DRAFT THE DEVELOPMENT OF A SPATIAL FRAMEWORK TO

IMPROVE SERVICE DELIVERY TO ORPHANS AND OTHER CHILDREN MADE VULNERABLE BY HIV/AIDS IN

KWAZULU-NATAL, SOUTH AFRICA

Susan Erskine Research Fellow at the Health Economics and HIV/AIDS Research Division, based at the University of KwaZulu-

Natal, South Africa

One of the most tragic consequences of the HIV/AIDS epidemic is the large number of children who become orphaned. Current approaches for delivering social services to these children and their caregivers are often haphazard, partly because those responsible for service delivery lack the research data and analytical tools to understand the extent of the need for services. The project is driven by this need; to develop an understanding of orphans and other vulnerable children (OVC), where they are, how best to reach them and who is currently working for their welfare. GIS was used to develop a spatial framework for the management of support to OVC in KwaZulu-Natal (KZN), South Africa. This framework is capable of showing the likely spatial distribution of OVC, interacts with a database of organisations supporting OVC and makes use analytical and management tools to show spatially the varying levels of access children have to services and some of the obstacles they face in trying to gain access. INTRODUCTION One of the most tragic consequences of the HIV/AIDS epidemic in South Africa is the close to 2 million children who will become AIDS-orphans by 2015 (ASSA 2000 Model) and the countless others whose lives are made even more precarious as they or their family members encounter the epidemic. The devastating consequences for many children have been masked by the time-lag between the time of infection with the HI Virus and the onset of adult morbidity and eventual mortality and by the existence of traditional social security systems in which extended families routinely take care of children as the need arises. However, the scale of adult morbidity and mortality has reached such proportions that in many areas familial obligations and community support systems are fast reaching saturation point. Current state and Non-governmental Organisation (NGO) approaches for the delivery of social services to these children and their caregivers are often haphazard, resulting in a number of children being missed. This is partly because those responsible for meeting the needs of children often lack the research data and analytical tools which could provide them with an understanding of the scale and extent of the need for services within a target area, both now and into the future;

�As things stand, we do not have sufficiently developed and integrated child information systems and data collection strategies to permit reasonably accurate and sufficiently disaggregated descriptions of the state of South African Children� (Dawes, Richter and Bray, no date).

This is problematic because ��orphan need will almost always outstrip available resources�� (Kezaala and Bataringaya, 1998, pp 2).

And because if the targeting of interventions is not based on accurate and appropriate information it �� tends to happen by chance, or is subjected to political decision thereby defeating the humanitarian intent of reaching out to the most needy�� (Kezaala and Bataringaya, 1998, pp 2).

The project is driven by this gap in service delivery allocation. It aims to begin to fill the gap by developing an understanding of the rapidly growing number of orphans and other vulnerable children (OVC) within KZN, including where they are, how best they can be reached and who is currently working for their welfare.

An overview of AIDS in KwaZulu-Natal Within KwaZulu-Natal (KZN) there is a large degree of variation in HIV prevalence rates. When the epidemic emerged in KZN in the early 1990s, the areas with the higher prevalence rates were associated with the major transport routes linking the provinces harbours with the rest of the sub-continent as well as areas of severe poverty. The epidemic is now so generalised that the effects of transport nodes and poverty is less pronounced. HIV prevalence rates throughout the province are high, ranging from 20% to 44% (figure 1 below).

