of the density data is better than 0.01 g/cm3. The level of the data was checked on the basis of the petrophysical data distribution from the site (not from the same drillholes, though). The levels of both magnetic susceptibility and density would be more reliably calibrated with petrophysical sample data from the drillhole surveyed. The results are presented in Table 6-5.
Table 6-5. Results of the gamma-gamma density data parameters.
File name Depth interval (m) Range g/cm3
PH07_Geophysics.xls -1.61 – 99.59 2.59 – 4.08
6.4.3 Magnetic susceptibility
The susceptibility probe was calibrated using a calibration brick with known susceptibility of 740×10-5 SI and a value taken in free air, both before and after the logging run. Temperature drift was compensated on the basis of visual examination. Reading accuracy is 1-2 ×10-5 SI. The level of the data was checked on the basis of petrophysical data distribution from the site (not from the same drillholes, though). The results are presented in Table 6-6.
Table 6-6. Results of the susceptibility data parameters.
File name Depth interval (m) Range 10-5 SI PH07_Geophysics.xls 0.79 – 100.17 3.31 – 153.0
6.4.4 Single point resistance and normal resistivities
Normal resistivity and single point resistance data are collected simultaneously. Before the actual survey the system performance was checked using a test box provided by the manufacturer. The calibration for the results of single point resistance and normal
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resistivities was conducted using earlier results of OL-KR29-KR43. The reading accuracy is better than 1 or 1 m. Single point resistance and short normal can be measured in a full range of resistivity.
The long normal displays occasionally a cut-off of low resistivities at frequency alternating conductive zones (a short circuit through conductive layers). In sparsely fractured rock the resistivity is high, decreasing slightly due to saline water in bedrock and in drillhole deeper down. Resistivity decreases in zones of intense alteration, and is generally low at zones of high fracture frequency, and narrow sulphide or graphite bearing bands. The results are presented in Table 6-7.
Table 6-7. Results of the single point resistance and normal resistivity data parameters.
File name: PH07_Geophysics.xls
Depth interval (m) Range
SPR ( ) 2.81 – 100.03 1.29 – 67 940
Short Normal 16’’ ( m) 2.57 – 99.77 1.04 – 32 497
Long Normal 64’’ ( m) 1.97 – 99.17 1.21 – 44 431
6.4.5 Wenner resistivity
The Wenner equipment includes a calibration unit that contains resistors from 1 Ohm to 100 000 Ohm with a 0.5 decade interval. A calibration measurement was carried out before the actual surveys. Output values (mV) are calibrated into Ohm-m using a calibration scale. The results are presented in Table 6-8.
Table 6-8. Results of the Wenner resistivity data parameters.
File name Depth interval (m) Range mPH07_Geophysics.xls 7.29 – 100.15 0.79 – 13 183
6.4.6 Drillhole radar
The data quality and the resolution of drillhole radar measurements are very high. Locally there occurs some diffraction (which cannot be fitted to hyperbola due to too high apparent angles) probably from open fractures and pyrite layers in host rock. The results of data parameters are presented in Table 6-9.
Table 6-9. Results of the drillhole radar data parameters.
File name: PH07_Geophysics.xls
Depth interval(m) Range
First arrival time (ns) -1.52 – 98.59 32.85 – 47.43
First arrival amplitude (µV) -1.52 – 98.59 295 – 32 000
The interpretation applied Malå GeoScience Radinter_2 utility (Radinter 1999). The previously (Lahti & Heikkinen 2004) defined velocity 117 m/µs was used in the interpretation. Reflectors were defined with setting a hyperbola on each reflection. Different filtering and amplitude settings were used to enhance both strong and weak
54
reflections. Reflector lengths were measured according to Saksa et al. 2001 along the reflector plane, upwards and downwards the drillhole. The radar maximum range out of drillhole was estimated for each reflector.
A raw, depth adjusted radargram is displayed in Appendix 6.2 with the first arrival amplitude and the time computed using ReflexW (2005). The interpreted reflector angles are displayed in Appendix 6.3. Reflectors with their interpreted parameters are listed in Appendix 6.4. Mapped reflectors are shown on radar image in Appendix 6.5.
6.4.7 Full Waveform Sonic
The sonic data processing has followed the outlines defined in Lahti & Heikkinen (2004, 2005) for the FWS40 tool. The processing consisted of visual inspection of the recording and defining P and S wave velocities and tube wave energies for both channels, and their attenuations.
After the first review of the velocities with semblance processing (Paillet and Cheng, 1991) in WellCAD (ALT 2001), the raw data was exported to ReflexW (2005). A phase follower was applied to pick the appropriate distinct P and S wave coherently. A semiautomatic process was continued if the automatic picking failed. Convenient multiple of a half cycle (wave length time, typically 20-24 µs for this dataset) was subtracted from the most distinct cycle time (first maximum and minimum for S and P, respectively). The correct level of velocity was checked against the distribution of petrophysical velocity values from the site.
The data processing included the computation of P and S wave attenuations, reflected tubewave energies and finally the attenuation of tubewaves. Also dynamic rock mechanical parameters, Young’s modulus Edyn, Shear modulus µdyn, Poisson’s ratio dyn,Bulk modulus and apparent Q’ value (Barton 2002) were computed from the acoustic and density data. All the acoustic data and derived parameters are displayed in Appendices 6.6 and 6.7. The results of the FWS data parameters are presented in Table 6-10.
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Table 6-10. Results of theFWS data parameters
Filename
Processed data Depth interval (m) Range P
H07
_G
eo
phys
ics.
xls
P1 velocity P2 velocity S1 velocity S2 velocity P attenuation S attenuation R1 tubewave energy R2 tubewave energy Tubewave attenuation Poisson’s Ratio Shear Modulus Young’s Modulus Bulk Modulus Bulk Comp Apparent Q
-2.07 – 99.87 -2.03 – 99.87 -2.07 – 99.87 -2.03 – 99.87 -2.03 – 99.87 -2.03 – 99.87 -2.03 – 99.87 -2.03 – 99.87 -2.03 – 99.87 2.02 – 99.88 2.02 – 99.58 2.02 – 99.58 2.02 – 99.58 2.02 – 99.58 2.04 – 99.86
5386.0 – 8726.9 m/s 5459.8 – 6366.9.16 m/s 3092.1 – 7697.7 m/s 3108.8 – 6806.6 m/s -45.15 – 60.21 dB/m -84.51 – 72.36 dB/m 28.04 – 51 152 55.10 – 141 945 -31.89 – 39.18 dB/m 0.18 – 0.40 25.52 – 38.86 GPa 64.77 – 106.2 GPa 39.44 – 157.1 GPa 0.006 – 0.025 1/MPa 76.91 - 1285
6.4.8 Drillhole image
The applied survey parameters of drillhole imaging were determined according to earlier optical televiewer works in the Olkiluoto Site (Lahti, 2004a, Lahti 2004b).
The quality of the image was controlled during survey by taking samples of the image and applying a histogram analysis. Also the vertical resolution was checked using captured images. The survey was never left unsupervised. The overlapping of data between recorded intervals was ensured by rerunning of the last 0.5 m of each recording.
The data processing carried out after the fieldwork consists of the depth adjustment and the image orientation of the raw image. The methods are presented in the report Lahti 2004a. The images were produced to depth matched and oriented to high side and to north side presentations including 3-D image. Images can be reviewed with WellCAD Reader and WellCAD software. For the report, the images were also printed on PDF documents in scale 1:4. PDF documents were attached onto a CD as an Appendix of this report.
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57
7 SUMMARY
The pilot hole PH7 was drilled in February 2007 from chainage 1880 to chainage 1980.31. The length of the hole is 100.31 m. The requirement for the hole was so stay inside the planned access tunnel profile of ONKALO. The deviation of the drillhole was measured frequently during the drilling phase to control the need for steering the hole. The results of the final survey with Maxibor tool indicate that the hole was deviated 0.42 metres down and 0.79 metres right at the hole depth of 96 metres.
Triple tube wireline (NW/L) core barrel was used to get as undisturbed core samples as possible and to maximise core and fracture filling recovery. The aim during the drilling work was to orient core samples as much as possible. The total length of the oriented core was 87.24 m (87 %). Electric conductivity was measured from the collected returning water samples.
Logging of the core samples was carried out soon after core boxes were transported to the research hall facility. The drill core consists almost totally of DGN (98.2 %) that in general included thin pegmatitic granite veins with diffuse contacts. The DGN contains biotite-rich schlierens and large amounts of cordierite grains that are pinitised to a variable degree. Average fracture frequency along the drillhole is 0.57 fractures/metre and the average RQD value is 99.8 %. The most common fracture direction in PH7 is parallel to the foliation of the rock with a NE-SW trend and relatively low angle dip towards the SE (mean dip direction/dip 131º/35º). These fractures are common in all parts of drill core. One fractured zone (11.15-12.8 m) was intersected by the pilot hole.
During core logging the rock quality is classified using Q- and GSI-methods. In general the rock quality in PH7 is very good or better. Rock strength and deformation properties were tested with a Rock Tester-equipment. According to test results the mean uniaxial compressive strength of the rock in the pilot hole PH7 is 178.7 MPa. The mean Young’s Modulus 42 GPa and the mean Poisson’s ratio 0.27.
Difference Flow Logging method was used to determine the location of hydraulically conductive fractures and their transmissivities. Besides flow logging Electric Conductivity (EC), Single Point Resistance (SPR) and temperature of the drillhole water are also measured. The flow logging was performed with 0.5 m section length and with 0.1 m depth increments in the hole section 0.7 - 99.7 m. The total number of detected flowing fractures was 6. 3 of these fracture-specific results were rated to be “uncertain” results. The criterion of “uncertain” was in most cases a minor flow rate (< 30 mL/h). The highest fracture transmissivity (2.26E-10 m2/s) was detected at the hole depth of 8 m. There was no measurable flow out from the open drillhole. The sum of measured flows was 0.0073 L/min (438 mL/h).
Water loss tests were conducted in the hole section 1.18-100.18 m. The water intake was negligible.
Geophysical logging and optical imaging of the pilot hole included the fieldwork of all the surveys, the integration of the data as well as interpretation of the acoustic and drillhole radar data. The data from imaging and geophysics contributed to fracture
58
detection and orientation as well as further description of the crystalline bedrock at the Olkiluoto site.
No groundwater samples were taken from the pilot hole due to the very low water flows from the hole.
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Lahti, M., Tammenmaa, J. & Hassinen, P. 2003. Geophysical logging of boreholes OL-KR19, OLKR19b, OL-K20, OL-KR20b, OL-KR22, OL-KR22b and OL-KR8 continuation at Olkiluoto, Eurajoki 2002. Posiva Oy. 176 p. Working report 2003-05.
Lahti, M., Tammenmaa J. ja Hassinen P. 2001. Kairanreikien OL-KR13 ja OL-KR14 geofysikaaliset reikämittaukset Eurajoen Olkiluodossa vuonna 2001 (Geophysical borehole logging of the boreholes OL-KR13 and OL-KR14 in Olkiluoto, Eurajoki, 2001). Posiva Oy. Working report 2001-30 (in Finnish). 136 p.
Lahti, M. 2004a. Digital borehole imaging of the boreholes KR6, KR8 continuation, KR19, KR19b, KR20, KR20b, KR21, KR22, KR22b, KR23, KR23b and KR24 at Olkiluoto during autumn 2003. Posiva Oy. Working report 2004-27. 39 p.
Lahti, M 2004b. Digital borehole imaging of the boreholes KR24 upper part and PH1 at Olkiluoto, March 2004. Posiva Oy. Working report 2004-28. 21 p.
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Lahti, M & Heikkinen, E. 2004. Geophysical borehole logging of the borehole PH1 in Olkiluoto, Eurajoki 2004. Posiva Oy. Working report 2004-43. 30 p.
Lahti, M & Heikkinen, E. 2005. Geophysical borehole logging and optical imaging of the pilot hole ONK-PH2. Posiva Oy. Working report 2005-04. 72 p.
Laurila, T. Tammenmaa J. ja Hassinen P. 1999. Kairareikien HH-KR7 ja HH-KR8 geofysikaaliset reikämittaukset Loviisan Hästholmenilla vuonna 1999 (Geophysical borehole logging of the boreholes HH-KR7 and HH-KR8 at Hästholmen, Loviisa, 1999). Posiva Oy. Working report 99-22 (in Finnish).
Ludvigson, J-E., Hansson, K. & Rouhiainen, P. 2002. Methodology study of Posiva difference flow meter in borehole KLX02 at Laxemar. Stockholm, Sweden: SKB AB. R-01-52.
Marsily, G. 1986. Quantitative Hydrogeology, Groundwater Hydrology for Engineers. Academic Press, Inc. ISBN 0-12-208915-4.
Mattila, J. 2006. A System of Nomenclature for Rocks in Olkiluoto. Eurajoki, Finland: Posiva Oy. Posiva Working report 2006-32.
Milnes, A. G., Hudson, J. A., Wikström, L. & Aaltonen, I. 2006. Foliation and its rock mechanical significance - overview, and programme for systematic foliation investigations at Olkiluoto. PosivaOy, Working report 2006-03.
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Saksa, P., Hellä, P., Lehtimäki, T., Heikkinen, E. & Karanko, A. 2001. Reikätutkan toimivuusselvitys (On the performance of borehole radar method). Posiva, Working Report 2001-35, 134 p.
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65
APPENDICES
Appendix 2.1 The list of equipment at the site Appendix 2.2 List of oriented samples Appendix 2.3 The list of core runs Appendix 2.4 The drilling report sheet Appendix 2.5 The deviation survey by Flexit tool Appendix 2.6 The deviation survey by Maxibor tool Appendix 2.7 The deviation survey by DeviFlex tool Appendix 2.8 The Electric Conductivity readings Appendix 3.1 Rock types Appendix 3.2 Ductile deformation Appendix 3.3 Fracture log core Appendix 3.4 Fracture log image Appendix 3.5 Core orientation Appendix 3.6 Fracture frequency and RQD Appendix 3.7 Fractured zones and core loss Appendix 3.8 Weathering Appendix 3.9 Core box numbers Appendix 3.10 Photographs of core samples in core boxes Appendix 4.1 Rock quality Appendix 5.1 Flow rate and single point resistance, depth section 0 - 20 m Appendix 5.2 Flow rate and single point resistance, depth section 20 - 40 m Appendix 5.3 Flow rate and single point resistance, depth section 40 - 60 m Appendix 5.4 Flow rate and single point resistance, depth section 60 - 80 m Appendix 5.5 Flow rate and single point resistance, depth section 80 - 100 m Appendix 5.6 Plotted transmissivity and hydraulic aperture of detected fractures Appendix 5.7 Tabulated results of detected fractures Appendix 5.8 Electric conductivity of drillhole water Appendix 5.9 Temperature of drillhole water Appendix 5.10 Flow rate out from the drillhole during flow logging Appendix 5.11 Water loss measurements, depth section 1.18…100.18 m Appendix 6.1 Results, Drillhole logging (the geophysical data is provided on the attached CD) Appendix 6.2 Results, Radar raw image Appendix 6.3 Results, Radar orientations Appendix 6.4 Results, Interpreted reflectors, table Appendix 6.5 Results, Interpreted reflectors on radargram Appendix 6.6 Results, Acoustic logging Appendix 6.7 Results, Acoustic image Appendix 6.8 Results, Example of Drillhole image (the rest of the images on CD) Appendix 6.9 Technical information, WellMac/gamma and susceptibility probes Appendix 6.10 Technical information, Rautaruukki RROM-2 Appendix 6.11 Technical information, Geovista/Normal and Focused resistivity sondes Appendix 6.12 Technical information, RAMAC/GPR borehole radar Appendix 6.13 Technical information, ALT Full Waveform Sonic Tool Appendix 6.14 Technical information, ALT Acquisition systems and OBI40
66
Appendix 2.167
LIST OF DRILLING EQUIPMENT
Drill Rig year
Mercedes Bentz truck diesel 1988
Onram-1000/4 drill rig electric 2004
Electric transformer Trafotek type KTK-620 400/690V 100 KVA
Electric switching exchange Un 690/400V, In 250 A
Front device for electric cable Un 690/400V, In 250 A, fuse 200 A
Electric cable Buflex TP-C 1000 V 130 meters
In electric system internal pilot connector (=safety system) when 400 V voltage is used
Other equipment
Toyota Hilux van diesel 1999
Peugeot boxer van diesel 2002
Valtra traktor 8650 diesel 2003
Traktor trailer Tuhti
Flexit deviation survey tool
Maxibor deviation survey tool
Inclinometer EZ-DIP
Fiber class rods 20 pc for inclinometer
Water gauge 2 pc
Casing rods 84/77 mm
WL-76 drill rods
WL-76 triple core tube
Drill bits
Reamers
Core orientation marking tool
Core boxes
Aluminium paper
Tools etc.
