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DRAFT - American National Standard for Hazardous Workplace Chemicals - Hazard Evaluation andSafety Data Sheet and Precautionary Labeling Preparation

Table of Contents

Forward

1. Introduction1.1. Safety Data Sheet (SDS)1.2. Precautionary labeling

2. Scope, purpose and application2.1. Scope2.2. Purpose2.3. Application

2.3.1. Audience2.3.2. Content and organization2.3.3. Hazard evaluation and communication process flow

3. Hazard evaluation3.1. Definition of a hazard3.2. Collecting the information

3.3. Determining hazards

4. Physical Hazards4.1. Definition of a physical hazard4.2. Physical hazard criteria

4.2.1. Fire hazard chemical4.2.1.1. Flammability hazards

4.2.1.1.1. Gases4.2.1.1.2. Liquids

4.2.1.1.2.1. Static accumulating flammable liquids4.2.1.1.3. Solids

4.2.1.2. Oxidizer4.2.1.3. Organic peroxide

4.2.1.4. Pyrophoric chemical4.2.2. Pressure generating chemical4.2.3. Water reactive chemical4.2.4. Compressed gas4.2.5. Cryogenic liquid4.2.6. Unstable reactive4.2.7. Corrosive to metal

4.3. Physical hazard evaluation4.3.1. Sources of information

4.4. Statements of physical hazards4.5. Physical hazard precautionary statements

5. Health hazards

5.1. Definition of a health hazard5.1.1. Immediate health hazard criteria5.1.1.1. Corrosive5.1.1.2. Irritant5.1.1.3. Inhalation

5.1.1.3.1. Highly toxic (poison) by inhalation5.1.1.3.2. Toxic by inhalation5.1.1.3.3. Simple asphyxiants5.1.1.3.4. Additional information for inhalation toxicity

5.1.1.4. Dermal




5.1.1.4.1. Highly toxic (poison) by skin contact5.1.1.4.2. Toxic by skin contact5.1.1.4.3. Harmful by skin contact

5.1.1.5. Oral5.1.1.5.1. Highly toxic (poison) by ingestion5.1.1.5.2. Toxic by ingestion5.1.1.5.3. Harmful by ingestion5.1.1.5.4. Aspiration

5.1.2. Allergic reaction (sensitizer)5.1.3. Delayed health hazard criteria

5.1.3.1. Target organ effects5.1.3.2. Carcinogenicity/Cancer5.1.3.3. Reproductive, developmental and teratogenic effects5.1.3.4. Mutagenicity

5.2. Health hazard evaluation5.2.1. Sources of information

5.3. Evaluating health hazards for mixtures5.4. Statements of health hazards

5.4.1. Health hazards5.4.1.1. Precautionary labeling for immediate health hazards

5.4.1.2. Precautionary labeling for allergic skin and respiratory reactions5.4.1.3. Precautionary labeling for delayed health hazards

5.4.1.3.1. Carcinogenicity5.4.1.3.2. Reproductive/Developmental/Teratogenic effects5.4.1.3.3. Mutagenicity

5.4.1.4. No significant adverse health effects5.5. Health hazard precautionary statements

6. Environmental hazards6.1. Definition of an environmental hazard6.2. Environmental hazard criteria6.3. Environmental hazard evaluation

6.3.1. Sources of information

6.4. Statements of environmental hazards6.5. Environmental hazard precautionary statements

7. Hazard communication principles

8. Safety data sheets (SDS)8.1. Introduction8.2. SDS communication principles

8.2.1. Layout and design8.2.2. Reading level and comprehension

8.3. SDS Organization8.3.1. What is the material and what do I need to know immediately in an emergency?8.3.2. What should I do if a hazardous situation occurs?

8.3.3. How can I prevent hazardous situations from occurring?8.3.4. Is there other useful information about this material?8.4. Evaluating the completed SDS

8.4.1. Internal consistency8.4.2. Headers/Footers8.4.3. Document identifier8.4.4. Review/Preparation date8.4.5. Page and section numbers8.4.6. Units of measure8.4.7. No blank data fields




9. Sections of the safety data sheet (SDS)9.1. Section 1: PRODUCT AND COMPANY IDENTIFICATION9.2. Section 2: HAZARDS IDENTIFICATION

9.2.1. Emergency Overview9.2.2. OSHA Regulatory status9.2.3. Potential health effects9.2.4. Potential environmental effects

9.3. Section 3: COMPOSITION/INFORMATION ON INGREDIENTS9.4. Section 4: FIRST AID MEASURES

9.4.1. First aid procedures9.4.2. First aid statement

9.4.2.1. First aid for exposure to eyes and skin9.4.2.2. First aid for inhalation9.4.2.3. First aid for ingestion

9.4.2.3.1. When the induction of vomiting is warranted9.4.3. Note to physicians

9.4.3.1. Antidotes9.5. Section 5: FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES

9.5.1. Flammable properties

9.5.2. Extinguishing media9.5.2.1. Suitable extinguishing media9.5.2.2. Unsuitable extinguishing media

9.5.3. Protection of firefighters9.5.3.1. Specific hazards arising from the chemical9.5.3.2. Protective equipment and precautions for firefighters

9.6. Section 6: ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES9.6.1. Personal precautions9.6.2. Environmental precautions9.6.3. Methods for containment9.6.4. Methods for clean-up9.6.5. Other information9.6.6. Spill or leak statements by type of chemical

9.7. Section 7: HANDLING AND STORAGE9.7.1. Handling9.7.2. Storage

9.8. Section 8: EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION9.8.1. Exposure guidelines9.8.2. Engineering controls9.8.3. Personal protective equipment (PPE)

9.8.3.1. Eye/face protection9.8.3.2. Skin protection9.8.3.3. Respiratory protection9.8.3.4. General hygiene considerations

9.9. Section 9: PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES9.10. Section 10: STABILITY AND REACTIVITY

9.10.1. Chemical stability9.10.2. Conditions to avoid9.10.3. Incompatible materials9.10.4. Hazardous decomposition products9.10.5. Possibility of hazardous reactions

9.11. Section 11: TOXICOLOGICAL INFORMATION9.12. Section 12: ECOLOGICAL INFORMATION9.13. Section 13: DISPOSAL CONSIDERATIONS9.14. Section 14: TRANSPORT INFORMATION

9.14.1. Basic shipping description




9.14.2. Additional information9.15. Section 15: REGULATORY INFORMATION9.16. Section 16: OTHER INFORMATION

10. Labels and labeling10.1. Introduction10.2. Scope10.3. Labeling communication principles

10.3.1. Layout and design10.3.1.1. Layout10.3.1.2. Color10.3.1.3. Type size and style

10.3.2. Comprehension10.4. Elements of a label

10.4.1. Importer/Distributor requirements10.5. Durability of a label

11. Preparing precautionary labeling11.1. Overview11.2. Product identification

11.3. Component identification11.3.1. Trade secrets

11.4. Signal word11.4.1. Poison symbol

11.5. Statement of hazard11.6. Name, address and telephone number11.7. Precautionary statements11.8. References to additional labeling/other documents11.9. Revision of precautionary labeling

12. Review of documents

13. Tables of hazard criteria and precautionary label text

Table A – Physical Hazards (see Section 3.2)Table B – Health Hazards: Skin Corrosion/Irritation (see Section 3.3)Table C – Health Hazards: Eye Corrosion/Eye Irritation (see Section 3.3)Table D – Health Hazards: Respiratory Irritation (see Section 3.3)Table E – Health Hazards: Sensitization (see Section 3.3)Table F – Health Hazards: Inhalation Toxicity (see Section 3.3)Table G – Health Hazards: Dermal Toxicity (see Section 3.3)Table H – Health Hazards: Oral Toxicity (see Section 3.3)Table I – Additional hazard warning statements

Part 1 – Physical, Immediate health, delayed health hazardsPart 2 – Environmental hazard

Table J – Additional precautionary measures statements

14. Resources14.1. American National Standards14.2. Other standards14.3. Regulatory standards14.4. References and other useful publications

Annexes Annex A: Examples of SDSs and Labels Annex B: Background: The GHS




Annex C: Preparation Resources Document Annex D: Glossary




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Foreword (This foreword is not part of American National Standard ANSI Zxxx.x-2009.)

ANSI Zxxx.x-2009 American National Standard for Hazardous Workplace Chemicals - Hazard Evaluationand SDS and Precautionary Labeling Preparation was developed by a technical committee of the American Chemistry Council (ACC) and was submitted for approval under ACC‘s ANSI-approved

canvass method operating procedures.

The need for consistent precautionary labeling was recognized in 1944, when the ManufacturingChemists Association (which later became the Chemical Manufacturers Association [CMA] and then the American Chemistry Council [ACC]) established the Labels and Precautionary Information (LAPI)Committee. The LAPI Committee developed the first published industry guide to precautionary labelingfor hazardous chemicals titled "A Guide for the Preparation of Warning Labels for Hazardous Chemicals"or Manual L-1. This was converted to American National Standard for Hazardous Industrial Chemicals -Precautionary Labeling (ANSI Z129.1) in 1976.

A companion document, American National Standard for Hazardous Industrial Chemicals - MaterialSafety Data Sheets - Preparation (ANSI Z400.1 - 1993), was developed in recognition of the need fortechnical guidance for preparing consistent, clear and complete Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDSs).

ANSI Zxxx.x-2009 was developed in recognition that ANSI Z129.1 and ANSI Z400.1 were both hazardcommunication guidance documents that were generally used together, by the same audience, and hadsomewhat similar content. This standard is the result of the merging of ANSI Z129.1 and ANSI Z400.1into one comprehensive standard on hazard communication. It is organized to reflect the typical workflow of hazard communicators.

In addition to the merging of ANSI Z129.1 and ANSI Z400.1, several other significant changes were madeto the content of this document:

• References to ―industrial chemicals‖ have been changed to ―workplace chemicals‖ to moreaccurately reflect the scope of the OSHA Hazard Communication Standard and therefore thescope of this Standard.• Information was added for two additional physical hazards – static accumulating flammableliquids and corrosive to metals.

• The recommendation for First Aid for Ingestion has been updated to reflect the most currentclinical practices.• Aspiration hazard now includes a signal word recommendation.

This standard contains four annexes, all of which are informative and are not considered part of thestandard.

Suggestions for the improvement of this standard are welcome and will be considered for subsequentrevisions. They should be addressed to the American Chemistry Council.

The following organizations, recognized as having an interest in the standardization of precautionarylabeling of industrial chemicals, were contacted prior to the approval of this standard. Inclusion in this listdoes not necessarily imply that an organization concurred with the version of the proposed Standard

submitted to ANSI:




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Introduction

The development of new chemicals, the evaluation of existing chemicals and the ever-widening use ofchemicals and chemical processes in a variety of applications created a need to provide information topeople who use, handle or store hazardous chemicals in the workplace. To address this need, theOccupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) developed the Hazard Communication Standard(HCS). The HCS requires a hazard evaluation for all chemicals produced or imported. It also requiresthat information on the chemical hazards be conveyed by means of a hazard communication programthat includes Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDSs), container labeling and employee training .

The American National Standard Institute‘s American National Standard for Hazardous IndustrialChemicals – Material Safety Data Sheets – Preparation (ANSI Z400.1) and American National Standardfor Hazardous Industrial Chemicals – Precautionary Labeling (ANSI Z129.1) were written as technicaldocuments to be used as guidance for complying with the HCS. ANSI Z400.1 and Z129.1 havehistorically been issued as separate documents. This ANSI Standard combines and updates both SDS*and labeling guidance into a single standard. The combined ANSI Standard provides SDS and labelpreparers with one document that:

1) merges hazard communication guidance for SDS and precautionary labeling (in a way similar to theGlobally Harmonized System [GHS]);

2) provides consistent SDS and label examples for the same product;3) allows easier cross referencing within the document;4) harmonizes the references used in previous versions of the Standards;5) facilitates future Standard revisions because SDS and label issues can be addressed at the same time;and6) permits the user to purchase one robust standard.

* To be consistent with the GHS and with OSHA, this Standard will use the term ―Safety Data Sheet‖(SDS) to replace ―Material Safety Data Sheet‖ (MSDS).

1.1 Safety data sheet (SDS)

The SDS is an important resource and provides a wide range of information. Details on material identity,manufacturer information, hazard identity, emergency information, instructions on what to do if ahazardous situation has occurred, information on the prevention of hazardous situations, as well as othertechnical information are contained in an SDS.

The HCS provides little information regarding the format of an SDS. In 1993, the ANSI Z400.1 Standardwas developed to address the need for an SDS format that was comprehensive, understandable andconsistent. A complete, logical and internally consistent SDS is more likely to result from an orderlyapproach.

1.2 Precautionary labeling

The dissemination of hazard information includes appropriate precautionary statements that areexpressed as simply and briefly as possible on labels affixed to containers of hazardous chemicals.Precautionary statements are also used in other written material provided to workers.

The term “labeling” as used in this Standard includes container labels and other documents thatcontain precautionary and hazard communication information. The term precautionary labeling includes hazard warning statements and other precautionary statements.




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It is imperative that both the SDS and other precautionary labeling be provided in a manner that isaccurate, clear and concise. This Standard is organized to present concepts and guidance to thoseinvolved in the preparation of SDSs and other Precautionary Labeling.




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2 Scope, purpose and application

2.1 Scope

This Standard applies to the preparation of SDSs and precautionary labeling for hazardous chemicalsused under occupational conditions. It presents basic information on how to develop and write SDSs andprecautionary labels. It also identifies information that must be included to comply with the HCS. Additional information is provided to help comply with state and federal environmental and safety lawsand regulations. With the addition of certain data elements, this Standard is also acceptable forinternational use. This Standard is not intended to address the distribution of SDSs.

This Standard is not intended to provide a rote specification for complying with the HCS or any othergovernment requirements. It is the responsibility of the SDS and label preparer to be aware of currentHCS requirements.

This Standard must be applied in a manner consistent with all statutory and regulatory requirements,including the United States Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) HazardCommunication Standard (HCS; 29 CFR 1910.1200) and the substance specific standards (29 CFR1910.1001-1052).

There are use-specific statutory and regulatory requirements for some chemical products that are outsidethe scope of OSHA HCS and therefore may have different SDS and/or labeling requirements. Someexamples include:

consumer products regulated by the Federal Hazardous Substances Act (FHSA),

medical products regulated by the Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act (FFDCA),

pesticides regulated by the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA), and

materials in transportation regulated by the Department of Transportation (DOT) HazardousMaterials Regulations.

See 29 CFR 1910.1200(b) for information on the scope and application of the HCS.

For example, a company that manufactures aspirin tablets does not need to produce and distribute SDSsto individuals that are taking aspirin to treat pain or some other medical condition. This includes aspirin

tablets taken by a worker in the workplace. In this scenario, the aspirin would fall under the jurisdiction ofthe FDA, not OSHA. However, the company would be required to produce OSHA hazard communicationdocuments for workers who may be exposed to aspirin powder during the manufacture of the tablets.

It is not the intent of this Standard to substitute for specific regulatory requirements or to list each andevery unique requirement.

Safety data sheet and precautionary labeling requirements and definitions are subject to change. It is theresponsibility of the SDS author and label preparer to be aware of current regulatory requirements and/orother guidelines.

Where there is a conflict between the applicable regulations and this Standard, the regulations must takeprecedence over this Standard. References to the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) in the Standard

are to the January 1, 2009 edition of the CFR.

2.2 Purpose

The purpose of this Standard is to provide:

a common and consistent approach for assessing chemical hazards;

a framework to communicate useful and understandable information on hazardous workplacechemicals;




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an SDS format that will allow inclusion of information to comply with applicable laws; and

guidance for the preparation of precautionary labeling.

This Standard is based on two general principles. Foremost, SDSs and precautionary labeling shouldprovide sufficient information for the safe handling of the chemical. The precautionary information shouldbe based on the inherent properties of the chemical and include recommendations on how to avoid

potentially hazardous exposures resulting from customary and reasonably foreseeable occupational use,misuse, handling and storage.

Second, the precautionary information should neither overstate nor minimize the hazards or precautionsfor the chemical. Some chemicals may not be inherently hazardous and do not present a potential forharm in customary or reasonably foreseeable occupational use, misuse, handling and storage. For thesechemicals, SDSs and precautionary labeling may not be necessary.

2.3 Application

This Standard applies to SDSs and precautionary labeling.

2.3.1 Audience

This Standard is designed as an aid for individuals responsible for developing and reviewing SDSs andprecautionary labeling of hazardous workplace chemicals. The Standard is most effectively used byindividuals who are qualified by education, professional training and/or experience in the field of hazardcommunication. The Standard assumes that the hazard communication professional is fully aware of thecurrent regulatory requirements. These regulatory requirements may be dependent on where thechemical is manufactured and used, and its intended end uses. As emphasized in the Scope, thisStandard is not designed to replace, but is to be used in conjunction with the appropriate regulatoryrequirements.

2.3.2 Content and organization

The content of this document is based on professional judgment of expert SDS authors and labelpreparers. The information is presented in the order that it is likely to be utilized. Within this Standard,the intended interpretation of the words ―shall, must, should, may and can‖ range in degree fromcompliance with the OSHA HCS to a voluntary, permissible or possibly appropriate action by the SDSauthor and label preparer.

This ANSI publication contains two parts - the Standard and the annexes. The annexes are provided asancillary information that may be useful to the reader but are not an official part of the Standard.

2.3.3 Hazard evaluation and communication process flow

The following diagram represents the seven steps of hazard evaluation and communication. These stepsare identified across the top of the diagram. The considerations entailed in each step are shown in thecolumns below the step. The numbers in parentheses are chapter and sub-chapter references that shouldbe consulted for more detail.

Each step can be performed by the same person or several people. The hazard evaluation steps (2-4)can be performed in any order.



DRAFT - American National Standard for Hazardous Workplace Chemicals - Hazard E valuation and Safety Data Sheet and Precautionary Labeling Preparation

Step 1

Gather

information

(3.2)

Step 2

Perform physical

hazard evaluation

(4.3)

Step 3

Perform health

hazard evaluation

(5.2 & 5.3)

Step 4

Perform

environmentalhazard evaluation

(6.3)

Step 5

Write/review safety

data sheet

(8 - 9)

Step 6

Write/review

labeling/ label

(10 - 11)

Step 7

Check document

consistency/side-by-side review

(12)

Published

literature

Appendix C

of this Standard

Vendor SDSs

Product

identifier

Internal/trade

reports

Chemical

properties

Physical

properties

Composition

Component

identification

Name, address,

telephone

1st Aid/Notes

to physician

Statements of

hazard

Signal word

Product

identifier

Regulatory/legal

Compliance

(2.1)

Oral

(5.1.1.5)

Carginogenicity

(5.1.3.2)

Target organ

(5.1.3.1)

Delayed

(5.1.3)

Allergic reaction

(5.1.2)

Immediate

(5.1.1)

Dermal(5.1.1.4)

Inhalation

(5.1.1.3)

Irritant

(5.1.1.2)

Corrosive

(5.1.1.1)

Mutagenicity

(5.1.3.4)

Unstable

reactive

(4.2.6)

Fire

hazard

(4.2.1)

Flammability

(4.2.1.1)

Oxidizer

(4.2.1.2)

Organic peroxide

(4.2.1.3)

Pyrophoric

(4.2.1.4)

Pressure- generating

(4.2.2)

Water

reactive

(4.2.3)

Compressed

gas

(4.2.4)

Cryogenic

liquid

(4.2.5)

Static

accumulating

(4.2.1.1.2.1)

Corrosive

to metal

(4.2.7)

Environmental hazard

(6.2)

Layout/

Design

(8.2.1)

Reading level/

comprehension

(8.2.2)

Organization

(8.3)

Evaluation

(8.4)

Internal consistency

(8.4.1)

Headers/

Footers

(8.4.2)

Document

identifier

(8.4.3)

Review/Prep.

date

(8.4.4)

Page/section

numbers

(8.4.5)

Units of

measure

(8.4.6)

No blank

fields

(8.4.7)

SDS Sections

(10.x)

Product

identification

(11.2)

Component

identification

(11.3)

Trade secret

(11.3.1)

Signal word

(11.4)

Statement

of hazard

(11.5)

Name, address,

telephone

(11.6)

Precautionary

statements

(11.7)

1st aid/Notes

to physician

(11.8)

Layout/

Design

(10.3.1)

Comprehension

(10.3.2)

Label elements

(10.4)

Durability

(10.5)

Fire; spill/leak;

hand/storage;

other docs.

(10.4)

Reproductive/

Developmental/Teratogenic

(5.1.3.3)

Regulatory/legal

Compliance

(2.1)

Emergency contact

information

Precautionary

statements

Other

information

Gases

(4.2.1.1.1)

Liquids

(4.2.1.1.2)

Solids

(4.2.1.1.3)

Aspiration

(5.1.1.5.4)




3 Hazard evaluation

The HCS requires that the SDS and precautionary labeling present the known hazards of the material.The properties, characteristics and composition of the individual material are variables that can affect thehazard.

Hazard evaluation, also known as hazard determination, is the process of evaluating all relevant data andproducing scientifically sound conclusions that identify the specific hazards of a particular chemical.

Hazard evaluation is not the same as risk assessment. An assessment of risk involves the evaluation ofhazard and exposure information to estimate the probability that an adverse effect will occur underspecific exposure conditions.

For additional information on the hazard evaluation process, see 29 CFR 1910.1200 (OSHA), Appendix Btitled, ―Hazard Determination‖, and also ―Draft Guidance for Hazard Determination for Compliance with the OSHA Hazard Communication Standard‖ (OSHA) dated March 18, 2004 (see www.OSHA.gov).

3.1 Definition of a hazard

For the purposes of this Standard, hazard is an inherent property of a chemical to cause harm. Achemical can be classified as a physical hazard, health hazard and/or an environmental hazard.