Figure 1: HIV prevalence rates by Health District, KwaZulu-Natal The KZN AIDS epidemic has not yet peaked and it is thought that at the height of the epidemic just over 1.8 million people will be infected by HIV. In the absence of effective treatment this will result in the premature death of 1.5 million adults over the following 6 years (ASSA 2000 Model) and an estimated 500 000 children who will lose one or both parents to AIDS. CONCEPTUALISING THE SPATIAL FRAMEWORK Why a spatial framework? South Africa may not be as rich in spatial information as other parts of the world, but crucial baseline information such as that obtained in the Population Census and basic state service provision is available. However, for the most part these data sets remain largely unmapped, in their raw format and in isolation from each other and, therefore, have limited use as decision making tools. Our aim was to take the various levels of data and provide a framework in which they would interact and provide decision makers with useful information. The motivation for using a spatial framework was simple. GIS has the capacity to link or integrate information that is difficult to associate other than spatially. GIS also allows decision makers to use combinations of mapped indicators to build and analyse new variables (as shown in figure 2 below). This is important because the concept of �child vulnerability� has many dimensions and is therefore often best represented by a number of indicators. The flexibility of GIS, which allows users to select which elements of vulnerability they wish to consider in relation to other general information about the area, would overcome the inability of many current approaches to planning and implementing services that fail to consider the complexity or the geography of the OVC problem. We argue that without this holistic view, including demand or need and accessibility to existing services interventions, the targeting and distribution of support will remain inequitable with some areas remaining excluded. Ensuring decision makers have tools that enable them to visualise the distribution of OVC and a methodology for assessing the distribution of OVC support services in relation to the spatial pattern of need provides planners with a rational basis for locating additional OVC support.

Figure 2: Arrangements, relations and displays Note: The variables represented in the above figure were some of the indicators of child vulnerability selected from variables contained in the 2001 Population Census by delegates representing NGOs and the department of Education and Social Development at a Technical Consultation Meeting in April 2004.

The specifications of the framework The spatial framework needed to provide two key sets of information; firstly, where are the children and how are they distributed throughout the province. OVC are considered to be a dynamic group and geographically mobile which makes them a particularly difficult group to track. Therefore, being able to pinpoint the exact location of any child at a particular point in time would be difficult and not especially useful. We decided to develop a profile of the province indicating the areas where OVC were most likely to occur based on a number of indicators of child (and household) vulnerability. Secondly, all the current services providers needed to be mapped which required the spatial framework to interact with a purpose built database of organisations developed using ACCESS. A backdrop of basic infrastructure was used to enable later analysis of access assuming that roads and other transport routes would enhance access to services. In order to be able to respond to a variety of management needs, the spatial framework needed to provide data at various spatial scales. This allows managers to consider only their area of operation or the broader context of the province. The basic demographic information from which areas of likely occurrence of OVC was drawn the 2001 South African Population Census. This data set was made available by Statistics South Africa in September 2003 and allows mapping to take place at a variety of scales, ranging from sub-place names (grouped enumerator areas) to the 11 district councils (see figure 3 below).

No. of children <15 years

Reference grid

Health care services

Mother alive<15 years

EconomicDependency Ratio

Water source

Age appropriate education level

Employment status of

household head

Figure 3: Differing spatial scales at which the 2001 South African Population Census can be mapped

(Source: 2001 Census and EduAction) Basic outputs and some practical applications There are a number of indicators of child vulnerability and users could adapt the spatial framework to highlight variables of particular concern to them. An obvious starting point was to establish the number of children aged less than 15 years whose mother was no longer alive (see figure 4 below).

Figure 4: Percentage of children aged 0 � 14 years reporting in the 2001 Census that their own biological mothers were

no longer alive (Source: 2001 Census and EduAction) Our exploratorative research into child vulnerability found no universal standard or �vulnerability index� such as the Human Development Index, yet poverty appeared to be a common denominator. Therefore a Socio-economic Deprivation Index was created using three criteria:

Economic Dependency Ratio. A measure of the number of dependents per employed person and the level of economic activity within the local population.

Average years of education obtained by adults. This indicator was selected because infant mortality and low educational status (particularly of women) are correlated.

Percentage of households with electricity used as an indication of service delivery within communities and economic circumstances.

Figure 5: Socio-economic Deprivation Index (Source: Census 2001 and EduAction)

Maps such as those created above can be analysed in conjunction with maps depicting the distribution of state services (primarily those delivered by departments of education, health and social development) and NGO services. For example in the figure below, NAFCI clinics (clinics involved in the National Adolescent Friendly Clinic Initiative), places of safety and youth skills training facilities have been highlighted.

