drdo arsenic removal technology (dart) · 11 background • > 70 million population in india in...
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DRDO Arsenic Removal Technology (DART)
Dr. P C Deb, Dr.Kshipra Misra, Alips
Shrivastava, MT Companywala & Sanskriti
NMRL , Ambernath & DIPAS , Delhi, DRDO
ISO:9001:2008
EXTREME ENVIRONMENTS
Desert LIC
On Sea
High Altitude
Closed Environment On
Air
Jungle
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ISO:9001:2008
MISSION OF LIFE SCIENCES LABS
To enhance the ability of soldiers for
Survivability
Efficiency
Lethality
Sustainability
ISO:9001:2008
PHYSIOLOGY PSYCHOLOGY
BIOENGINEERING HEALTH
FOOD AGRICULTURE
LIFE SCIENCE IN SERVICE OF THE SOLDIER
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ISO:9001:2008
“After All
IT IS THE MAN WHO MATTERS”
KSHITI JAL PAVAK GAGAN SAMEERA, PANCH RACHIT ATI ADHAM SHAREERA Sant Tulsidas AAPO DEVTA Rigveda 10/129/1 APSWANTARMRITAM ASTU BHESHJAM Rigveda 1/23/19
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IMPORTANCE OF PURE WATER
FOR CURING SEVERE DISEASES:
–DIABETES –BLOOD PRESSURE –MIGRAINE –ARTHRITIS –EYE AILMENTS –ACIDITY & ULCER –CANCER ETC.
“ It is uncanny thought that this lurking poison (arsenic) is everywhere about us,
ready to gain unsuspected entrance to our bodies from the food we eat, the water we
drink and the air we breathe.”
Karl Vogel, 1928
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ARSENIC CONTAMINATED GROUND WATER
GROUNDWATER ARSENIC CONTAMINATION IN ASIA
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ARSENIC AFFECTED AREAS
U TTAR PRADESH
ORISSA
ANDHRA PRADESH
CHATTISGARH
WEST BENGAL
UTTARANCHAL
BIHAR
KERALA
NEPAL
MAHARASHTRA
GROUNDWATER ARSENIC CONTAMINATION IN GANGA-MEGHNA-BRAHMAPUTRA (GMB) PLAIN
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SOURCES OF ARSENIC Main Sources:
• Geological (Natural): • Rock, Clay, Peat and Sand potential sources • Increased [As] due to desorption from iron oxides
• Change in pH, oxidation/reductions, and competing anions (PO4
3-, Silicate) • Excessive irrigation pumping in dry season with
carbon-caused mobilization
•Man-made: Industrial effluents, copper smelting, atmospheric deposition.
CARCINOMA
HYPERKERATOSIS
CONJUNCTIVITIS
BRONCHITIS
SEVERE SKIN CANCER
EFFECTS OF ARSENIC
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HEALTH RISKS • Arsenic poisoning appears after 10 years of
consumption as arsenicosis – Can lead to:
• Keratosis • Gangrene • Skin Cancer • Kidney Cancer • Bladder Cancer • Lung Cancer
HEALTH RISKS
•10 year old children are developing the arsenicosis
•Cancers appear after 20 years
•Huge epidemic expected in the near future
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SOLE OF ARSENIC AFFECTED PATIENT
PATIENT SUFFERING FROM FILARIA DUE TO ARSENIC
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REGULATORY DRINKING WATER STANDARDS - ARSENIC
USEPA 10 µg/L WHO 10 µg/L India 10 µg/L (difficult to achieve??) Bangladesh 50 µg/L
TWO PRIMARY VALENCE STATES IN WATER
Arsenic (III) H3AsO3
0-(predom) H2AsO3
-1
HAsO3-2
Arsenic (V) AsO4
0 H2AsO4
-1-(predom) HAsO4
-2-(predom)
AsO4
-3-(predom)
In natural waters, arsenic is mostly found in inorganic form as oxyanions of trivalent arsenite [As(III)] or pentavalent arsenate [As(V)].