Wedging equipment for directional wedging
Water containers plastic 1000 liters 2 pc
Water precipitation pool plastic 500 liters2 pc
Water pipeline plastic
Water electric conductivity meter package Pioneer Ion Check 65
Personal mine lamps 6 pc
personal mine rescue package 4 pc
digital camera
Appendix 2.2
ORIENTED SAMPLES, ONK-PH7
N:o Depth, m Remarks1 7,752 10,353 13,13 Core orientation mark failed4 15,675 18,206 20,877 23,208 24,85 Core orientation mark failed9 27,55 Core orientation mark failed10 30,2211 32,89 Core orientation mark failed12 35,5413 38,18 Core orientation mark failed14 40,75 Core orientation mark failed15 43,35 Core orientation mark failed16 47,6117 50,1718 52,65 Core orientation mark failed19 52,65 Core orientation mark failed20 55,35 Core orientation mark failed21 57,8522 60,3523 62,9524 65,5525 68,47 Core orientation mark failed26 71,0527 73,7028 76,3029 78,8930 81,50 31 84,1132 86,6133 89,44 Core orientation mark failed34 92,00 Core orientation mark failed35 94,55 Core orientation mark failed36 97,22 Core orientation mark failed
68
Appendix 2.3
LENGTH OF CORE RUNS, ONK-PH7
N:o Depth Lenght, m1 0,90 0,902 2,19 1,293 5,09 2,904 7,75 2,665 10,35 2,606 13,13 2,787 15,67 2,548 18,20 2,539 20,87 2,6710 23,20 2,3311 24,85 1,6512 27,55 2,7013 30,22 2,6714 32,89 2,6715 35,54 2,6516 38,18 2,6417 40,75 2,5718 43,35 2,6019 45,85 2,5020 47,61 1,7621 50,17 2,5622 52,65 2,4823 55,35 2,70
23 runs Avg. 2,41 m
69
DRILLING REPORT SHEET, ONK-PH7
Day Time Depth of Remarks Shift Core Start of Pulling Core Flushing Flushing Returning Flowthe hole change tube the run the run orien- water water water out of
travel tation pressure gauge gauge the holemark (bar) reading reading (l/min)
23.02. 7:00 Arrival to Olkiluoto23.02. 8:30 Meeting at Onkalo office23.02. 11:00 Waiting for drilling site preparation23.02. 18:00 Shift change x23.02. 18:00 Waiting for drilling site preparation23.02. 20:20 Move of the rig to drilling site23.02. 20:50 Rig set up24.02. 0:30 Orientation of the rig on line24.02. 1:00 Drilling fastening bolt 24.02. 1:15 Fixing core barrel24.02. 2:15 Drilling fastening bolt 24.02. 3:20 Surveyor checking the orientation 24.02. 3:45 0,90 Casing drilling24.02. 5:10 0,90 Cementing the casing24.02. 5:45 0,90 Waiting cement to harden24.02. 5:56 0,90 Shift change x24.02. 6:39 0,90 Waiting cement to harden24.02. 8:34 0,90 Preparing to start drilling24.02. 9:00 0,90 Break24.02. 9:16 0,90 Preparing to start drilling24.02. 9:44 0,90 Start coring x 57200,4 43663,224.02. 10:13 2,19 Leakage between casing tube and wall x 57497,5 43663,224.02. 10:20 2,19 Recementing the casing24.02. 11:33 2,19 Waiting cement to harden24.02. 17:20 2,19 x 57744,0 43857,424.02. 17:35 5,09 x 57969,1 44056,924.02. 17:40 5,09 Shift change x24.02. 18:31 5,09 x24.02. 18:43 5,09 x 2 58031,6 44091,624.02. 19:04 7,75 x x 58341,3 44399,224.02. 19:23 7,75 x
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24.02. 19:29 7,75 x 1 58415,7 44462,224.02. 19:50 10,35 x x 58690,5 44732,724.02. 20:04 10,35 x24.02. 20:11 10,35 x 8 58800,9 44837,724.02. 20:28 13,13 Core orientation mark failed x 59069,4 45092,524.02. 20:40 13,13 x24.02. 20:44 13,13 x 5 59195,0 45205,524.02. 21:09 15,67 x x 59604,5 45605,724.02. 21:19 15,67 x24.02. 21:23 15,67 x 4 59747,5 45754,624.02. 21:44 18,20 x x 60060,7 46056,824.02. 21:59 18,20 x24.02. 22:02 18,20 x 4 60216,8 46195,724.02. 22:30 20,87 x x 60597,3 46571,924.02. 22:40 20,87 x24.02. 22:45 20,87 Filling risk assesment paper24.02. 22:54 20,87 x 60785,1 46784,924.02. 23:19 23,20 x x 61182,3 47163,824.02. 23:28 23,20 x24.02. 23:31 23,20 x 61384,7 47366,824.02. 23:40 23,20 Changing a drill bit, rod pull and lowering 24.02. 23:58 23,20 x 25.02. 0:06 23,20 x 61583,5 47559,625.02. 0:12 23,20 Oli leakage in hydraulic house coupling,
" " " drilling stopped, cleaning and fixing it25.02. 0:56 24,85 Core orientation mark failed x25.02. 1:04 24,85 Break25.02. 1:39 24,85 x 25.02. 1:45 24,85 x 62197,4 48107,225.02. 2:01 27,55 Core orientation mark failed x 62346,5 48362,725.02. 2:15 27,55 x25.02. 2:19 27,55 x 5 62600,8 48636,925.02. 2:39 30,22 x x 62888,1 48927,425.02. 2:50 30,22 Maxibor survey 0 - 24 m25.02. 3:42 30,22 x25.02. 3:57 30,22 x25.02. 4:18 32,89 Core orientation mark failed x 63385,0 49422,7
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25.02. 4:29 32,89 x 63863,0 49748,325.02. 4:53 32,89 x25.02. 5:15 35,54 x x 64001,7 50122,625.02. 5:28 35,54 x 64272,1 50418,825.02. 5:32 35,54 Shift change x25.02. 6:14 35,54 x 64611,3 50816,225.02. 6:38 38,18 Core orientation mark failed x 64876,6 51033,925.02. 6:53 38,18 x25.02. 6:58 38,18 x 65229,4 51354,525.02. 7:20 40,75 Core orientation mark failed x 65549,1 51657,925.02. 7:46 40,75 x25.02. 7:56 40,75 x 65963,2 51983,825.02. 8:27 43,35 Core orientation mark failed x 66289,7 52356,325.02. 8:37 43,35 x25.02. 8:43 43,35 x 66699,8 52754,525.02. 9:01 45,85 x 66979,9 53017,825.02. 9:15 45,85 x25.02. 9:19 45,85 x 67399,6 53449,625.02. 9:36 47,61 x x 67616,8 53656,625.02. 10:14 47,61 x25.02. 10:20 47,61 x 68035,6 54040,525.02. 10:43 50,17 x x 68301,5 54309,925.02. 10:58 50,17 x25.02. 11:05 50,17 x 68739,2 54730,325.02. 11:24 52,65 Core orientation mark failed x 69041,7 55105,125.02. 11:38 52,65 Maxibor survey 0 - 48 m25.02. 12:50 52,65 x25.02. 12:57 52,65 x 70026,8 55834,825.02. 13:06 52,65 Core orientation mark failed x 70125,5 55923,825.02. 13:30 52,65 Videoing the working x25.02. 14:30 52,65 Break25.02. 15:10 52,65 Servicing water gauge 25.02. 15:22 52,65 x 70836,2 56620,725.02. 15:46 55,35 Core orientation mark failed x 71119,4 56863,325.02. 15:58 55,35 x 25.02. 16:06 55,35 x 71596,7 57342,525.02. 16:27 57,85 x x 71892,4 57607,5
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25.02. 16:51 57,85 x 25.02. 16:57 57,85 x 72503,7 58226,525.02. 17:18 60,35 x x 72781,9 58483,225.02. 17:37 60,35 Shift change x25.02. 18:21 60,35 x 25.02. 18:29 60,35 x 3 73326,2 59011,725.02. 18:59 62,95 x x 73678,4 59302,525.02. 19:16 62,95 x 25.02. 19:22 62,95 x 2 74285,5 59884,425.02. 19:47 65,55 x x 74564,7 60161,625.02. 20:06 65,55 x 25.02. 20:18 65,55 x 3 75179,4 60567,325.02. 20:49 68,47 Core orientation mark failed x 75616,6 61009,825.02. 21:05 68,47 x 25.02. 21:14 68,47 x 4 76245,4 61612,225.02. 21:39 71,05 x x 76635,0 61965,125.02. 21:54 71,05 x 25.02. 21:59 71,05 x 5 77279,7 62594,825.02. 22:26 73,70 x x 77624,8 62953,725.02. 22:42 73,70 x 25.02. 22:48 73,70 x 5 78297,6 63604,425.02. 23:13 76,30 x x 78601,6 63879,225.02. 23:29 76,30 x 25.02. 23:36 76,30 x 5 79318,4 64554,826.02. 0:04 78,89 x x 79629,5 64877,326.02. 0:17 78,89 Break26.02. 0:53 78,89 x26.02. 1:01 78,89 x 5 80375,1 65565,526.02. 1:31 81,50 Changing a drill bit, rod pull and lowering x 80702,5 65953,326.02. 1:58 81,50 Maxibor survey 39 - 75 m26.02. 2:49 81,50 x 26.02. 2:55 81,50 x 7 82179,8 67185,426.02. 3:16 84,11 x x 82568,7 67582,026.02. 3:33 84,11 x 26.02. 3:40 84,11 x 7 83268,5 68255,526.02. 3:57 86,61 x x 83524,5 68559,226.02. 4:14 86,61 x
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26.02. 4:22 86,61 x 84286,8 69287,526.02. 4:40 89,44 Core orientation mark failed x 84606,0 69746,826.02. 4:58 89,44 x26.02. 5:04 89,44 x 85424,7 70452,926.02. 5:27 92,00 Core orientation mark failed x 85667,6 70749,526.02. 5:38 92,00 Shift change x26.02. 6:12 92,00 x26.02. 6:23 92,00 x 86505,4 74599,726.02. 6:39 94,55 Core orientation mark failed x 86865,1 71900,826.02. 6:59 94,55 x26.02. 7:05 94,55 x 87741,3 72610,526.02. 7:30 97,22 Core orientation mark failed x 88108,6 72951,826.02. 7:45 97,22 x26.02. 7:56 97,22 x 88983,9 73760,226.02. 8:21 100,18 x 89382,7 74075,926.02. 8:40 Maxibor survey 0 - 96 m26.02. 9:57 Devico survey 0 - 96 m26.02. 10:54 Flexit survey 0 - 96 m26.02. 11:05 Break26.02. 11:38 Flexit survey26.02. 12:34 Fishing out Flexit shock absorber26.02. 13:09 Washing and brushing the hole 92484,3 76431,026.02. 14:50 Rod pull 95051,5 78843,826.02. 14:59 Packing26.02. 15:30 Measuring sludge 300 litres26.02. 15:35 Packing26.02. 15:59 The rig handed over to Posiva Oy
Amount of water in liters used in drilling operation 32182 30413Amount of water in liters used in brushing and flushing operation 2567 2413
Water usage liters total 34750 32826 Packer test
28.02. 14:30 Waiting to completion of Posiva work 28.02. 15:22 Fixing water pump28.02. 17:40 Shift change x28.02. 18:05 Preparing for Packer tests
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28.02. 19:00 Lowering the rods into the drill hole28.02. 19:31 Packer test commences01.03. 0:05 Break 01.03. 0:48 Packer test continues01.03. 5:45 Shift change x01.03. 6:18 Problems with water pump01.03. 6:46 Packer test continues01.03. 7:48 No electric power, blackout 01.03. 12:09 Break01.03. 13:01 No electric power, blackout 01.03. 13:30 Packer test continues01.03. 16:18 Packer leaking, rod pull01.03. 16:45 Lowering the rods into the drill hole01.03. 17:07 Packer leaking, rod pull01.03. 17:15 Lowering the rods into the drill hole01.03. 17:30 Shift change x01.03. 18:10 Packer test 37,95 - 100,18 m01.03. 19:10 Packer test completed, rod pull01.03. 20:05 Packing01.03. 21:50 Rig out of tunnel01.03. 23:20 Work completed, demobilization
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DEVIATION SURVEY BY FLEXIT TOOL, ONK-PH7
Station Easting Northing Elevation Dip Azimuth0 1525972,000 6792000,000 -174,050 -3,890 314,7903 1525969,870 6792002,110 -174,240 -3,490 314,6806 1525967,740 6792004,210 -174,430 -3,530 314,5509 1525965,610 6792006,310 -174,610 -3,560 314,590
12 1525963,480 6792008,420 -174,800 -3,550 314,68015 1525961,350 6792010,520 -174,990 -3,650 314,79018 1525959,230 6792012,630 -175,180 -3,720 314,89021 1525957,040 6792014,680 -175,370 -3,730 311,20024 1525954,860 6792016,730 -175,570 -3,740 315,25027 1525952,760 6792018,860 -175,770 -3,760 315,46030 1525950,660 6792020,990 -175,960 -3,770 315,69033 1525948,570 6792023,140 -176,160 -3,800 315,75036 1525946,490 6792025,290 -176,360 -3,800 315,95039 1525944,410 6792027,440 -176,560 -3,790 316,12042 1525942,340 6792029,600 -176,760 -3,840 316,40045 1525940,270 6792031,770 -176,960 -3,840 316,37048 1525938,210 6792033,940 -177,160 -3,970 316,40051 1525936,140 6792036,100 -177,370 -3,970 316,37054 1525934,080 6792038,270 -177,580 -4,000 316,26057 1525932,010 6792040,430 -177,790 -4,010 316,31060 1525929,940 6792042,590 -178,000 -4,020 316,19063 1525927,870 6792044,750 -178,210 -3,970 316,18066 1525925,800 6792046,910 -178,410 -3,910 316,22069 1525923,720 6792049,070 -178,620 -3,930 316,13072 1525921,650 6792051,230 -178,820 -3,950 316,33075 1525919,580 6792053,390 -179,030 -4,000 316,12078 1525917,510 6792055,550 -179,240 -3,990 316,36081 1525915,440 6792057,720 -179,450 -4,010 316,20084 1525913,370 6792059,880 -179,660 -4,020 316,17087 1525911,300 6792062,040 -179,870 -4,020 316,24090 1525909,230 6792064,200 -180,080 -4,000 316,30093 1525907,170 6792066,360 -180,290 -3,930 316,36096 1525905,100 6792068,530 -180,490 -3,910 316,320