Figure 6: Government-based child and youth orientated service provision

A critical resource for many impoverished households is the money obtained through the social welfare system. Data obtained from the Department of Social Development in 2003 was plotted to highlight areas in which welfare support might be limited (figure 7a below) and this was overlayed with a map of representing poverty (figure 7b below).

Socio-economic Index0.04 - 0.26 (Least Deprived)0.26 - 0.460.46 - 0.640.64 - 0.94 (Most Deprived)

Local CouncilsDistrict Councils

Legend

ZululandDC

UguDC

SisonkeDC

UthukelaDC

UmkhanyakudeDC

uThunguluDC

AmajubaDC

UmzinyathiDC

UmgungundlovuDC

iLembeDC

eThekwini

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Ulundi Region

Midlands Region

Pietermaritzburg Region Durban

Region

National Roads

Welfare Institutions"A Rehabilitationx| Children's Home'K Place of Safety"M Skills Training

ñ Magistrates CourtsÕ NAFCI Clinics

Legend

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Nqutu

DurbanUmlazi

Umzinto

Enseleni

Kwamsane

Madadeni

Pinetown

Umbumbulu Chatsworth

Richards Bay

Tugela Ferry

Pietermaritzburg

Durban Region

Pietermaritzburg Region

Midlands Region

Ulundi Region

Izingolweni

Estcourt

Vryheid

IngwavumaMaputa

Ubombo KZ

Nkandla

Stanger

Bhongweni

Paulpietersburg

Nongoma

Hlabisa

Ladysmith Melmoth

Legend

National Roads

Number of Child Support and Foster Care Grantspaid in May 2003

# 1 - 2000# 2000 - 6000# 6000 - 12000# 12000 - 20000

# 20000 - 34000

Figure 7a: Distribution of welfare grants paid monthly (2003) Figure 7b: Grants paid and general poverty These figures could be used by the Department of Social Development when organising campaigns around grant literacy and uptake as well as those NGOs whose core business it is to facilitate access to child targeted grants. The figure below, which highlights access to Magisterial Courts (necessary to obtain documentation necessary for grant applications) should be analysed in conjunction with the above figures in order to help determine whether low grant uptake in some areas is a problem of access or information.

Figure 8: Access to Magistrates Courts The green areas in the map indicate areas of greater accessibility, while those areas in red indicate areas where gaining access to a court house may be more difficult and resource intensive (both in terms of time and financial resources).

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eThekwini Metro

iLembe DC

Ugu DC

Amajuba DC

UmgungundlovuDC

UmzinyathiDC

uThunguluDC

Umkhanyakude DC

Sisonke DC

UthukelaDC

Zululand DC

Nqutu

DurbanUmlazi

Umzinto

Enseleni

Kwamsane

Madadeni

Pinetown

Umbumbulu Chatsworth

Richards Bay

Tugela Ferry

Pietermaritzburg

Izingolweni

Estcourt

Vryheid

IngwavumaMaputa

Ubombo KZ

Nkandla

Stanger

Bhongweni

Paulpietersburg

Nongoma

Hlabisa

Ladysmith Melmoth

Poverty Index0.04 - 0.26 (Least Poor)0.26 - 0.460.46 - 0.640.64 - 0.94 (Most Poor)

MunicipalitiesDistrict Councils

Number of Child Support and Foster Care Grants# 1 - 2000# 2000 - 6000

# 6000 - 12000

# 12000 - 20000

# 20000 - 34000

Legend

A

B

When considered in conjunction with figures 7a and 7b above it is easy to see that some of the areas of greatest need (as indicated by darker shading of brown, indicating high levels of poverty), marked �A� on the map, coincide with areas of low grant uptake and appear to have low access to magisterial court houses. In other areas of the province, for example the area marked �B� in figure 8 above, high need (assumed because of the poverty levels) and low grant uptake are not associated with poor access and therefore other possible variables (such as lack of information) would need to be considered. NGOs play a critical role in providing services to OVC and their care givers and are more flexible in terms of their ability to respond to local needs. As of November 2004 the database contained detailed information on 274 agencies implementing child-related projects and programmes. Counselling, Training and Feeding Schemes were the most common projects implemented by NGOs (see figure 9 below).