Hazards can be either immediate or delayed. A chemical may present additional hazards as a result ofcustomary or reasonably foreseeable handling, storage, use, misuse and emergencies. These hazardsinclude any hazardous reaction products that may be formed during recommended storage, handling oruse of the product. For example, intended conditions of use of a chemical as recommended by themanufacturer may include elevated temperatures or pressures that may result in the release of ahazardous chemical. These hazards should also be included in the hazard evaluation.

In addition, scientifically valid information on other hazards that may not be explicitly stated by regulatoryagencies should also be evaluated. These may contribute to the overall hazards of a material. They may

include hazards such as combustible dusts, static accumulating flammable liquids, toxicity to soil-dwellingcreatures, etc.

3.2 Collecting the information

As a first step, an evaluator needs to collect information about the material. This information includes:

all components and known impurities, with Chemical Abstract Service (CAS) registry numbers where

available and concentrations;

physical, chemical and environmental characteristics;

uses and reasonably foreseeable misuses;

toxicity information obtained from:

internal company testing;

SDSs or letters from suppliers;published sources of information;

trade association testing or communication;

Annex C of this Standard, which provides a list of useful resources.

The evaluator should document the references and sources of information used in the hazard evaluation.This information will provide needed internal documentation. It will also help an author update the SDSand precautionary labeling, answer inquiries and provide a historical reference.




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3.3 Evaluating hazards

To perform a hazard evaluation, the collected data are assessed according to the appropriate HCSregulatory criteria. The criteria for hazard evaluation in the Globally Harmonized System (GHS), Canada,the European Union and other legal jurisdictions are different from the criteria used under the HCS.Professional judgment plays an important role in evaluating hazards.

The evaluation forms the basis for what is written on the SDS and precautionary labeling. The followingchapters provide definitions and supporting criteria for hazards and guidance on the hazard evaluationprocess.




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4 Physical hazards

4.1 Definition of a physical hazard

A chemical for which there is scientifically valid evidence that it is a combustible liquid, compressed gas,explosive, flammable, organic peroxide, oxidizer, pyrophoric, unstable (reactive), or water-reactive.

Other properties that may contribute to the physical hazard should be considered. Some examples arecombustible dust, static accumulating flammable liquids, and corrosive to metal. (See subsections below)

Identify appropriate methods, units of measure or reference conditions for properties if applicable. Ifincluded, clearly identify specific properties that do not apply or for which data are not available. Wheredata for a mixture are not available but data for a major component do exist, this information may beprovided with a suitable identification that the data apply to one component. It may be useful to indicatethe resulting properties of a chemical which has been dissolved in water.

4.2 Physical hazard criteria

The following criteria are used throughout this Standard and apply when developing appropriateprecautionary statements for hazardous workplace chemical labels. They serve only as a guide forapplying the labeling principles set forth in this Standard. Chapter 13 contains examples of appropriateprecautionary label text.

It should be noted that varying degrees of differences exist between the regulatory definitions and criteriafor classification between different regulatory agencies. In some cases, the criteria set forth in thisStandard may not match those established by a particular regulatory authority.

The test method specified by the regulations is based on the physical properties of the substance.Selection of the incorrect test method can yield an inappropriate value resulting in the wrongclassification. It is very important that the method used to determine the physical hazard property matchthose defined in the appropriate regulations.

4.2.1 Fire hazard chemical

A fire hazard chemical is a material falling within any of the following categories: flammability hazards,oxidizers, or pyrophoric chemicals. Where definitions differ between regulatory authorities, the source(s)of the definition is noted.

4.2.1.1 Flammability hazards

4.2.1.1.1 Gasesflammable gas:

OSHA1) A gas that, at ambient temperatures and pressure, forms a flammable mixture with air at a

concentration of thirteen (13) percent by volume or less;OR2) A gas that, at ambient temperature and pressure, forms a range of flammable mixtures with air wider

than twelve (12) percent by volume, regardless of the lower limit.OR




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DOT A material that is a gas at 68ºF (20ºC) or less and 101.3 kPa (14.7 psi) of pressure (a material that has aboiling point of 68ºF (20ºC) or less at 101.3 kPa (14.7 psi) which:1) is ignitable at 101.3 kPa (14.7 psi) when in a mixture of 13% or less by volume with air; OR2) has a flammable range at 101.3 kPa (14.7 psi) with air of at least 12% regardless of the lower limit.

4.2.1.1.2 Liquids

Significant regulatory differences exist between DOT, OSHA and CPSC even when applied to the same

material. The definitions offered in this Standard for "extremely flammable,‖ ―flammable" and

"combustible" are based on a combination of the classification criteria from these regulations and may be

used to promote consistent use of these terms. The full range of warnings for potential flammability

hazards up to a flash point of 200 F (93 C) will continue to be covered by the Standard.

extremely flammable liquid:

a) Any liquid having a flash point at or below 20 F (-6.7 C), OR

b) Any liquid having a flash point of not more than 140 F (60 C) and a boiling point of not more than

95 F (35 C).

flammable liquid: Any liquid having a flash point of not more than 140 F (60 C) and a boiling point

greater than 95 F (35 C).

combustible liquid: Any liquid having a flash point above 140 F (60 C) and below 200 F (93 C).

Note that a flammable liquid with a flash point at or above 100ºF (38ºC) may be considered a

‗combustible liquid‘ for purposes of this Standard. See more details on the DOT regulations below.

For purposes of classification, an accurate determination of the flash point is highly dependent on

the method used. Flash points determined by methods other than those specified in the

applicable regulations can yield results inconsistent with the intended classification criteria and

can result in improper classifications. Refer to the Glossary for a description of applicable flash pointtest methods.

OSHA regulations, at 29 CFR 1910.1200(c), currently define combustible liquids as any liquid having a

flash point at or above 100 F (37.8 C) but below 200 F (93.3 C), except any mixture having components

with flashpoints of 200 F (93.3 C) or higher, the total volume of which make up 99% or more of the total

volume of the mixture. Flammable liquids are defined as any liquid having a flash point below 100 F

(37.8 C) except any mixture having components with flashpoints of 100 F (37.8 C) or higher, the total

volume of which make up 99% or more of the total volume of the mixture.

DOT classification and labeling requirements may be different from those in the OSHA Hazard

Communication Standard. The OSHA HCS requires (29 CFR 1910.1200(f)(3)) that each container

leaving the workplace must be labeled in a manner that does not conflict with the Hazardous Materials

Transportation Act and regulations issued under that act by the DOT.

Current DOT regulations (49 CFR 173.120(b)(2)) provide a limited exception for flammable liquids with a

flash point at or above 100 F (37.8 C) for domestic transportation purposes. This provision does not

apply to transportation by vessel or aircraft, except where other means of transportation is impracticable.

These liquids may be reclassified as combustible liquids provided that they do not meet the definition of

any other hazard class. The OSHA HCS also provides an exception for liquid mixtures with a flash point

not more than 141 F (60.5 C), having components with a flash point of 141 F (60.5 C) or higher that




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make up at least 99% of the total volume of the mixture. Users wishing to exercise these exceptions will

not need to classify these liquids as flammable or extremely flammable liquids.

CPSC regulations, at 16 CFR 1500.3(c)(6), currently define extremely flammable liquids as those having

a flash point at or below 20 F (-6.7 C), flammable liquids as those having a flash point above 20 F (-

6.7 C) to less than 100 F (37.8 C), and combustible liquids as those having a flash point of 100 F

(37.8 C) up to and including 150 F (65.6 C).

4.2.1.1.2.1 Static-accumulating flammable liquids

Static charge can be produced in low conductivity liquids by pumping, agitation, filtration, and motion

(e.g., splash filling, pipeline flow) and can accumulate in such liquids.

A static-accumulating flammable liquid is a low conductivity liquid that is capable of accumulating static

charge and producing a flammable vapor/air mixture which may be ignited by spark discharges caused

directly or indirectly by the charged liquid. It is important to note that a liquid of low electrical conductivity

is capable of generating and accumulating static charge under flow conditions even when handled in

conductive, grounded equipment. In addition, the liquid's conductivity is dependent on its purity and

temperature.

Note: Consistent with recommendations made by the U.S. Chemical Safety and Hazard Investigation

Board (CSB), the following physical criteria should be considered in evaluating whether a chemical is a

static accumulating flammable liquid:

1. Liquid conductivity <100 pS/m at 25 Celsius (77 Fahrenheit)

2. Flammability, flashpoint < 37.3 Celsius (100 Fahrenheit) (Class I Flammable Liquid as defined by

NFPA-30).

For more information, see the following:

OSHA Standard - Flammable and combustible liquid , 29 CFR 1910.106

NFPA 77 - Recommended Practice on Static Electricity (2007).

API RP-2003 - Protection Against Ignitions Arising out of Static, Lightning, and StrayCurrent , American Petroleum Institute, 7th ed, (2008).

Generation and Control of Static Electricity in Coatings Operations, Copyrighted by the

National Paint and Coatings Association (NPCA).

Example:

This liquid may accumulate static electricity when filling properly grounded containers.

Example:

Bonding and grounding may be insufficient to remove static electricity.




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Example:

Static electricity accumulation may be significantly increased by the presence of small quantities of water

or other contaminants.

Example:

Restrict flow velocity according to [CITE APPLICABLE CODE].

4.2.1.1.3 Solids

flammable solid: A solid, other than an explosive, that is liable to cause fire through friction,absorption of moisture, spontaneous chemical change, or retained heat from manufacturing orprocessing, or that can be ignited readily and, when ignited, burns so vigorously and persistently thatit creates a hazard. A chemical is considered to be a flammable solid if, when tested by the methoddescribed in 16 CFR 1500.44, it ignites and burns with a self-sustained flame at a rate greater thanone-tenth of an inch per second along its major axis.

combustible dust: A finely divided solid material, other than an explosive (e.g., dynamite), that

presents a fire or explosion hazard when dispersed and ignited in air. NFPA 654 defines acombustible dust as a combustible particulate solid that presents a fire or deflagration hazard whensuspended in air or some other oxidizing medium over a range of concentrations, regardless ofparticle size or shape. [see NFPA-654, 2006 edition, Section 3.3.4].

Different dusts of the same chemical material will have different ignitability and explosibilitycharacteristics, depending upon many variables, such as particle size, shape and moisture content. Additionally, these variables can change. For example, particle size and moisture content may changewhile the material is passing through process equipment. (See OSHA Safety and Health InformationBulletin, Combustible Dust in Industry: Preventing and Mitigating the Effects of Fire and Explosions, 07-31-2005; and, Chemical Safety and Hazard Investigation Board US CSB, Report No. 2003-09-1-Ky,February, 2005.)

4.2.1.2 Oxidizer

OSHA A chemical other than a blasting agent or explosive that initiates or promotes combustion in othermaterials, thereby causing fire either of itself or through the release of oxygen or other gases as definedin 29 CFR 1910.109(a).

Oxidizers exist in every physical state. Materials may be evaluated for oxidizing characteristics using the

appropriate test methods in the UN Manual of Tests and Criteria (current edition).

4.2.1.3 Organic peroxide

— DOT Any organic peroxide containing oxygen (O) in the bivalent -O-O- structure and that may be considered tobe a structural derivative of hydrogen peroxide where one or more of the hydrogen atoms have beenreplaced by an organic radical. Thermally unstable organic peroxides may decompose, sometimesviolently.




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An organic peroxide is considered thermally unstable if its SADT is less than 50ºC for a 50 kg package(49 CFR 173.128).

An organic peroxide is considered thermally stable if its SADT is equal to or greater than 50ºC for a 50 kgpackage (49 CFR 173.128).

4.2.1.4 Pyrophoric chemical

OSHA

A chemical that will ignite spontaneously in air at a temperature of 130 F (54.4 C) or below.

Materials may be evaluated for pyrophoric hazards using the appropriate test methods in the UN Manualof Tests and Criteria (current edition).

4.2.2 Pressure-generating chemical

A chemical that meets either of the following criteria:1) May present a pressure hazard, typically over time by decomposition and/or spontaneous

polymerization; OR2) Is used to pressurize the contents of a self-pressurized container.

4.2.3 Water reactive chemical

A chemical that reacts with water to release a gas that is either flammable or presents a health hazard.

4.2.4 Compressed gas

- OSHA1) A gas or mixture of gases having, in a container, an absolute pressure exceeding 40 psi at 70°F

(21.1°C); OR2) A gas or mixture of gases having, in a container, an absolute pressure exceeding 104 psi at

130°F (54.4°C) regardless of the pressure at 70°F (21.1°C); OR3) A liquid having a vapor pressure exceeding 40 psi at 100°F (37.8°C) as determined by ASTM

D323-72.

DOT

compressed gas (nonflammable, nonpoisonous compressed gas-including compressed gas,liquefied gas, pressurized cryogenic gas in solution, asphyxiant gas and oxidizing gas): Anymaterial (or mixture) which (1) exerts in the packaging an absolute pressure of 280 kPa (40.6psia) at 68°F and (2) does not meet the definition of Divisions 2.1 or 2.3.

compressed gas (liquefied): A gas, which when packaged under pressure for transportation is

partially liquid at a temperature of -58°F (-50°C).

o High pressure liquefied gas has a critical temperature between -58°F (-50°C) and 149°F (65°C).o Low pressure liquefied gas has a critical temperature above 149°F (65°C).

compressed gas (non-liquefied): A gas, which when packaged under pressure for transportationis entirely gaseous at a temperature of -58°F (-50°C) with a critical temperature less than or equalto -58°F (-50°C).




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4.2.5 Cryogenic liquid

A refrigerated liquefied gas having a boiling point colder than -130°F (-90°C) at atmospheric pressure.

4.2.6 Unstable reactive (dangerously reactive chemical)

A chemical that falls within any of the following categories:

A chemical which in the pure state, or as produced or transported, will vigorously polymerize,decompose, condense or will become self-reactive under conditions of shock, pressure ortemperature; OR

A chemical that reacts with water to release a gas that is either flammable and/or presents ahealth hazard.

4.2.7 Corrosive to metal

- DOT A chemical with a corrosion rate on either steel or aluminum surfaces exceeding 6.25 mm (0.25 inch) per

year at a test temperature of 55°C (130°F).

4.3 Physical hazard evaluation

For the purpose of this Standard, a physical hazard evaluation is the process of determining whether achemical substance is a physical hazard. The results of the appropriately conducted physical hazardevaluation will support the decision as to what physical hazard information needs to be included inprecautionary labeling, such as the safety data sheet (SDS) and the container label.

The physical hazard evaluation process relies to a great extent on the use of professional judgment. The

professional judgment of the person conducting the physical hazard evaluation is a key factor for

identifying the chemical hazards, which then may be communicated effectively via precautionary labeling.

It is necessary for the hazard evaluator to have a basic understanding of the types of data andinformation that are contained in a report or publication and for determining if the appropriate test method

was used.

The steps or procedures used for the physical hazard evaluation should be documented and accessible.

4.3.1 Sources of information

If a chemical has been tested to determine its physical hazards, the test results should be used. For an

untested chemical the evaluator should use any available, scientifically valid data and methods (such as

mathematical models or structure activity relationships), if applicable, when estimating a chemical‘s

physical hazard potential. In addition, for untested mixtures, the hazards of a mixture‘s components may

be considered when estimating the mixture‘s physical hazard potential. For example, the lowestmeasured flashpoint of all components in the mixture could be used as a ―worst case‖ or ―most

conservative‖ scenario to estimate a mixture‘s flashpoint. However, when an estimate does not meet a

regulatory requirement (e.g., DOT‘s Hazardous Material Regulations, 49 CFR Parts 170-180), the only

acceptable option may be to test the chemical or mixture to determine its physical hazards.

Some example physical properties that may impact the physical hazard evaluation include: appearance(physical form, shape); physical state; pH; melting/freezing point); initial boiling point and boiling range;flash point; evaporation rate; flammability (solid, gas); upper/lower flammability or explosive limits; vaporpressure; vapor density; specific gravity or relative density; solubility(ies); auto-ignition temperature;




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decomposition temperature; particle size; viscosity; saturated vapor concentration; and molecularformula.

4.4 Statements of physical hazards

See Table A in Chapter 13.

4.5 Physical hazard precautionary statements

See Table A in Chapter 13. For additional statements see Table I in Chapter 13.




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5 Health hazards

5.1 Definition of a health hazard

A health hazard is the inherent property of a chemical to cause an adverse effect on human health

following exposure. Exposures to chemicals can be either acute or chronic. Acute exposure is typicallya single, short-term exposure (usually less than 24 hours). Chronic exposure is continuous or repeatedexposure over a long period of time.

Health hazards can be either immediate or delayed. Immediate health effects are usually of shortduration and reversible (e.g., eye or skin irritation, narcosis), but may be of longer duration and may notbe reversible (e.g., eye or skin corrosion, death). Such effects generally manifest themselves soon afteran acute exposure. The term ―acute toxicity‖ may be used to describe immediate effects following singleor short-term exposure to a substance. Acute toxicity/immediate health effects can be determined usinghuman health effects data and LD50/LC50 studies.

There may be delayed onset of health effects after an acute exposure. Delayed health effects are theresult of a single, short-term, continuous or chronic exposure. Such effects manifest themselves over along period of time and are usually irreversible or of long duration (e.g., cancer, birth defects). The term

―chronic toxicity‖ may be used to describe the results of delayed health effects in humans and repeated -dose/chronic studies.

Health effects can be either local or systemic. Local health effects occur primarily at the site of contactor exposure (e.g., chemical burns). Systemic health effects occur, following absorption and circulation,in a part or parts of the body distant from the site of exposure or administration (e.g., lead ingestion andneurological effects).

5.1.1 Immediate health hazard criteria

5.1.1.1 Corrosive

A corrosive chemical causes visible destruction or irreversible alterations in living tissue by chemicalaction at the site of contact (e.g., eyes, skin, digestive tract or respiratory tract). Corrosivity is determinedby using recognized testing guidelines or other appropriate procedures, which may include validated invitro tests.

The term corrosive as used in this section of the Standard does not refer to action on inanimate surfaces(e.g., metals). Corrosivity to metals does not necessarily indicate corrosivity to skin or eye tissue and viceversa. See Section 4.2.7 of the Standard for information on corrosivity to metals .

5.1.1.2 Irritant

An irritant is a non-corrosive chemical that causes a reversible inflammatory effect on living tissue bychemical action at the site of contact. Irritants can affect the eyes, skin, respiratory and digestive tracts.

The potential for eye and skin irritation can be determined by using recognized guidelines or otherappropriate techniques. A number of published approaches for classifying the degree of irritation areavailable, including the OSHA HCS that defines a skin irritant as a chemical that when tested byappropriate techniques results in an empirical test score of ―five or more.‖ There may be instances wherelabeling for mechanical irritation (irritation due to friction) could be considered. Professional judgmentshould be used.




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Skin irritants may include defatting agents that, by removal of natural skin oils, cause irritation followingprolonged or repeated exposure.

Respiratory and gastrointestinal tract irritation/corrosion should also be considered. Data for theseendpoints may come from reported human experience. Toxicology studies are generally not conductedspecifically for these endpoints. However, clinical signs or histopathological results observed duringsingle or repeated inhalation/oral studies may indicate respiratory/gastrointestinal irritation. In somecases it is appropriate to extrapolate eye and/or skin irritation data and assume that respiratory and/orgastrointestinal irritation may also occur.

5.1.1.3 Inhalation

5.1.1.3.1 Highly toxic (poison) by inhalation

A chemical that has a median lethal concentration (LC50) in air of 200 parts per million (ppm) by volume orless of gas or vapor, or 2 milligrams per liter or less of mist, fume or dust, when administered bycontinuous inhalation for 1 hour (or less, if death occurs within 1 hour) to albino rats weighing between200 and 300 grams each.

5.1.1.3.2 Toxic by inhalation

A chemical that has a median lethal concentration (LC50) in air of more than 200 parts per million (ppm),but not more than 2,000 parts per million (ppm) by volume of gas or vapor, or more than 2 milligrams perliter, but not more than 20 milligrams per liter, of mist, fume, or dust, when administered by continuousinhalation for 1 hour (or less, if death occurs within 1 hour) to albino rats weighing between 200 and 300grams each.

5.1.1.3.3 Simple asphyxiants

A chemical that is a physically inert vapor or gas that produces suffocation by displacing oxygen in the

breathable air.

5.1.1.3.4 Additional information for inhalation toxicity

Technological advances in inhalation toxicity for aerosols and changes in classification have resulted intest procedures that require four-hour exposure times and the exposure concentration measurements tobe expressed in mg/L. This provides more precise data but does not allow direct conversion to the one-hour exposures required in some classification schemes. In order to avoid duplicate testing, formulas areused in certain cases (most notably transportation classifications) to convert four-hour exposure values toone-hour exposure values. A conversion factor multiplier of four (4) is used for particulates and two (2) isused for vapors. Applications of such extrapolations should involve professional judgment.

5.1.1.4 Dermal

5.1.1.4.1 Highly toxic (poison) by skin contact

A chemical that has a median lethal dose (LD50) of 200 mg/kg or less of body weight when administeredby continuous contact for 24 hours (or less, if death occurs within 24 hours) with the bare skin of albinorabbits weighing between 2 and 3 kilograms each.




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5.1.1.4.2 Toxic by skin contact

A chemical that has a median lethal dose (LD50) of more than 200 mg/kg, but no more than 1,000 mg/kgof body weight, when administered by continuous contact for 24 hours (or less, if death occurs within 24hours) with the bare skin of albino rabbits weighing between 2 and 3 kilograms each.

5.1.1.4.3 Harmful by skin contact

A chemical that has a median lethal dose (LD50) of more than 1,000 mg/kg, but no more than 2,000 mg/kgof body weight when administered by continuous contact for 24-hours (or less, if death occurs within 24-hours) with the bare skin of albino rabbits weighing between 2 and 3 kilograms each.

5.1.1.5 Oral

5.1.1.5.1 Highly toxic (poison) by ingestion

A chemical that has a median lethal dose (LD50) of 50 mg/kg or less of body weight when administered

orally to albino rats weighing between 200 and 300 grams each.