Deviation 0.06 m down and 1.71 m right
76 Appendix 2.5
DEVIATION SURVEY BY MAXIBOR TOOL, ONK-PH7
Station Easting Northing Elevation Dip Azimuth0 1525972,060 6791999,700 -174,05 -3,60 314,793 1525969,935 6792001,809 -174,24 -3,61 314,866 1525967,813 6792003,921 -174,43 -3,62 314,889 1525965,691 6792006,034 -174,62 -3,65 314,9312 1525963,572 6792008,148 -174,81 -3,70 314,9715 1525961,454 6792010,264 -175,00 -3,78 315,0218 1525959,338 6792012,382 -175,20 -3,82 315,0321 1525957,222 6792014,499 -175,40 -3,82 315,0624 1525955,108 6792016,618 -175,60 -3,81 315,1027 1525952,995 6792018,738 -175,80 -3,81 315,1330 1525950,883 6792020,860 -176,00 -3,83 315,1633 1525948,772 6792022,982 -176,20 -3,82 315,1936 1525946,663 6792025,106 -176,40 -3,82 315,2339 1525944,555 6792027,231 -176,60 -3,84 315,3042 1525942,449 6792029,359 -176,80 -3,88 315,3745 1525940,346 6792031,489 -177,00 -3,94 315,4048 1525938,245 6792033,620 -177,21 -3,95 315,3951 1525936,143 6792035,750 -177,41 -3,97 315,4054 1525934,042 6792037,881 -177,62 -3,99 315,3957 1525931,940 6792040,012 -177,83 -3,96 315,4060 1525929,839 6792042,143 -178,04 -3,92 315,4163 1525927,737 6792044,274 -178,24 -3,89 315,4066 1525925,636 6792046,405 -178,45 -3,90 315,3869 1525923,533 6792048,536 -178,65 -3,92 315,3872 1525921,431 6792050,666 -178,86 -3,96 315,4075 1525919,329 6792052,797 -179,06 -3,95 315,4378 1525917,229 6792054,929 -179,27 -3,94 315,4381 1525915,129 6792057,061 -179,48 -3,94 315,4784 1525913,030 6792059,195 -179,68 -3,93 315,4887 1525910,931 6792061,328 -179,89 -3,90 315,5190 1525908,834 6792063,464 -180,09 -3,88 315,5496 1525904,644 6792067,739 -180,50 -3,88 315,60
Deviation 0.42 m down and 0.79 metres right
77 Appendix 2.6
DEVIATION SURVEY BY DEVIFLEX TOOL, ONK-PH7
Station Easting Northing Elevation Dip Azimuth0 1 525 972,06 6 791 999,70 -174,05 -3,60 314,794 1 525 969,22 6 792 002,51 -174,30 -3,50 314,688 1 525 966,38 6 792 005,31 -174,54 -3,51 314,5712 1 525 963,54 6 792 008,12 -174,79 -3,50 314,6916 1 525 960,71 6 792 010,93 -175,03 -3,50 314,8220 1 525 957,88 6 792 013,75 -175,28 -3,52 315,0124 1 525 955,06 6 792 016,58 -175,52 -3,50 315,2428 1 525 952,26 6 792 019,42 -175,77 -3,52 315,4832 1 525 949,46 6 792 022,27 -176,01 -3,51 315,7236 1 525 946,68 6 792 025,14 -176,26 -3,50 315,9640 1 525 943,91 6 792 028,01 -176,50 -3,51 316,2044 1 525 941,15 6 792 030,90 -176,74 -3,50 316,4348 1 525 938,41 6 792 033,80 -176,99 -3,51 316,6652 1 525 935,67 6 792 036,71 -177,23 -3,50 316,9056 1 525 932,95 6 792 039,63 -177,48 -3,51 317,1360 1 525 930,24 6 792 042,56 -177,72 -3,51 317,3764 1 525 927,54 6 792 045,50 -177,97 -3,51 317,6268 1 525 924,86 6 792 048,46 -178,21 -3,49 317,8872 1 525 922,19 6 792 051,43 -178,45 -3,29 318,1276 1 525 919,53 6 792 054,40 -178,67 -3,19 318,3680 1 525 916,88 6 792 057,39 -178,90 -3,19 318,5984 1 525 914,25 6 792 060,40 -179,12 -3,18 318,8488 1 525 911,62 6 792 063,41 -179,34 -3,05 319,1192 1 525 909,02 6 792 066,43 -179,55 -2,94 319,37
Deviation 2.05 m up and 2.12 m right
78 Appendix 2.7
EC-READINGS FROM RETURNED WATER, ONK-PH7
Hole depth Sample Conductivity Date Date oftemperature measured sampling
(m) (oC) (YS/cm)2,60 20,4 730 24.2.2007 2.3.20075,40 20,5 290 24.2.2007 2.3.20078,05 20,4 338 24.2.2007 2.3.2007
11,10 19,7 270 24.2.2007 2.3.200713,70 20,5 274 24.2.2007 2.3.200716,20 20,4 308 24.2.2007 2.3.200719,10 20,7 288 24.2.2007 2.3.200721,70 19,5 274 24.2.2007 2.3.200724,10 19,6 318 25.2.2007 2.3.200725,25 19,6 315 25.2.2007 2.3.200728,30 19,8 292 25.2.2007 2.3.200731,30 19,8 338 25.2.2007 2.3.200733,80 20,5 313 25.2.2007 2.3.200736,70 20,6 328 25.2.2007 2.3.200739,40 20,9 321 25.2.2007 2.3.200741,60 20,6 281 25.2.2007 2.3.200744,60 20,7 334 25.2.2007 2.3.200746,30 21,0 313 25.2.2007 2.3.200748,80 21,0 293 25.2.2007 2.3.200751,40 21,0 287 25.2.2007 2.3.200753,50 20,3 345 25.2.2007 2.3.200756,70 20,0 276 25.2.2007 2.3.200758,30 19,9 326 25.2.2007 2.3.200760,70 19,7 265 25.2.2007 2.3.200763,40 19,7 321 25.2.2007 2.3.200767,00 20,1 295 25.2.2007 2.3.200769,80 19,9 269 25.2.2007 2.3.200772,00 19,8 283 25.2.2007 2.3.200775,10 19,8 287 25.2.2007 2.3.200777,00 19,8 286 25.2.2007 2.3.200780,20 20,0 275 26.2.2007 2.3.200782,70 19,9 311 26.3.2007 2.3.200785,20 20,3 317 26.3.2007 2.3.200788,00 20,0 308 26.3.2007 2.3.200791,20 20,2 326 26.3.2007 2.3.200793,80 20,0 307 26.3.2007 2.3.200795,60 20,1 288 26.3.2007 2.3.200799,10 20,1 328 26.3.2007 2.3.2007
calibration 1000 2.3.2007
Readings corrected to temperature 20 degrees C
79 Appendix 2.8
LITHOLOGICAL DESCRIPTION
Hole ID: ONK-PH7
Geologist: JNCNDate: 27.2.2007
DGN #VIITTAUS! #VIITTAUS! Remarks:PGR #VIITTAUS! #VIITTAUS! Max length: 100.31VGN #VIITTAUS! #VIITTAUS!
HOLE_ID M_FROM M_TO ROCK_TYPE LEUCOSOME % DESCRIPTION
ONK-PH7 0 9 DGN 55 Mainly irregular and at places weakly banded diatexitc gneiss. The rock contains biotite-rich schlierens and large amounts of cordierite, slightly pinitised. Intact rock.
ONK-PH7 9 11.25 DGN 80 Rock section containing large amounts of pale coarse-grained pegmatitic granite. The rock is heterogenic and irregular. The rock contains some scattered mica sections and bands, plenty of pinitised cordierite grains. Quite intact rock.
ONK-PH7 11.25 13 DGN 80 Similar rock as above but the rock is sheared, chloritised and epidotised due to semiductile/ductile deformation and alteration which gives the rock a slightly mylonitic and brecciated appearance. Clearly more fractured than the rest of the drillcore, many EP,CC and KV filled healed fractures.
ONK-PH7 13 24.77 DGN 65 A rock section consisting of irregular and slightly banded diatexitic gneiss with some pegmatitic sections and mica gneiss sections, there is probably dykes of pegmatitic granite and inclusions of MGN in the gneiss. Some large grains of pinitised cordierite here and there. Intact rock.
ONK-PH7 24.77 28 DGN 45 Irregular to weakly schistose diatexitic gneiss containing large amounts of mica gneiss paleosome. The paleosome is mainly medium-grained and contains large amounts of fine- to medium-grained pinitised cordierite grains. There is also a few small pegmatitic granite sections. Intact rock.
ONK-PH7 28 65.8 DGN 60 Irregular to weakly schistose diatexitic gneiss. The composition varies a lot in this section and short sections with plenty of neosome material and sections of paleosome rich material are present. Kaolinitisation in some palosome-rich parts is observed. At least one MGN inclusion is visible in this section. Extremely intact rock.
ONK-PH7 65.8 89 DGN 75 Irregular and neosome-rich rock lacking clear foliation in most parts. Some mica schlieren inclusions give rise to a weak schistose foliation in some parts. Pinitised cordierite grains occur throughout this rock section. A couple of short pegmatitic granite sections and quartz gneiss inclusions are also present. Extremely intact rock.
ONK-PH7 89 90.8 PGR 98 Pale, coarse-grained and massive pegmatitic granite. The rock contains small amounts of pinitised cordierite grains and mica inclusions. Extremely intact rock.
ONK-PH7 90.8 100.31 DGN 75 Irregular to weakly banded diatexitic gneiss. The section contains a few short sections of pegmatitic granite and one short section of mica gneiss. Pinitised cordierite grains occur throughout this rock section. Extremely intact rock.
80 Appendix 3.1
DUCTILE DEFORMATION
Hole ID: ONK-PH7
Geologist: JNCN, KJOKDate: 27.2.2007
Remarks:Max length: 100.31
0 0
HOLE_ID M_FROM M_TO REFERENCE_LINE ELEMENT DEPTH_M DIP_DIR DIP ALPHA BETA TREND PLUNGE FOLIATION FOLIATION METHOD ROCK_TYPE REMARKS(°) (°) (°) (°) (°) TYPE INTENSITY
ONK-PH7 0 1 180 FOL 1.19 102 55 46 220 IRR 0 WellCad DGNONK-PH7 1 2 180 FOL 1.19 102 55 46 220 IRR 0 WellCad DGNONK-PH7 2 3 180 FOL 2.38 99 62 48 231 IRR 0 WellCad DGNONK-PH7 3 4 180 FOL 3.6 119 38 40 192 IRR 0 WellCad DGNONK-PH7 4 5 180 FOL 4.63 131 55 58 186 BAN 1 WellCad DGNONK-PH7 5 6 180 FOL 5.67 80 61 32 237 IRR 0 WellCad DGNONK-PH7 6 7 180 FOL 6.52 102 37 34 203 IRR 0 WellCad DGNONK-PH7 7 8 180 FOL 7.23 105 38 35 202 BAN 1 WellCad DGNONK-PH7 8 9 180 FOL 8.5 91 51 37 223 BAN 1 WellCad DGNONK-PH7 9 10 180 FOL 9.49 125 39 41 189 IRR 0 WellCad DGNONK-PH7 10 11 180 FOL 10.4 159 70 61 126 IRR 0 WellCad DGNONK-PH7 11 12 180 FOL 11.04 146 36 39 172 IRR 0 WellCad DGNONK-PH7 12 13 180 FOL 12.67 116 36 37 194 IRR 0 WellCad DGNONK-PH7 13 14 180 FOL 13.51 162 32 32 163 IRR 0 WellCad DGNONK-PH7 14 15 180 FOL 14.39 134 38 42 180 BAN 1 WellCad DGNONK-PH7 15 16 180 FOL 15.4 134 47 50 182 BAN 1 WellCad DGNONK-PH7 16 17 180 FOL 16.35 122 39 41 191 BAN 1 WellCad DGNONK-PH7 17 18 180 FOL 17.34 117 22 25 187 IRR 0 WellCad DGNONK-PH7 18 19 180 FOL 18.39 88 33 25 206 IRR 0 WellCad DGNONK-PH7 19 20 180 FOL 19.6 163 28 28 166 IRR 0 WellCad DGNONK-PH7 20 21 180 FOL 20.73 133 32 35 181 IRR 0 WellCad DGNONK-PH7 21 22 180 FOL 21.29 94 22 20 196 IRR 0 WellCad DGNONK-PH7 22 23 180 FOL 22.23 149 54 55 160 IRR 0 WellCad DGNONK-PH7 23 24 180 FOL 23.78 156 70 64 131 MAS 0 WellCad DGNONK-PH7 24 25 180 FOL 23.98 127 34 37 186 SCH 1 WellCad DGNONK-PH7 25 26 180 FOL 25.1 154 72 67 129 SCH 1 WellCad DGNONK-PH7 26 27 180 FOL 26.07 342 56 44 32 SCH 1 WellCad DGNONK-PH7 27 28 180 FOL 27.57 151 49 50 162 SCH 1 WellCad DGNONK-PH7 28 29 180 FOL 28.42 177 74 47 110 BAN 1 WellCad DGNONK-PH7 29 30 180 FOL 29.46 125 60 62 199 BAN 1 WellCad DGNONK-PH7 30 31 180 FOL 30.46 122 67 67 211 BAN 1 WellCad DGNONK-PH7 31 32 180 FOL 31.06 109 33 33 197 BAN 1 WellCad DGNONK-PH7 32 33 180 FOL 32.33 142 36 39 175 BAN 1 WellCad DGNONK-PH7 33 34 180 FOL 33.64 122 46 48 194 BAN 1 WellCad DGNONK-PH7 34 35 180 FOL 34.33 108 41 39 203 IRR 0 WellCad DGNONK-PH7 35 36 180 FOL 35.43 84 53 33 228 IRR 0 WellCad DGNONK-PH7 36 37 180 FOL 36.63 89 21 18 196 IRR 0 WellCad DGNONK-PH7 37 38 180 FOL 37.48 140 22 26 178 IRR 0 WellCad DGNONK-PH7 38 39 180 FOL 38.42 172 20 20 168 IRR 0 WellCad DGNONK-PH7 39 40 180 FOL 39.29 123 45 48 193 BAN 1 WellCad DGNONK-PH7 40 41 180 FOL 40.18 96 42 34 211 IRR 0 WellCad DGNONK-PH7 41 42 180 FOL 41.25 191 17 13 165 IRR 0 WellCad DGNONK-PH7 42 43 180 FOL 42.4 118 65 63 216 IRR 0 WellCad DGNONK-PH7 43 44 180 FOL 43.17 107 49 45 210 IRR 0 WellCad DGNONK-PH7 44 45 180 FOL 44.43 157 59 56 146 IRR 0 WellCad DGNONK-PH7 45 46 180 FOL 45.37 194 56 28 127 SCH 1 WellCad DGNONK-PH7 46 47 180 FOL 46.63 141 67 70 166 IRR 0 WellCad DGNONK-PH7 47 48 180 FOL 47.29 132 54 57 186 IRR 0 WellCad DGNONK-PH7 48 49 180 FOL 48.52 167 32 31 161 IRR 0 WellCad DGNONK-PH7 49 50 180 FOL 49.4 117 57 56 208 IRR 0 WellCad DGNONK-PH7 50 51 180 FOL 50.23 123 49 51 194 IRR 0 WellCad DGNONK-PH7 51 52 180 FOL 51.6 70 55 22 233 IRR 0 WellCad DGNONK-PH7 52 53 180 FOL 52.19 133 33 37 182 IRR 0 WellCad DGNONK-PH7 53 54 180 FOL 53.44 133 33 37 182 IRR 0 WellCad DGNONK-PH7 54 55 180 FOL 54.25 190 67 34 115 IRR 0 WellCad DGNONK-PH7 55 56 180 FOL 55.34 80 43 26 219 IRR 0 WellCad DGNONK-PH7 56 57 180 FOL 56.36 180 37 29 151 IRR 0 WellCad DGNONK-PH7 57 58 180 FOL 57.5 109 32 33 196 IRR 0 WellCad DGNONK-PH7 58 59 180 FOL 58.33 146 40 44 171 IRR 0 WellCad DGN