Figure 9: Number of OVC Projects being implemented by Project Type

Num ber of OVC Projects by Type

0 40 80 120 160

Childrens Home

Counselling

Daycare Centre

Education

Feeding Scheme

Fostering

Fund Raising

Grant Aid

Home-based Care

Medical Support

Other

School Bursaries

Street Shelter

Training

Number

The bar chart (figure 10 below) and the map (figure 11) highlights how most of the projects are concentrated in three Local Council areas within KZN, namely the eThekwini Municipality, The Msunduzi and Hibiscus Coast. However this distribution of projects does not necessarily reflect the areas of greatest need. This does not in any way suggest that there is a surplus of services in anyone area of the province, indeed most NGOs indicated that they did not come close to meeting the demands for services in their areas of operation. Rather it highlights how many areas in KZN have limited or non-existent services, for example much of the Zululand Region.

Figure 10: Numbers of support programmes implemented by NGOs for OVC by Local Council(Note: eThekwini (Durban) , which has 104 projects

has been excluded to enable a better comparison between areas where fewer projects are in operation.)

Total support programmes for Orphans and Vulnerable Children (OVC) by Local Council

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35

VulamehloUtrecht

uPhongoloUmzumbe

UmvotiuMuziwabantu

UmtsheziuMshwathi

UmlalaziuMhlathuze

UmhlabuyalinganauMdoniUlundi

UbuhlebezweThe Msunduzi

The KwaDukuzaThe Big Five False Bay

RichmondOkhahlambaNtambanana

NquthuNongoma

NkandlaNewcastleNdwedwe

MtubatubaMthonjaneni

MsingaMooi Mpofana

MngeniMkhambathnini

MbonambiMatatiele

MaphumuloKwa Sani

JoziniIngwe

IndakaImpendle

ImbabazaneHlabisa/ ImpalaHibiscus Coast

Greater KokstadEzingolweni

EndumeniEndondakusuka

Emnambithi-LadysmitheDumbe

DannhauserAbaqulusi

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Doctors for Life

St Vince nt's Children's Home

Excelsior Place of Safe ty

Christian Medica l Fellowship of South Af ri ca - C.M.F.S.A

Orphans (Vul nerable Chil dren) Response Pro ject

Training a nd Re so urce in Early Education

Zwele thu Education Development a nd Family Su pport Servi ces

Westvil le Youth Cenre

Save a Child/ Sindisa In gane

Dept of Paediatri cs and Chil d H ealth Ce ntre

Society for Family Health - SFH

The Ark Christ ian Ministries

Sinosizo H.B.C.Programme

SA Red Cro ss SocietyDept. of Housing

Nati onal Associa tio n of Peo ple Living with HIV/AIDS

Crime Reduction in Schools ProjectChildrens Rights C entre

HIV Help-Line - Durban

SA National Co uncil for Chi ld & Fami ly Welfare

Build Enviro nment Support G roup - B.E.S.GMedical Care Development

In ternat iona l

Dram aide

St Thomas Ho me for Children

Highway Hospice

St . Phil omen as Chi ldren's Home

Diakonia Counci l of Churches

Ithemba L ethu (Orphaned Babies Project) #

Isibi ndi - Circle s of CareAmaqhowe Care Centre - Durban Children's Home

Ithemba Lethu (HIV/AID S Pre ve ntion Projects)Feed the Babies Fund

Boy's Town

Diocese O f Natal - HIV/AIDS ProgrammeDurban Childrens Society

Is lamic Me dical Association Christelike Maatskaplike

Diens - C.M.D

Family Care - Protection of Chi ldren

Sakhultsha Schools Lifeskills Course sAssociat ion for Physically Chall enged

Si nikithemba C hristian Care Cent re

As-Salaam Child Care Proje ct

AIDS Foundat ion of SA - A.F.S.A

Surv ivors of Violence

Open Door Commun ity HIV/AIDS Su pport Centre

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Tennyson House She lte rKhayalethu