5.1.1.5.2 Toxic by ingestion

A chemical that has a median lethal dose (LD50) of more than 50 mg/kg, but no more than 500 mg/kg ofbody weight, when administered orally to albino rats weighing between 200 and 300 grams each.

5.1.1.5.3 Harmful by ingestion

A chemical that has a median lethal dose (LD50) of more than 500 mg/kg but no more than 2,000 mg/kg ofbody weight when administered orally to albino rats weighing between 200 and 300 grams each.

5.1.1.5.4 Aspiration

Aspiration is the act of breathing a liquid or solid material into the lungs directly from the mouth or nose orindirectly through vomiting. Aspiration of certain chemicals may lead to chemical pneumonitis, an acuteinflammation of the lungs that can be life threatening. Chemicals that should be considered whendetermining potential for aspiration hazard include the following:

- certain low viscosity (less than 100 SUS at 100°F) petroleum hydrocarbons (eg. kerosene, mineral sealoil, naphtha, gasoline, mineral spirits, Stoddard solvent and related petroleum distillates)

- aromatic hydrocarbons (eg., benzene, toluene and xylene)- halogenated hydrocarbons (eg., perchloroethylene, trichloroethylene, methylene chloride)

- products containing 10% or more by weight of the above.

5.1.2 Allergic reactions (sensitizer)

A chemical that, following an initial exposure, causes a substantial proportion of exposed people oranimals to develop an allergic reaction (skin or respiratory) in normal tissue upon subsequent exposure tothat chemical. It is the result of a complex immune reaction. An allergic reaction may occur the secondtime a person is exposed to the chemical allergen, or may not occur until years later, following repeatedexposure to the allergen. Once sensitization has been induced, allergic reactions may be triggered by




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very low doses of the chemical allergen. Respiratory allergic reactions are of particular concern since thereactions can be severe and may be fatal.

5.1.3 Delayed health hazard criteria

5.1.3.1 Target organ effects

Organs or tissues where the major adverse effects occur are generally referred to as target organs.Some chemicals only cause target organ effects at very high doses in animal testing. Damage thatresults from testing under unusual conditions or when other unique circumstances are involved, are notusually addressed on a label. These effects may be described in other precautionary labeling, such asthe SDS.

In some cases, adverse effects that are produced in the target organ(s) may result in adverse effects inother, secondary organs or tissues. Damage to secondary organs other than the target organ(s) is notusually addressed on a label but may be described in other precautionary labeling. For example, achemical causes the red blood cells to be destroyed. This damage can result in kidney failure. Labelingthe kidney as a target organ for this substance would be misleading because the primary toxicity is to the

red blood cells. In this case, recommended precautionary measures to protect the red blood cells willalso protect the kidneys. Kidney effects, though not included on the label, may be discussed in the SDS.

OSHA addresses cancer, reproductive toxicity and developmental toxicity separately from other targetorgan effects.

5.1.3.2 Carcinogenicity/Cancer

A carcinogen is defined as a material that causes cancer. OSHA considers a chemical to be acarcinogen subject to labeling requirements if:

1) It is listed by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) and found to be a human

carcinogen (Group 1) or a probable human carcinogen (Group 2A) [Note: IARC Group 2Bcarcinogens do not need to be identified as such on the label, but must be added to the SDS]; OR

2) It is listed as a carcinogen or potential carcinogen in the Annual Report on Carcinogens publishedby the National Toxicology Program (NTP) (latest edition); OR

3) OSHA regulates it as a carcinogen (29 CFR 1910.1001 - et seq.); OR

4) The manufacturer or importer considers it to be a carcinogen based on available data, includinginformation from other agencies and regulatory bodies (e.g., ACGIH, EPA).

Other agencies and regulatory bodies also define and classify carcinogens, (e.g., ACGIH, EPA).

The following references can be used to evaluate carcinogenicity data for chemicals not listed orregulated by the above organizations. Professional scientific judgment should be used in theseevaluations.

J. Ashby, et al., "A Scheme for Classifying Carcinogens," Vol. 12 Regulatory Toxicology andPharmacology, pp. 270-295 (1990).

IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, International Agency forResearch on Cancer, World Health Organization, Lyon, France.

US EPA Office of Research and Development Final Guidelines for Carcinogenic Risk Assessment, EPA No. 600/P-92/003C (2005).




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For labeling recommendations for carcinogenicity, see Section 5.4.1.3.1.

5.1.3.3 Reproductive, developmental and teratogenic effects

Both reproductive and developmental toxicity have been described as forms of target organ toxicity inwhich the reproductive organs or the developing fetus are affected. Reproductive toxicants are thosechemicals that affect male or female fertility while developmental toxicants affect embryonic/fetaldevelopment. Developmental toxicity has also been broadly defined to include any effect interfering withnormal development and includes embryotoxic/fetotoxic effects, teratogenic effects or other effects thatoccur before and after birth. A teratogen usually refers to a chemical that causes malformations orpermanent structural change in the embryo or fetus that may adversely affect survival, development orfunction.

Identification of reproductive/developmental/teratogenic toxicants is usually based on the specific effectsthey have on the reproductive organs and developing embryos/fetuses. These effects may be observedin acute, subchronic, reproductive, developmental and teratogenicity studies in animals. Epidemiologicalstudies and case reports of adverse effects should also be considered. Professional scientific judgmentshould be used when evaluating effects on specific reproductive organs or on developing fetuses/embryos.

The following references can be used to evaluate reproductive/developmental data for chemicals:

US EPA Guidelines for Developmental Toxicity Risk Assessment. 56 Federal Register 63798-63826 (Dec. 5, 1991).

US EPA Guidelines for Reproductive Toxicity Risk Assessment. 61 Federal Register 56274-56322 (Oct. 31, 1996).

Moore JA, et al. An Evaluative Process for Assessing Human Reproductive and DevelopmentalToxicity of Agents. 1995. Reproductive Toxicology 9(1): 61-95.

For labeling recommendations for reproductive and developmental toxicity, see Section 5.4.1.3.2.

5.1.3.4 Mutagenicity

A mutagen is a substance or agent capable of altering genetic material (e.g., DNA and chromosomes) ina living cell.

Existing animal and epidemiological evidence have not established the link between chemical exposuresand heritable genetic damage (e.g., germ cell mutations) in humans. However, mutagenicity data may besupportive in determining human cancer risk. If supporting evidence demonstrates a causal relationshipbetween such data and human effects, then labeling for the human effect is appropriate. Noprecautionary labeling recommendations will be made for mutagens in this Standard.

5.2 Health hazard evaluation

For the purpose of this Standard, a health hazard evaluation is the process of determining whether achemical substance is either an immediate or delayed health hazard, or both. The results of theappropriately conducted health hazard evaluation will support the decision as to what health hazardinformation needs to be included in precautionary labeling, such as the SDS and the container label.

The health hazard evaluation process relies to a great extent on the use of professional judgment. The

professional judgment of the person conducting the health hazard evaluation is a key factor for identifying

the chemical hazards, which then may be communicated effectively via precautionary labeling. It is

necessary for the hazard evaluator to have a basic understanding of the types of data and information




21

that need to be presented in a study report or publication, and for determining if the study was designed

and conducted according to established scientific principles.

The steps or procedures used for the health hazard evaluation should be documented and accessible.

There is no internationally accepted set of guidelines or methodology for performing a health hazard

evaluation. However, a health hazard evaluation generally consists of two basic, integrated steps:gathering the necessary data, and critically reviewing it.


The first step in the health hazard evaluation process is to gather all available scientific data andinformation on the chemical. For mixtures, the scientific data and information on components should alsobe obtained.

The types of data to consider in the evaluation include but are not limited to:

Human (e.g., epidemiology studies, case reports, human patch tests);

Animal (e.g., acute studies, repeat dose studies);

In vitro (e.g., Corrositex®; Ames tests); and

Structure activity relationships (SAR) (e.g., Quantitative Structure Activity Relationships [QSAR];knowledge-based or statistically-based computer expert systems). The prediction of biologicaland/or physiochemical activity of a chemical using the results from tests on materials with similarkey molecular structures, or using computer based assessments.

This step involves searching all available sources, including primary sources, such as company and tradeorganization testing reports and peer-reviewed scientific literature, as well as secondary sources.Sources of data may include, but are not limited to:

Peer-reviewed scientific journals;

In-house and other (other companies, trade organizations) testing results;

The numerous databases found in the US National Library of Medicine‘s (NLM) TOXNET andMEDLARS systems such as HSDB, DART, IRIS, etc., and MEDLINE and TOXLINE;

The Occupational Safety and Health Administration‘s (OSHA) subpart Z, Toxic and Hazardous Substances, found in 29 CFR Part 1910;

The American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) Documentation ofThreshold Limit Values and Biological Indices (latest edition);

The American Industrial Hygiene Association‘s (AIHA) Documentation of the WorkplaceEnvironmental Exposure Limits (WEELs) (latest edition);

The US National Toxicology Program‘s (NTP) Report on Carcinogens (latest edition);

The International Agency for Research on Cancer‘s (IARC) Monographs (numerous volumes);

Reports, documents, publications and data/information from US governmental agencies such asthe Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), the National Institute for Occupational Safety andHealth (NIOSH), the National Institute for Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), the Agencyfor Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the National Toxicology Program (NTP),and the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA);

Standard reference texts in toxicology, industrial hygiene, occupational medicine; and,

Additional sources as noted in Appendix B of OSHA‘s Guidance for Hazard Determination: forCompliance with OSHA‘s Hazard Communication Standard.

The second step of the health hazard evaluation process is to review critically the scientific data and

information gathered in the first step. The goal of this critical review is to produce a scientifically

defensible evaluation of the relevant data in order to determine the hazard(s) of a chemical. Once the

health hazards have been identified, then there is a firm basis for selecting the appropriate precautionary

labeling statements. See Section 5.4 for more information on the statement of hazards.




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Studies addressing chemical effects on animals are commonly reviewed in the health hazard evaluation

process. When reviewing animal studies, the routes of exposure relevant to the workplace are:

skin contact

skin absorption

eye contact

inhalation and

ingestion (that is, inadvertent swallowing of the chemical).

Available animal studies using these routes are considered when performing hazard evaluations.

Studies conducted by non-workplace routes of exposure such as subcutaneous (SQ), intramuscular (IM),intraperitoneal (IP) or intravenous (IV) should not be used in the hazard evaluation process unless theyare the only acceptable studies available. Professional judgment should be used to decide how data thatare not specific to the relevant route of exposure should be considered in the hazard evaluation process.

Data and information reported in toxicological studies can vary widely. Examples of types of data andinformation usually reported include:

Test animals (species, strain, sex, etc.);

Test substance (purity);Route of exposure (oral, inhalation, dermal, etc.);

Duration of exposure (acute, chronic, etc.);

Exposure dose;

Clinical and experimental parameters/endpoints examined (e.g., mortality, clinical signs oftoxicity, changes in food/water consumption, clinical chemistry, organ weights, gross andmicroscopic pathology, etc.);

Methods of statistical analysis of data; and

Dose-response relationships.

Where the manufacturer is aware of a use that results in the release of a new chemical to which theremay be an exposure, the manufacturer should include the hazards of the released chemical. Examplesinclude fumes from the use of welding rods, the use of diesel fuel resulting in exhaust, polymer process

fumes, etc.The manufacturer should also consider the potential adverse health effects and symptoms associatedwith exposure to the material (including its components or known by-products) from its customary andreasonably foreseeable use, misuse, and handling and storage conditions.

5.3 Evaluating health hazards for mixtures

Health hazards are generally based on known human health effects or toxicity testing as described in Appendix A of the HCS. With health hazards, evaluations tend to rely more on interpretation andprofessional judgment on relevance of the data than in the case of physical hazards.

Refer to the complete mandatory Health Hazard Determination description found in Appendix B of theHCS. Key concepts taken from the HCS are as follows:

One scientifically valid study with statistically significant results is sufficient evidence to note the effecton the SDS;

Chemicals are considered ―hazardous‖ if they:

are regulated by OSHA (29 CFR 1910, Subpart Z);




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have established occupational exposure limits (e.g., TLV, PEL, etc.);

are listed by NTP, IARC or OSHA as carcinogens or potential carcinogens;

meet the criteria of Appendix B of the HCS.

When performing a health hazard evaluation on mixtures, one should use test data available on themixture itself or comparable mixtures. Often, however, there are incomplete or no test data available forthe mixture as a whole.

Pursuant to the OSHA HCS, if appropriate test data are not available for the mixture, then it is assumedthat the mixture presents the same non-carcinogenic health hazards as each of the components presentat greater than or equal to 1%. The mixture is assumed to be a carcinogenic hazard if it contains acarcinogenic component at 0.1% or greater.

If a hazardous component is present in a mixture below the 1% threshold (0.1% for carcinogens) andcould be released in concentrations exceeding the OSHA or ACGIH exposure guidelines, the hazards ofthis component also need to be assigned to the mixture.

If a hazardous component is present in a mixture below the 1% threshold (0.1% for carcinogens) andcould still present a hazard, the hazards of this component also need to be assigned to the mixture.

The criteria for hazard determination in the Globally Harmonized System (GHS), Canada, the EuropeanUnion and other legal jurisdictions, are different than the criteria used under the HCS.

5.4 Statements of health hazards

The results of the hazard evaluation, as described above, are the identification of health hazardsassociated with a particular chemical or mixture. Significant hazards then need to be communicated inclear, concise statements on the SDS and label (e.g., HARMFUL IF INHALED; CAUSES SKINIRRITATION). The hazard warning must convey the particular hazards of the chemical, including target

organ effects. Statements for immediate hazards should usually precede the statements for delayedhazards. In general, the most serious immediate hazard shall be placed first, followed by all otherimmediate hazards. It is also desirable to group and prioritize delayed hazards.

5.4.1 Health hazards

Statements of hazard for health effects, such as ―CAUSES,‖ ―CAN CAUSE,‖ and ―MAY CAUSE‖ are useddifferently depending on the type and severity of effect.

5.4.1.1 Precautionary labeling for immediate health hazards

Immediate health hazards include irritation/corrosion to eyes, skin, respiratory tract, gastrointestinal tractand acute toxicity by ingestion, skin contact or inhalation. Statements for these types of hazards convey

information about an immediate health hazard and the degree to which the chemical can cause damage.

For example, ―MAY BE FATAL…‖ is used for a chemical that is highly toxic, while ―HARMFUL IF…‖ is

used for a chemical that has a moderate toxicity. The examples below demonstrate how the statements

of hazard may change based on the severity of effects. See Chapter 13 Tables B-H for criteria for using

hazard statements.




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Examples:

Severity of effect Irritation/Corrosion

Severe (Corrosive) CAUSES EYE BURNSModerate (SevereIrritant)

CAUSES EYE IRRITATION

Mild (ModerateIrritant)

MAY CAUSE EYE IRRITATION

Severity of effect Acute toxicity

Severe (Highlytoxic)

MAY BE FATAL IF ABSORBED THROUGHSKIN

Moderate (Toxic) HARMFUL IF ABSORBED THROUGH SKINMild (Harmful) MAY BE HARMFUL IF ABSORBED

THROUGH SKIN

5.4.1.2 Precautionary labeling for allergic skin and respiratory reactions

Most allergic reactions will occur in only a small percentage of people that are exposed. For this reason,statements for allergic reactions typically use ―MAY CAUSE…‖

Example:

MAY CAUSE ALLERGIC SKIN REACTION

Example:

MAY CAUSE ALLERGIC RESPIRATORY REACTION

5.4.1.3 Precautionary labeling for delayed health hazards

Delayed health hazards include target organ effects, carcinogenicity and reproductive/developmentaleffects. Delayed health hazard statements indicate the level of certainty in the data. ―CAN CAUSE…‖ isused when there is generally accepted, well-established evidence that a chemical or mixture causessignificant damage to target organs in humans. In most cases, human data is unavailable. If there isindication that significant damage to human organs may be possible based on laboratory animal data(i.e., morphological, functional or histological organ changes), the statement ―MAY CAUSE… BASED ON ANIMAL DATA‖ is used. See examples below.




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Examples:

Target organ

Human evidence CAN CAUSE LIVER DAMAGE

CAN CAUSE LUNG DAMAGE IF INHALED

Animal evidence MAY CAUSE LIVER DAMAGE BASED ON ANIMAL DATA

MAY CAUSE LUNG DAMAGE IF INHALEDBASED ON ANIMAL DATA

Delayed health hazard statements are often used together with immediate health hazard statements toindicate degree of hazard and route of exposure (e.g., ―MAY CAUSE KIDNEY DAMAGE BASED ON ANIMAL DATA‖; ―HARMFUL IF INHALED, ABSORBED THROUGH SKIN OR SWALLOWED‖).

Whenever appropriate, the term "DAMAGE" may be replaced by more specific terms such as "BLOODDISORDERS‖, "NERVOUS SYSTEM EFFECTS" and the like. It may be appropriate to convey that therisk of damage or adverse effects depends on duration and level of exposure. In addition, it may beappropriate to state that the risks are most likely to occur by a single route of exposure.

As described in Section 5.3, untested mixtures are assumed to present the same health hazards as eachof the components present at greater than or equal to 1% (0.1% for carcinogens). It may be desirable toindicate which component is responsible for a particular health hazard. See examples below.

Example:

CONTAINS ETHYLENE GLYCOL - CAN CAUSE KIDNEY DAMAGE

Example:

CONTAINS MATERIAL THAT MAY CAUSE KIDNEY DAMAGE BASED ON ANIMAL DATA

5.4.1.3.1 Carcinogenicity

The table below provides some commonly used carcinogen categories and suggested precautionarylabeling language.

NOTE: A direct comparison of categories is not always possible. This comparison is proposed as areasonable approximation. For example, NIOSH-designated carcinogens do not appear to consistently fitinto any of the categories for systems used by other organizations, and are not included in this table. Theprecautionary labeling language in the table below is suggested guidance only. Companies may decideto use different wording.




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ORGANIZATION CATEGORY RATING SUGGESTED PRECAUTIONARYLABELING LANGUAGE

Carcinogenic

IARC Carcinogenic to humans 1* CANCER HAZARD – CAN CAUSECANCERNTP Known to be a human

carcinogenK*

OSHA Carcinogen defined withno further categorization

Ca*

ACGIH Confirmed humancarcinogen

A1

EPA Carcinogenic to humans CaH

Probably Carcinogenic

IARC Probably carcinogenic to

humans

2A* SUSPECT CANCER HAZARD –

MAY CAUSE CANCERNTP Reasonably anticipatedto be a humancarcinogen

R*

ACGIH Suspected humancarcinogen

A2

EPA Likely to be carcinogenicto humans

L

Possibly Carcinogenic

IARC Possibly carcinogenic tohumans

2B** Carcinogenicity labeling languagemay not be necessary, however, iflabeling is appropriate suggestedlanguage is POSSIBLE CANCERHAZARD – MAY CAUSE CANCERBASED ON ANIMAL DATA

ACGIH Confirmed animalcarcinogen with unknownrelevance to humans

A3

EPA Suggestive evidence ofcarcinogenicity, but notsufficient to assesshuman carcinogenicpotential

S

Not Classifiable

IARC Unclassifiable as tocarcinogenicity inhumans

3 Carcinogenicity labeling languageis not necessary in most cases.

ACGIH Not classifiable as ahuman carcinogen

A4

EPA Data are inadequate foran assessment of humancarcinogenic potential

I




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ORGANIZATION CATEGORY RATING SUGGESTED PRECAUTIONARYLABELING LANGUAGE

Not Carcinogenic

IARC Probably notcarcinogenic to humans

4 Carcinogenicity labeling languageis not necessary.

ACGIH Not suspected as ahuman carcinogen

A5

EPA Not likely to becarcinogenic to humans

NL

* Per OSHA, chemicals that are in these categories must be identified as carcinogens in precautionarylabeling language.** Per OSHA, IARC 2B chemicals need to be identified as such in an SDS, but a carcinogenicity warningis not required on the label.

5.4.1.3.2 Reproductive/Developmental/Teratogenic effects

There are no generally accepted labeling schemes for reproductive or developmentaltoxicants/teratogens in current use in the United States. If a chemical is determined to be a reproductivetoxicant, developmental toxicant or teratogen, then an appropriate warning statement should be placedon the label. Some examples of appropriate label warning statements appear in the tables below.

Reproductive Toxicity

Human evidence REPRODUCTIVE HAZARD – CAN CAUSE ADVERSE REPRODUCTIVE EFFECTS (INFEMALES) (IN MALES)

Animal evidence POSSIBLE REPRODUCTIVE HAZARD – MAYCAUSE ADVERSE REPRODUCTIVE EFFECTS(IN FEMALES) (IN MALES) (BASED ON ANIMAL DATA)

Developmental Toxicity

Human evidence DEVELOPMENTAL HAZARD – CAN CAUSE ADVERSE REPRODUCTIVE EFFECTS

Animal evidence POSSIBLE DEVELOPMENTAL HAZARD – MAY CAUSE ADVERSE DEVELOPMENTAL

EFFECTS (BASED ON ANIMAL DATA)




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Teratogenicity

Human evidence BIRTH DEFECT HAZARD – CAN CAUSEBIRTH DEFECTS

Animal evidence POSSIBLE BIRTH DEFECT HAZARD – MAY

CAUSE BIRTH DEFECTS (BASED ON ANIMALDATA)

5.4.1.3.3 Mutagenicity

No precautionary labeling recommendations will be made for mutagens in this Standard. (See Section5.1.3.4)

5.4.1.4 No significant adverse health effects

If there are sufficient data for a material indicating that there are no significant adverse health effects, thismay be included on the label. Although there is no regulatory requirement for this, it may be important tothe user of the product.

Example:

NOT EXPECTED TO PRODUCE SIGNIFICANT ADVERSE HEALTH EFFECTS WHENRECOMMENDED USE INSTRUCTIONS ARE FOLLOWED

5.5 Health hazard precautionary statements

See Chapter 13, Tables B-H.