81A
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3.2
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HOLE_ID M_FROM M_TO REFERENCE_LINE ELEMENT DEPTH_M DIP_DIR DIP ALPHA BETA TREND PLUNGE FOLIATION FOLIATION METHOD ROCK_TYPE REMARKS(°) (°) (°) (°) (°) TYPE INTENSITY
ONK-PH7 59 60 180 FOL 59.5 139 56 60 174 IRR 0 WellCad DGNONK-PH7 60 61 180 FOL 60.57 157 45 45 158 IRR 0 WellCad DGNONK-PH7 61 62 180 FOL 61.46 115 56 54 210 IRR 0 WellCad DGNONK-PH7 62 63 180 FOL 62.39 160 39 39 160 IRR 0 WellCad DGNONK-PH7 63 64 180 FOL 63.3 104 39 36 204 IRR 0 WellCad DGNONK-PH7 64 65 180 FOL 64.44 182 22 19 163 IRR 0 WellCad DGNONK-PH7 65 66 180 FOL 65.34 342 68 54 44 IRR 0 WellCad DGNONK-PH7 66 67 180 FOL 66.58 122 48 50 196 IRR 0 WellCad DGNONK-PH7 67 68 180 FOL 67.08 122 63 63 207 IRR 0 WellCad DGNONK-PH7 68 69 180 FOL 68.69 78 40 23 216 IRR 0 WellCad DGNONK-PH7 69 70 180 FOL 69.53 9 41 20 34 IRR 0 WellCad DGNONK-PH7 70 71 180 FOL 70.42 333 86 70 67 IRR 0 WellCad DGNONK-PH7 71 72 180 FOL 71.34 135 47 51 180 IRR 0 WellCad DGNONK-PH7 72 73 180 FOL 72.63 130 69 73 196 IRR 0 WellCad DGNONK-PH7 73 74 180 FOL 73.27 355 68 44 55 IRR 0 WellCad DGNONK-PH7 74 75 180 FOL 74.22 161 80 64 104 IRR 0 WellCad DGNONK-PH7 75 76 180 FOL 75.36 124 89 78 286 IRR 0 WellCad DGNONK-PH7 76 77 180 FOL 76.62 125 54 56 196 IRR 0 WellCad DGNONK-PH7 77 78 180 FOL 77.7 111 41 41 201 IRR 0 WellCad DGNONK-PH7 78 79 180 FOL 78.74 122 50 52 197 IRR 0 WellCad DGNONK-PH7 79 80 180 FOL 79.88 98 68 49 241 IRR 0 WellCad DGNONK-PH7 80 81 180 FOL 80.47 77 64 30 242 IRR 0 WellCad DGNONK-PH7 81 82 180 FOL 81.79 4 69 37 61 IRR 0 WellCad DGNONK-PH7 82 83 180 FOL 82.42 342 69 54 45 IRR 0 WellCad DGNONK-PH7 83 84 180 FOL 83.42 164 68 57 126 IRR 0 WellCad DGNONK-PH7 84 85 180 FOL 84.58 92 47 35 218 IRR 0 WellCad DGNONK-PH7 85 86 180 FOL 85.49 96 48 38 217 IRR 0 WellCad DGNONK-PH7 86 87 180 FOL 86.19 120 29 32 189 IRR 0 WellCad DGNONK-PH7 87 88 180 FOL 87.28 357 87 48 81 IRR 0 WellCad DGNONK-PH7 88 89 180 FOL 88.4 7 77 36 70 IRR 0 WellCad DGNONK-PH7 89 90 180 FOL 89.49 145 48 51 168 MAS 0 WellCad PGRONK-PH7 90 91 180 FOL 90.32 7 46 24 38 MAS 0 WellCad PGRONK-PH7 91 92 180 FOL 91.76 118 50 50 201 IRR 0 WellCad DGNONK-PH7 92 93 180 FOL 92.52 115 63 60 219 IRR 0 WellCad DGNONK-PH7 93 94 180 FOL 93.51 142 23 27 177 BAN 1 WellCad DGNONK-PH7 94 95 180 FOL 94.42 94 38 31 209 IRR 0 WellCad DGNONK-PH7 95 96 180 FOL 95.83 93 60 42 232 IRR 0 WellCad DGNONK-PH7 96 97 180 FOL 96.33 11 38 52 191 BAN 1 WellCad DGNONK-PH7 97 98 180 FOL 97.61 50 35 55 230 IRR 0 WellCad DGNONK-PH7 98 99 180 FOL 98.11 350 19 71 170 IRR 0 WellCad DGNONK-PH7 99 100 180 FOL 99.64 12 56 34 192 BAN 1 WellCad DGNONK-PH7 100 100.31 180 FOL 100.13 354 51 39 174 BAN 1 WellCad DGN
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FRACTURE LOG CORE
Hole ID: ONK-PH7
Geologist: JNCN,HLAM, KJOKDate: 26.2.2007
Remarks:Max length: 100.31
HOLE_ID FRACTURE M_FROM M_TO CORE_ALPHA CORE_BETA CORE_DIR CORE_DIP COLOUR_OF FRACTURE THICKNESS_OF TYPE FRACTURE FRACTURE Jr Ja CLASS_OF_THE REMARKSNUMBER #VIITTAUS! (°) (°) (°) (°) FRACTURE_SURFACE FILLING FILLING (mm) SHAPE ROUGHNESS 1.5 2 FRACTURED_ZONE FDip Fdir UP E S Certainty Description Source Remarks
ONK-PH7 1 2.97 41 145 170 49 white KA 0.3 fi undulated rough 3 2
ONK-PH7 2 5.83 75 235 122 78 light greenish KA,KL 0.3 fi planar rough 1.5 2
ONK-PH7 3 6.04 43 180 135 39 grey CC,SK 0.2 fi undulated rough 3 1
ONK-PH7 4 6.77 24 180 135 20 white KA 0.6 fi undulated rough 3 3
ONK-PH7 5 8.27 15 180 135 11 grey SK,CC 0.2 fi undulated rough 3 1
ONK-PH7 6 8.9 30 188 120 27 grey CC,SV 0.4 fi undulated rough 3 2
ONK-PH7 7 9.06 35 185 127 32 grey CC,SV 0.4 fi undulated rough 3 1
ONK-PH7 8 9.58 60 35 333 69 light greenish grey KA,IL,SK 0.5 fi undulated rough 3 3
ONK-PH7 9 9.98 32 180 135 28 dark grey SK,SV 0.4 fi undulated rough 3 2
ONK-PH7 10 10.64 50 355 311 54 brown SK 0.3 fi undulated rough 3 1
ONK-PH7 11 11 65 grey CC,SK 0.2 fi undulated rough 3 1
ONK-PH7 12 11.23 69 grey CC 0.7 fi planar rough 1.5 1 RiII
ONK-PH7 13 11.54 78 grey CC,SK 0.3 fi planar rough 1.5 1 RiII
ONK-PH7 14 11.69 70 light grey CC,KL 0.2 fi planar rough 1.5 2 RiII
ONK-PH7 15 11.74 60 olive greenish EP,KL,CC 0.3 ti planar rough 1.5 0.75 RiII healed
ONK-PH7 16 11.81 50 olive greenish EP,KL,CC 0.3 ti planar rough 1.5 0.75 RiII healed
ONK-PH7 17 11.92 57 dark greenish EP,KL,CC,SV,GR 0.5 fisl undulated slickensided 1.5 2 RiII 55 20 R N R EE STRIA IMAGE
ONK-PH7 18 12.04 70 olive greenish EP,KV,CC 0.3 fi planar smooth 1 1 RiII
ONK-PH7 19 12.19 37 greenish grey EP,CC,KV,KL 0.4 ti undulated smooth 2 0.75 RiII healed
ONK-PH7 20 12.22 50 greenish grey EP,CC,KV 0.4 ti undulated smooth 2 0.75 RiII healed
ONK-PH7 21 12.36 48 dark grey EP,KV,CC 0.8 ti undulated smooth 2 0.75 RiII healed
ONK-PH7 22 12.59 45 greyish green CC,IL,KL 0.6 fi undulated smooth 2 2 RiII
ONK-PH7 23 13.04 58 dark grey CC,EP,KL 0.5 fi undulated rough 3 2
ONK-PH7 24 13.43 70 245 117 78 greyish green CC,EP,SK,KL 0.5 fi undulated rough 3 2
ONK-PH7 25 13.56 66 195 128 63 grey CC,SK,EP,KL 0.7 fi undulated rough 3 2
ONK-PH7 26 13.58 75 170 138 72 grey CC,KL,SK 0.5 fi undulated smooth 2 2
ONK-PH7 27 13.6 62 270 107 87 grey CC,SK 1.5 ti planar rough 1.5 0.75 healed
ONK-PH7 28 13.86 69 50 331 80 grey SK 0.2 ti undulated rough 3 0.75
ONK-PH6 29 14.17 40 205 121 59 black SK,BT 0.5 fi undulated smooth 2 2
ONK-PH7 30 14.34 72 145 146 72 grey SK 0.2 fi planar rough 1.5 1
ONK-PH7 31 14.65 50 115 157 77 brownish grey SK,CC 0.5 fi undulated rough 3 1
ONK-PH7 32 14.88 35 210 97 42 grey CC,KA,SV,SK 0.6 fi undulated rough 3 3
ONK-PH7 33 15.11 45 165 142 62 dark grey CC,SK,KL,KA,SV 0.6 fi undulated smooth 2 3
ONK-PH7 34 15.22 35 150 152 60 dark grey SK 0.5 ti undulated rough 3 0.75 healed
ONK-PH7 35 15.41 60 60 330 85 brownish grey SK,CC,EP 0.3 fi undulated rough 3 1
ONK-PH7 36 15.96 28 209 116 47 grey KL,SV,KA 0.4 fi planar smooth 1 3
ONK-PH7 37 16.14 81 95 89 37 grey CC,SK,SV 0.5 fi undulated rough 3 3
ONK-PH7 38 16.64 45 170 144 85 light grey CC,SK,SV 0.7 clfi undulated rough 3 3
ONK-PH7 39 17.51 25 180 142 53 white SV, SK 0 ti planar rough 1.5 0.75 healed
ONK-PH7 40 17.67 72 135 148 74 brownish grey SK,CC 0.3 fi undulated rough 3 1
ONK-PH7 41 21.35 56 180 135 52 blackish green BT,KA,KL 0.2 fi undulated rough 3 1
ONK-PH7 42 22.46 10 15 2 20 white KA 0.4 ti planar rough 1.5 0.75 healed
ONK-PH7 43 23.04 24 190 110 22 greyish green KA,SV,KL 0.4 fi undulated rough 3 2
ONK-PH7 44 33.65 20 220 71 42 white KA 0.3 ti undulated rough 3 0.75 healed
ONK-PH7 45 34.5 8 215 54 35 white KA 0.2 ti undulated rough 3 0.75 healed
ONK-PH7 46 37.55 31 grey KL,GR,IL 0.4 fi undulated smooth 2 2
ONK-PH7 47 45.2 55 180 135 51 light greenish KA,SV 0.4 fi undulated rough 3 2
ONK-PH7 48 50.65 9 315 242 47 white KA 0.3 ti undulated rough 3 0.75 healed
ONK-PH7 49 57.58 26 185 124 23 white CC 0.3 ti undulated rough 3 0.75 healed
ONK-PH7 50 60.48 25 31 360 42 grey CC,KL 0.2 fi planar rough 1.5 1
ONK-PH7 51 67.06 26 250 72 70 white CC 0.2 ti undulated rough 3 0.75 healed
ONK-PH7 52 67.28 50 195 122 48 white CC,KA 0.1 fi planar rough 1.5 1
ONK-PH7 53 69.49 40 323 281 55 grey CC 0.1 fi undulated smooth 2 1
ONK-PH7 54 74.49 60 185 132 56 white KA,CC 0.2 fi undulated rough 3 1
ONK-PH7 55 79.46 57 250 104 76 grey 0 ti planar smooth 1 1 no fillings, but smoothness of the surface indicates fracture
F_vector Kinematics
83A
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HOLE_ID FRACTURE M_FROM M_TO CORE_ALPHA CORE_BETA CORE_DIR CORE_DIP COLOUR_OF FRACTURE THICKNESS_OF TYPE FRACTURE FRACTURE Jr Ja CLASS_OF_THE REMARKSNUMBER #VIITTAUS! (°) (°) (°) (°) FRACTURE_SURFACE FILLING FILLING (mm) SHAPE ROUGHNESS 1.5 2 FRACTURED_ZONE FDip Fdir UP E S Certainty Description Source Remarks
F_vector Kinematics
ONK-PH7 56 97.89 59 90 270 31 grey CC 0.1 fi planar rough 1.5 1
ONK-PH7 57 98.22 58 29 209 32 grey CC 0.3 fi planar rough 1.5 1
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FRACTURE LOG IMAGE
Hole ID: ONK-PH7
Geologist: HLAMDate: 28.2.2007
Remarks:Max length: 100.31
100.31
HOLE_ID FRACTURE M_FROM M_TO DIP_DIRECTION DIP ALPHA BETA METHOD APERTURE APERTURE HYDRAULICNUMBER ######### (°) (°) CLASS (mm) CONDUCTIVE FRACTURE
ONK-PH7 1 2.97 70 5 6 185 WellCad 1ONK-PH7 2 5.83 90 64 42 238 WellCad 1ONK-PH7 3 6.04 147 20 23 176 WellCad 1ONK-PH7 4 6.77 142 6 9 179 WellCad 1ONK-PH7 5 8.27 175 7 9 175 WellCad 3 (4) YesONK-PH7 6 8.9 83 24 18 200 WellCad 1ONK-PH7 7 9.06 78 21 14 198 WellCad 1ONK-PH7 8 9.58 340 66 53 40 WellCad 1ONK-PH7 9 9.98 111 17 19 187 WellCad 1ONK-PH7 10 10.64 310 46 42 355 WellCad 1ONK-PH7 11 11 112 53 50 209 WellCad 1ONK-PH7 12 11.23 95 69 47 243 WellCad 1ONK-PH7 13 11.54 108 85 63 266 WellCad 1ONK-PH7 14 11.69 121 61 62 206 WellCad 1ONK-PH7 15 11.74 138 36 40 178 WellCad 1ONK-PH7 16 11.81 127 41 44 188 WellCad 1ONK-PH7 17 11.92 89 85 44 266 WellCad 1ONK-PH7 18 12.04 159 62 56 139 WellCad 1ONK-PH7 19 12.19 122 26 29 186 WellCad 1ONK-PH7 20 12.22 124 39 42 189 WellCad 1ONK-PH7 21 12.36 101 47 40 212 WellCad 1ONK-PH7 22 12.59 123 29 32 187 WellCad 1ONK-PH7 23 13.04 140 47 50 174 WellCad 1ONK-PH7 24 13.43 121 64 64 210 WellCad 1ONK-PH7 25 13.56 97 52 42 220 WellCad 1ONK-PH7 26 13.58 123 44 46 192 WellCad 1ONK-PH7 27 13.6 112 59 55 216 WellCad 1ONK-PH7 28 13.86 328 61 55 19 WellCad 1ONK-PH7 29 14.17 127 37 40 186 WellCad 1ONK-PH7 30 14.34 146 65 67 154 WellCad 1ONK-PH7 31 14.65 165 45 41 152 WellCad 1ONK-PH7 32 14.88 114 24 26 189 WellCad 1ONK-PH7 33 15.11 161 30 30 165 WellCad 1ONK-PH7 34 15.22 153 31 33 169 WellCad 1ONK-PH7 35 15.41 334 82 68 57 WellCad 1ONK-PH7 36 15.96 78 26 17 203 WellCad 2 YesONK-PH7 37 16.14 156 70 64 130 WellCad 1ONK-PH7 38 16.64 158 21 23 171 WellCad 1ONK-PH7 39 17.51 73 17 12 196 WellCad 2 YesONK-PH7 40 17.67 153 36 38 167 WellCad 2 YesONK-PH7 41 21.35 135 21 25 180 WellCad 1ONK-PH7 42 22.46 24 32 8 30 WellCad 1ONK-PH7 43 23.04 130 14 18 181 WellCad 1ONK-PH7 44 33.65 52 19 6 199 WellCad 1ONK-PH7 45 34.5 51 22 6 202 WellCad 1ONK-PH7 46 37.55 133 21 24 181 WellCad 1ONK-PH7 47 45.2 112 26 28 192 WellCad 1ONK-PH7 48 50.65 58 14 7 194 WellCad 1ONK-PH7 49 57.58 146 19 22 176 WellCad 1ONK-PH7 50 60.48 17 41 15 37 WellCad 1ONK-PH7 51 67.06 65 84 20 265 WellCad 1ONK-PH7 52 67.28 131 36 40 184 WellCad 1ONK-PH7 53 69.49 7 45 23 37 WellCad 1ONK-PH7 54 74.49 131 49 53 185 WellCad 1ONK-PH7 55 79.46 95 78 49 257 WellCad 1ONK-PH7 56 97.89 270 38 52 90 WellCad 1ONK-PH7 57 98.22 30 45 45 210 WellCad 1