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Chi ldren FirstFamily Literacy Project

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Child and Fa mi ly Welfare-SibusisiweClermont Community Resource Cent re - C.C.R.CChristel ike Maatskaplike Dien s - C.M.DBl essed Gera rd 's Children's HomeBl essed Gera rd 's Pre-primary and CreshBl essed Gera rd 's Malnut rition Cli nicBl essed Gera rd 's Bursary Fu nds

Kloof

Pinetown

Westville

Queensburgh

Berea

Khu lani Chil dren's ShelterSt C lement Home

Base d Care

Ethelb ert Child re n's Home

Kwadabeka

Chatsworth

Newlands East

Mariannhill

Westmead

Reservoir Hills

EarlsfieldKenville

Broadway

Stamford Hill

Beachwood

Cave RockBayhead

Nagina

Clermont

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Friends of Mosv old HospitalIngwav uma Orphan Care

Manguzi OrphanProgramme

Tholul wazi Uziv ikele

Isiphephelo Sej uba HIV/AIDS Orphans Support Project

Mduduziwethu OVC Care

AIDS Ac tion Team Utrecht

Sekusil e Youth Cl ub

Lethimpilo Youth Organisation

Vusimpil o Support and Care Project

Duduza Care CentreIsandla SethuDuduza Health Care Centre

Thubel ih le Creche Khomanani Campai gnOrphanage Pilot Project

Nkwenkwe Rural Devel opment Centre

Holy Cross AIDS Hospic e

Salvation ArmySenzok uhle C.B.O. Network

Tugela AIDS P rogramme Trust

Zululand Hospi ce/Goelem a

Ethemeni Care CentreRichards Bay Family Care

Sukuma Communi ty Aids Proj ec t

Nkosinathi H IV /AIDS Project

Thandukuphila CB O

Lethusizo Child Protection Project

Child and Family Welfare

Lethukukhanya Community Devel opment Programme

Kusasalethu Project Women's Cl ub

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Child and Famil y Wel fareBoy's Town-Tongaat Youth Centre

Izingane Zethu Intervention Greytown Children's Home

Child and Family Welfare

Child and Famil y Wel fareEstcourt Hospi ce

Howick Hospice Association

Umgeni AIDSCentre

God's Golden

Acre

Khululeka

Child and Famil y W elfar e

# Child Pr ote ction Program meYout h Proj ect - Love Life

#Child an d Fa mily Welf areInqaba Yokucash a Children 's Orphanage

#

Abalindi Da ycar e CentreAbalindi Ch ildren's Home

#

Inanda Comm un ity Health CentreUbu hle Benanda Orga nisation

The V al ley TrustHillc rest & Molweni

AIDS Care Cent reMakaphutu Childre n's V illag e

Fri ends of S t Apollinaris

Cl ouds of Hope

Matati ele Advic e Centre

Sacred Heart Children's Home

Child and Family Welfare

Hl engabantu Community AIDSProject

Murchis on Hos pita l - AIDS Resourc e CentreNtok ozweni Vi ll age

for the Vulnerabl e

Ntabay osinda OVC Programme

Madul eni ProjectZamakulunge Creche

Day Care Centre# Child and Family Wel fare

Cl uster Home Act ion Group (CHAG)

Os indi sweni Daycare Center

Ekuphileni ProjectSibusi sweni Day Care CentreSiyafundisana Organisation

Zulu Creche-Day Care Centre

Port Shepstone Child & Family Care S ocietyChristelik e Maatskaplike Diens - C.M.DSouth Coas t Hospic e-Dayc are CentreZiphakamise Welfare OrganisationSouth Coas t Plac e of SafetyUsozolwethu Organi sationKingf is her HospicePract ical MinistriesSouth Coas t Hospic e Children's Programme & Memory Box project