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6 Environmental hazards

Environmental hazards are generally based on ecotoxicological testing as well as environmental fatedata. Like health hazards, environmental evaluations also tend to rely on interpretation and professional judgment on the relevance of these types of data. Conveying major potential environmental hazards inthe SDS and the label may be useful, in some cases, as it can influence the proper handling and disposalof a material.

Currently there is no OSHA requirement to include environmental hazards on the SDS or the label.

6.1 Definition of an environmental hazard

A chemical is an environmental hazard if, based on its inherent ecotoxicity and/or potential tobioaccumulate or biodegrade, it causes adverse effects to living organisms or their habitats.

6.2 Environmental hazard criteria

There is no single set of agreed-upon criteria to determine fully the impact a chemical may have on the

environment. The US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), the European Commission (EC), theInternational Maritime Organization (IMO) and the Globally Harmonized System for Classification andLabelling of Chemicals (GHS), have developed environmental hazard criteria. It may be useful to refer tothese criteria in deciding whether to include environmental hazard statements in your SDS or label. Formore information see resources in Chapter 14.

6.3 Environmental hazard evaluation

Environmental effects of chemical materials will vary based on numerous factors such as amount orvolume of material released into the environment, media-related conditions (temperature, air flow, waterflow, etc.) and other inherent characteristics of a single chemical substance or mixture of substances. Acomplete description of the potential environmental impacts may not be practical with the use of brieflabel statements. However, it may be useful, in some cases, to include on the SDS and/or label the majorpotential environmental impacts since they can influence the proper handling and disposal of a particularmaterial.

Often, more detailed information can be provided using SDSs or supplemental labeling. In theseinstances, a reference to such a resource on the label is appropriate.


The first step in the environmental hazard evaluation process is to gather all available scientific data andinformation on the chemical or on analogous chemicals that have data and are considered representativeof the chemical being evaluated. For mixtures, the scientific data and information on components shouldalso be obtained.

The types of data to consider in the evaluation include but are not limited to:

Pollutant aquatic distribution and fate;

Flora and fauna data (e.g., ecotoxicity);

Bioconcentration (individual) potential;

Bioaccumulation (food chain);

Solubility.




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Gathering data involves searching all available sources, including primary sources, such as company andtrade organization testing reports and peer-reviewed scientific literature, as well as secondary sources.Modeling may also be a good source of reference data, but modeling data itself is generally not includedin the MSDS. Sources of data may include, but are not limited to:

Peer-reviewed scientific journals;

In-house and other (other companies, trade organizations) testing results;Databases such as HAZARDTEXT®; HSDB - Hazardous Substances Data Bank; OHM/TADS -Oil and Hazardous Materials/Technical Assistance Data System; Annex VI, Section 5 ofEuropean Commission Directive 67/548/EEC.

Modeling software programs such as EPA‘s Estimation Program Interface (EPIWIN); PBTProfiler.

The second step of the environmental hazard evaluation process is to critically review the scientific data

and information gathered in the first step. The goal of this review is to determine the hazard(s) of a

chemical. Once the environmental hazards have been identified, then there is a firm basis for selecting

the appropriate precautionary labeling statements. See Section 6.4 for more information on the

statement of hazards.

Data and information reported in environmental fate and effect studies can vary widely. Examples oftypes of data and information usually reported include but are not limited to:

Test subjects (genus, species, etc.);

Test substance (purity);

Test type (LC50, log Kow, g/ml solubility);

Duration of exposure (hours, days);

The manufacturer should also consider the potential adverse environmental effects associated with therelease of the material to the environment. This includes its components, known by-products ordecomposition products from its reasonably foreseeable use, misuse, handling and storage.

6.4 Statements of environmental hazard

The results of the environmental hazard evaluation are the identification of environmental hazardsassociated with a particular chemical or mixture. Significant environmental fate and effect data andhazards need to be communicated in clear, understandable statements on the SDS (see Chapter 9,Section 9.12). Where appropriate, significant environmental hazard statements may also becommunicated in clear, concise statements on the label (e.g., TOXIC TO AQUATIC ORGANISMS;DANGEROUS FOR THE OZONE LAYER). The hazard warning must convey the particular environmental hazards of the chemical, including persistence, bioaccumulation and toxicity.

Statements for environmental hazards should generally follow those for physical and health hazards.Statements for immediate environmental hazards should usually precede the statements for delayedenvironmental hazards. In general, the most serious immediate environmental hazard shall be placedfirst, followed by all other immediate environmental hazards. It is also desirable to group and prioritizedelayed environmental hazards.

The criteria developed by agencies in the US that have labeling requirements for environmental hazardsare not harmonized. Attempting to harmonize these is beyond the scope of this Standard. The individualnational regulations and GHS should be consulted for specific requirements and criteria for environmentalhazard statements. See below for example statements of environmental hazards.




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6.4.1 Statements of environmental hazards

See Chapter 13, Table I, Part 2 for statements of environmental hazards.

6.5 Environmental hazard precautionary statements

Precautionary statements (e.g., ―Do not allow to enter soil, waterways, or waste water channels.‖ and ―Donot allow to enter drains or waterways.‖) could supplement a statement of environmental hazard ,providing measures to be taken to avoid injury from environmental hazards.



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7 Hazard communication principles

Now that the hazard evaluation of the material has been completed, it is important to effectivelycommunicate this information. This section contains guidance on communication principles such asconsistency in the hazard evaluation on the SDS and label, reading level and appearance of the SDS andlabel.

Preparing an SDS involves collecting and summarizing facts from a wide variety of subject areas. Theresult must be understandable and useful to a diverse audience without oversimplifying the information sothat it is no longer useful to the intended audience. Writers must recognize that some people may readthe SDS for the first time in an emergency (under adverse conditions such as stress, time constraintsand/or poor visibility) and that it could be the only immediate source of information on the material.

Similarly, since the audience for precautionary labeling includes individuals with a variety of educationand training, the label text should convey the necessary information in as simple and clear a fashion aspossible.

Varying levels of education and training can best be accommodated by:

integrating warnings into work tasks and hazard related context;

being selective and providing short focused messages;

making symbols and text as specific as possible;

simplifying the syntax of text and combinations of symbols; and

making the labeling (e.g., labels, warning signs, etc) conspicuous and legible.

Some points of consideration while authoring SDSs and labels include:

Is the layout uniform?

Is the type size large enough to be legible after transmission by fax or scanning?

Is there sufficient spacing to allow easy reading and location of information?

Are the margins adequate to ensure that the headers and/or footers are not cut off when thedocument is copied or faxed?

Is the level of language appropriate to the audiences for each SDS section? If technical termsare used in sections intended for all audiences, are they defined or explained?

Is the use of readily recognizable symbols that are further defined with simple text used? Such anapproach would be consistent with modern methods of warning label design as offered by the American National Standards Institute (e.g., ANSI Z535.4).

Are the hazard warnings consistent between the SDS and label?



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8 Safety data sheets (SDS)

8.1 Introduction

This chapter provides information to an SDS preparer that will help structure and organize an SDS. Thepurpose is to provide a consistent format for an SDS that will allow inclusion of information to comply withapplicable laws. It will provide the SDS writer with a framework to communicate useful, understandableinformation for materials and hazardous chemicals.

A consistent format makes it easier for the reader to find information on the SDS. This chapter prescribestitles and a specific order for the sections of an SDS. SDSs are used by a wide range of people withvarious backgrounds, education levels and needs. The effectiveness of SDSs for the diverse audiencesserved will be improved by presenting the information available in the same order every time.

8.2 SDS communication principles

8.2.1. Layout and design

The layout or design is very important for SDS readability and communication. When considering thelayout for SDSs, the following are recommended:

For uniformity and ease in filing, as well as for further electronic distributions, a vertical (portrait)format is recommended for SDSs. A standard paper size (8-1/2 x 11 inch – North America; A4 – Europe) is also recommended.

Use a simple layout with well-marked and identified sections.

Provide an ample margin so that copying and binding do not cut off information. There should besufficient space available for the user to add a code or identification number should they sochoose.

Use left justification of text since this makes it easier to control eye movement and to read.

Use consistent line spacing and avoid crowding text to fit more information in a section or on apage.

Use space to separate fields and sections so reading is simplified. Avoid using footnotes on the SDS. Instead, put information in parentheses within the sentence.Remember that the SDS may be electronically reproduced and/or transmitted (e.g., faxed,copied, scanned or e-mailed). Take care to reduce the risk that characters might be cut off orgarbled in these communications or conversion processes.

Type size can improve the readability of SDSs by emphasizing certain areas with enlarged or boldedtypeface and by using a larger point size.

Generally 10- to 14-point type size is easily readable for an SDS.

Use simple type fonts. Ornate fonts are more difficult to read.

Avoid using a variety of type fonts on the same SDS.

Avoid long strings of text typed in all capital (upper-case) letters because they are more difficult toread.

Printed type should be clearly legible.

Use Arabic numbers (e.g., 1, 2, 3) because they are more familiar than Roman numerals (e.g., I,II, III) to the average reader.



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8.2.2. Reading level and comprehension

A challenge in preparing an SDS is writing so that various audiences can read and understand theinformation. Reading levels of users vary widely. The target audiences range from an untrained personneeding general information to a highly trained professional. The information being conveyed is oftenvery technical. It must be complete enough for the specialist yet understandable for the inexperiencedSDS user.

An additional challenge is that the target audiences change from section to section. In each discussion ofan SDS section (Chapter 9), the intended audiences for the information are identified to help the SDSpreparer determine the appropriate language level. The audiences are identified throughout the Standardas:

Emergency responder (e.g., firefighters);

Employee (e.g., users and handlers of chemicals and materials);

Employer;

Toxicologist;

Environmental professional;

Healthcare professional (e.g., physician, registered nurse, physician‘s assistant);

Occupational health and safety professional (e.g., industrial hygienist);

Transportation professional (e.g., transporters and drivers);Others, including state and local emergency planning groups, members of the community, etc.

Examples of some areas where technical language may be appropriate are: ―Note to Physicians,‖―Toxicological Information‖ and ―Engineering Controls.‖ When technical language is necessary insections targeted for non-technical audiences, it is advisable also to include a less technical explanation.

Word choice and sentence structure greatly affect reading level and comprehension. In addition, phrasesmust be worded carefully to avoid confusion, especially if they will be translated into other languageswhere the meaning could become obscured. The following guidelines may be helpful to improve thereadability and comprehensibility of the SDS:

Keep sentences short and direct. Use no more than two subordinate clauses.

Use the active voice as much as possible.

Example:

Acid causes skin burns. (active)

Example:

Burns to the skin are caused by acid. (passive)

Instructions are more likely to be followed when consequences are described.

Use lists with bullets rather than sentences with long strings of items to improve readability.

Choose commonly used words, but avoid colloquialisms and slang.

Use only common abbreviations and acronyms, and then give their definition in a key/legend oras soon after their first use as possible. Occasionally, however, an abbreviation or acronym may

be so familiar to intended audiences that it may be used without a definition. In fact, some maybe more familiar than the full name (e.g., OSHA, EPA, SARA, °F, °C, TLV® and TWA).



35

8.3 SDS organization

The rationale below forms the basis for the ordering of information on the SDS. Key information foremergency responders should be located near the beginning of the SDS because it is needed quickly.Information pertaining to the health and safety of people should be presented before information on theenvironment. Detailed descriptions of the purpose and scope of each section can be found in the nextchapter.

8.3.1 What is the material and what do I need to know immediately in an emergency? Section 1: PRODUCT AND COMPANY IDENTIFICATION (page 41)Section 2: HAZARDS IDENTIFICATION (page 42)Section 3: COMPOSITION/INFORMATION ON INGREDIENTS (page 47)

8.3.2 What should I do if a hazardous situation occurs? Section 4: FIRST AID MEASURES (page 48)Section 5: FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES (page 52)Section 6: ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES (page 56)

8.3.3 How can I prevent hazardous situations from occurring?

Section 7: HANDLING AND STORAGE (page 60)Section 8: EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION (page 62)Section 9: PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES (page 66)Section 10: STABILITY AND REACTIVITY (page 68)

8.3.4 Is there other useful information about this material? Section 11: TOXICOLOGICAL INFORMATION (page 69)Section 12: ECOLOGICAL INFORMATION (page 72)Section 13: DISPOSAL CONSIDERATIONS (page 75)Section 14: TRANSPORT INFORMATION (page 76)Section 15: REGULATORY INFORMATION (page 78)Section 16: OTHER INFORMATION (page 81)

This Standard prescribes that certain types of information be placed within certain sections. However,because information has more than one purpose, some flexibility in placement is recognized. Forexample, flammable properties of the material must be listed in Section 9: PHYSICAL AND CHEMICALPROPERTIES but may also be repeated in Section 5: FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES.

8.4 Evaluation of the SDS

8.4.1 Internal consistency

The completed SDS needs to be reviewed to determine that information present in one section does notcontradict information in another section. For example, a statement indicating the absence of a skin

hazard in Section 2: HAZARDS IDENTIFICATION should not be followed by the presence of detailed firstaid measures for skin contact in Section 4: FIRST AID MEASURES.

8.4.2 Headers/Footers

A header/footer may be used to indicate information intended to be listed on all pages of the document,such as product name, preparation date, version, indication of continuation, etc. Ensure that enoughspace is allowed so that footers are not cut off when copying, faxing, etc.



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8.4.3 Document identifier

The document preparer may assign an identifier (e.g., a number or code) to an SDS to help track andidentify it. It should appear on every page to make sure that all the pages are for the same product. Itmay also appear as part of Section 1: PRODUCT AND COMPANY IDENTIFICATION.

8.4.4 Review/preparation date

The HCS requires every SDS to have a preparation date or the date of the last revision. Display the datein the same format on each page of the SDS so the reader knows that the entire document is the sameversion. If any other dates are used, they should be clearly labeled to avoid possible confusion. All datesshould be formatted to avoid confusion between month/day/year versus day/month/year formats.

8.4.5 Page and section numbers

Number the pages and sections using Arabic numerals rather than Roman numerals or letters of thealphabet. Indicate the total number of pages in the document and/or the last page in the document.

8.4.6 Units of measure

Show numerical data with the appropriate units of measure. These units of measure should be the mostcommonly used for the primary receiving country. For example, English units in the United States (US)and Standard International (SI or metric) units in Europe and Canada; alternative units may be put inparentheses. Indicate the temperature scale of items such as flash point and boiling point, by inserting °For °C (Fahrenheit or Celsius). Pressure and other properties should also be shown in appropriate units.For example, pounds per square inch (psi) could be used for higher pressures and millimeters of mercury(mmHg) might be appropriate for below atmospheric pressure.

On the SDS, for some properties (e.g., vapor pressure, viscosity, solubility) that vary with temperature orother conditions, indicate the conditions under which the value was measured or calculated.

Example:

Boiling Point = 200 °F at 10 mmHg

Vapor Pressure = 4.1 psi at 70 °F (21 °C)

Some properties are dimensionless. Density has units of weight per volume, while specific gravity is adimensionless number. However, the standard against which specific gravity is measured (mostcommonly water or air) should be indicated.

8.4.7 No blank data fields

The HCS and GHS require an entry for every data field listed on an SDS. If information is not available ornot applicable for a listed field, the preparer should indicate it on the SDS accordingly.



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9 Sections of the safety data sheet (SDS)

9.1 Section 1: PRODUCT AND COMPANY IDENTIFICATION

Purpose: This section names the material and links the SDS to the label and shipping documents. It alsoidentifies the manufacturer and provides a mailing address and contact phone number.

Audience: This information is intended for all SDS users.

Scope: The identity of the material and the manufacturer shall be directly linked to the name found on thematerial label and/or shipping papers. This name should appear prominently on each page. The materialmay also be identified by alternative names, numbers, company product codes, Universal Product Code(UPC) or other unique identifiers. Synonyms may be used. A company may choose to use the sameSDS format for countries outside of the United States. Refer to appropriate regulations for specificmodifications (e.g., a brief phrase describing product use is required for Canada and the EU).

If one generic SDS is used to cover several grades or minor variants of a material, all grades or materialnames must be listed on the SDS or the SDS must clearly delineate the range of materials included.

Example:The SDS for Methyl Substituted Quinolites must contain the identifiers found on the label (e.g.,Methoquin AB, Methoquin CD).

Example:

The SDS for Polypropylene 5000 Series (5000 –5999) is the material name, and the label statesthe specific name (e.g., Polypropylene 5005).

If an optional SDS number or code is used to help identify the SDS, it may appear within this section inaddition to appearing on each page of the SDS.

The name of the manufacturer, importer or other responsible party, along with a mailing address andphone number for obtaining additional information, must be included. An Internet website may also beincluded. In addition, a company may have a specific telephone number for quick response toemergencies or for DOT regulatory compliance purposes. This number should be readily identifiable onthe SDS.

Many companies include references to emergency information services on their SDS (e.g., CHEMTREC,CANUTEC [see Glossary]). Consult with the service provider before referencing the service on an SDS,label, etc. Use of these emergency information services requires prior authorization. The current SDSsshould be supplied to the emergency information services.

Indicate if the telephone numbers have any restrictions, such as hours of operation (e.g., Monday – Friday, 8:00 a.m. – 6:00 p.m. EDT or 24 hours) or are limited to a specific type of information (e.g.,general information, medical emergencies, transportation emergencies). If your data sheet is intended forforeign distribution, foreign emergency numbers should be included if available. There should be an

indication that the number is a United States phone number if it is intended to respond to internationalemergencies (e.g., (01) (201) 555-1212 [USA]).



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9.2 Section 2: HAZARDS IDENTIFICATION

9.2.1 Emergency Overview

Purpose: This overview describes the material‘s appearance and most significant immediate concerns.

Audience: Developed primarily for Emergency Responders but useful for all SDS users.

Scope: This subsection includes the physical state of the material and those health, physical andenvironmental hazards that require immediate attention in emergency situations. Labeling statements ofhazard and other appropriate label statements will often be suitable to describe the hazards listed in thissection. Generally, if a hazard is not included on the label, it would not be included in the EmergencyOverview.

This overview should be the first part of Section 2: HAZARDS IDENTIFICATION. It can appear as aparagraph or as a list of statement of hazards, such as those derived in Chapter 5 of this standard.

Items considered for the Emergency Overview include:

What does the material look like? (e.g., color, physical form, shape)

Does it have a distinctive odor? (e.g., sweet, acrid, sour)

Can the vapors be seen? (e.g., color)

The Emergency Overview should also address hazards that, in an emergency situation, can causesevere immediate effects or that require immediate recognition to prevent subsequent serious effects.Following are some questions that may help determine severe immediate hazards:

Does the material require a signal word such as those derived in Chapter 5 of this or otherapplicable standards, etc.? (e.g., WARNING, DANGER)

Is the material flammable, combustible or explosive?

Does it present any significant or unusual fire or explosion hazard? (e.g., travels to source ofignition, forms explosive mixtures, combustible dust explosion hazard)

Is the material an oxidizer, organic peroxide, pyrophoric, unstable (reactive) or water reactive?

Are there significant reactivity hazards associated with emergency conditions? (e.g., uncontrolledreaction with water or organics, spontaneous decomposition)

Is the material shipped under pressure? (e.g., compressed gas, liquefied gas)

Is the material highly toxic (OSHA) or poisonous (DOT)? If so, by what route of entry? Is the

material dangerous when inhaled? (e.g., strong CNS depressant, corrosive, asphyxiation hazard,respiratory sensitizer)

Does it cause burns to living tissue? (e.g., corrosive to skin, eyes, respiratory tract)

Does it cause severe skin and/or eye irritation?

Does it cause an allergic skin reaction?



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Does it require specialized medical treatment for any contact or exposure? (e.g., cyanidepoisoning)

Is it a confirmed, probable or possible human carcinogen? (NTP Report on Carcinogens, IARCGroup 1, 2A or 2B, or OSHA listed carcinogen)

Can a single exposure result in other serious adverse health effects? (e.g., delayed lung effectsafter short term exposure to oxides of nitrogen [NOx] )

Is it highly toxic to aquatic organisms? (e.g., kills fish, algae or Daphnia at low concentrations)

Will it persist in the environment? (e.g., PCBs, mercury)

Example: Paragraph style

DANGER A colorless liquid that can react violently with water, producing invisible clouds of toxic andcorrosive vapor. Extremely corrosive to all body parts. May be fatal if swallowed or inhaled.Exposures require specialized first aid and medical follow-up. Not flammable, but reacts with

most metals to form flammable hydrogen gas.

Example: Label style

A milky white liquid with a strong, sweet odor.

WARNINGMay cause eye irritation.Will burn in a fire.Extremely slippery when spilled.Material is highly toxic to fish.

Hazard symbols, depicted as either black and white renditions or the symbol‘s name, may be included per

international regulations.

If the material is not a significant, immediate concern for Emergency Responders, a statement indicatingthat it presents little or no hazard (if spilled) and/or no unusual hazard if involved in a fire may beincluded.

9.2.2 OSHA Regulatory Status

Indicate the status of the material with respect to the HCS. The HCS status (i.e., hazardous or non-hazardous) can be placed in the section‘s first page and be very helpful to determine whether formaltraining and other activities under the HCS are required. Three suggested phrases are:

(1) This material is not considered hazardous by the OSHA Hazard Communication Standard (29 CFR1910.1200).

(2) While this material is not considered hazardous by the OSHA Hazard Communication Standard (29CFR 1910.1200), this SDS contains valuable information critical to the safe handling and proper use ofthe product. This SDS should be retained and available for employees and other users of this product.

(3) This material is considered hazardous by the OSHA Hazard Communication Standard (29 CFR1910.1200).



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A company may choose to use the same SDS format for countries outside of the United States. Refer toappropriate regulations for specific modifications.

9.2.3 Potential health effects

Purpose: This subsection provides information on the potential adverse health effects and symptomsassociated with exposure to the material and its components or known by-products, taking intoconsideration the customary and reasonably foreseeable use, misuse, handling and storage conditions.See Chapter 5.2 of this Standard for discussion of the health hazard determination process.