85 Appendix 3.4
CORE ORIENTATION
Hole ID: ONK-PH7
Geologist: HLAMDate: 27.2.2007
Remarks: EZY-markMax length: 100.31
HOLE_ID MARK_NR MARK_DEPTH M_FROM M_TO LENGTH REMARKS87.24
ONK-PH7 1 5.09 0.9 5.83 4.93ONK-PH7 2 7.68 5.83 10.82 4.99ONK-PH7 3 13.11 13.11 13.56 0.45ONK-PH7 4 15.55 13.56 18.2 4.64ONK-PH7 5 18.2 18.2 20.87 2.67ONK-PH7 6 20.87 20.87 27.55 6.68ONK-PH7 7 32.81 32.81 35.49 2.68ONK-PH7 8 45.53 40.11 47.63 7.52ONK-PH7 9 47.63 47.63 52.6 4.97ONK-PH7 10 52.6 52.6 52.7 0.10ONK-PH7 11 55.44 52.7 57.94 5.24ONK-PH7 12 57.94 57.94 60.42 2.48ONK-PH7 13 60.42 60.42 62.95 2.53ONK-PH7 14 62.95 62.95 65.63 2.68ONK-PH7 15 68.55 65.63 71.12 5.49ONK-PH7 16 71.12 71.12 73.74 2.62ONK-PH7 17 73.74 73.74 76.36 2.62ONK-PH7 18 76.36 76.36 78.99 2.63ONK-PH7 19 78.99 78.99 100.31 21.32
86 Appendix 3.5
FRACTURE FREQUENCY AND RQD
Hole ID: ONK-PH7 Contractor:
Geologist: HLAMDate: 27.2.2007
Remarks:Max length: 100.31
HOLE_ID M_FROM M_TO ALL_FRACTURES NAT_FRACTURES MECHANICAL_INDUCED RQD Remarkspieces/m pieces/m pieces/m %
ONK-PH7 0 1 5 0 5 100ONK-PH7 1 2 4 0 4 100ONK-PH7 2 3 3 1 2 100ONK-PH7 3 4 1 0 1 100ONK-PH7 4 5 2 0 2 100ONK-PH7 5 6 4 1 3 100ONK-PH7 6 7 3 2 1 100ONK-PH7 7 8 2 0 2 100ONK-PH7 8 9 4 2 2 100ONK-PH7 9 10 4 3 1 100ONK-PH7 10 11 5 2 3 100ONK-PH7 11 12 7 6 1 88ONK-PH7 12 13 9 5 4 98ONK-PH7 13 14 8 6 2 96ONK-PH7 14 15 4 4 0 100ONK-PH7 15 16 5 4 1 100ONK-PH7 16 17 5 2 3 100ONK-PH7 17 18 4 2 2 100ONK-PH7 18 19 2 0 2 100ONK-PH7 19 20 4 0 4 100ONK-PH7 20 21 3 0 3 100ONK-PH7 21 22 3 1 2 100ONK-PH7 22 23 3 1 2 100ONK-PH7 23 24 4 1 3 100ONK-PH7 24 25 3 0 3 100ONK-PH7 25 26 2 0 2 100ONK-PH7 26 27 3 0 3 100ONK-PH7 27 28 2 0 2 100ONK-PH7 28 29 2 0 2 100ONK-PH7 29 30 3 0 3 100ONK-PH7 30 31 4 0 4 100ONK-PH7 31 32 4 0 4 100ONK-PH7 32 33 5 0 5 100ONK-PH7 33 34 2 0 2 100ONK-PH7 34 35 3 1 2 100ONK-PH7 35 36 4 0 4 100ONK-PH7 36 37 3 0 3 100ONK-PH7 37 38 3 1 2 100ONK-PH7 38 39 3 0 3 100ONK-PH7 39 40 3 0 3 100ONK-PH7 40 41 4 0 4 100ONK-PH7 41 42 3 0 3 100ONK-PH7 42 43 3 0 3 100ONK-PH7 43 44 2 0 2 100ONK-PH7 44 45 3 0 3 100ONK-PH7 45 46 4 1 3 100ONK-PH7 46 47 2 0 2 100ONK-PH7 47 48 2 0 2 100ONK-PH7 48 49 2 0 2 100ONK-PH7 49 50 3 0 3 100ONK-PH7 50 51 5 1 4 100ONK-PH7 51 52 3 0 3 100ONK-PH7 52 53 5 0 5 100ONK-PH7 53 54 1 0 1 100ONK-PH7 54 55 1 0 1 100ONK-PH7 55 56 2 0 2 100ONK-PH7 56 57 1 0 1 100ONK-PH7 57 58 2 1 1 100ONK-PH7 58 59 1 0 1 100ONK-PH7 59 60 2 0 2 100ONK-PH7 60 61 4 1 3 100ONK-PH7 61 62 3 0 3 100ONK-PH7 62 63 2 0 2 100ONK-PH7 63 64 4 0 4 100ONK-PH7 64 65 2 0 2 100ONK-PH7 65 66 3 0 3 100ONK-PH7 66 67 5 0 5 100ONK-PH7 67 68 4 1 3 100ONK-PH7 68 69 2 0 2 100ONK-PH7 69 70 4 1 3 100ONK-PH7 70 71 2 0 2 100ONK-PH7 71 72 2 0 2 100ONK-PH7 72 73 2 0 2 100ONK-PH7 73 74 3 0 3 100ONK-PH7 74 75 3 1 2 100ONK-PH7 75 76 3 0 3 100ONK-PH7 76 77 2 0 2 100ONK-PH7 77 78 3 0 3 100ONK-PH7 78 79 4 0 4 100ONK-PH7 79 80 2 1 1 100ONK-PH7 80 81 1 0 1 100ONK-PH7 81 82 4 0 4 100ONK-PH7 82 83 2 0 2 100ONK-PH7 83 84 3 0 3 100ONK-PH7 84 85 3 0 3 100ONK-PH7 85 86 2 0 2 100ONK-PH7 86 87 3 0 3 100ONK-PH7 87 88 1 0 1 100ONK-PH7 88 89 2 0 2 100ONK-PH7 89 90 4 0 4 100ONK-PH7 90 91 1 0 1 100ONK-PH7 91 92 3 0 3 100ONK-PH7 92 93 3 0 3 100ONK-PH7 93 94 1 0 1 100ONK-PH7 94 95 6 0 6 100ONK-PH7 95 96 1 0 1 100ONK-PH7 96 97 1 0 1 100ONK-PH7 97 98 3 1 2 100ONK-PH7 98 99 2 1 1 100ONK-PH7 99 100 2 0 2 100ONK-PH7 100 100.31 1 0 1 100
87 Appendix 3.6
FRACTURE ZONES AND CORE LOSS
Hole ID: ONK-PH7
Geologist: KJOKDate: 27.2.2007
Remarks:Max length: 100.31
HOLE_ID M_FROM M_TO CLASS_OF_THE DESCRIPTION CORE LOSS RemarksFRACTURED_ZONE OF_ZONE m
ONK-PH7 10.34 13.11 0.12 Exact location of the core loss is not certain.
ONK-PH7 11.15 12.8 RiII
Extremely uncertain, 4 of the 11 fractures were closed. In this section there is no Ri-intersection in TV-image.
88Appendix 3.7
WEATHERING DEGREE
Hole ID: ONK-PH7
Geologist: HLAM, KJOKDate: 27.2.2007
Remarks:Max length: 100.31
HOLE_ID M_FROM M_TO WEATHERING RemarksDEGREE
ONK-PH7 0 11.2 Rp0 Few pinited spots, sparsely distributed.ONK-PH7 11.2 13.5 Rp1 Sligthly more pinitized, also chloritized.ONK-PH7 13.5 100.31 Rp0 Few pinited spots, sparsely distributed.
89Appendix 3.8
LIST OF CORE BOXES
Hole ID: ONK-PH7
Geologist: HLAMDate: 27.2.2007
Remarks:Max length: 100.31
HOLE_ID M_FROM M_TO BOX_NUMBER REMARKS
ONK-PH7 0 2.48 1ONK-PH7 2.48 6.04 2ONK-PH7 6.04 9.57 3ONK-PH7 9.57 13.11 4ONK-PH7 13.11 16.48 5ONK-PH7 16.48 19.98 6ONK-PH7 19.98 23.39 7ONK-PH7 23.39 26.98 8ONK-PH7 26.98 30.53 9ONK-PH7 30.53 34.1 10ONK-PH7 34.1 37.67 11ONK-PH7 37.67 41.01 12ONK-PH7 41.01 44.37 13ONK-PH7 44.37 47.63 14ONK-PH7 47.63 51.23 15ONK-PH7 51.23 54.74 16ONK-PH7 54.74 57.94 17ONK-PH7 57.94 61.37 18ONK-PH7 61.37 64.89 19ONK-PH7 64.89 68.55 20ONK-PH7 68.55 71.91 21ONK-PH7 71.91 75.37 22ONK-PH7 75.37 78.90 23ONK-PH7 78.9 82.46 24ONK-PH7 82.46 86.16 25ONK-PH7 86.16 89.54 26ONK-PH7 89.54 93.17 27ONK-PH7 93.17 95.84 28ONK-PH7 95.84 100.31 29
90 Appendix 3.9
91Appendix 3.10/1
PHOTOGRAPHS OF CORE SAMPLES IN CORE BOXES
92Appendix 3.10/2
93Appendix 3.10/3
94Appendix 3.10/4
95Appendix 3.10/5
96Appendix 3.10/6
97Appendix 3.10/7
98Appendix 3.10/8
ROCK QUALITY - Q
Hole ID: ONK-PH7 Contractor: KAAVAT #LUKU! #LUKU!
Geologist: HLAM, KJOKDate: 27.2.2007
Remarks:Max length: 100.31
2 2HOLE_ID M_FROM M_TO LENGTH OF > 10 cm Number_of RQD RQD Jn ROCK_QUALITY_CLASS CLASS_OF_THE Core loss REMARKS GSI
SECTION cm fractures % >10 profile median median Q' FRACTURED_ZONE (m) Q´ Q´ STRUCTURE SURF_COND REMARKS
ONK-PH7 0 9.9 9.9 990 6 100.0 100.0 2 URO 3.0 2.00 Very Good 75.0 82.9 B 1 85
ONK-PH7 9.9 17.7 7.8 763 30 97.8 97.8 2 USM 2.0 1.00 Very Good (RiII) 0.12 No RiII in TV-image 97.8 85.2 B 2 70
ONK-PH7 17.7 21.3 3.6 360 0 100.0 100.0 0.5 5.0 0.75 Exceptionally Good Jr(med) +1, no fractures 1333.3 108.8 A 1 100 no fractures
ONK-PH7 21.3 23.05 1.75 175 3 100.0 100.0 1 URO 4.0 1.00 Exceptionally Good Jr(med) +1 400.0 97.9 B 1 85
ONK-PH7 23.05 33 9.95 995 0 100.0 100.0 0.5 5.0 0.75 Exceptionally Good Jr(med) +1, no fractures 1333.3 108.8 A 1 100 no fractures
ONK-PH7 33 37.7 4.7 470 3 100.0 100.0 1 URO 4.0 0.75 Exceptionally Good Jr(med) +1 533.3 100.5 B 1 85
ONK-PH7 37.7 45.1 7.4 740 0 100.0 100.0 0.5 5.0 0.75 Exceptionally Good Jr(med) +1, no fractures 1333.3 108.8 A 1 100 no fractures
ONK-PH7 45.1 50.7 5.6 560 1 100.0 100.0 0.5 URO 4.0 1.38 Exceptionally Good Jr(med) +1 581.8 101.3 B 1 85
ONK-PH7 50.7 60.6 9.9 990 2 100.0 100.0 0.5 URO 3.3 0.88 Exceptionally Good Jr(med) +1 742.9 103.5 B 1 85
ONK-PH7 60.6 67 6.4 640 0 100.0 100.0 0.5 5.0 0.75 Exceptionally Good Jr(med) +1, no fractures 1333.3 108.8 A 1 100 no fractures
ONK-PH7 67 79.6 12.6 1260 5 100.0 100.0 0.5 USM 3.0 1.00 Exceptionally Good Jr(med) +1 600.0 101.6 B 1 85
ONK-PH7 79.6 97.8 18.2 1820 0 100.0 100.0 0.5 5.0 0.75 Exceptionally Good Jr(med) +1, no fractures 1333.3 108.8 A 1 100 no fractures
ONK-PH7 97.8 100.31 2.51 251 2 100.0 100.0 0.5 PRO 2.5 1.00 Exceptionally Good Jr(med) +1 500.0 99.9 B 1 85
Jr Ja GSI
99A
pp
en
dix
4.1
Appendix 5.1
100 101 102 103 104 105 106
Flow rate (mL/h)
20
19
18
17
16
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
De
pth
(m
)
101 102 103 104 105
Single point resistance (ohm)
Flow from the measured section (L = 0.5 m, dL = 0.1 m), 2007-02-26 - 2007-02-27
Interpreted fracture specific flow into the hole
8.0
15.7
8.3
14.8
17.5
Olkiluoto, ONKALO, Borehole ONK-PH7Flow rate and single point resistance
100
Appendix 5.2
100 101 102 103 104 105 106
Flow rate (mL/h)
40
39
38
37
36
35
34
33
32
31
30
29
28
27
26
25
24
23
22
21
20
De
pth
(m
)
101 102 103 104 105
Single point resistance (ohm)
Flow from the measured section (L = 0.5 m, dL = 0.1 m), 2007-02-26 - 2007-02-27
Interpreted fracture specific flow into the hole
Olkiluoto, ONKALO, Borehole ONK-PH7Flow rate and single point resistance
101
Appendix 5.3
100 101 102 103 104 105 106
Flow rate (mL/h)
60
59
58
57
56
55
54
53
52
51
50
49
48
47
46
45
44
43
42
41
40
De
pth
(m
)
101 102 103 104 105
Single point resistance (ohm)
Flow from the measured section (L = 0.5 m, dL = 0.1 m), 2007-02-26 - 2007-02-27
Interpreted fracture specific flow into the hole
45.7
Olkiluoto, ONKALO, Borehole ONK-PH7Flow rate and single point resistance
102
Appendix 5.4
100 101 102 103 104 105 106
Flow rate (mL/h)
80
79
78
77
76
75
74
73
72
71
70
69
68
67
66
65
64
63
62
61
60
De
pth
(m
)
101 102 103 104 105
Single point resistance (ohm)
Flow from the measured section (L = 0.5 m, dL = 0.1 m), 2007-02-26 - 2007-02-27
Interpreted fracture specific flow into the hole
Olkiluoto, ONKALO, Borehole ONK-PH7Flow rate and single point resistance
103
Appendix 5.5
100 101 102 103 104 105 106
Flow rate (mL/h)
100
99
98
97
96
95
94
93
92
91
90
89
88
87
86
85
84
83
82
81
80
De
pth
(m
)
101 102 103 104 105
Single point resistance (ohm)
Flow from the measured section (L = 0.5 m, dL = 0.1 m), 2007-02-26 - 2007-02-27
Interpreted fracture specific flow into the hole
Olkiluoto, ONKALO, Borehole ONK-PH7Flow rate and single point resistance
104
Appendix 5.6
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12
Hydraulic aperture of fracture (mm)
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
De
pth
(m
)
10-11 10-10 10-9 10-8 10-7 10-6 10-5 10-4
Transmissivity (m2/s)
Hydraulic aperture of fracture (mm)
Olkiluoto, ONKALO, Borehole ONK-PH7Plotted transmissivity and hydraulic aperture of detected fractures2006-02-26 - 2006-02-27
Transmissivity of fracture
105
Appendix 5.7
Hole: PH7 Elevation of the top of
the hole (masl): -174.05 Inclination: -3.6
Depth of fracture along the borehole (m)
Flow (ml/h)
Fractureelevation
(masl)
Drawdown (m)
T (m2/s)
Hydraulic aperture
offracture
(mm)
Comments
8 148 -174.6 180.05 2.26E-10 0.007
8.3 90 -174.6 180.05 1.37E-10 0.006
14.8 26 -175.0 180.05 3.97E-11 0.004 *
15.7 118 -175.0 180.05 1.801E-10 0.007
17.5 24 -175.1 180.05 3.66E-11 0.004 *
45.7 32 -176.9 180.05 4.88E-11 0.004 *
* Uncertain fracture. The flow rate is less than 30 mL/h or the flow anomalies are overlapping or they are unclear because of noise.