Sinothando Nez intandane OVC Project

Greenf ie ldsPlace of Safety

Vianney Childen's

Home

Lethukukhanya Project Dare Care CentreNdwedwe Welfare

Di stric t Office

Sinozwelo Drop In Centre

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Mthonj aneni Community Resource CentreMthonj aneni Melmoth NetworkThubal ethu Preschoo P roj ectABS Constructi on-HIV/AIDS Orphaned projectMel moth HIV-A IDS Programmes Trus tKwaZulu-Natal Help Minis ters Institute and Community Development

Mass J unction

Izandla Zothando

Place of Res torati on

Indumo Drop InCentre

Mandini Drop In Centre

Philani Drop In Centre

Matatiel e Child Welfare

Mpilonhle Drop In Centre

Enduduzweni Drop In Centre

Khayalethu Children's Home

Siphuthando Drop In Centre

St. Joseph Children's Home

KhayalempiloDrop In Centre

B eth-Hat lai mChildren's Hom e

Ithembal es izwe Drop In Centre

A mandawe Chil d and Family Welfare

Ri chmond Day Care and Support Centre

Koningsdal Chil d and Youth Care Centre

Lulis andla Kumtwana Orphan Care Project

Ngoboyolwazi Ear ly Childhood Dev elopm ent

Child and Fami ly Welfare Society - Phakamani

Child and Famil y Welfare Soci ety - Steadville

CMD (Empangeni )

Madadeni Catholi c Chruch

St. Anthony's Children's Hom e

Ubombo HIVNakekeli sizwe Network

Ubombo Drop-In Center

Ubombo HIV/AIDS Project

Makhanya Women's Orphanage Project

Foster Parents

Inkul ulek o Child Care

Child and Famil y Welfare

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Ntababomvu Clini cSalvat ion Army - Northern KZN - Abaqulusi projectInkululeko Chil d CareSiyathuthuk a-Orphan ProjectSiyathuthuk a-Bhek isizwe CrecheNewcast le Crisis Centre

Them bali hle Children'sShelter

Amajuba D is tri ct Youth Council

Christelik e Maatskapl ike Di ens (CMD), Newc astle

Child and Family WelfareEkus eni Youth Development Centre

Rosary Cl in ic

Make I t Better Programme, Di versi on Groups, Youth in PrisonChild and Family Wel fare - Newcastle

Child Care Abasizi - Terminally illNGK Mores ter Chil dren Home

Ladysmith EmnambithiLocal Council

Amadlelo Aluhl az a Comm unity Based Or ganisat ion

Tugela - CSPZimele Project

Leaders of Tomorrow

Bergville Wel lbeing Orphan ProjectOk hahlamba ADP

Doors of Hope

Owambeni Mas akhane Organisation

Planned Parenthood Ass oc of SA - Highflats

Nhlangwi ni Isu Labasha Project

Child and Family Welfare

Cross Roads Children Home

K hanyiselani Development Trust

Christelik e Maatskaplike Di ens - C .M.D

Home of Comfort

St. Marti n's Children's Home

Ikhambi Project

Sakhisizwe

Edendale HospiceAss oci ation

KwaNomusa Pre-School

Baitul A man Ch ildren's Home

Ekusizaneni Ch ildre n's Hom e

Fait h in Action Or phan P roject

AGAPE - Child Car e and Child Suppor t

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Phoen ix Community Health Cen tre - P.C .H.C

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Bhambayi Sett lem ent Pr oject