The information should be presented in a manner that is easily understood by all audiences, ranging fromthe community and employees to health and medical professionals, since it is the primary source ofhealth effect information for the material. It will aid in determining handling and other procedures.


Scope: This subsection includes information related to human health effects, if known, or presumed likelyas a result of non-human studies. It reports only health effects relevant to humans and presents them ina way that can be quickly and easily understood. Signs and symptoms of exposure and medical

conditions generally known to be aggravated by exposure to the material should be included. Supportingtoxicology and epidemiology summaries or data where the relevance to human health is unclear shouldbe included only in Section 11: TOXICOLOGICAL INFORMATION.

The SDS should include the following elements, if applicable or known:

relevant route(s) of exposure (e.g., eye, skin, inhalation, ingestion);

frequency and duration of exposure (e.g., single, repeated, lifetime);

severity of the effect (e.g., mild, moderate, severe);

target organ(s) (e.g., liver, kidney, lung, skin);

type of effect (e.g., irritation, allergic skin reaction, birth defects, cancer, blood effects);

signs and symptoms of exposure;

medical conditions or medication interactions generally known to be aggravated by exposure tothe material;

interactions with other chemicals known to enhance toxicity (e.g., methyl ethyl ketone increasesn-hexane neurotoxicity)

For mixtures, the specific components that are the source of the hazard may be identified here or inanother section, such as Section 11: TOXICOLOGICAL INFORMATION.

Carcinogens or potential carcinogens listed by OSHA, IARC or NTP shall be identified. Include them inthis subsection during the discussion of health hazards or identify the hazard in this section and note thelisting of the chemical in a separate section, such as Section 3: COMPOSITION/INFORMATION ONINGREDIENTS, Section 15: REGULATORY INFORMATION or Section 16: OTHER INFORMATION.

If there are data on a material that indicates that there are no significant health effects, this may beincluded on the SDS. Although there is no OSHA regulatory requirement that ―negative‖ test results (i.e.,



41

no adverse effects) be included on the SDS, this fact may be important to the SDS reader. It should bementioned in Section 11: TOXICOLOGICAL INFORMATION and may also be included in Section 2.

Example:

EYE- May cause slight irritation.

SKIN- Prolonged exposure may cause skin irritation.- A single, prolonged exposure is not likely to result in the material being absorbed through skin in

harmful amounts.

INGESTION- Material is slightly toxic.- Small amounts (a teaspoonful) are not likely to cause damage.

INHALATION- Material is rapidly absorbed through the lungs.- May cause damage to liver and kidneys.- Overexposure may cause central nervous system depression, including drowsiness and

unconsciousness.- May cause irregular heartbeats, especially under conditions of stress.

CHRONIC EFFECTS- Prolonged or repeated overexposure causes liver and kidney damage.- May cause cancer based on animal studies.- Listed as probable human carcinogen by IARC (Group 2A).- The material has been tested in rats and found to cause no significant reproductive effects.

SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS- Eye and skin irritation (redness or swelling); drowsiness or unconsciousness; and irregular heartbeats.- Kidney damage may be seen by changes in urine output, urine appearance or edema (swelling from

fluid retention).

- Liver damage may be seen by loss of appetite, jaundice (yellowish skin color) and occasional pain inthe upper abdomen.

See Section 11: TOXICOLOGICAL INFORMATION.

9.2.4 Potential environmental effects

Purpose: This subsection may be used to provide information on the potential effects associated withrelease of the material and its components or known by-products into the environment.


Scope: This subsection includes information related to significant environmental hazards. It reports onlyrelevant effects and presents them in a way that can be quickly and easily understood.

If the relevance to environmental fate and effect is unclear, the potential effects should be reported inSection 12: ECOLOGICAL INFORMATION, where appropriate discussion of the study can be made.This type of data presentation can be used to improve the readability of the document across audiences.

If there are no significant environmental effects, this may be included on the SDS. Although there is noregulatory requirement that ―negative‖ test results be included on the SDS, this fact may be important to



42

the SDS reader. It should be mentioned in Section 12: ECOLOGICAL INFORMATION and may also beincluded in Section 2.

For mixtures, the specific components that are the source of the hazard may be identified here or inanother section, such as Section 12: ECOLOGICAL INFORMATION.

Example:

Toxic to aquatic organisms.

Example:

May cause long-term adverse effects in the aquatic environment.

Example:

Not considered to be harmful to aquatic life.

Example:

The material has been tested in algae and found to cause no significant toxic effects.

Example:

See Section 12: ECOLOGICAL INFORMATION.

9.3 Section 3: COMPOSITION/INFORMATION ON INGREDIENTS

Purpose: This section identifies the components of a material.


Scope: All components, by-products and impurities that contribute to the hazards of the material or whichotherwise meet the HCS criteria of a hazardous ingredient should be included in this section.Manufacturers may choose to include other significant components including non-hazardous impurities

and by-products, and chemicals covered under other federal, state or local regulations. Somemanufacturers may choose to use this section for full ingredient disclosure. If a manufacturer chooses tolist hazardous and non-hazardous components, it is useful to differentiate between the two.

When evaluating components for inclusion in this section, be aware of unique classes of materials.These materials may be hazardous reaction products formed during normal use (intended or unintendedchemical generation), complex streams from a refining process or other ―complex mixtures‖ where theidentity of individual components may be unknown or may vary. Complex chemical mixtures that arerecognized as single substances may be listed as a single component. If cited hazards are attributed to acomponent of the complex mixture, then it is advisable to indicate its presence; however, often it is notpossible to distinguish the exact component responsible for the hazards of the ―complex mixture‖ (e.g.,gasoline, creosote).

Exposure limits (e.g., PELs, TLVs, STELs) should not be included in this section. They should belocated in Section 8: EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION only.

The regulatory status of components that appear on specific lists (e.g., SARA Title III; CERCLA)should not be included in this section. They should be located in Section 15: REGULATORYINFORMATION only.

A company may choose to use the same SDS format for countries outside of the United States.Refer to appropriate regulations for specific modifications.



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List components by chemical name, common name or synonym of component. The followingthree options may be used for listing components:

— Option 1 – Hazardous components only (the minimum required under the HCS)

— Option 2 – Hazardous components plus other significant components

— Option 3 – Full disclosure of components

For any of these three options, the following approaches should be used:

List corresponding CAS registry numbers, confidential chemical inventory number or trade secretregistration numbers (i.e., New Jersey, Canada), where available.

Provide percentages or ranges of percentages by weight or volume (state which) unlesspercentages are trade secrets.

If one or more components are a trade secret, a company may indicate this by identifying thecomponent(s) either by use of the words ―proprietary‖ or ―trade secret‖ or by describing thecomponent(s) generically (e.g., surfactant).

9.4 Section 4: FIRST AID MEASURES

9.4.1 First aid procedures

Purpose: This section is intended to provide appropriate emergency and first aid instruction. Provideinstruction for each applicable route, in plain language, when the results of exposure require immediatetreatment (first aid) and when simple measures may be taken before professional medical assistance isavailable. First aid procedures should be brief and easily understood by any untrained individual. Asmany common first aid terms may have different meaning or understandings in other languages or

cultures, caution must be used to ensure that contents are easily understood. It may also be appropriateto include specific information (e.g., antidotes) for emergency responders and trained healthcareprofessionals.

Audience: This information is intended for all SDS users. This information is also included on the labeland is intended for all label users.

Scope: Recommended first aid should be relevant to the effects described in Section 2.3 of the SDS.The following general instructions should be observed when describing first aid measures in this section:

Provide instructions by route of exposure. Use subheadings to indicate the procedure for eachroute (e.g., inhalation, skin, eye and ingestion). Arrange these subheadings in the same order asthose in the Potential Health Effects heading, if appropriate.

Instructions should be consistent with first aid statements included on precautionary labeling.

When no adverse health effects are noted, first aid is not necessary. However, a statement aboutnormal hygiene practices is appropriate.

Include simple remedial measures (e.g., wash contacted area, remove clothing, remove theexposed individual from the area) if it will lessen exposure.



44

If applicable, include information on first aid for exposures that result from a specific method ofhandling as opposed to the toxicity of the material (e.g., frostbite from cryogenic liquids or thermalburns from molten solids).

Indicate whether immediate medical attention is required and if delayed effects can be expectedafter exposure. When there is no specific information, the following types of information should

be cited, based on sound professional judgment:

— removal of exposed individual from area (to fresh air);

— removal of material from individual;

— advice on removal and handling of contaminated clothing and shoes;

— advice on whether to get immediate medical assistance.

A brief description of the most important symptoms and effects, especially when useful for diagnostic andfurther treatment, may be given here, but a detailed description of symptoms and effects should be givenunder Section 2: HAZARDS IDENTIFICATION.

9.4.2 First aid statements

First aid statements should be easily understood, in brief and clear language so individuals who have nospecialized training as medical or emergency responders can administer treatment.

9.4.2.1 First aid for exposure to eyes and skin

The following advice applies to most chemicals. See Tables B, C, E and G in Chapter 13 for morespecific first aid instructions.

(a) If the material gets into the eye, the first aid advice recommended is to flush the eye under running

water for at least 15 minutes. If easy to do, remove contact lenses and continue to flush with water.

(b) For skin exposure, the removal of contaminated clothing and the rinsing or washing of the exposedsurface is recommended.

Some exposures may warrant different first aid measures.

(a) For contact with hot materials that cause thermal burns, clothing should not be removed and exposedskin should be cooled with plenty of water.

(b) For eye and skin exposure to corrosive chemicals, medical personnel should be contactedimmediately and the eyes and skin should be flushed under running water for longer than 15 minutes.

9.4.2.2 First aid for inhalation

Moving the person from the contaminated area to fresh air is the most immediate first aid measurefollowing inhalation exposure. See Tables D, E and F in Chapter 13.



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9.4.2.3 First aid for ingestion

The most important recommendation to include as first aid for occupational chemical ingestion is to call apoison control center or physician.

There is no indication that offering liquid following ingestion is effective, and in some circumstances it may

be harmful. It is important not to force a person to drink if they are not able as the inability to swallow mayindicate burns in the mouth, throat and stomach. Likewise, large quantities of liquids should not be givenas this could enhance absorption of the material from the gastrointestinal tract, cause physical discomfort,and may lead to vomiting or other complications. In addition, nothing should be given by mouth toanyone who is unconscious, losing consciousness or when seizures are likely.

In general, it is not recommended to induce vomiting for ingested chemicals. The induction of vomitingfollowing ingestion of potentially harmful substances may not always be effective and may even prove tobe harmful with some materials.

The instruction ―to induce vomiting‖ is contraindicated if the material is:

corrosive,

a petroleum distillate or other hydrocarbon that has the potential for aspiration into the lungs leadingto chemical pneumonitis, such as:

certain low viscosity petroleum hydrocarbons (e.g., kerosene, mineral seal oil, naphtha,gasoline, mineral spirits, Stoddard solvent and related petroleum distillates);

aromatic hydrocarbons (e.g., benzene, toluene and xylene); and,

products containing 10% or more by weight of aromatic and/or petroleum hydrocarbons.

a halogenated hydrocarbon (e.g., perchloroethylene, trichloroethylene, methylene chloride) or mixturethat may present other immediate and systemic health effects after ingestion.

For more detailed information, the reader should refer to various resources in clinical toxicology, such as:

M. Ellenhorn, Ellenhorn‘s Medical Toxicology: Diagnosis and Treatment of Human Poisoning,2nd ed. (1996);

K.R. Olson, ed., Poisoning & Drug Overdose, 4nd Edition (2003);

L. R. Goldfrank, ed., Goldfrank‘s Toxicologic Emergencies, 7th Edition (2002);

P. Viccellio, ed., Emergency Toxicology, 2nd Edition (1998).

See also, the first aid section of the CPSC‘s Labeling Guide (Final, 2000).

Example:

First Aid: If swallowed, call a poison control center or physician immediately. Do NOT inducevomiting unless directed to do so by a poison control center or physician. Never give anythingby mouth to an unconscious person.

9.4.2.3.1 When the induction of vomiting is warranted

For some rare cases in which a substance warrants immediate removal from the digestive tract ifswallowed, the recommendation to induce vomiting may be appropriate. Examples include chemicalshaving a high acute toxicity. The recommendation to induce vomiting should be reviewed andapproved by a physician, poison control center or other health care professional.

If there is a recommendation to induce vomiting, an additional statement on the SDS and label to contacta poison control center, physician, or healthcare professional should be included.



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For substances that present an ingestion hazard, the recommended first aid instructions for containerlabels are presented in Table H of Chapter 13.

9.4.3 Note to physicians

Purpose: This subsection conveys additional information on antidotes, specific treatments and diagnosticprocedures outside of customary generic treatment administered by healthcare professionals forexposure to potentially hazardous substances.

Audience: This information is intended for healthcare professionals.

Scope: This subsection is recommended when there is additional infor mation available for exposures tospecific chemicals. The information included here can relate to both immediate and delayed effects. Theinformation can address both treatment/therapy and diagnostic procedures. Some considerations includethe following:

Information on signs and symptoms following exposures to specific chemicals (e.g.,cholinesterase-inhibitors, cyanides and substances that release the cyanide ion, andmethemoglobinemia-producing chemicals, etc.);

Clinical testing and medical monitoring for delayed effects;

Specific procedures for treatment, including details on the use of activated charcoal or lavage;

Specific supportive treatment (medical management), e.g., supporting blood pressure or kidneyfunction;

Treatment/therapy and diagnostic procedures which may be affected by preexisting medicalconditions and involve a medical judgment; and,

When usual and customary procedures should not be performed due to contraindications.

It is recommended that the user of this Standard discuss with a medical professional the need for, or theappropriateness of , a ―Notes to physicians‖ section. A physician should approve all ―Notes to physicians‖ sections.

9.4.3.1 Antidotes

Use of ―No Antidote Known‖ is not recommended, as this may create anxiety and misunderstandingconcerning the toxic potential of the material.

Specific, effective antidotes known and that may be administered by either medical or non-medicalpersonnel (with appropriate training) should be included.

Generally, antidotes are considered agents that prevent or reduce the effects of a poison. They can:change the movement and metabolism of a chemical within the body;

enhance the elimination of a specific toxic agent; and,

interfere with the chemical toxic mechanism of action.

Many, if not all, antidotes need to be administered by trained professionals such as physicians, nursesand emergency responders. While there are relatively few clinically proven antidotes for specific chemicalover-exposures or poisonings, those that are available, when administered in a timely manner, cansignificantly reduce both morbidity and mortality.



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Information on proper administration of the antidote and any contraindications should be included.

The user of this Standard should discuss with a medical professional both the need for and theappropriateness of an antidote statement in their precautionary labeling. Physicians should approve allantidote statements. If possible, physicians trained in occupational medicine or clinical toxicology shouldbe consulted. Some industrial chemicals for which specific antidotes are available are listed below:

carbon monoxide;

cyanides and those substances that release the cyanide ion;

ethylene glycol;

hydrofluoric acid;

heavy metals such as arsenic, lead, cobalt, mercury;

methanol;

methemoglobinemia-producing chemicals; and

organophosphate and carbamate compounds (insecticides).

Physicians may not always be immediately familiar with a specific antidote(s) and its appropriateadministration or with specific protocols found useful by medical experts in the management of industrialpoisonings. Therefore, it is highly desirable to acquaint the physician with an available antidote and a

protocol for its administration or with a specific protocol of medical management through a ―Notes tophysicians‖ section.

In some cases, antidotes are incorrectly administered, as in the use of atropine for pesticides in general,including those that do not inhibit cholinesterase. In these instances, a statement that a particularantidote should not be used may be useful to the health care professional.

Example:

This product is not an inhibitor of cholinesterase. Treatment with atropine and oximes is notindicated.

9.5 Section 5: FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES

Purpose: The information should describe the specific hazards arising from the fire and explosiveproperties of the material, the appropriate extinguishing media for the fire and special protectiveequipment and precautions for fire fighting. This provides the person handling the material withappropriate instruction for confining and extinguishing fires.

This section is not intended to deal with non-emergency situations, such as proper handling and storageof flammables nor thermal stability of materials. Such information belongs in Section 7: HANDLING ANDSTORAGE and Section 10: STABILITY AND REACTIVITY.

Under certain stated conditions it may not be safe or advisable to extinguish a fire. In these instances thelimiting conditions should be clearly stated.

Audience: This section is intended for employers, employees, emergency responders, and occupationalhealth and safety professionals.

9.5.1 Flammable properties

Scope: Qualitative flammable properties and reactivity hazards that enhance the fire and explosionpotential such as those listed below should be stated in this section:



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Example:

Powdered material may form explosive dust-air mixture.

Example:

Contact with combustible materials may cause fire.

Example:Forms peroxides of unknown stability.

Example:

This product is a poor conductor of electricity and can become electrostatically charged. Ifsufficient charge is accumulated, ignition of flammable mixtures can occur. To reduce potentialfor static discharge, use proper bonding and grounding procedures.

Flammable properties, such as flash point and flammable (explosive) limits that describe the potential firehazard of a material, are considered as basic physical properties and belong in Section 9: PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES. The flammable properties may be repeated in this section if they areconsidered useful in fire fighting of certain kinds of materials or in certain industries. A statement to directthe reader to Section 9 for flammable properties may be included.

Specific flammability classifications such as those of National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) may beintroduced in this section if they are particularly useful for certain materials or in certain industries.

9.5.2 Extinguishing media

Scope: Note the appropriate (suitable) extinguishing media that should be utilized in the event or threatof a fire as well as those extinguishing media that should be avoided (unsuitable). If applicable, additionalguidance should also be provided regarding the appropriate application of suitable media, the reasonsthat specified media are unsuitable and further insight on the characteristics or use of specified media.

9.5.2.1 Suitable extinguishing media

Specify suitable extinguishing media for a fire. The instructions should be direct, simple and recommendthe suitable extinguishing media for control. Provide additional details on nature and use of media ifwarranted. A distinction should be made between an agent used to extinguish a fire and one used as aprecautionary measure to lessen the threat or impact of a fire.

See table below for fire instructions. The instructions in the table are applicable in most cases. Beadvised that certain chemicals will require very specific procedures. Additional fire hazard statements arefound in Chapter 13, Table I, part 1 and Table J.

Fire action statements

Type of chemical Fire extinguishing statements

For water-soluble, miscible or dilutable liquids In case of fire, use water fog, drychemical, CO2 or "alcohol-resistant" foam.

For water-immiscible liquids with specific gravity

1 (lighter than water)

In case of fire, use water fog,foam, dry chemicals or CO2.Liquid will float and may re-ignite



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on surface of water.

For water-immiscible liquids with specific gravity

1 (heavier than water)

In case of fire, use water spray(fog)*, foam, dry chemical or CO2.

For solids such as oxidizing agents where wateris appropriate and not dangerous

In case of fire, soak (flood)* withwater.

For solids where water is not appropriate In case of fire, smother with drysand or Class D fire extinguishingagents.

For flammable gases In case of fire, allow gas to burnuntil flow can be safely shut off. Apply water spray from a safedistance to cool adjacentcontainers and protect surroundingarea.

* Substitute or add appropriate words in parentheses.

The following reference can be used to evaluate fire control methods. Professional judgment should beused in these evaluations.

Fire Protection Handbook, 19th edition, January 1, 2003 or most recent edition; National FireProtection Association; Quincy, MA.

Example:

Use foam, carbon dioxide (CO2) or dry chemical to extinguish fire. Caution: CO2 will displaceair in confined spaces and may cause an oxygen deficient atmosphere.

Example:

Limit use of water spray to cool fire-exposed containers and to protect personnel.

9.5.2.2 Unsuitable extinguishing media

Identify unsuitable extinguishing media for a fire. If there is an unsuitable extinguishing media that wouldcreate a hazard, that information should be included on the label and explained further in otherprecautionary labeling. The reason(s) why it is inappropriate should also be noted.

Example:

Water may not be effective to extinguish fire.

Example:

Spattering of flammable liquid may result from spraying water.

9.5.3 Protection of firefighters

Scope: In a fire situation, awareness of physical, chemical and thermal hazards is necessary so thatprotection of human health can be ensured. Proper instructions to firefighters can also help minimizeimpacts to the environment and property loss.



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Guidance to firefighters should reflect the specific properties of the material because of difficulties inanticipating the size of the fire, the amount of material(s) involved, the immediate surroundings and otherfactors. All properties of the material that are likely to be hazardous must be considered whether thematerial itself is burning or it is in proximity to other burning materials.

9.5.3.1 Specific hazards arising from the chemical (e.g., nature of any hazardous combustionproducts)

Physical hazards

Some physical hazards to consider are explosive decomposition and violent rupture of containerscaused by thermal expansion of compressed gases and liquids or by hazardous polymerization.

Chemical hazards

Chemical hazards result most often from toxicity or corrosivity of either the material itself, its thermaldecomposition products or from the contact of the material with surrounding substances includingmetals, air and water. Provide warnings concerning the expected route of exposure. In addition,highlight any conditions that are exacerbated or created by the conditions of a fire. For example, a

material with high toxicity by inhalation but a low vapor pressure at ambient temperatures will bemuch more hazardous in a fire than under normal conditions.

The potential release of toxic products of combustion, such as carbon monoxide, should bementioned. Since a variety of combustion products are possible from a given material, depending onfire conditions, a brief statement may be all that is appropriate. The SDS should identify likely toxiccomponents if the ―smoke‖ (products of combustion) could be an unusually greater hazard than mightoccur in a typical structural fire.

Example:

Products of combustion include acrid fumes including compound X.

Example:

Products of combustion include possible cyanide-containing fumes.

Example:

Products of combustion include highly toxic fumes of hydrogen fluoride.

Thermal hazards

Thermal hazards occur when burning materials give off intense heat, causing an increased likelihoodthat the fire will spread.

Example:

Containers can rupture and release highly toxic vapors or decomposition products if exposed toheat.