106
Appendix 5.8
0.01 0.1 1 10Electric conductivity (S/m, 25 oC)
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
De
pth
(m
)
During flow logging, upwards (L = 0.5 m, dL = 0.1 m), 2007-02-26 - 2007-02-27
Olkiluoto, ONKALO, Borehole ONK-PH7Electric conductivity of borehole water
107
Appendix 5.9
8.4 8.6 8.8 9Temperature (oC)
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
De
pth
(m
)
During flow logging, upwards (L = 0.5 m, dL = 0.1 m), 2007-02-26 - 2007-02-27
Olkiluoto, ONKALO, Borehole ONK-PH7Temperature of borehole water
108
Appendix 5.10
2006-02-26 / 18:00
2006-02-26 / 21:00
2006-02-27 / 0:00
2006-02-27 / 3:00
2006-02-27 / 6:00
Year-Month-Day / Hour:Minute
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
Flo
w r
ate
ou
t fro
m th
e h
ole
(L
/min
)
Olkiluoto, ONKALO, Borehole ONK-PH7Flow rate out from the borehole during flow logging
109
Appendix 5.11
WATER LOSS MEASUREMENTS, ONK-PH7
Depth of Depth of Length of Time Used Hydrostatic Used Reading of Reading of water Lugeon Interpretedlower end of upper end of measuring pressure pressure of (actual) water water loss value Lugeon upper packer lower packer section groundwater pressure gauge, gauge, value
(m) (m) (m) (min) (bar) (bar) (bar) start end (litre)1,18 7,18 6,0 10 21,0 18,7 2,3 95464,9 95464,9 0,0 0,001,18 7,18 6,0 10 25,0 18,7 6,3 95465,4 95465,4 0,0 0,001,18 7,18 6,0 10 28,0 18,7 9,3 95465,7 95465,7 0,0 0,00 0,001,18 7,18 6,0 10 25,0 18,7 6,3 95465,7 95465,7 0,0 0,001,18 7,18 6,0 10 21,0 18,7 2,3 95465,7 95465,7 0,0 0,00
7,18 13,18 6,0 10 21,0 18,7 2,3 95485,4 95485,4 0,0 0,007,18 13,18 6,0 10 25,0 18,7 6,3 95486,4 95486,4 0,0 0,007,18 13,18 6,0 10 28,0 18,7 9,3 95487,4 95487,4 0,0 0,00 0,007,18 13,18 6,0 10 25,0 18,7 6,3 95487,4 95487,4 0,0 0,007,18 13,18 6,0 10 21,0 18,7 2,3 95487,4 95487,4 0,0 0,00
13,18 19,18 6,0 10 21,0 18,8 2,2 95503,3 95503,3 0,0 0,0013,18 19,18 6,0 10 25,0 18,8 6,2 95503,8 95503,8 0,0 0,0013,18 19,18 6,0 10 28,0 18,8 9,2 95504,4 95504,4 0,0 0,00 0,0013,18 19,18 6,0 10 25,0 18,8 6,2 95504,4 95504,4 0,0 0,0013,18 19,18 6,0 10 21,0 18,8 2,2 95504,4 95504,4 0,0 0,00
19,18 25,18 6,0 10 21,0 18,8 2,2 95547,7 95547,7 0,0 0,0019,18 25,18 6,0 10 25,0 18,8 6,2 95548,1 95548,1 0,0 0,0019,18 25,18 6,0 10 28,0 18,8 9,2 95448,7 95448,7 0,0 0,00 0,0019,18 25,18 6,0 10 25,0 18,8 6,2 95448,7 95448,7 0,0 0,0019,18 25,18 6,0 10 21,0 18,8 2,2 95448,7 95448,7 0,0 0,00
25,18 31,18 6,0 10 21,0 18,8 2,2 95592,5 95592,5 0,0 0,0025,18 31,18 6,0 10 25,0 18,8 6,2 95593,7 95593,7 0,0 0,0025,18 31,18 6,0 10 28,0 18,8 9,2 95595,1 95595,1 0,0 0,00 0,0025,18 31,18 6,0 10 25,0 18,8 6,2 95595,1 95595,1 0,0 0,0025,18 31,18 6,0 10 21,0 18,8 2,2 95595,1 95595,1 0,0 0,00
31,18 37,18 6,0 10 21,0 18,9 2,1 95648,3 95648,3 0,0 0,0031,18 37,18 6,0 10 25,0 18,9 6,1 95649,5 95649,5 0,0 0,0031,18 37,18 6,0 10 28,0 18,9 9,1 95650,3 95650,3 0,0 0,00 0,0031,18 37,18 6,0 10 25,0 18,9 6,1 95650,3 95650,3 0,0 0,0031,18 37,18 6,0 10 21,0 18,9 2,1 95650,3 95650,3 0,0 0,00
37,18 43,18 6,0 10 21,0 18,9 2,1 95724,8 95729,0 4,2 0,34 rod leaking37,18 43,18 6,0 10 25,0 18,9 6,1 95730,1 95730,4 0,3 0,01 rod leaking37,18 43,18 6,0 10 28,0 18,9 9,1 95740,2 95749,1 8,9 0,16 rod leaking37,18 43,18 6,0 10 25,0 18,9 6,1 95749,1 95751,8 2,7 0,07 rod leaking37,18 43,18 6,0 10 21,0 18,9 2,1 95751,8 95752,0 0,2 0,02 rod leaking
79,18 85,18 6,0 10 21,0 19,2 1,8 296526,4 296528,0 1,6 0,15 rod leaking79,18 85,18 6,0 10 25,0 19,2 5,8 296528,3 296530,8 2,5 0,07 rod leaking79,18 85,18 6,0 10 28,0 19,2 8,8 296531,1 296534,7 3,6 0,07 rod leaking79,18 85,18 6,0 10 25,0 19,2 5,8 296534,7 296536,3 1,6 0,05 rod leaking79,18 85,18 6,0 10 21,0 19,2 1,8 296536,3 296538,2 1,9 0,18 rod leaking
85,18 91,18 6,0 10 21,0 19,3 1,7 296254,5 296260,9 6,4 0,61 rod leaking85,18 91,18 6,0 10 25,0 19,3 5,7 296261,7 296268,8 7,1 0,21 rod leaking85,18 91,18 6,0 10 28,0 19,3 8,7 296270,7 296281,3 10,6 0,20 rod leaking85,18 91,18 6,0 10 25,0 19,3 5,7 296281,3 296290,9 9,6 0,28 rod leaking85,18 91,18 6,0 10 21,0 19,3 1,7 296290,9 296299,5 8,6 0,82 rod leaking
91,18 97,18 6,0 10 21,0 19,3 1,7 296152,1 296161,5 9,4 0,92 rod leaking91,18 97,18 6,0 10 25,0 19,3 5,7 296162,1 296172,9 10,8 0,32 rod leaking91,18 97,18 6,0 10 28,0 19,3 8,7 296173,5 296183,1 9,6 0,18 rod leaking91,18 97,18 6,0 10 25,0 19,3 5,7 296183,1 296190,0 6,9 0,20 rod leaking91,18 97,18 6,0 10 21,0 19,3 1,7 296190,0 296196,9 6,9 0,68 rod leaking
97,18 100,18 3,0 10 21,0 19,3 1,7 296103,2 296108,9 5,7 1,15 rod leaking97,18 100,18 3,0 10 25,0 19,3 5,7 296110,3 296115,7 5,4 0,32 rod leaking97,18 100,18 3,0 10 28,0 19,3 8,7 296116,9 296123,2 6,3 0,24 rod leaking97,18 100,18 3,0 10 25,0 19,3 5,7 296123,2 296128,4 5,2 0,31 rod leaking97,18 100,18 3,0 10 21,0 19,3 1,7 296128,4 296132,4 4,0 0,80 rod leaking
37,95 100,18 62,2 10 21,0 18,9 2,1 97702,2 97702,2 0,0 0,0037,95 100,18 62,2 10 25,0 18,9 6,1 97702,5 97702,5 0,0 0,0037,95 100,18 62,2 10 28,0 18,9 9,1 97702,7 97702,7 0,0 0,00 0,0037,95 100,18 62,2 10 25,0 18,9 6,1 97702,7 97702,7 0,0 0,0037,95 100,18 62,2 10 21,0 18,9 2,1 97702,7 97702,7 0,0 0,00
air pressure 1,01324press. of water col 0,0981sin 0,07collar -174,05gwt 6,00water column 180,05
110
Drillhole Loggingwww.smoy.fi
Suomen Malmi OyP.O. Box 10FI-02921 ESPOO+358 9 8524 010
Dip: -4.00
Site: Olkiluoto
Surveyed by:VS, AS, JK
Z: -174.05
Y: 1525972.06
X: 6791999.70
Reported by: AT
Hole no: ONK-PH07
Project no:9195-07
Survey date: 28.02.2007
Client: Posiva Oy
Length: 100.31
Azimuth: 314.79
Report date: 23.03.2007
Ø: 76
Depth
1m:500m
ChainageLith. Fract. Freq.
0 101/m
Ri
Core
loss
Gamma-Gamma Density
2.5 3.2g/cm3
Natural Gamma Radiation
0 100uRh
Susceptibility
0 2001 E-5 SI
Resistance Single Point
0.5 50000Ohm
Resistivity N16
0.5 50000Ohm.m
Resistivity N64
0.5 50000Ohm.m
Resistivity Wenner
0.5 50000Ohm.m
Radar Time
56 27ns
Radar app. velocity
0 170m/micro-s
Radar Amplitude
5 50000micro-V
Velocity P 0.6 m
5000 6000m/s
Velocity S 0.6 m
3000 4000m/s
0.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
60.0
70.0
1880.0
1885.0
1890.0
1895.0
1900.0
1905.0
1910.0
1915.0
1920.0
1925.0
1930.0
1935.0
1940.0
1945.0
1950.0
1955.0
111 Appendix 6.1/1
80.0
90.0
100.0
1960.0
1965.0
1970.0
1975.0
1980.0
112 Appendix 6.1/2
Drillhole Radarwww.smoy.fi
Suomen Malmi OyP.O. Box 10FI-02921 ESPOO+358 9 8524 010
Site: Olkiluoto
Dip: -4.00Z: -174.05
Surveyed by:VS, AS, JK
Y: 1525972.06
X: 6791999.70
Reported by: ATProject no:9195-07
Hole no: ONK-PH07
Survey date: 28.02.2007
Client: Posiva Oy
Azimuth: 314.79
Length: 100.31
Ø: 76
Report date: 23.03.2007
Depth
1m:500m
ChainageLith. Fract. Freq.
0 101/m
Ri
Core
loss
Radar Time
56 27ns
Radar app. velocity
0 170m/micro-s
Radar Amplitude
5 50000micro-V
Resistivity Wenner
0.5 50000Ohm.m
Radar Raw Image 250 MHz
Velocity 117 m/microsec (.25 microsec = c. 15 m)
-1500 15000 300
0.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
60.0
70.0
1880.0
1885.0
1890.0
1895.0
1900.0
1905.0
1910.0
1915.0
1920.0
1925.0
1930.0
1935.0
1940.0
1945.0
1950.0
1955.0
113 Appendix 6.2/1
80.0
90.0
100.0
1960.0
1965.0
1970.0
1975.0
1980.0
114 Appendix 6.2/2
Drillhole Radarwww.smoy.fi
Suomen Malmi OyP.O. Box 10FI-02921 ESPOO+358 9 8524 010
Site: Olkiluoto
Dip: -4.00Z: -174.05
Surveyed by:VS, AS, JK
Y: 1525972.06
X: 6791999.70
Reported by: ATProject no:9195-07
Hole no: ONK-PH07
Survey date: 28.02.2007
Client: Posiva Oy
Azimuth: 314.79
Length: 100.31
Ø: 76
Report date: 23.03.2007
Depth
1m:200m
Chainage Radar Orientations
Schmidt Plot - Lower Hemisphere
Lith. Fract. Freq.