Chatsworth Hos pice

Thandokuhle C reche

St Au gustine ChurchBoy's Town - V er ulam

Umlazi Place of Safety Sinos izo Home Base CareChild and Family Welf ar e

Child and Family Welfar e

St Monica Children's Home

Khul akahle Day Car e Centr e

Iso Lase Adams - OVC proj ect

Health Car e & Inform ation Centre

Arr en Benev olent Children's Hom eChri stelike Maatska pli ke

D iens - C .M. D

See PietermaritzburgInsetSee PietermaritzburgInset

See DurbanInsetSee DurbanInset

uMdoni

Endondakusuka

The KwaDukuza

The Msunduzi

Ezingolweni

Mtubatuba

Hibiscus Coast

uMhlathuze

The Big Five False Bay

Mkhamba-thnini

ImbabazaneMaphumulo

uMuziwabantu

Mthonjaneni

Impendle

Ntambanana

Vulamehlo

Hlabisa/Impala

Indaka

Ndwedwe

Mbonambi

Kwa Sani

Richmond

Umzumbe

Dannhauser

Mooi Mpofana

Matatiele

Ubuhlebezwe

Nquthu

Endumeni

uMshwathi

Newcastle

Mngeni

Emnambithi-Ladysmith

Nkandla

Greater Kokstad

eDumbe

Umtshezi

Nongoma

Umlalazi

Ingwe

Umhlabuyalingana

Msinga

Umvoti

Okhahlamba

uPhongolo

Jozini

Utrecht

Abaqulusi

Ulundi

ZululandDC

SisonkeDC

UguDC

UthukelaDC

UmkhanyakudeDC

uThunguluDC

UmzinyathiDC

AmajubaDC

UmgungundlovuDC

iLembeDC

eThekwini

Legend

Durban Inset:

PMB Inset:

Urban AreasMunicipalitiesDistrict Councils

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Pietermaritzburg Children' s HomeCommuni ty Chest Wel fare Centre

Access to Jus tice for Women & Children

Community Based Rehabi litat ion Training

S.O.S . Chi ldren's Village

Msunduzi Hos pice Association

Joseph BaynesChildrens Home

Philane Centre

Life Line and Rape Crisis - PMB

Izingane Zethu Intervent ion Programm e

PMB Agency for Chri stian Soci al Awareness

Children in Distress - C.I.N.D.IYouth for Christ - KZN

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Natals e Chris telike VroueverenigingFountai n of L ife

Khayal ethu Street Chil dren' s Proj ec t

Child & Family Welfare - AIDS Orphans ProjectAfric an E nterprise

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Community Child Care Com mitteesThandanani Association

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Goelama D istri ct Aid Forum#

Khul'Ugqame Creche Associat ion

Zamukuphila Day Care Centre

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Communi ty Care Project, Bethany HouseDuduza Orphans Home Centre

#Natal Kinderhui s #

Aids Orphan P roj ectThe Early Chi ldhood Development Centre

Lawyers for Human R ights

Ekujabul eni Chi ldren's Home

Clarendon

Pietermaritzburg

Northdale

Mpumuza

Ashdow n

Sobantu

Hilton

Imbal i

Msunduzi

Athlone

Woodlan ds

Scottsville Willowton

Pelham North

Mk ondeni I ndustrial Area

Cle land

Boughton

Chase Valle y

Camp' s DriftHayfields

Mo ntrose

Surrey Farm

Northdale

Prestbury

Mason's Mill

Figure 11: Distribution of NGOs and projects providing OVC support services in KwaZulu-Natal as of May 2004 By combing the density of children aged 0 to 14 years with information of orphaning to the Socio-Economic Deprivation Index a map was produced to show lower, moderate of high potential vulnerability. The distribution of OVC support Projects was overlayed to produce figure 12 below.