Example:

Hazardous polymerization may take place during a fire due to heat. Closed containers couldviolently rupture.



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9.5.3.2 Protective equipment and precautions for firefighters

Instructions for firefighters should be written to allow them to rapidly determine a strategy for controllingand containing a fire while protecting themselves.

Standard protective equipment and precautions

Standard protection for all firefighters stated in this subsection of the SDS text should include self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) and full fire fighting turn-out gear (Bunker gear).

Specific protective equipment and precautions

For specific materials where this is not adequate protection, make further recommendations basedupon the description of the specific hazards of the material.

Additional examples of topics to address here are: warnings against flashback of flammable vapors;spattering and frothing from spraying water; using foam on high flash point liquids; using water spray tocool containers; establishing access points upwind of the hot zone; or creating a containment plan andmeasures for limiting environmental impact.

Example:

Stop flow of gas before attempting to extinguish fire.

Example:

Evacuate area and fight fire from a safe distance.

Example:

Keep upwind of fire. Wear full fire fighting turn-out gear (full Bunker gear) and respiratoryprotection (SCBA). Cool container with water spray.

9.6 Section 6: ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES

Purpose: This section contains information for responding to spills, leaks or releases in order to preventor minimize the adverse effects on persons, property and the environment. Methods for handling spills orleaks, in the absence of fire, shall be included when appropriate to allow immediate action to containspills. This will minimize exposures and help prevent personal injury and environmental contamination.

Audience: This information is intended for employees, employers, emergency responders, occupationalhealth and safety professionals, and transportation professionals.

9.6.1 Personal precautions

Scope: Include information on personal protective equipment and precautions relating to spills andreleases of the material. Examples could include removal of ignition sources for flammable materials,evacuation procedures, warnings to stay upwind, and securing the area. It may be useful to indicatewhen no special instructions are necessary or reference other sections that could be helpful. Include astatement that refers readers to personal protective equipment specified in Section 8: EXPOSURECONTROL/PERSONAL PROTECTION.

Example:

Use personal protection recommended in Section 8. Isolate the hazard area and deny entry tounnecessary and unprotected personnel.



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9.6.2 Environmental Precautions

Scope: Include information on equipment and environmental precautions relating to spills and releases ofthe material.

Example:

This material is a water pollutant. Keep out of drains, sewers, ditches and waterways.Minimize use of water to prevent environmental contamination.

9.6.3 Methods for containment

Scope: Include information on techniques and equipment to contain (e.g., diking or capping) or preventfurther spread of spilled material or leaking containers. Where appropriate, distinguish betweenresponses for large and small spills. It may be useful to indicate when no special instructions arenecessary.

Example:

Contain spilled liquid with sand or earth. DO NOT use combustible materials, such as sawdust.

9.6.4. Methods for clean-up

Scope: Include information on techniques (e.g., neutralization, decontamination, absorption, sweeping,vacuuming, proper media) and equipment (e.g., non-sparking tools) to clean-up spilled or leaked materialand decontamination of the site. Where appropriate, distinguish between responses for large and smallquantities of material. It may be useful to indicate when no special instructions are necessary.

Example:

Eliminate all ignition sources. Use explosion-proof equipment. Dust can be a fire or explosionhazard. Vacuum or sweep material and place in a disposal container.

Example:

Spills of fine material should be cleaned using gentle sweeping or vacuuming in accordancewith ‗best practices‘ (e.g. NFPA-654).

Example:

Cleaning methods (e.g. compressed air) which can generate potentially combustible dustclouds should not be used.

9.6.5 Other information

Scope: There may be specific reporting requirements associated with spills, leaks or releases. It may beuseful to reference such reporting requirements in this section or in Section 15: REGULATORYINFORMATION.

Example:

US regulations require reporting spills of this material that could reach any surface waters. Thetoll-free phone number for the US Coast Guard National Response Center is 1-800-424-8802.



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9.6.6 Spill or leak statements by type of chemical

Scope: The appropriate spill or leak statements used on hazard communication documents aredependent on the physical form or physical/chemical hazards present in the material. See table below forsuggested spill or leak statements for different physical forms or hazards. The instructions in the tableare applicable in most cases. Be advised that certain chemicals will require very specific procedures. Additional spill or leak statements are found in Chapter 13, Table J.

Spill or leak statements

Type of chemical Spill or leak statement

Most liquids Use appropriate Personal protectiveequipment (PPE). Contain and/or absorbspill with inert material (specify sand,vermiculite or other appropriate material)*,then place in suitable container. Prevent run-off from entering drains, sewers or

waterways.Liquids where water may cause dangerousreaction or otherwise create further hazard

Use appropriate Personal ProtectionEquipment (PPE). Contain and/or absorbspill with inert material (specify sand,vermiculite or other appropriate material)*,then place in suitable container. Do not flushto sewer. Prevent run-off from enteringdrains, sewers or waterways.

Flammable/Combustible liquid, low watersolubility

Eliminate all ignition sources. Useappropriate Personal protective equipment(PPE). Absorb and/or contain spill with inertmaterials (specify sand, vermiculite or otherappropriate material) *, then place in

appropriate container. For large spills, usewater spray to disperse vapors, flush spillarea. Do not flush to sewer. Prevent run-offfrom entering drains, sewers or waterways.

Flammable/Combustible liquid, water-soluble Eliminate all ignition sources. Useappropriate Personal protective equipment(PPE). Absorb and/or contain spill with inertmaterial (specify sand, vermiculite or otherappropriate material)*, then place in suitablecontainer. For large spills: use water spray todisperse vapors and dilute spill to anonflammable mixture. Do not flush tosewer. Prevent run-off from entering drains,sewers or waterways.

Most solids Use appropriate Personal protectiveequipment (PPE). Carefully shovel or sweepup spilled material and place in suitablecontainer. Avoid generating dust.

Oxidizers Evacuate area. Wear a self-containedbreathing apparatus and appropriatePersonal protective equipment (PPE).



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Type of chemical Spill or leak statement

Contain and recover liquid when possible.Flush spill area with water spray. Do notflush to sewer. Prevent run-off from entering

drains, sewers or waterways.Flammable gas Evacuate area. Do not enter flammablerelease area. Eliminate all ignition sources.Stop flow of gas. Increase ventilation torelease area. Wear a self-containedbreathing apparatus and appropriatePersonal protective equipment (PPE).

Toxic gas (non-flammable) Evacuate area. Wear a self-containedbreathing apparatus and appropriatePersonal protective equipment (PPE). Stopflow of gas.

Strong acid or strong base Use Personal protective equipment (PPE). Absorb and/or contain spill with inert material(specify sand, vermiculite or otherappropriate material),* then place in suitablecontainer. For large spills: neutralize spillarea with (specify appropriate material).Flush spill area with water spray. Do notflush to sewer. Prevent run-off from enteringdrains, sewers or waterways.

Pyrophoric solid or liquid Use Personal protective equipment (PPE).Cover with sand or earth. Scoop up andstore in non-combustible container. Flushspill area with water spray. Do not flush tosewer. Prevent run-off from entering drains,sewers or waterways.

* Select applicable word or words.

9.7 Section 7: HANDLING AND STORAGE

9.7.1 Handling

Purpose: This subsection provides guidance on safe handling practices.

Audience: This information is intended for employees, occupational health and safety professionals andemployers.

Scope: Emphasize precautions that are proper for the unique properties of the material rather thanreviewing general good workplace practices.

Note or reference specific regulatory requirements that may exist for the safe handling of the material.

List handling practices that would:

minimize contact between the worker and the material;



55

minimize fire risks from flammable and combustible materials (including combustible dust andstatic accumulating liquids) or dangerous reactions with incompatible materials;

minimize release of the material to the environment.

Include general warnings on what practices to avoid or restrict. Include handling practices, such as how

to prevent vapor release, the need for a totally enclosed system, and other useful practices.

Standard precautionary label statements are suitable text for this section. (Refer to Precautionarymeasures listed in Tables A-J in Chapter 13).

Example: General warning to prevent exposure

Do not breathe (dust, vapor, mist, gas).

Example: General warning to prevent exposure

Avoid contact with skin, eyes or clothing.

Example: General hygiene recommendations to prevent continued exposureWash thoroughly after handling.

Example: General hygiene recommendations to prevent continued exposure

Destroy contaminated shoes in proper manner.

Example: Recommendations to prevent sudden pressure release

To avoid sudden release of pressure, loosen closure cautiously before opening.

Example: For solids that are combustible dusts in their ―as-manufactured‘ form

Airborne dusts are potentially explosive. Avoid significant deposits of material, especially onhorizontal surfaces, which may become airborne and form combustible dust clouds and maycontribute to secondary explosions. Handling and processing operations should be conductedin accordance with ‗best practices‘ (e.g. NFPA-654).

Example: For solids that are not combustible dusts in their ‗as-manufactured‘ form but maygenerate fines during handling, processing, or other ‗reasonably anticipated‘ end-uses

Combustible dust clouds may be created where operations produce fine material (dust). Avoidsignificant deposits of material, especially on horizontal surfaces, which may become airborneand form combustible dust clouds and may contribute to secondary explosions. Handling andprocessing operations should be conducted in accordance with ‗best practices‘ (e.g.NFPA -654).

Example: Use of bonding and grounding for materials that may be static accumulatingflammable liquids

Handling operations that can promote accumulation of static charges include but are not limitedto: mixing, filtering, pumping at high flow rates, splash filling, creating mists or sprays, tank andcontainer filling, tank cleaning, sampling, gauging, switch loading, vacuum truck operations. Toreduce potential for static discharge, ensure that all equipment is properly grounded, bondedand meets appropriate electrical classification requirements.



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Statements about use of grounding and explosion-proof equipment are recommended for:

very ignition-sensitive vapors (e.g., hydrogen, carbon disulfide, acetylene);

ignition-sensitive explosives; and,

flammable or combustible materials.

Example: Recommendations for grounding and explosion-proof equipmentTo reduce potential for static discharge, bond and ground containers when transferringmaterial.

Statements about use of non-sparking tools are recommended for:

very ignition-sensitive vapors (e.g., hydrogen, carbon disulfide, acetylene); and,

ignition-sensitive explosives.

Example:

Use spark-proof tools and explosion-proof equipment.

List which practices should be followed to avoid dangerous reactions, such as inert gas blanketing, notusing oil in equipment used for strong oxidizers, or not opening drums that could be under pressure.

Example:

Keep under nitrogen blanket.

Example:

Use only clean, dry utensils in handling.

Include precautions about handling molten or hot materials, and cryogenics.

Example:

Heat resistant gloves are recommended when handling molten materials.

9.7.2 Storage

Purpose: Provide information about appropriate storage practices.

Audience: This information is intended for employees and employers, including those involved in storageor transport of the material.

Scope: Emphasis should be placed on avoiding unusual or unique conditions that could injure individualsworking with the stored materials as well as damage physical structures. Consider explosiveatmospheres, corrosive conditions and flammability hazards.

Consider conditions that could damage or destroy the product and its container, incompatible materials,evaporative conditions and ambient conditions (e.g., pressure, temperature, humidity, vibration). Storageregulations for flammable and combustible liquids are in part based on flash point. In some cases, it may



57

be useful to include the flash point and/or storage class on labels as information pertinent to storageregulations and codes. (See NFPA 30, Flammable and Combustible Liquids Code).

Also, include information on conditions necessary to maintain the integrity of the material. Note the needfor any special construction materials necessary for packaging. Such information is required on SDSsintended for jurisdictions such as the European Union. Note or reference specific regulatory requirementsthat may exist for the safe storage of the material.

Example: Molten material

Solidifies at about ___ °F (___ °C) and may break container. Store in moderately warm place.

9.8 Section 8: EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION

9.8.1 Exposure guidelines

Purpose: This subsection identifies established exposure guidelines for the material and/or itscomponents.

Audience: This information is intended for occupational health and safety professionals, employers andemployees.

Scope: OSHA PELs, ACGIH TLVs and BEIs, and established company exposure guidelines shall belisted in the SDS for a pure material and for the components of a mixture which are required to bedisclosed by regulation. Include other exposure guidelines at your discretion. These may include limitsthat are appropriate for other countries where the material may be used, and/or state-mandated PELs.

Exposure guidelines should indicate the identity of the material or the component, list the exposure limitincluding units of measure, specific notations (e.g., skin, ceiling or STEL) and exposure limits based onnon-standard timeframes. The chemical names should match the names of the components listed inSection 3. If a TLV or PEL has a different name than the name of that component in Section 3, it should

be explained to avoid confusion.

Example: Exposure guidelines presented as text

Exposure guidelines:

methylchemical – TWA: 100 ppm, STEL: 150 ppm (OSHA and ACGIH) – TWA: 50 ppm, STEL: 100 ppm (XYZ Company)

ethylchemical – TWA: 50 ppm, STEL: N.E.

propylchemical – TWA: 200 ppm, STEL: 250 ppm (skin) (OSHA and ACGIH)

butylchemical – TWA: 250 ppm (ACGIH)

(N.E. – Not Established)



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Example: Exposure guidelines presented as table

Exposure guidelines:

OSHA ACGIH XYZ Company

Ccomponent TWA STEL TWA STEL TWA STEL Unit

methylchemical 100 150 100 150 50 100 ppmethylchemical 50 N.E. 50 N.E. N.E. N.E. ppm

propylchemical 200(s) 250(s) 200(s) 250(s) N.E. N.E. ppm

butylchemical N.E. N.E. 250 N.E. N.E. N.E. ppm

(s) – Skin

(N.E. – Not Established)

9.8.2 Engineering controls

Purpose: This subsection discusses the engineering controls that may be appropriate to help minimizechemical or physical hazards.

Audience: This information is intended for employers, employees and occupational health and safetyprofessionals.

Scope: This subsection includes any generally applicable engineering control measures, includingventilation needs and special process conditions needed to control exposures or hazards of the materialduring its normal anticipated use.

Include a statement such as ―no specific controls are needed‖ for relatively innocuous materials or―handle only in fully enclosed systems and equipment‖ for materials that pose a high degree of hazard.Recommendations should adhere to good engineering practices. State the goals and limitations of

ventilation systems and other engineering controls. These may include reducing exposures belowestablished limits or controlling levels to minimize the potential of a physical hazard.

Example:

Use exhaust ventilation to keep airborne concentrations below exposure limits.

Design criteria usually cannot be specified in an SDS because of its complexity. This information is moreappropriate in a technical design bulletin.

9.8.3 Personal protective equipment (PPE)

Purpose: This subsection provides guidance for selection of personal protective equipment (PPE)needed to minimize the potential for illness or injury due to exposure from the material.

Audience: This subsection is intended for employers, employees, occupational health and safetyprofessionals, and emergency responders.

Scope: Recommend PPE for each route of exposure that presents a potential hazard – inhalation, skinand eye/face. Note specific regulatory requirements for PPE (e.g., Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA)5(e) consent orders or significant new-use rules; OSHA chemical-specific standards). List the preferredPPE material of construction (including eye protection, gloves, boots, etc.) as well as the recommended



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type of respirator, including the cartridge type. If known, also list the materials of construction and type ofrespirator that are NOT suitable for the product. Emphasize the importance of minimizing or preventingcontact or exposure to the product.

Example:

Always wear a NIOSH-approved, positive-pressure, air-supplied respirator when handling thismaterial.

Base the recommendations on the specific properties and hazards of the product. The text should coverPPE appropriate for:

normal use and handling where the exposure potential has been determined;

reasonably foreseeable use or misuse (e.g., emergency situations) where the potential forexposure is not well defined.

Fire fighting universally requires full respiratory protection (SCBA) and full fire fighting turnout gear

(Bunker gear) to protect the wearer from a variety of hazards. If the material has some toxic hazard thatcould render the turnout gear inadequate under certain conditions, state this in Section 5: FIREFIGHTING MEASURES and refer the reader to this section for further guidance.

Section 6: ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES should warn of a general need for PPE and refer thereader to Section 8 for instructions. By having all the PPE information together in this section, the readercan most effectively decide what PPE should be worn. Some additional information for recommendingthe proper PPE is found below.

9.8.3.1 Eye/face protection

Specify type of eye protection (safety glasses, goggles) and whether a face shield is necessary based onthe hazard of the material and potential for contact. Include a general note on the circumstances

requiring the PPE.

Example:

Wear chemical splash goggles and face shield when eye and face contact is possible due tosplashing or spraying of material.

9.8.3.2 Skin protection

Specify protective equipment to be worn (e.g., gloves, boots, bodysuit). Allow the reader to makedecisions based on both SDS data and an assessment of the local exposure potential.

To the extent possible, identify recommended materials of construction for protective equipment.

Conversely, identify materials known to be unacceptable. Base the recommendations on laboratorypermeation data, or appropriate field experience.

When specifying protective equipment for radioactive materials or those that represent a thermal hazard(e.g., molten materials, cryogenics), special consideration should be given to materials of constructionand equipment design.



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Example:

Wear chemical resistant clothing such as gloves, apron, boots or whole bodysuits made fromneoprene, as appropriate.

9.8.3.3 Respiratory protection

Identify appropriate types of respiratory protection for different conditions and the limitations on their use.

When air-purifying respirators are recommended, specify the proper purifying element (cartridge orcanister).

Example:

A NIOSH-approved air-purifying respirator with an organic vapor cartridge or canister may bepermissible under certain circumstances where airborne concentrations are expected to exceedexposure limits. Protection provided by air-purifying respirators is limited. Use a positive-pressure, air-supplied respirator if there is any potential for uncontrolled release, exposurelevels are not known or any other circumstances where air-purifying respirators may not provideadequate protection.

9.8.3.4 General hygiene considerations

This subsection can be inserted into an SDS to provide general hygiene considerations not otherwisespecified above. It recognizes that while some materials may present no obvious hazard to health orenvironment, there are some general hygiene considerations that are practiced by industry and aregenerally applicable to workplace situations. Such considerations may include:

Avoid breathing vapor or mist.

Avoid contact with eyes and skin.

Wash thoroughly after handling and before eating or drinking.

These general hygiene considerations are not material specific. If used, they are placed here to avoiddiminishing the importance of the material specific recommendations. Alternatively, general hygieneconsiderations can be put into proper context by using some qualifying language.

Example:

There are no known hazards associated with this material when used as recommended. Thefollowing general hygiene considerations are recognized as common good workplace practices.

9.9 Section 9: PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

Purpose: This section identifies the physical and chemical properties that characterize the material. Thisinformation is useful in determining proper product handling procedures.


Scope: The following properties subheadings must appear in this section, where appropriate andrelevant according to the countries or regions for which the SDS is intended and into which the product isbeing supplied. Some regulations (e.g., GHS) require these subheadings even if there are no data.Identify appropriate methods, units of measure or reference conditions for properties if applicable (seediscussion in Chapter 8.4.6 on units of measure). If included, clearly identify specific properties that donot apply or for which data are not available. Where data for a mixture are not available but data for amajor component do exist, this information may be provided with a suitable identification that the data



61

apply to one component. It may be useful to indicate the resulting properties of a chemical which hasbeen dissolved in water. For example, the pH of a solid is not applicable, but you may want to include thepH of an aqueous solution of a product, especially if the solution is hazardous.

appearance (color, physical form, shape);

odor;

odor threshold;

physical state;

pH;

melting/freezing point (specify which);

initial boiling point and boiling range;

flash point;

evaporation rate;

flammability (solid, gas);

upper/lower flammability or explosive limits;

vapor pressure;

vapor density;

specific gravity or relative density;

solubility(ies) (specify solvent, e.g., water);

partition coefficient: n-octanol/water;

auto-ignition temperature;

decomposition temperature.

While not inclusive, the following list contains additional properties that may apply only to certainmaterials. It is not necessary to list the following properties if data are not available or not applicable.

heat value;

particle size;

volatile organic compounds (VOC) content;

softening point;

pour point;

viscosity;



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bulk density;

percent volatile;

saturated vapor concentration (include reference temperatures);

molecular weight;

molecular formula;

sublimination point.

9.10 Section 10: STABILITY AND REACTIVITY

Purpose: The HCS requires the disclosure of physical hazards that are associated with a material. Thisis accomplished by describing the status (stable or unstable) of the material along with the relatedconditions and consequences that are associated with a hazardous chemical reaction.

Audience: This section is intended for employers, employees, occupational health and safetyprofessionals and emergency responders.

Scope: This section is intended to communicate the potential hazards associated with the stability andreactivity (see Glossary) of the material under specified conditions. The information that is presented inthis section should be based, where available, on specific test data for the material. However, theinformation may also be based on general data for the class or family of chemical if it adequatelyrepresents the anticipated hazard of the material. Where test data for a mixture are not available,component data/information may be provided with a suitable identification that the data apply to aspecified component. Emphasis should be placed on reactions with hazardous consequences. Thissection is not intended to prescribe appropriate proper handling and storage. Section 7: HANDLING AND STORAGE should be referenced for this type of information.

This section should address the following elements:

9.10.1 Chemical stability

Indicate if the material is stable or dangerously unstable under normal ambient temperature and pressureor anticipated storage and handling conditions. A reference should be provided to clarify the term―normal‖ to ensure that appropriate assumptions are made (e.g., 70 °F (21 °C) and 14.7 psig (760 mmHg)).

9.10.2 Conditions to avoid

List conditions to avoid (e.g., heat, pressure, light, freezing, moisture, shock or other physical stresses)that can cause a hazardous situation (e.g., explosion, release of toxic or flammable materials, liberation ofexcessive heat). Undesirable conditions should also be specified with appropriate data if applicable (e.g.,auto-decomposition temperature, sublimation point).

9.10.3 Incompatible materials

List specific materials or classes of chemicals (e.g., oxidizers, organics, acids) with which the productcould react to produce a hazardous situation. When determining incompatibility, consider the materials,



63

containers, contaminants and possible methods of conveyance that the product might be exposed toduring transportation, storage and use.

9.10.4 Hazardous decomposition products

List known and reasonably anticipated hazardous materials produced as a result of decomposition,including oxidation (except burning), heating, chemical reaction with another material, electrolysis ordecay. Hazardous decomposition products generally consist of flammable and toxic materials, pressureand heat.