As(III) is more toxic (40-60 times) than As(V)
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BACKGROUND • > 70 million population in India in west Bengal alone & >60 million population in
Bangladesh is exposed to arsenic poisoning
• Arsenic levels in drinking water range from 50 ppb TO 20 ppm (found in Bihar) as against 10ppb ( WHO & US EPA Standard)
• There is an urgent need for: – Immediate relief to those using drinking water with high arsenic concentration – A long - term solution based on scientific assessment of the contributing factors,
geographic spread and selection of treatment technologies
REMEDIATION OPTIONS
• MEASUREMENT OF EACH WELL
• USE OF SIMPLE PURIFICATION
METHODS
• USE OF DUG WELLS
• USE OF DEEP WELLS
• RETURN TO SURFACE WATER
• PHYTOREMEDIATION
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IMPORTED TECHNOLOGIES
1. SORAS (Solar Oxidation and Removal of Arsenic): Developed by Swiss Federal Institute for Environmental Science and Technology
2. UV FeOx: Developed by CRCWMPC, Australia, in collaboration with ANSTO
3. Solar Oxidation/Reduction, Coagulation and Filtration in Clay Pots: Developed by Integrated Quality and Environmental Management, Berlin
4. STAR Household co-precipitation filtration process: Developed by Stevens Institute of Technology, NewJersey, USA
DESIRED PROPERTIES OF REMEDIATION TECHNOLOGY
• Efficient in removal of both As (V) & As(III) • Robust • Cheap, reliable and low on maintenance • Should be made of locally available materials • Monitoring required should be less • Unskilled labour should be able to operate it
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OBJECTIVE
To develop a cost effective and environment - friendly
water filter to provide arsenic - free drinking water in
arsenic - contaminated areas
ARSENIC CONTAMINATED WATERFROM RESERVOIR
STEEL WASTE MATERIAL(Container Capacity: 7L for System I 16L for System II)
TREATED SAND (Container Capacity: 7L for System I 25L for System II)
ARSENIC FREE WATER (Container Capacity: 16L for System I 50L for System II)
FINE CLOTH FILTER
FINE CLOTH FILTER
ARSENIC REMOVAL FILTER
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SALIENT FEATURES
– No Power Requirement (electricity or battery) – Works on Gravity Flow – Sturdy and Maintenance free – Low Cost – Environment-friendly – User Friendly – Easy and usable waste containment
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WASTE DISPOSAL
Impermeable Cement matrix. No leaching of arsenic and iron found. To be used as building material.
COMPARISON OF NMRL KIT WITH EXISTING KITS
S.No. Organization Principle Advantages Disadvantages
1. Public health engineering department(PHED), W.B.
Oxidation of As(III) to As( V) followed by coagulation-sedimentation and filtration
Technically acceptable.
Multi-step process. Addition of chemicals. Community type. Not successful.
2. All India Institute of Hygiene and public Health (AIIHPH), W.B.
- do -
- do -
- do -
3. B.E. College Howrah
Adsorption through Al2O3 and hydrated iron oxide
Multi-step process. Expensive. Waste disposal problem. Community type. Not successful. Deterioration of Al2O3 after alkali washing. Leaching of aluminium in final water is expected.
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S.No. Organization
Principle Advantages Disadvantages
4. School of Environmental Studies with CSIR, Delhi
Use of iron tablet followed by stirring and filtration through filters made from clay, Fly ash and charcoal
Technically acceptable. House hold type.
Expensive. Cleaning of filter makes the process tedious and generates more arsenic contaminated water. Addition of more chemicals. Production of toxicAsH3 gas during waste disposal. Not Successful.
5. NMRL, DRDO, Ambernath
Co-precipitation with iron waste followed by filtration through treated river sand
Highly economical ( Rs. 2.30/ 1000 litres). Very simple. Easy waste disposal in the form of non -leachable concrete blocks used in building material. No addition of chemicals. No production of secondary pollutants.