Figure 12: Areas of high vulnerability that coincide with low or non-existent support for OVC

(Source: Census 2001 and EduAction)

The resulting spatial framework is capable of showing the likely spatial distribution of OVC within KZN, interacts with a purpose-built database of organisations supporting OVC and uses of a suite of analytical and management tools to improve co-ordination of OVC programmes within the province. USING THE SPATIAL FRAMEWORK AS A MANAGEMENT TOOL Map illiteracy and a reluctance to think spatially are two of the challenges for any project aimed at providing decision makers with a geographically grounded management information system. Indeed, at a technical consultation meeting held with decision makers from the departments of education and social development it was the first time many of the delegates had even seen the census data represented as a series of maps. However, delegates at this meeting responded well recognising their potential to inform decision making. In addition, for this spatial framework to reach its full potential as a management tool it has to be an interactive tool. Unfortunately, finding a central location from where the spatial framework can be accessed and interacted with has had political implications. As a result the outputs thus far have been limited to paper products and limited interactive capabilities associated with generating predefined reports and maps within the ACCESS database. This has meant that much of our explorative work with multi-criteria analysis and possible suites of decision support tools remains incomplete. We feel that the spatial framework, in its current form, has not reached its full potential as a management tool as it fails to make use of some of the more powerful functions of GIS including a variety of predicative modelling techniques.

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uMdoni

Endondakusuka

The KwaDukuza

The Msunduzi

Ezingolweni

Mtubatuba

Hibiscus Coast

uMhlathuze

The Big Five False Bay

Mkhamba-thnini

ImbabazaneMaphumulo

uMuziwabantu

Mthonjaneni

Impendle

Ntambanana

Vulamehlo

Hlabisa/Impala

Indaka

Ndwedwe

Mbonambi

Kwa Sani Richmond

Umzumbe

Dannhauser

Mooi Mpofana

Matatiele

Ubuhlebezwe

Nquthu

Endumeni

uMshwathi

Newcastle

Mngeni

Emnambithi-Ladysmith

Nkandla

Greater Kokstad

eDumbe

Umtshezi

Nongoma

Umlalazi

Ingwe

Umhlabuyalingana

Msinga

Umvoti

Okhahlamba

uPhongolo

Jozini

Utrecht

Abaqulusi

Ulundi

eThekwini Metro

iLembe DC

Ugu DC

Amajuba DC

UmgungundlovuDC

UmzinyathiDC

uThunguluDC

Umkhanyakude DC

Sisonke DC

UthukelaDC

Zululand DC

Composite Vulnerability IndexLower VulnerabilityModerate VulnerabilityHigh Vulnerability

Local CouncilsDistrict Councils

#Y OVC Support ProjectsLegend

MOVING FORWARD The next step will be to refine the tools and ensure they are accessible to policy makers. A methodological framework for replicating the process is currently being developed to extend the project into a second South African province, the Western Cape. In trying to learn from our experience in KZN, we have turned the process around. In KZN we designed a prototype spatial framework in consultation with a number of stakeholders on the ground which was subsequently taken to policy makers. Our experience has been that while policy makers appear excited by the capacity the spatial framework has to assist them in planning and implementing OVC support services, that�s where it ends. In the Western Cape we have begun to meet with the relevant policy makers first, and hope this will ensure that the spatial framework has a �home� before its refinement of the database and management tools begins with key stakeholders. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This paper is drawn from numerous presentations and other project outputs prepared by the author in conjunction with Daniel Wilson (EduAction) and his input is duly acknowledged. Much of the technical explorative work was done with guidance from the GeoData Institute (Southampton University), a partnership which was facilitated by a British Council Higher Education Link Programme grant. The Rockefeller Brothers for project funding and ongoing support to replicate the model on other provinces. Finally, to all the NGOs who contributed their details to this project � siyabonga. REFERENCES ASSA, 2000 AIDS and Demographic Model of the Actuarial Society of South Africa as downloaded July 2004 from www.assa.org.za Dawes, A., Richter, L., Bray, R., Muswana, M., Essau, S. and Bentley, K., No date: Child and adolescent indicators project summary accessed via www.hsrc.ac.za/resaerch/npa/CYFD/projects/20030331_6.html on 9 July 2003. Kezaala, J., and Bataringaya, J. 1998: The practicalities of orphan support in East and Southern Africa: planning, and implementation of multi-sectoral social services for children and child careers. Presented at CINDI Conference in Raising the Orphan Generation, Pietermaritzburg 9 -12 June 1998.