9.10.5 Possibility of hazardous reactions

State if the material has the potential to undergo a chemical reaction that can result in an undesirableeffect(s), such as pressure buildup, temperature increase or the formation of hazardous by-products.Hazardous reactions can include but are not limited to polymerization, decomposition, condensation,water-reactivity and self-reactivity. A description of the reaction and the specific condition(s) that couldcause or contribute to the hazardous reaction should be noted along with the associated effect(s). Additional information should be stated regarding the existence or need for stabilizers if applicable,

including specific guidance on their application.

Example:

HEAD SPACE MAY CONTAIN ETHYLENE OXIDE.

Example:

CONTACT WITH AIR CAN LEAD TO FORMATION OF HYDROCHLORIC ACID.

9.11 Section 11: TOXICOLOGICAL INFORMATION

Purpose: This section provides toxicological information (data and/or interpretation) on the materialand/or its components. This section provides supporting information or additional detail for human health

hazards presented in Section 2: HAZARDS IDENTIFICATION.

Audience: The information is intended for healthcare professionals, health and safety professionals, andtoxicologists.

Scope: Information should be provided that can be used to assess the human health hazards or potentialhealth effects of a material and/or its components. This information may include:

human data (e.g., epidemiology studies, case reports, human patch tests)

animal data (e.g., acute studies, repeat dose studies)

in vitro data (e.g., Corrositex®; Ames tests)

structure activity relationships (SAR) (e.g., Quantitative Structure Activity Relationships [QSAR];knowledge-based or statistically-based computer expert systems). (See Glossary)

This section may also include interpretation of data including its relevance to human health. Theinformation should reflect a thorough evaluation of all relevant data and a scientifically defensible hazardassessment.



64

This section is not intended to present all known test data for the material and/or its components. Writersshould use or seek professional judgment to present representative data that they feel will be most usefulto intended audiences. Present the information in a manner that will support how the substance isclassified. Accordingly, the data must clearly indicate species, route of exposure, units of measure, andwhere applicable, test duration and test conditions. Studies of questionable human relevance may beincluded if the discussion will assist in the health hazard evaluation of the material and/or its components.

In some cases, there may be a wealth of test data available on the material and/or its components. If so,it may be desirable to summarize results by route of exposure, to discuss only selected studies, which arerepresentative of the human health hazards reported in Section 2, or to simply provide a contact wherethe reader may obtain full details of the available data.

The following types of toxicity endpoints may be addressed for a material and/or its components. Clearlyindicate the information that relates to the material and that which is component-specific. See Chapter 5and the Glossary for more information on these terms. Studies which demonstrate no effect may also beincluded. Determination of target organ effects and species differences should be noted whereappropriate. Effect and no-effect levels may be included.

Acute dose effects: Effects that occur rapidly as a result of a single or short-term exposure.(e.g., LD50, LC50).

Repeated dose effects: Effects occurring in experimental animals as a result of repeated dailyexposure. (e.g., NOAEL, LOAEL)

Irritation effects: Reversible inflammatory effects on living tissue at the site of contact.

Corrosive effects: Visible irreversible destruction to tissue at the site of contact.

Sensitization effects (skin and respiratory): The development of an allergic reaction in asubstantial proportion of exposed people or animals after repeated exposure.

Carcinogenic effects: The development of cancer in animals or humans.

Neurological effects: Effects on the structure or function of the nervous system. Effects on thenervous system and/or the production of emotional or behavioral abnormalities.

Mutagenic effects: The alteration of genetic material.

Reproductive effects: Adversely affecting the ability of an organism to reproduce.

Developmental effects: Birth defects or other effects on the developing embryo or fetus.

Target organ effects: Effects on organ(s) or organ systems by direct or systemic exposure.Toxicological data may be formatted in a variety of ways (e.g., by route of exposure, type of animal, ortoxicological end point). The format may include data or narrative summaries, with or withoutinterpretation. The following are examples of how information may be presented for this section.

Example: Data summaries on product or similar product

Data obtained on this product or a similar product:

EYE EFFECTS: Slightly irritating to the rabbit eye. Draize Score: 18 out of 110.

SKIN EFFECTS: Slightly irritating to rabbit skin. Draize Score: 0.8 out of 8.0.The potential for absorption through the skin in acutely toxic amounts is low; dermal LD50 inrabbits: 20,000 mg/kg.



65

ACUTE ORAL EFFECTS: Single dose oral toxicity is practically nontoxic; the LD50 in rats giventhe material as a 10% corn oil solution is 1,870 mg/kg for males and 3,730 mg/kg for females.Liver necrosis was observed in survivors.

ACUTE INHALATION EFFECTS: The 4-hr LC50 in rats is 250 mg/m3 (357 ppm). CNS

depression would be expected. May be a cardiac sensitizer based on structural analogy.

SUBCHRONIC EFFECTS: Repeated inhalation exposure of rats for four or seven hours perday for eight days at 1,000 ppm resulted in ataxia, decreased body weight, increased SGPT,and caused increased relative liver and kidney weights with accompanying histologic changesof an adaptive nature. A two-week oral gavage study in rats given 300 mg/kg/day showedhepatic hypertrophy in females but not in males.

CHRONIC EFFECTS/CARCINOGENICITY: A bioassay was conducted by gavage in ratsgiven 60 or 150 mg/kg/day and mice at 230 or 550 mg/kg/day. Both rats and mice showedevidence of increases in hepatocellular carcinoma and adenoma. The doses did not exceedthe MTD. The material is listed as a potential carcinogen by IARC.

MUTAGENIC EFFECTS: The material was negative in the Ames test. It bound covalently invivo to DNA, RNA and tissue proteins from rats and mice when injected i.p.

REPRODUCTIVE/DEVELOPMENTAL EFFECTS: Birth defects including skeletalmalformations were noted in the offspring of dogs given this product during pregnancy, but onlyat dosages which produced significant adverse effects in the mother. No birth defects werenoted in the offspring of rats or rabbits exposed to this product during pregnancy. No effectswere noted on the ability of male or female rats to reproduce when given this product in the dietfor 3 generations. This product produced no genetic changes in standard tests using bacterialcells.

Example: Data summaries available only on components

REPORTED HUMAN EFFECTS:PRODUCT/SIMILAR PRODUCT – No human data are

available for this product.

REPORTED ANIMAL EFFECTS: PRODUCT/SIMILAR PRODUCT – No animal data areavailable for this product.

Data obtained on the component(s) include:

Methylchemical: Oral LD50 (rat) 110 mg/kg. Oral LD50 (mouse) 100 mg/kg. Inhalation LC50 (4hrs, rat) 125 ppm, (2/6 deaths); 250 ppm (6/6 deaths). Dermal LD50 (rabbits) 800 mg/kg. Skinirritation (rabbit) mild; eye irritation (rabbit) severe. Liver and kidney damage was observed inacute oral and inhalation studies.



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Example: Data summaries in narrative form

Repeated exposure of humans to this chemical in controlled skin contact produced no skinirritation or skin allergy.

No skin allergy was observed in guinea pigs following repeated skin exposure. In rats anddogs, this chemical has a strong diuretic effect.

Following repeated exposure to this chemical in the feed, bladder effects were observed in ratsand mice and kidney effects in female rats. Bladder stones, bladder hyperplasia and chronicinflammation were observed in long-term oral exposure studies of this chemical in rats or mice;kidney stones were also observed in female rats. The incidence of bladder tumors wasincreased in male rats and was associated with the chronic irritation from the stones.

The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) has reviewed this chemical anddetermined that it is "not classifiable as to its carcinogenicity to humans (3)" (IARCMonographs, Supplement 7). This chemical has produced no genetic changes in standardtests using bacterial and animal cells and whole animals.

No birth defects were noted in the offspring of rats exposed to this chemical during pregnancy.

Example: Structure activity relationship (SAR)

Neurotoxic effects, such as hind-limb paralysis, are expected for this chemical based on itsstructural similarity to 1,3-diethylxyz.

Example: Extensive data, call for information

There are extensive toxicological data available on the various components of this product. Anadequate representation of all these data is beyond the scope of this document. If you needmore information, please contact XYZ Chemical at the telephone number found in Section 1.

9.12 Section 12: ECOLOGICAL INFORMATION

Purpose: This section provides ecotoxicological and environmental fate information to assist in theevaluation of the environmental impact of the material and/or its components if released to theenvironment. This section may be used to present information that supports statements of environmentalhazards presented in Section 2: HAZARDS IDENTIFICATION.

Audience: This information is intended for environmental professionals and others who may be involvedin evaluating use, disposal, spill control or waste treatment practices.

Scope: Information should be provided that can be used to assess the environmental hazards orpotential environmental interactions of a material and/or its components. This includes environmentalfate and toxicity to aquatic and terrestrial organisms. This information may include data fromenvironmental studies and information extrapolated from similar or structurally related materials. It mayalso include interpretation of data including its relevance to the environment. The information shouldreflect a thorough evaluation of all relevant data and a scientifically defensible hazard assessment.

This section is not intended to present all known test data for the material or its components. Writersshould use or seek professional judgment to present representative data that they feel will be most usefulto intended audiences. Present the information in a manner that will support how the substance isclassified. Accordingly, the data must clearly indicate species, media, units of measure, test duration and



67

test conditions. Studies of questionable ecological relevance may be included if its discussion will assistin the environmental hazard evaluation of the material and/or its components.

In some cases, there may be a wealth of test data available on the material and/or its components. If so,it may be desirable to summarize results by medium, to discuss only selected studies, which arerepresentative of the environmental hazards reported in Section 2, or to simply provide a contact wherethe reader may obtain full details of the available data.

The following types of data may be addressed. Determination of effect and no-effect levels and speciesdifferences may be noted where appropriate.

— Ecotoxicity: Briefly discuss the acute and chronic effects of the product and/or its components

— Toxicity to terrestrial and aquatic plants and animals (e.g., algae, invertebrates, fish andbirds)

— Toxicity to beneficial microorganisms (e.g., soil and sewage treatment microorganisms)

— Persistence/Degradability: Discuss the material‘s potential to degrade or be removed bybiological and/or chemical processes and its potential to persist in the environment.

— Potential to undergo photolysis and/or hydrolysis— Potential for and rate of microbial degradation in soil, water or sediment— Products of degradation and their potential ecotoxicity

— Bioaccumulation/Accumulation: Discuss the potential of the material and/or its degradationproducts to accumulate/bioconcentrate in plants, invertebrates, fish and other aquatic organisms.

— Bioconcentration factor (BCF)— Octanol/water partition coefficient

— Mobility in environmental media: Discuss the mobility of the material (and/or its degradationproducts).

— The media/compartments (air, soil/sediment, water) into which the material partitions— The rate of movement through soil/sediment and/or groundwater— Adsorption and desorption in soil— The potential to reach groundwater and its expected effects

— Other adverse effects: A material‘s environmental impact may not be limited to the aboveinformation. The following are examples of environmental information that may be listed and/ordiscussed in this section and referenced in other sections (water solubility, vapor pressure, etc.):

— Physical/chemical properties affecting environmental fate and effects— Material‘s role in ozone depletion — Smog formation— Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) content

— Heavy metals content— Hazardous air pollutants (HAPs) content

The following examples are provided to illustrate different approaches to presenting and summarizingecological information. For all options, one can provide a phone number that may be called to obtainecological information.



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Example: Data summaries on product or similar product

Data obtained on this product or a similar product:

Ecotoxicological Information:

Aquatic Toxicity (Acute):

This product is highly toxic to fish and harmful to invertebrates and algae upon immediateexposure.

96-hour LC50 Salmo gairdneri = 0.6 mg/L (nominal value).

48-hour EC50 Daphnia magna = 30 mg/L (nominal value).

96-hour EC50 Selenastrum capricornutum = 33 mg/L (cell numbers).

The aquatic toxicity tests were carried out using a static test system.

Terrestrial Toxicity:

No adverse effects were seen on plant germination at 10 mg/L in the following plants:

Rye grass, radish and lettuce

Chemical Fate Information:

28-day biodegradation = 40 %. The material is not readily biodegradable.

No inhibition of microbial activity was seen at 3 mg/L in a biodegradation test.

The bioaccumulation potential is low (log Pow = 2.7).

Example: Summary only (based on data on product)Ecotoxicological Information:

This product is highly toxic to fish and algae upon immediate exposure.

Chemical Fate Information:

This product hydrolyzes within 5 hours. The half-life in soil is 3 days (both sandy and loamsoils).There is little potential for this material to accumulate in plant or animal systems.



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Example: Data and summary based on major components and/or a product with a similarcomposition or chemistryEcotoxicological Information

Aquatic Toxicity (Acute):

This product is highly toxic to fish and algae upon immediate exposure. This conclusion is

based on data for Component A.

96-hour LC50 Salmo gairdneri = 0.6 mg/L (nominal value).

48-hour EC50 Daphnia magna = 30 mg/L (nominal value).

96-hour EC50 Selenastrum capricornatum = 33 mg/L (cell numbers).

The aquatic toxicity tests were carried out using a static test system.

A similar product caused no inhibition of microbial activity at 3 mg/L in a biodegradation test.

Example: Extensive data, call for information

There are extensive ecological data available on the various components of this product. Anadequate representation of all these data is beyond the scope of this document. If you needmore information, please contact XYZ Chemical at the telephone number found in Section 1.

9.13 Section 13: DISPOSAL CONSIDERATIONS

Purpose: This section provides information that may be useful in the proper disposal, recycling orreclamation of the material and/or its container.

Audience: This section is primarily intended for environmental professionals and other technical personsor those individuals responsible for waste management activities.

Scope: This section may include information that is relevant to and will assist in determining the safe andenvironmentally preferred waste management options: disposal, recycling, reclamation, as well asparameters that will enhance or limit the options.

The following information may be useful:

— hazardous waste characteristic(s) or listing under applicable regulations [e.g., ResourceConservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) regulations as found in 40 CFR 261];

— discussion of physical/chemical properties that may affect disposal options (e.g., heat value)or reference to Section 9: PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES;

— advice that state or local regulations or restrictions may differ from federal regulations;

— advice that the information applies to the material as manufactured; processing, use orcontamination may make the information inappropriate, inaccurate or incomplete;

— a reminder that the generator of the waste has the responsibility for proper wasteidentification based on characteristic(s) or listing, transportation and disposal.



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— statements referring to Section 7: HANDLING AND STORAGE and Section 8: EXPOSURECONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION for additional handling information and protection ofemployees.

Example: Generic language

Recover or recycle if possible.

Disposal should be in accordance with applicable regional, national and local laws andregulations. Local regulations may be more stringent than regional or national requirements.

The information presented below only applies to the material as supplied. The identificationbased on characteristic(s) or listing may not apply if the material has been used or otherwisecontaminated. It is the responsibility of the waste generator to determine the toxicity andphysical properties of the material generated to determine the proper waste identification anddisposal methods in compliance with applicable regulations.

If the material as supplied becomes a waste the following hazardous waste characteristic(s) orhazardous waste listing applies: insert regional, national or local hazard waste characteristic orhazardous waste listing information.

Example: RCRA hazardous waste if discarded

ID #P007. Recycle or incinerate at any EPA-approved facility or dispose in compliance withfederal, state and local regulations.

Empty containers must be triple-rinsed prior to disposal.

Example: Excess materials which are NOT classified as RCRA Hazardous

If this product as supplied becomes a waste, it does not meet the criteria of a hazardous wasteas defined under the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) 40 CFR 261.

Example: Excess materials which are NOT classified as RCRA Hazardous

The recommended disposal technology is solidification with stabilizing agents (such as fly ashor cement) so that no free liquid remains before disposal to a licensed industrial waste facility.

9.14 Section 14: TRANSPORT INFORMATION

Purpose: This section provides basic shipping classification information and special precautionaryinformation to help a knowledgeable user prepare a material for shipment. Audience: This information is intended for transportation professionals (i.e., transporters and drivers),

employers (including customers and distributors) and emergency responders.

Scope: This section contains information on codes and classifications for transport and any specialprecautionary information required by a user for transport or conveyance within or outside of theirpremises, differentiated by the mode of transport (i.e., land, inland waterways, sea and air). This sectionis not intended to contain every regulatory detail involving the transportation of a material.



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9.14.1 Basic shipping description

Include the basic shipping description, consisting of:

— identification number;

— proper shipping name; include technical name(s) when required;

— hazard class; subsidiary hazard classes;

— packing group.

Consider indicating if a product is not regulated for shipping or if the classification changes based onquantity, packaging or method of shipment.

Additional elements that should be included, where applicable:

— hazardous substances;

— marine pollutants, including name of marine pollutant and quantity.

9.14.2 Additional information

Additional information that may be included:

— other DOT requirements such as reportable quantities, modal restrictions, placarding,packaging, labeling or exemptions;

— classification/descriptions under the US Coast Guard regulations;

— classification/descriptions under international transportation regulations, including:

— shipment by water [International Maritime Organization regulations (IMO)];

— shipment by air [International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) and International AirTransport Association (IATA) regulations];

— shipment in Canada [Transportation of Dangerous Goods (TDG) regulations];

— surface shipments in Europe [European Agreement Concerning the InternationalCarriage of Dangerous Goods by Road (ADR) and European Agreements Concerningthe Carriage of Dangerous Goods by Rail (RID)]; and

— shipment in Australia [Australian Dangerous Goods (ADG) regulations].

— reference to the DOT ―Emergency Response Guide‖, the Federal Emergency Management Administration‘s ―Hazardous Materials Guide for First Responders,‖ the ICAO ―EmergencyResponse Guidance for Aircraft Incidents Involving Dangerous Goods‖ and/or the IMO―Emergency Procedures for Ships Carrying Dangerous Goods,‖ as appropriate.

— reference to the Transport Canada ―Emergency Response Assistance Plan,‖ if applicable.

Special Precautions:

— special handling procedures (i.e., refrigeration during transport);



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— other special precautions.

9.15 Section 15: REGULATORY INFORMATION

Purpose: This section provides information on the regulatory status of a material and/or its componentsand its regulated uses. The information will be useful for compliance with health, safety andenvironmental laws and regulations.

Audience: This information is intended for employers, occupational health and safety, environmental andother regulatory compliance personnel.

Scope: The content and organization of this section depends on where the material is manufactured, itsintended use or where it is marketed. This section is not intended to be a comprehensive list of theregulations that may apply to the material.

US Federal

The US Federal regulations, statutes and agencies to consider include the following: OSHA, TSCA,

FIFRA, CERCLA, SARA Title III, CAA, CWA, SDWA, FHSA, DEA and FDA/USDA. (Acronyms aredefined in the Glossary.)

— OSHA – indicate chemical-specific standards that may apply to this material or itsingredients;

— TSCA – indicate the material‘s inventory status or whether it is exempt from TSCA. Identifyother sections of TSCA that may apply;

— CERCLA – indicate the reportable quantity (RQ) of the material.

— SARA Title III – indicate information on the material that may include the following:

— Section 302 Extremely Hazardous Substances (EHS): Provide the chemical identity ofthe listed substance, its threshold planning quantity (TPQ) and its RQ;

— Section 311/312: List the hazard class(es) of the material;

— Section 313 Toxic Chemicals: Provide the chemical identity of the listed substances, itsCAS Registry number or other designation reference, and its percent (%) by weight. Thisdata element can be used for EPCRA supplier notification (40 CFR 372.45 (c) (5)).

International regulations to consider include the following:

— Canada

— Workplace Hazardous Materials Information System (WHMIS) status and classification;

— Canadian Environmental Protection Act (CEPA);

— Export Notification requirements;

— Canadian Domestic Substances List (DSL).

— European Union



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— Registration, Evaluation, Authorization, and Restriction of Chemicals (REACh) Regulation

EC 1907/2006 and the Classification, Labelling and Packaging of Substances andMixtures (CLP) Regulation – EC 1272/2008

— Other Chemical Inventories

— e.g., Japan, Korea, China, Australia, Philippines, New Zealand.

— Product Registrations

— e.g., China, Korea, Finland, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland, New Zealand.

US State regulations

Some states may require disclosure of ingredients not considered to be hazardous by OSHA(e.g., New Jersey). Some states require inclusion of state-listed substances on an SDS formaterials used within that state. For example:

— The following states require listing substances at or below the HCS de minimis levels:— Massachusetts;— Pennsylvania;— Rhode Island

NOTE: This can also be accomplished by listing the substance in Section 3:COMPOSITION/INFORMATION ON INGREDIENTS.

Companies may choose to provide the status of the components with respect to the CaliforniaSafe Drinking Water and Toxic Enforcement Act of 1986 (Proposition 65). Although not requiredto be listed on the SDS, it is one way of conveying whether or not a chemical or component isconsidered by the state of California to have potential to be a carcinogen or to cause reproductiveharm.



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Example:

Federal RegulationsTSCA: All ingredients are on the inventory or exempt from listing.

SARA Title III RulesSections 311/312 Hazard Classes

Fire Hazard: YesReactive Hazard: NoRelease of Pressure: No Acute Health Hazard: YesChronic Health Hazard: Yes

Section 313 Toxic ChemicalsBenzene (CASRN 71-43-2) 0.5% by weight

Section 302 Extremely Hazardous Substances (EHS)/CERCLA HazardousSubstances

Ingredient CERCLA/SARA RQ SARA EHS TPQBenzene 10 lbs Not Applicable

Other Federal RegulationsDrug Precursor Regulations

This product and its salts are listed as Precursor Chemicals by the Chemical Diversion andTrafficking Act of 1988.

This product is listed as an Essential Chemical by the Chemical Diversion and Trafficking Act of 1988.

Weapons Precursor RegulationsThis product is classified as an Unscheduled Discrete Organic Chemical (UDOC) or PSF

chemical (phosphorus, sulfur or fluorine chemical).

State RegulationsCalifornia Proposition 65: This product contains chemical(s) known to the State of California

to cause cancer and/or to cause birth defects or other reproductive harm.