0 101/m
Ri
Core
loss
Refl.ext Backwd
30 0m
Refl.ext Forwd
0 30m
Range Out
0 20m
Fracture Intersection
0 90
Foliation intersection
0 90
Radar refl. intersection
0 90
Fracture Orientation
0 90
Foliation Orientation
0 90
Radar ref. orientation
0 900.0
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
30.0
35.0
40.0
45.0
50.0
55.0
1885.0
1890.0
1895.0
1900.0
1905.0
1910.0
1915.0
1920.0
1925.0
1930.0
1935.0
0°
180°
Schmidt Plot - Lower Hemisphere
Depth: 0.00 [m] to 15.03 [m]
Mean
Counts
6
Dip[deg]
51.52
Azi[deg]
103.23
3 51.27 114.34
3 51.77 99.33
0°
180°
Schmidt Plot - Lower Hemisphere
Depth: 15.03 [m] to 30.03 [m]
Mean
Counts
4
Dip[deg]
52.26
Azi[deg]
138.19
4 52.26 138.19
0°
180°
Schmidt Plot - Lower Hemisphere
Depth: 30.03 [m] to 46.89 [m]
Mean
Counts
4
Dip[deg]
31.15
Azi[deg]
106.37
1 20.60 133.10
3 34.70 97.66
0°
Schmidt Plot - Lower Hemisphere
Depth: 46.89 [m] to 62.49 [m]
115 Appendix 6.3/1
60.0
65.0
70.0
75.0
80.0
85.0
90.0
95.0
100.0
105.0
110.0
115.0
120.0
125.0
130.0
1940.0
1945.0
1950.0
1955.0
1960.0
1965.0
1970.0
1975.0
1980.0
1985.0
1990.0
1995.0
2000.0
2005.0
2010.0
180°
Mean
Counts
7
Dip[deg]
47.71
Azi[deg]
124.79
7 47.71 124.79
0°
180°
Schmidt Plot - Lower Hemisphere
Depth: 62.49 [m] to 79.05 [m]
Mean
Counts
8
Dip[deg]
54.03
Azi[deg]
120.72
2 42.50 131.10
6 58.01 117.09
0°
180°
Schmidt Plot - Lower Hemisphere
Depth: 79.05 [m] to 95.25 [m]
Mean
Counts
7
Dip[deg]
49.93
Azi[deg]
102.22
7 49.93 102.22
0°
180°
Schmidt Plot - Lower Hemisphere
Depth: 95.25 [m] to 110.85 [m]
Mean
Counts
3
Dip[deg]
42.49
Azi[deg]
335.19
1 38.50 270.00
2 44.50 2.50
116 Appendix 6.3/2
Type Depth Chainage Nr.
Intersect angle,deg
DipDirection,deg
Dip,deg
Refl.extBackwd, m
Refl.extForwd, m
Range Out, m Class
Comment,Signal FILTER
PLANE -3.54 1876.46 L-45 56.81 Not orient 0 2.144 7 210out of range, tunnel face Normal signal and velocity AGC
PLANE 1.78 1881.777 L-1 31.48 99 62 0 6.942 4.5 401Foliation Oriented Normal signal and velocity NO
PLANE 2.03 1882.034 L-42 57.15 Not orient 0 4.006 6 210Not Orient Normal signal and velocity AGC
PLANE 3.92 1883.918 L-59 33.96 119 32 1.955 4.939 3.5 401Foliation Oriented, weak Normal signal and velocity FIR
PLANE 5.05 1885.049 L-44 32.45 80 61 2.96 4.505 2.5 401Foliation Oriented Normal signal and velocity AGC
PLANE 10.28 1890.284 L-5 22.56 Not orient 8.11 7.517 3.5 210Not Orient, medium strong Delay, attenuation NO
PLANE 10.44 1890.443 L-60 45.14 309.8 45.9 3.466 5.628 5.5 301Fracture Oriented, strong Delay, attenuation HFIR
PLANE 12.81 1892.812 L-2 24.11 Not orient 10.324 11.532 4.5 210Not Orient, strong, conductive Delay, attenuation NO
PLANE 13.27 1893.268 L-43 30.49 121.1 64.3 10.11 10.524 6 301Fracture Oriented Delay, attenuation AGC
PLANE 13.7 1893.702 L-61 43.98 122.9 43.7 5.126 3.426 5 301Fracture Oriented, strong Delay, attenuation HFIR
PLANE 18.73 1898.733 L-3 33.04 Not orient 3.864 11.313 5 210Not Orient, medium strong Delay, attenuation NO
PLANE 20.42 1900.424 L-4 35.74 Not orient 10.238 11.23 8 210Not Orient, strong, conductive Delay, attenuation NO
PLANE 20.9 1900.897 L-58 64.41 133 32 2.62 1.991 5.5 401Foliation Oriented, weak Normal s ignal and velocity FIR
PLANE 25.03 1905.032 L-9 44.01 154 72 5.934 7.392 7 401
Foliation Oriented, medium strong Normal signal and velocity NO
PLANE 26.31 1906.312 L-8 19.61 342 56 17.099 17.25 6 401
Foliation Oriented, strong, conductive Delay, signal vanishes NO
PLANE 26.41 1906.41 L-6 37.16 Not orient 6.319 8.207 6 210 Not Orient, medium strong, NO
117A
pp
en
dix
6.4
/1
conductive Delay, signal vanishes
PLANE 27.39 1907.388 L-62 55.71 151 49 3.264 4.116 5 401Foliation Oriented, weak Delay, signal vanishes NO
PLANE 27.68 1907.681 L-7 34.17 Not orient 10.362 8.288 6 210Not Orient, strong, conductive Normal signal and velocity NO
PLANE 34.79 1914.79 L-57 24.04 108 41 5.319 8.021 2.5 401Foliation Oriented, short Normal signal and velocity FIR
PLANE 36.2 1916.196 L-14 34.82 89 21 5.543 6.946 2.5 401
Foliation Oriented, medium strong Normal signal and velocity NO
PLANE 37.51 1917.505 L-63 49.22 133.1 20.6 5.343 4.462 6 301Fracture Oriented, strong Delay, attenuation HFIR
PLANE 38.09 1918.091 L-39 20.15 Not orient 15.49 13.948 5.5 210Not Orient, far extent Delay, attenuation AGC
PLANE 40.3 1920.298 L-56 26.02 96 42 9.633 10.984 4.7 401Foliation Oriented, short Normal signal and velocity NO
PLANE 41.2 1921.197 L-10 13.21 Not orient 25.952 33.412 8 210
Not Orient, strong refl, medium conductivity Normal signal and velocity NO
PLANE 42.49 1922.486 L-41 39.43 Not orient 7.799 5.619 6.5 210Not Orient, long Normal signal and velocity AGC
PLANE 43.09 1923.091 L-64 49.3 Not orient 6.231 4.737 7 210Not Orient, strong Normal signal and velocity HFIR
PLANE 46.1 1926.096 L-11 17.26 Not orient 16.57 20.546 6.5 210
Not Orient, strong refl, medium conductivity Delay, attenuation NO
PLANE 49.24 1929.235 L-13 34.03 167 32 8.385 5.386 5.5 401
Foliation Oriented, strong refl, medium conductivity Delay, attenuation NO
PLANE 50.58 1930.578 L-12 16.84 Not orient 18.81 17.431 5.5 210
Not Orient, strong refl, medium conductivity Delay, attenuation NO
PLANE 50.71 1930.71 L-17 40.46 123 49 7.202 4.446 6 401
Foliation Oriented, medium strogn refl. Delay, attenuation NO
118A
pp
en
dix
6.4
/2
PLANE 50.82 1930.824 L-53 11.37 Not orient 27.056 32.039 5.5 210Not Orient, parallel to drillhole Delay, attenuation FIR
PLANE 51.43 1931.429 L-15 29.72 70 55 10.267 12.529 5.7 401
Foliation Oriented, strong refl, medium conductivity Delay, attenuation NO
PLANE 53.06 1933.055 L-40 16.19 Not orient 22.699 26.926 6.5 210Not Orient, long Normal signal and velocity AGC
PLANE 54.38 1934.379 L-55 49.94 190 67 4.688 6.46 5.5 401Foliation Oriented, short Normal signal and velocity FIR
PLANE 55.48 1935.476 L-19 22.33 Not orient 13.29 17.661 5.5 210Not Orient, strong refl Normal signal and velocity NO
PLANE 55.65 1935.646 L-65 60.57 80 43 2.115 4.217 3.5 401Foliation Oriented, strong Delay, attenuation HFIR
PLANE 57.7 1937.7 L-75 49.64 109 32 5.239 6.63 6.5 401Foliation Oriented Delay, attenuation NO
PLANE 58.15 1938.148 L-16 22.21 Not orient 15.804 16.101 6.5 210
Not Orient, strong refl, conductive Normal signal and velocity NO
PLANE 58.99 1938.986 L-18 31.02 Not orient 10.114 13.153 6 210Not Orient, med. Refl. Normal signal and velocity NO
PLANE 59.45 1939.454 L-66 49.68 139 56 5.345 6.449 6 401Foliation Oriented, strong Normal signal and velocity HFIR
PLANE 60.29 1940.293 L-34 5.29 Not orient 31.116 33.786 5 210Not Orient, long Normal signal and velocity NO
PLANE 67.54 1947.545 L-54 21.36 122 63 8.198 15.823 3.1 401Foliation Oriented, parallel Normal signal and velocity FIR
PLANE 68.48 1948.48 L-26 47.98 130.8 36.2 6.128 5.368 6.8 301
Fracture Oriented, strong refl, conductive Delay, attenuation NO
PLANE 69.49 1949.494 L-73 18.4 78 40 10.514 19.522 3.5 401Foliation Oriented, weak Delay, attenuation HFIR
PLANE 70.27 1950.274 L-51 46.74 Not orient 7.525 7.099 8 210Not Orient, weak Delay, attenuation FIR
PLANE 70.41 1950.41 L-20 32.54 Not orient 10.38 10.87 6.6 210
Not Orient, strong refl, conductive Delay, attenuation NO
119A
pp
en
dix
6.4
/3
PLANE 70.47 1950.469 L-21 18.32 135 47 12.412 19.588 4 401
Foliation Oriented, strong refl., cond Normal signal and velocity NO
PLANE 71.5 1951.502 L-74 47.76 Not orient 6.397 7.111 7 210Not Orient, long Normal signal and velocity AGC
PLANE 72.19 1952.189 L-49 33.81 130 69 11.313 10.747 7.5 401Foliation Oriented, weak Normal signal and velocity FIR
PLANE 74.6 1954.601 L-27 25.65 131.4 48.8 14.549 14.35 7 301Fracture Oriented, strong reflNormal signal and velocity NO
PLANE 76.58 1956.578 L-22 25.63 124 89 14.804 13.92 7 401Foliation Oriented, long refl Normal signal and velocity NO
PLANE 77.98 1957.982 L-50 40.22 111 41 5.194 7.879 4.5 401Foliation Oriented, weak Normal signal and velocity FIR
PLANE 78.3 1958.298 L-23 19.82 Not orient 18.122 16.37 5 210
Not Orient, medium strong reflNormal signal and velocity NO
PLANE 80.85 1960.848 L-71 31.18 77 64 8.87 8.699 5 401Foliation Oriented, weak Normal signal and velocity HFIR
PLANE 80.97 1960.967 L-24 22.7 Not orient 8.871 9.796 3.6 210Not Orient, strong refl Normal signal and velocity NO
PLANE 82.45 1962.449 L-25 29.02 164 68 9.97 9.566 5.5 401
Foliation Oriented, med strong refl Normal signal and velocity NO
PLANE 83.6 1963.596 L-67 78.82 Not orient 1.229 1.448 6.3 210Not Orient, long, strong Delay, attenuation HFIR
PLANE 84.37 1964.367 L-33 20.05 Not orient 12.141 11.388 4.6 210Not Orient, strong Delay, attenuation NO
PLANE 84.98 1964.98 L-68 36.07 92 47 9.653 5.807 7 401Foliation Oriented, strong Delay, attenuation HFIR
PLANE 86.13 1966.126 L-28 22.33 Not orient 13.873 11.52 5.7 210Not Orient, medium strong Normal signal and velocity NO
PLANE 87.17 1967.174 L-29 26.09 Not orient 10.365 10.239 5 210Not Orient, strong Normal signal and velocity NO
PLANE 89.19 1969.191 L-48 26.33 Not orient 13.146 8.402 6.5 210Not Orient, weak Normal signal and velocity FIR
PLANE 89.86 1969.863 L-30 28.26 7 46 11.834 7.665 7 401 Foliation Oriented, strong NO
120A
pp
en
dix
6.4
/4
Normal signal and velocity
PLANE 91.66 1971.662 L-52 9.66 Not orient 19.759 6.795 3.3 210Not Orient, parallel Delay, attenuation FIR
PLANE 92.02 1972.017 L-37 29.14 115 63 9.608 5.694 5.5 401Foliation Oriented, strong refl Delay, attenuation NO
PLANE 92.04 1972.037 L-47 48.81 Not orient 5.4 4.287 6 210Not Orient, far, weak Delay, attenuation FIR
PLANE 93.64 1973.639 L-31 26.28 142 23 13.565 4.378 6.7 401
Foliation Oriented, strong, conductive Delay, attenuation NO
PLANE 93.7 1973.698 L-69 70.69 94 38 2.302 1.595 6.5 401Foliation Oriented, weak Normal signal and velocity HFIR
PLANE 95.06 1975.055 L-46 23.1 Not orient 15.776 3.161 6 210Not Orient, parallel Normal signal and velocity AGC
PLANE 96.69 1976.686 L-32 34.64 270 38.5 10.197 1.402 6.5 301FractureOriented, strong refl Normal signal and velocity NO
PLANE 97.45 1977.452 L-70 51.24 11 38 5.668 0.508 6.5 401Foliation Oriented, weak Normal signal and velocity HFIR
PLANE 99.95 1979.948 L-38 42.11 354 51 4.35 0 4 401FoliationOriented, far Normal signal and velocity AGC
PLANE 105.78 1985.783 L-36 15.52 Not orient 18.676 0 7.5 210out of range, strong Normal signal and velocity NO
PLANE 108.73 1988.73 L-35 9.04 Not orient 26.554 0 6 210out of range, long Normal signal and velocity NO
Type Depth Chainage Nr. Distance Radius
POINT 33.05724 1913.05 P-1 3.19 1.76
POINT 52.35844 1932.36 P-4 2.37 0
POINT 59.99646 1940.99 P-3 1.05 2.34
POINT 64.15908 1944.16 P-2 4.88 0
POINT 66.96688 1946.97 P-6 1.94 0
POINT 87.11239 1967.11 P-5 1.3 0
121A
pp
en
dix
6.4
/5
���� ���� ���� ���� ���� ��� ������� ���� ���� ���� ���� ��� ���
Appendix 1.5:� ��������������������������� �!����� �"#�$%�&���'���'(��)��(�(��'���������%#�
��*��%�&� +��(������%�&����+$�������'(��,�#��'���'(��)��(�(��'
��� ���� ���� ���� ������� ���� ���� ���� ����
���
����
-�%���'�'�.�/�'�#
���������.(�'/���%#
122 Appendix 6.5/1
���� ���� ���� ���� ���� ��� ������� ���� ���� ���� ���� ��� ���
� ��������������������������� �!����� �"#�$%�&���'���'(��)��(�(��'����������%#�
��*��%�&� +��(������%�&����+$�������'(��,�#��'���'(��)��(�(��'
������� ���� ���� ���� ����
����
����
-�%���'�'�.�/�'�#
���������.(�'/���%#
123 Appendix 6.5/2
Acoustic Loggingwww.smoy.fi
Suomen Malmi OyP.O. Box 10FI-00210 ESPOO+358 9 8524 010
Site: Olkiluoto
Dip: -4.00Z: -174.05
Surveyed by:VS, AS, JK
Y: 1525972.06
X: 6791999.70
Reported by: ATProject no:9195-07
Hole no: ONK-PH07
Survey date: 28.02.2007
Client: Posiva Oy
Azimuth: 314.79
Length: 100.31
Ø: 76
Report date: 23.03.2007
Depth
1m:500m
Chainage Tubewave Energy R1
20 20000microV
Tubewave Energy R2
20 20000microV
Tubewave Attenuation
-30 50dB/m
Lith. racture Freq.
0 101/m
Ri
Core
loss
Poisson's Ratio
0 0.5
Shear Modulus
0 50GPa
Young's Modulus
0 100GPa
Bulk Modulus
0 100GPa
Bulk Compr.