Nothing adverse has been observed because of its cost effectiveness and simplicity which is the need of today as far as water filter for villagers is concerned.
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DOMESTIC ARSENIC REMOVAL FILTER DEVELOPED BY DRDO, INDIA
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VILLAGES
Tiwaritola ( Ballia, UP)
Rannuchak (Bhagalpur, Bihar),
Arbandi, Chandkuri,Sahebdangapur, Harinadi, Nrisinghapur and Lalmath ( Nadia, W.B.)
Tiwaritola ( Ballia District, UP)
Rannuchak (Bhagalpur District, Bihar)
VILLAGES UNDER STUDY
Uttar Pradesh
Bihar
W. Bangal
Arbandi, Chandkuri,
Sahebdangapur, Harinadi,
Nrisinghapur and Lalmath
( Nadia Districrt, W.B.)
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Door To Door Survey And Water Tasting
Implementation of Cost Effective Arsenic Remediation Technology in West Bengal, Bihar
and U.P. ( Under WTI project of DST )
By Save The Environment
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FILTER DISTRIBUTION PROGRAM (Bhagalpur, Bihar)
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Change of Reactant Material, Washing and Waste Disposal
Ars
enic
Con
cent
ratio
n (m
g/L)
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6MinMax
Villages
Arband
i
Chand
kuri
Nrising
hapu
rRan
uchw
akSah
ebdan
gaTew
aritolla
Ram
Garh
Harina
di
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.020.
1
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.4
1.5
0.5
Arsenic Concentration (mg/l) in Water in Villages Under Study
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Volu
me
of w
ater
(lite
rs)
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
Total number of familiesAverage volume of water per family has been filtered in one year without any change in reactant material (liters)
Villages
Arbandi
Chandku
riNris
inghapur
Ranuch
wakSah
ebdan
gaTew
aritolla
Ram
Garh
Harinad
i
301
446
140 300
253
302
358
8750
7300
6940
6310
7640 82
90 8410
No. of Families and Average Volume of Water ( Lit) Used per Family in the Villages Under Study
EXPECTED LIFE OF THE FILTER
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PRESENT STATUS
• Laboratory and field trials successfully completed.
• Successfully operating for last nine years . • More than Four thousand filters are
already installed in different villages under funding provided by Department of Science and Technology, India (WTI programme )
• Process for producing potable water. Patent No.221708
• Filtering Device For the Removal of Arsenic from water :
Patent No. USA 0308,484; UK12065148; Vietnam (accepted)
TRANSFER OF TECHNOLOGY
• Save The Environment, Kolkata • M/s Shiva Engineering( Pvt) Ltd., Kolkata • M/s S B Equipments, New Delhi
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AWARDS
• Silver Medal for innovative Technology in Anveshan Competition on 29th June, 2003 at IIM, Ahmedabad
• WATI ( Women and Technology Innovation) National Award by
Bhartiya Stree Shakti for innovative Technology -2004
• DRDO Spin-off Technology Award- 2007 • Eminent Scientist Award -2009 by National Environment Science
academy
• NRDC, GOI –Social Innovation Award-2012
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Community Level Water Filter Installed in Tripura, India
( Capacity: ~100LPH)
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
We wish to pay our sincere thanks to : Dr. A.K. Datta, our former CCR & D (M), DRDO Dr. S.K. Salwan, former Director, CEES, DRDO, Dr. J. Narayan Das, Former CCR&D ( NS M& HR) Director, NMRL, Ambernath and Dr. Lakshman Prasad, Former Adviser, DST Mr. Sanjay Bajpai, Director, DST Department of Science and Technology, New Delhi NRDC, New Delhi ( For recognizing our efforts)
&
All The team members from DRDO and Save The
Environment, Kolkata ( www.stenvironment .com)
Thank You