-0.05 0.051/MPa
Density
2.5 3.2g/cm3
Velocity P 0.6 m
5000 6000m/s
Velocity P 1 m
5000 6000m/s
Velocity S 0.6 m
3000 4000m/s
Velocity S 1 m
3000 4000m/s
P Attenuation
-50 50dB/m
S Attenuation
-50 50dB/m
Apparent QBarton 2002
0.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
60.0
1880.0
1885.0
1890.0
1895.0
1900.0
1905.0
1910.0
1915.0
1920.0
1925.0
1930.0
1935.0
1940.0
1945.0
124 Appendix 6.6/1
70.0
80.0
90.0
100.0
1950.0
1955.0
1960.0
1965.0
1970.0
1975.0
1980.0
125 Appendix 6.6/2
Acoustic Loggingwww.smoy.fi
Suomen Malmi OyP.O. Box 10FI-00210 ESPOO+358 9 8524 010
Dip: -4.00
Site: Olkiluoto
Surveyed by:VS, AS, JK
Z: -174.05
Y: 1525972.06
X: 6791999.70
Reported by: AT
Hole no: ONK-PH07
Project no:9195-07
Survey date: 28.02.2008
Client: Posiva Oy
Length: 100.31
Azimuth: 314.79
Report date: 23.03.2007
Ø: 76
Depth
1m:500m
ChainageLith. Fract. Freq.
0 101/m
Ri
Core
loss
Velocity P 0.6 m
5000 6000
Velocity S 0.6 m
3000 4000
Full Wave Sonic, 0.6 m
0 2046
Full Wave Sonic, 1 m
0 2046
0.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
60.0
70.0
1880.0
1885.0
1890.0
1895.0
1900.0
1905.0
1910.0
1915.0
1920.0
1925.0
1930.0
1935.0
1940.0
1945.0
1950.0
1955.0
126 Appendix 6.7/1
80.0
90.0
100.0
1960.0
1965.0
1970.0
1975.0
1980.0
127 Appendix 6.7/2
Drillhole Imagingwww.smoy.fi
Suomen Malmi OyP.O. Box 10FI-02921 ESPOO+358 9 8524 010
Site: Olkiluoto
Dip: -4.00Z: -174.05
Surveyed by:VJ, AK, JK
Y: 1525972.06
X: 6791999.70
Reported by:ATProject no:9195-07
Hole no: ONK-PH07
Survey date: 27.02.2007
Client: Posiva
Azimuth: 314.79
Length: 100.31
Ø: 76
Report date: 23.03.2006
Depth
1m:4m
ONK-PH07 Image Section 32 - 67 m
Oriented to High Side (180=Bottom), Depth Adj. to Core
0° 0°180°90° 270°
ONK-PH07 3D Image
180°
31.60
31.70
31.80
31.90
32.00
32.10
32.20
Page 1
128 Appendix 6.8
129 Appendix 6.9/1
130 Appendix 6.9/2
Rautaruukki RROM-2 Specifications
Antenna dimensions
-diameter 42 mm
-length 1570 mm
-electrode separation a=318 mm
-diameter of the electrodes 40 mm
Measuring cable minimum 4-conductor, length up to 1000 m, loop resistance for output voltage
conductors max 40 Ohm
Measuring current 10 mA/20 Hz
Range 1-400 000 Ohm-m
Output voltage +5 V…-6 V
Power feed 18 V, 3 Ah
Power consumption 2.4 W
Operation temperature -20…+50 °C
mma
I
Ua
318.01
4
= resistivity
U = voltage
I = current
131 Appendix 6.10
Specifications:
Weight LengthDiameter
8kg2.27m42mm
64”N & 16”N Resistivity Range 1 to 10,000 Ohmm
SPR 1 to 10,000 Ohm
SP Range -2.5V to +2.5V
Current return Measure return
Cable armour Bridle electrode
Max. Pressure 20MPa
Max. Temperature 80ºC
Normal Resistivity Sonde
The Geovista digital Normal Resistivity Sonde can be used on its own or in combination with other Geovista sondes for efficient logging and correlation purposes. The SP can be recorded with the sonde either powered on or off, using the 16” electrode and a surface fish.
Focused Resistivity Sonde Provides resistivity logs with finer vertical resolution and a deeper depth of
investigation. Performance is best in higher conductivity mud and higher
resistivity formations. The probe can be used on its own or in combination
with other Geovista sondes.
Weight 7.0 kg
Length 2.37m
Diameter 38mm
Range 1 to 10,000 Ohmm
Max. Pressure 20MPa
Max. Temperature 80ºC
Specifications:
Logging Sondes
Geovista reserve the right to change the products’ list and specifications without prior notice
U N I T 6 , C A E F F W T B U S I N E S S P A R K , G L A N C O N W Y, L L 2 8 5 S P , U K W E B S I T E : ht tp : / /www.geovis ta.co.uk P H O N E : +44 (0)1492 57 33 99 F A X : +44 (0)1492 58 11 77 E - M A I L : geovis ta@geovis ta .co.uk
132 Appendix 6.11
Introduction to
RAMAC/GPR
borehole radar
MALÅ GeoScience 2000-03-3147
133 Appendix 6.12/1
INTRODUCTION
Borehole radar is based on the sameprinciples as ground penetrating radarsystems for surface use, which meansthat it consists of a radar transmitterand receiver built into separate probes.The probes are connected via an opticalcable to a control unit used for timesignal generation and data acquisition.The data storage and display unit isnormally a Lap Top computer, which iseither a stand-alone component or isbuilt into the circuitry of the controlunit. Borehole radar instruments canbe used in different modes: reflection,crosshole, surface-to-borehole anddirectional mode. Today’s availablesystems use centre frequencies from 20to 250 MHz.
Radar waves are affected by soil and rock conductivity. If the conductivity ofthe surrounding media is more than a certain figure reflection radar surveysare impossible. In high conductivity media the radar equation is not satisfiedand no reflections will appear. In crosshole- and surface-to-borehole radarmode measurements can be carried out in much higher conductivity areasbecause no reflections are needed. Important information concerning thelocal geologic conditions are evaluated from the amplitude of the first arrivaland the arrival time of the transmitted wave only, not a reflected component.
Common borehole radar applications include:
• Geological investigations
• Engineering investigations
• Environmental investigations
• Hydropower dams investigations
• Fracture detection
• Cavity detection
• Karstified area investigation
• Salt layers investigations
DIPOLE REFLECTION SURVEYS
In reflection mode the radar transmitter and receiver probes are lowered inthe same borehole with a fixed distance between them. See figure 1. In thismode an optical cable for triggering of the probes and data acquisition isnecessary to avoid parasitic antenna effects of the cable. The most commonly
134 Appendix 6.12/2
used antennas are dipoleantennas, which radiate andreceive reflected signals from a360-degree space(omnidiretionally). Boreholeradar interpretation is similarto that of surface GPR datawith the exception of thespace interpretation. In surfaceGPR surveys all the reflectionsorginate from one half spacewhile the borehole data re-ceive reflections from a 360-degree radius. It is impossibleto determine the azimuth tothe reflector using data fromonly one borehole if dipoleantennas are used. What canbe determined is the distance to the reflector and in the case where the reflec-tor is a plane, the angle between the plane and the borehole.As an example, let ‘s imagine a fracture plane crossing a borehole and apoint reflector next to the same borehole (figure 1, left).
When the probes are above the fracture reflections from the upper part of theplane are imaged, in this case from the left side of the borehole. When theprobes are below the plane, reflections from the bottom of the plane areimaged, in this case the right side of the borehole. The two sides of the planeare represented in the synthetic radargram in figure 1. They are seen as twolegs corresponding to each side of the plane. When interpreting boreholeradar data, it is important to remember that the radar image is a 360-degreerepresentation in one plane. A point reflector shows up as a hyperbola, in thesame way as a point reflector appears in surface GPR data.Interpreting di-pole radar data from a single borehole, the interpreter can not give the direc-tion to the point reflector only the distance to source can be interpreted. Inorder to estimate the direction to the reflection, data from more than oneborehole need to be interpreted.
Figure 2:Dipole reflection measurement in granite. Theantenna centre frequency used was 100 MHz.In granite, normally several tens of meters ofrange are achieved using this antenna frequency.
Figure 1
135 Appendix 6.12/3
Full Waveform Sonic Tool
The ALT full waveform sonic tool has been specially designed for the water, mining and geotechnical industries. Its superior specification makes it ideal for a cement bond logs, for the measurement of permeability index, and as a specialist tool to carry out deep fracture identification.
TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS
OD: 50 or 68mm Length: variable depending on configuration Max pressure: 200 bars Max temperature: 70°C Variable spacing: all traces synchronously and simultaneously recorded Frequency of sonic wave: 15KHz Sonic wave sampling rate: configurable, 2 uSec -> 50 µSec Sonic wave length: configurable, up to 1024 samples per receiver Dynamic range: 12 bits plus configurable 4 bits gain incl. AGC Data communication: compatible with ALT acquisition system Required wireline: single or multi- conductors
Modular tool allowing a configuration of up to 2 transmitters and 8 receivers
Advantages of the tool include :
High energy of transmission to give a greater depth of penetration or longer spacings. Lower frequency of operation for greater penetration, especially for the CBL.Ability to record a long wave train for Tube wave train reflection wich allows for the measurement of fracture aperture and permeability index. The absolute value of the amplitude of the received wave form is measurable thus allowing for the calibration of the amplitude. Truly modular construction allowing variation of receiver/transmitter combinations. Higher logging speeds when used in conjunction with the ALT Logger acquisition system due to the superior rate of data communication possible.
136 Appendix 6.13
Acquisition systems
ALT’s family of acquisition system is based on modern electronic design in which software control techniques havebeen used to the best advantage. The hardware incorporates the latest electronic components with embedded systemscontrolled via the specially developed ALTlogger Windows interface program.
M a i n f e a t u r e s
�high speed USB interface �Self selecting AC power source from AC 100V to AC 240V�Ruggedised system, heavy duty, fault tolerant�Interfaces downhole probes from many manufacturer (not available on Abox system)�Wireline and winch flexibility (runs on coax, mono, 4 or 7 conductor wireline)�Compatible with most shaft encoder (runs on any 12V or 5V quadrature shaft encoder with any combination of wheel circum-
ference/shaft pulse per revolution)�Totally software controlled�Very easy to use, with graphical user interface (dashboard), self diagnostic features, configurable through files and minimal
technical knowledge needed from the user �Runs on any notebook PC compatible Windows 2000 & windows XP.�Real time data display and printing�Supports Windows supported printers and Printrex thermal printers�optional network enabled distributed architecture
A LT l o g g e r 1 9 ’ ’ r a c k a n d m i n i r a c k
The rack system has been designed to accommodate multivendor tool types. The modular and flexible design architecture of thesystem will allow virtually any logging tool to run on any winch supposed the required Tool Adapter and Depth Encoder Adapter isinserted into the ALTlogger Unit. Any new combination of logging tool and winch unit will just require selection of the properALTlog.ini File and the proper Tol-File.
The Tool Adapter is the software and hardware suitable to interface a specific family of tools. It provides the interface between atool specific power, data protocol and wireline conductor format and the system core. When a logging tool is selected for use, thesystem automatically addresses the type of adapter associated with the tool.
The latest Digital Signal Processing (DSP) adapter adds even more flexibility to the system with expansion slots for future develop-ments and upgrades, by implementing a 100% firmware based modem system.
ALTlogger 19” rack mountable ALTlogger minirack ABOX
48.3 cm (19”)50 cm (19,7”)13.2 cm (3U)16-20kgs without packaging
WLHW
37.6 cm (14.5”)35 cm (13.8”)13.2 cm (3U)12-16kgs without packaging
26 cm16 cm9 cm3kgs
The specifications are not contractual and are subject to modification without notice.
137
Appendix 6.14/1
Bâtiment A, Route de Niederpallen, L-8506 Redange-sur-Attert. Grand-Duché de Luxembourg
T:(352) 23 649 289 • F:(352) 23 649 364 e-mail: [email protected] www.alt.lu
B r o w s e r a n d p r o c e s s o r s ( r e a l t i m e d a t a m o n i t o r i n g )
A Browser is a Client Process. The Browser offer the operator of the logging system a numberof different on-line display facilities to present log data on the screen in a user-friendly, easycontrollable, attractive layout. Depending on the tool category, different Browser are used todisplay log data such as conventional curves, full waveform sonics, borehole images ...
Typical user screen with scrolling log display and data monitoring
D a s h b o a r d
The heart of the graphical user interface is called the Dashboard andconsists of multiple threads running concurrently and handling speci-fic system tasks. The dashboard is also the operator’s control panel. Itis used to select and control all systems functions and to monitor dataacquisistion. The dashboard contains seven sub windows:
�Depth (depth system)
�Tool (tool configuration & power)
�Communication (data flows and communication control)
�Acquisition (data sampling and replay controls)
�Browser and processors (data browser and processors controls)
�Status (self diagnostic system status indicators)
�tension (tension gauge system
The acquisition system ALTLoggersoftware runs on Windows OS and exploits the true pre-emptive multitasking ability of the Windows NT Kernel
T O L f i l e
Information specific to a particu-lar tool is contained in a uniquetool configuration file which hasthe extension *.TOL. Informationcontained in the *.TOL file is usedby different components of thesystem for initialising Dashboardcomponents (tool power, dataprotocol, etc…), as well as settingparameters for client processes(browser & processors) handlingdata calibration, data processing,data display or printing. A copy ofthe TOL file is included in eachdata file acquired
138Appendix 6.14/2
OBI 40s l i m h o l e o p t i c a l t e l e v i e w e r
The tool generates a continuous oriented 360° image of theborehole wall using an optical imaging system. (downhole CCDcamera which views a image of the borehole wall in a prism).The tool includes a orientation device consisting of a precision3 axis magnetometer and 3 accelerometers thus allowingaccurate borehole deviation data to be obtained during thesame logging run (accurate and precise orientation of theimage).
Optical and acoustic televiewer data are complimentary toolsespecially when the purpose of the survey is structural analysis.
A common data display option is the projection on a virtualcore that can be rotated and viewed from any orientation.Actually, an optical televiewer image will complement and evenreplace coring survey and its associated problem of corerecovery and orientation.
The optical televiewer is fully downhole digital and can be runon any standard wireline (mono, four-conductor, seven-conductor). Resolution is user definable (up to 0.5mm verticalresolution and 720 pixels azimuthal resolution)
Bâtiment A, Route de Niederpallen, L-8506 Redange-sur-Attert. Grand-Duché de Luxembourg
T:(352) 23 649 289 • F:(352) 23 649 364e-mail: [email protected] www.alt.lu
139Appendix 6.14/3
OBI 40s l i m h o l e o p t i c a l t e l e v i e w e r
Applications:
The purpose of the optical imaging tool is to provide detailed, oriented, structuralinformation. Possible applications are :
• fracture detection and evaluation
• detection of thin beds
• bedding dip
• lithological characterization
• casing inspection
Technical specificationsDiameter 40mmLength approx. 1.7mWeight approx 7 kgsMax temp 50°CMax pressure 200 barsBorehole diameter 1 3/4" to 24" depending on borehole conditionsLogging speed variable function of resolution and wireline
Cable:Cable type mono, four-conductor, seven-conductorDigital data transmission up to 500 Kbps depending on wireline, realtime compressedCompatibility ALTIogger- ALT-Abox- Mount Sopris MgXII (limited to 41 Kbps)
sensor:Sensor type downhole DSP based digital CCD cameraOptics plain polycarbonate conic prism systemAzimuthal resolution user definable 90/180/360 or 720 pixels /360°Vertical resolution user definable, depth or time sampling rateColor resolution 24 bit RGB valueWhite balance: automatic or user adjustableAperture & Shutter automatic or user adjustableSpecial functions User configurable real time digital edge enhancing
User configurable ultra low light condition modeOrientation 3 axis magnetometer and 3 accelerometers.Inclination accuracy 0.5 degreeAzimuth accuracy: 1.0 degree
The specifications are not contractual and are subject to modification without notice.
Logging parameters:
• 360° RGB orientated optical image
• Borehole azimuth and dip
• Tool internal Temperature
140Appendix 6.14/4