InternationalCanada (DSL): All ingredients are on the inventory or exempt from listing.

WHMIS Classification: D-2B (TOXIC MATERIAL) This producthas been classified in accordance with the hazard criteria of theControlled Products Regulations (CPR) and the SDS contains allthe information required by the CPR.

European Union (REACH): All ingredients are registered or exempt from registration.Japan (METI): All other ingredients are on the inventory or exempt from listing.Philippines: All other ingredients are on the inventory or exempt from listing.South Korea (KECL): All ingredients are on the Inventory or exempt from listing. Australia (AICS): All ingredients are on the Inventory or exempt from listing.China: All ingredients are on the Inventory or exempt from listing.



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9.16 Section 16: OTHER INFORMATION

Purpose: This section provides a location for any additional information concerning the material that maybe useful.


Scope: This section may include:

— Label text: Companies may wish to display their label statements as a service to customersor to help ensure that the label text will be consistent with the SDS text.

— Companies may choose to indicate whether the SDS complies with other countryrequirements.

— Hazard rating and rating systems: This information is intended solely for the use ofindividuals trained in the particular system. It may be advisable to state this in a disclaimer.Several hazard rating systems have been developed and differences exist among thesystems. Typically, these systems include acute health hazards, flammability, physicalhazards including reactivity, and may also include other hazards. Various systems can

frequently result in different ratings, causing potential confusion to readers not familiar with asystem. If an SDS contains a hazard rating code or symbol, you should clearly identify whichsystem was used to generate the rating. Internal company codes should not be used onSDSs in general distribution.

— Key/legend: In general, try to avoid abbreviations. They are often confusing or unknown. Ifused, include a key/legend to define abbreviations or potentially ambiguous terms. Forexample, N/A has been used to denote ―not available‖ and ―not applicable.‖ Without anexplanation, the meaning is unclear.

— Preparation and revision information (revision indicator): Identify the significant changes inthe Preparation and Revision Information (Revision Indicator) field or use revision indicatorsto help the reader see what has been changed between the revised and old document.

Below are some methods used to indicate revisions in either the body of the SDS or in thissection.

Example:

This SDS has been revised in the following section(s):1. PRODUCT AND COMPANY IDENTIFICATION9. PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

Example:

The symbol (*) in the margin of this SDS indicates that this line has been revised.

Example:

The personal protection section of this SDS was revised due to new recommendations.

Example:

The pH was added to Section 9.



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— Disclaimer: The disclaimer is usually intended to provide limits on the liability of thedocument preparer when the specific material is used, misused, handled or stored in a waythat is not customary or reasonably foreseeable. The use of a disclaimer is optional, and isusually determined by a preparer‘s legal counsel . The disclaimer is typically found at the endof the document.



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10 Labels and labeling

10.1 Introduction

After the hazard evaluation (see Chapter 3) is completed and the SDS (see Chapters 8 and 9) is written,preparation of the precautionary label is the next step in the process. The label preparer typically reviewsthe SDS and other documentation and then selects the appropriate hazard information and precautionarystatements for inclusion on the container label. This chapter is designed as an aid for personsresponsible for developing and reviewing precautionary labeling of hazardous workplace chemicals.

Before addressing some of the Standard‘s labeling requirements, the reader should become familiar withsome important definitions and general guidelines.

A label is the display of written, printed, or graphic matter, which is intended to provide information andwhich is affixed to, printed on, or attached to the chemical‘s container, as well as any outside packaging.The term labeling as used in this Standard includes container labels and other documents that containprecautionary and hazard communication information. These other documents include product literature,technical brochures, SDSs, training materials, process standards and other communications.

The term precautionary labeling includes hazard warning statements and other precautionarystatements. Precautionary labeling is not intended to include all information on the properties andhazards of the chemical or the complete details of its handling under all conditions. Precautionarylabeling may not necessarily be identical from one document type to another for the samechemical, but it must always be consistent (e.g., the label must be consistent with the SDS).

Furthermore, appropriate precautionary statements should be expressed as simply and briefly as possibleon labels affixed to containers of hazardous chemicals and in other written material provided for theguidance of users. Precautionary labeling communicates this information through appropriateprecautionary statements in a manner that is accurate, clear and concise.

10.2 Scope

This part of the Standard establishes the principles and guidelines for the preparation of precautionarylabeling for hazardous workplace chemicals. The purpose of this chapter is to provide guidance for thepreparation of precautionary labeling. It provides a framework to communicate useful, understandableinformation for materials and hazardous chemicals. The concepts developed and guidance provided herefor labeling should be applied in a manner consistent with all statutory and regulatory requirements.

Precautionary labeling requirements and definitions are subject to change. The label preparer isresponsible for being familiar with current regulatory requirements and/or other applicable guidelines.Where there is a conflict between the applicable regulations and this Standard, the regulations must takeprecedence over this Standard.

Some or all elements of this chapter may be applicable in preparing permissible, alternative workplace

chemical labeling approaches, such as stationary process containers and portable containers (See 29CFR 1910.1200(f)(7) and (8) respectively). However, this chapter is not intended to address thesespecific labeling issues. This chapter is also not intended to address or incorporate other alternativeindustry labeling methods, such as the National Paints and Coatings Association‘s Hazard MaterialInformation System (HMIS® III) or the National Fire Protection Association‘s (NFPA) NFPA 704 StandardSystem for the Identification of Hazards of Materials for Emergency Response.



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10.3 Labeling communication principles

Labeling of workplace chemicals is based on two general principles. Foremost, labeling should providesufficient information for the safe handling of the chemical. The precautionary information should bebased on the inherent properties of the chemical and include recommendations on how to avoidpotentially hazardous exposures resulting from customary and reasonably foreseeable occupational use,misuse, handling and storage.

Second, the precautionary information should neither overstate nor minimize the hazards or precautions.Some chemicals may not be inherently hazardous and do not present a potential for harm in customary orreasonably foreseeable occupational use, misuse, handling and storage. For these chemicals,precautionary labeling may be unnecessary.

10.3.1 Layout and design

The layout or design is important for label readability and communication. The readability of a label hasseveral aspects including layout, color and type style/size.

10.3.1.1 Layout

When considering the layout for labels, note the following:

Label size and orientation may vary depending on packaging.

Other information, not related to hazard communication may need to be included on the label(e.g., barcodes, lot numbers, weights, certificate of analysis and dates).

The precautionary text should be easily identifiable relative to other information on the containerlabel.

10.3.1.2 Color

It is helpful to consider how the color contrast can emphasize important sections such as statements of

hazards (e.g., a contrast of black on white has a high level of readability). The use of color in othersections should not detract from the readability of the precautionary text and other required labeling.

Do not depend solely on color to highlight heading or text. Some users may be color-blind or thedocument may be photocopied, thus losing the color highlighting.

Avoid using red print as it may be difficult to see during an emergency when red lights areflashing.

Avoid the use of reversal effects (e.g., white letters on dark background) for large blocks of textas this can decrease readability.

Select light colors with black text or dark colors with white text when using images or symbolscontaining text. The ability to produce a readable grayscale (black/white) print or fax is moreimportant than color matching.

10.3.1.3 Type size and style

Consider the effect of type size on the readability:

Use enlarged or bolded typeface to emphasize certain label areas.

Use a larger point size.

Combine upper and lower case lettering (rather than using all upper case letters) for ease ofreading.

Use simple rather than ornate typefaces.



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10.3.2 Comprehension

When developing label statements and warnings to address hazards, consider the following guidelines:

Major emphasis should focus on warnings for severe and high likelihood hazards.

Label warnings are for alerting rather than educating.

Brief statements using plain language and no more than two subordinate clauses are more likely

to be understood. Avoid the use of double negatives.

Phrases that recommend positive action (i.e., do this…) are usually more effective than phrasesthat prohibit action (i.e., do not do that…).

Obtaining worker feedback on phrases can be useful in developing new statements.

Studies have confirmed that it is very valuable to use the same phrase consistently whencommunicating a specific hazard on a label.

The effectiveness of symbols in communicating hazards is dependent upon their recognition andassociation to a specific hazard. Training greatly improves the comprehension and effectiveness ofsymbols. Pictograms and symbols should only be used to supplement written information unlessspecified by international regulations. Currently the use of some symbols to convey hazards is requiredby some regulatory agencies such as the US Department of Transportation (49 CFR 172.300 to 172.560).

If using symbols for precautionary labeling, consider ones that are well-recognized and limit them to themost serious immediate hazard(s). (See also ANSI Z535 series.)

10.4 Elements of a label

Selection of precautionary label text requires individual discretion and professional judgment, but in allcases the label must meet the requirements specified in OSHA's HCS and other applicable regulations.

The OSHA required elements of a label are: identity of the hazardous chemicals; appropriate hazardwarnings; and, the name and address of the chemical manufacturer, importer or other responsible party.See 29 CFR 1910.1200(f)(1) for additional information on the OSHA required elements; see 29 CFR1910.1001-1052 for substance specific OSHA requirements.

The space available on a small package label may prohibit the inclusion of complete precautionary text.In addition, if label space limitations compromise text legibility, some precautionary text may appear onother labeling rather than on the container label. In those instances, the applicable precautionaryinformation with the highest priority should appear on the container label.

The label elements are listed below. Individual discretion and professional judgment, based on theparticular hazards of the chemical, are necessary to determine the priority/inclusion of the followingprecautionary labeling text:

— identification of the chemical product;— identification of its hazardous component(s);— name, address;— telephone number;— signal word;

— statement(s) of hazard(s);— precautionary measures;— instructions in case of contact or exposure (first aid);— antidotes, and notes to physician;— instructions in case of fire;— instructions in case of spill or leak;— instructions for container handling and storage; and— reference(s) to additional labeling/other documents.



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10.4.1 Importer/Distributor requirements

The importer and/or distributor is responsible for ensuring that labeling is compliant with OSHA and otherapplicable regulations.

10.5 Durability of a label

The durability of a label has several aspects, including:— adhesives— label stock— ink or coatings— product characteristics

When considering adhesives for a product label, it may be helpful to consider the application conditionsand techniques, surface temperatures, humidity, type of container (steel, fiberboard drum, etc.) and howlong the adhesive is likely to adhere in a given environment. For label stock, ink or coatings, it may behelpful to consider whether the stock will be synthetic or paper, how soluble the ink is and whether acoating over the label may be necessary to protect it. The characteristics of the product itself cansometimes affect the kind of label that should be used.



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11 Preparing precautionary labeling

11.1 Overview

This section describes the procedure for preparing precautionary labeling for hazardous workplacechemicals. Writing precautionary label text is part of the process of creating appropriate health and safetyinformation for persons who use or may otherwise come into contact with hazardous workplacechemicals.

First, a hazard evaluation of the chemical is performed in keeping with applicable regulatoryrequirements. Next, documents are identified that must be created or revised to provide necessary healthand safety information. These documents can include precautionary labels, SDSs, technical bulletins andother forms of communication. While SDSs and technical bulletins contain large amounts of detailedinformation, precautionary labels provide the most important hazard information in a simple and succinctmanner. The information in these documents will not necessarily be identical but it must always beconsistent.

Since the audience for precautionary labeling includes individuals with a variety of education and training,label text should convey the necessary information in as simple and clear a fashion as possible. Varying

levels of education and training can best be accommodated by:— integrating warnings into work tasks and hazard related context;— being selective and providing short focused messages;— making symbols and text as specific as possible;— simplifying the syntax of text and combinations of symbols; and— making the labeling (e.g., labels, warning signs, etc.) conspicuous and legible.

The use of readily recognizable symbols that are further defined with simple text may be helpful. Such anapproach would be consistent with modern methods of warning label design as presented in ANSI 535.4,for example.

11.2 Product identification

Product identification consists of a product identifier and/or the chemical name(s) of the product‘scomponent(s). ―Product identifier‖ is the name of a chemical product (e.g., brand name, code name, tradename, product number, etc.). The product‘s identifier or chemical names must directly link the label toother documents, such as the SDS and/or an employer‘s list of ha zardous chemicals. The productidentifier and the product‘s hazardous component(s) shall be disclosed on the label. When a productlacks a product identifier and is composed of a single chemical substance, the chemical name shall beused.

11.3 Component identification

The chemical names of the components contributing substantially to the hazards of a product shall be

included as part of the label. Several state right-to-know regulations may require the listing of chemicalcomponents including those that do not contribute to the hazards of the product.

11.3.1 Trade secrets

There are cases where one or more components of a product may be a trade secret. For valid tradesecret claims, the specific component identity need not be included on the label. Where a state with right-to-know regulation requires that a trade secret registry number replace the chemical identity, the tradesecret number shall be disclosed on the label where the chemical identifiers would otherwise be located.



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When a chemical‘s identity is a trade secret, the chemical manufacturer, importer or employer shall havea procedure to immediately disclose the specific chemical identity where a treating health careprofessional determines that a medical emergency exists and the trade s ecret chemical‘s identity isnecessary for emergency or first-aid treatment. See 29 CFR 1910.1200(i)(2).

11.4 Signal word

The signal word shall indicate the relative degree of severity of an immediate hazard in diminishing order:DANGER, WARNING and CAUTION. It comes immediately before the statement of hazard section onthe label and is intended to call the worker‘s attention to the level of a chemical‘s hazard severity. Anexclamation mark (!) may be used for emphasis following the signal word. When a chemical has morethan one hazard, only the signal word corresponding to the class of greatest immediate hazard shall beused.

DANGER Indicates an imminently hazardous situation which, if not avoided, will result in death orserious injury. This signal word is to be limited to the most extreme situations.

WARNING Indicates a potentially hazardous situation which, if not avoided, could result in death orserious injury.

CAUTION Indicates a potentially hazardous situation that, if not avoided, may result in minor ormoderate injury.

Signal words can also be used for delayed hazards and hazards that may arise under conditions of use(by-products, decomposition products, etc.).

11.4.1 Poison symbol

The word POISON and the skull and crossbones symbol should appear on the label when it is necessaryto attract attention to a severe and immediate harm that could result from exposure to a highly toxicchemical (see Sections 5.1.1.3.1, 5.1.1.4.1 and 5.1.1.5.1). When used, the word and the symbol should

appear together on the label. These are typically placed before the ―First Aid‖ instructions. (See Chapter13, Tables F, G and H and ―Unobtanium Gas‖ example label in Annex A). The word POISON and theskull and crossbones symbol should be used in addition to, and not replace, a signal word.

11.5 Statement of hazard

The results of the hazard evaluation, as described in Chapters 4, 5 and 6 are the identification of physical,health and environmental hazards associated with a particular chemical or mixture. Significant hazardsthen need to be communicated in clear, concise statements on the label (e.g., EXTREMELYFLAMMABLE; CAUSES SKIN IRRITATION). The hazard warning must convey the particular hazards ofthe chemical, including target organ effects. Statements for immediate hazards should usually precedethe statements for delayed hazards. In general, the most serious immediate hazard shall be placed first,

followed by all other immediate hazards. It is also desirable to group and prioritize delayed hazards.

In addition, statements of hazard should be included for any potential hazardous reaction chemicals thatwould be expected to form under normal conditions of storage, handling or use. The statement of hazardfor such a chemical should usually follow the statements for the immediate and delayed hazards.

11.6 Name, address and telephone number— The name and address of the manufacturer, importer or other responsible party shall be

included on product labels leaving the workplace and intended for outside sale or distribution.



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The name should be the actual corporate name or name under which the business isconducted. The address should include: the street address (the US street address may beomitted if this is shown in a current city or telephone directory);

— city;— state or province;— ZIP or postal code;— country (where applicable).

A telephone number for additional product information should be included on the label. Restrictions, suchas hours of operation (e.g., Monday – Friday, 8:00 a.m.- 6:00 p.m. EST, or 24-hours) or the type ofinformation available (e.g., medical, transportation) should be indicated. International dialing codesshould be included when applicable.

11.7 Precautionary statements

Precautionary statements (e.g., ―Keep away from heat, sparks and flame‖, ―Avoid breathing dust‖ and ―Donot flush to sewer‖) should supplement the statement of hazard by briefly providing measures to be takento avoid injury from physical, health or environmental hazards. Recommendations on specificprecautionary measures and instructions in case of contact or exposure are dependent on many factors.

Professional judgment should be used to determine the specific appropriate statements on a case-by-case basis. (See Chapter 13, Tables A-J)

11.8 References to additional labeling/other documents

If additional precautionary labeling, such as an SDS, technical bulletin, etc., exists, a reference to it maybe printed on the label.

If all precautionary label text does not fit on the container label or if it compromises text legibility, astatement referring to additional precautionary labeling must appear on the product label. This additionalprecautionary labeling may be on the outer, secondary container (which holds the small containers), in

the SDS, a technical bulletin, etc. In those instances, the precautionary information with the highestpriority should appear on the inner container label. (See Chapter 10.4, Elements of a label). Foldoutcontainer labels, which accommodate larger amounts of text on small containers, are another alternativeto standard container labels. The precautionary labeling used may not necessarily be identical fromone document type to another, but it must always be consistent.

11.9 Revision of precautionary labeling

The HCS requires that chemical manufacturers, importers, distributors and employers who become newlyaware of any significant information regarding the hazards of a chemical shall revise the labels for thechemicals within three months of becoming aware of the information. Labels on containers of hazardouschemicals shipped after that time shall contain the new information. When precautionary labels are

updated, all related labeling should be reviewed and revised as needed to ensure that the information isconsistent.



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12 Review of documents

Safety data sheets and precautionary labeling may be completed at different times and by differentauthors. As mentioned previously, precautionary labeling may not necessarily be identical from onedocument type to another (including the SDS) but it must always be consistent. Therefore, it is importantthat all documents for a chemical be reviewed separately and together to ensure consistency.

SDSs should be reviewed as indicated in Section 8.4 (Evaluation of the SDS). Labels should bereviewed with the understanding of Section 10.3 (Labeling communication principles) and the entirety ofChapter 11 (Preparing precautionary labeling).

Edits and changes in one document may or may not be reflected in other documents depending upon thedocument type and the specific information. For example, a change in the signal word on the labelshould trigger a corresponding change in the SDS if it is included in section 2 and/or section 16 of theSDS. However, a change in a physical/chemical property (e.g., viscosity) in section 9 of the SDS wouldprobably not be placed on a container label but could be changed in a technical design document. Achange in a technical design document may not be reflected on an SDS or a label. Each documentserves a different purpose and is intended for particular audiences. SDS and label elements that may bein common to both documents are identified in the flowchart at the beginning of the Standard.



Combined Document as of July 2008

13 Tables of hazard criteria and precautionary label text

Tables A-J summarize the hazard criteria and recommended precautionary label text (signal word, statement of hazard and precautionarymeasures) for immediate hazards. These tables are intended for use in conjunction with the rest of the Standard. It is essential to refer tothe concepts and details presented in the previous chapters of the Standard when using these tables.

The information provided in the tables is organized, as follows, according to the type of hazard (e.g., physical) and in addition, for health hazards,by the route of administration (e.g., skin):

Table A – Physical hazards (see Section 4.2)

Table B – Health hazards: Skin corrosion/irritation (see Sections 5.1.1.1 and 5.1.1.2)Table C – Health hazards: Eye corrosion/Eye irritation (see Sections 5.1.1.1 and 5.1.1.2)Table D – Health hazards: Respiratory irritation (see Sections 5.1.1.1 and 5.1.1.2)Table E – Health hazards: Sensitization (see Section 5.1.2)Table F – Health hazards: Inhalation toxicity (see Section 5.1.1.3)Table G – Health hazards: Dermal toxicity (see Section 5.1.1.4)Table H – Health hazards: Oral toxicity (see Section 5.1.1.5)Table I, Part 1 – Additional hazard warning statements

Physical hazards

Immediate health hazards

Delayed health hazardsPart 2 – Environmental hazard warning statements

Table J, – Additional precautionary measure statements

Precautionary measures

First Aid

Fire fighting

Spill procedures

Handling and storageDisposal

Container handling/storage

Miscellaneous

The tables are not intended to cover all possible precautionary labeling needs; however, the general approach illustrated should be followed indeveloping additional label statements. Suitable label text should be selected or developed as appropriate based on the results of the hazarddetermination. When a chemical presents multiple hazards, the precautionary label text may be combined. The intent of such combination is tominimize repeated wording consistent with concise communication of hazard.

Precautionary label text recommendations for delayed health hazards (carcinogenicity, reproductive/developmental/teratogenic effects and targetorgan effects) can be found in Section 5.4.1.3.



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Note: These tables are intended for use in conjunction with the rest of the Standard. It is essential to refer to the concepts and detailspresented in the previous chapters of the Standard when using these tables.

Table A – Physical hazards

Hazard Criteria Description Signal word Statement of hazard Precautionary measures

Flammable liquid Flash point 20 FORFlash point 141 F and boilingpoint 95 F

Extremelyflammable liquid

DANGER EXTREMELYFLAMMABLE LIQUID

AND VAPOR - VAPORMAY CAUSE FLASH

FIRE (OR EXPLOSION)

Keep away from heat, sparks anflame. Keep container tightlyclosed. Use only with adequate

ventilation.Flash point 141 F and boilingpoint >95 F

Flammable liquid(see NOTE)

WARNING FLAMMABLE LIQUID AND VAPOR(MAY CAUSEEXPLOSION)

Keep away from heat, sparks anflame. Keep container tightlyclosed. Use only with adequateventilation.

Flash point>141 F - <200 F Combustibleliquid

CAUTION COMBUSTIBLE LIQUID AND VAPOR

Keep away from heat and flame

Flammable gas(for pyrophoric gassee pyrophoricbelow)

At atmospheric temperature andpressure, lower flammability limitis 13% or flammable range is12%

OR Above atmospheric pressure,projects a flame >18 inchesbeyond ignition source with valveopened fully or flame flashes backand burns with any degree ofvalve opening.

Flammable gas DANGER FLAMMABLE GAS,MAY CAUSE FLASHFIRE (OR EXPLOSION)

Keep away from heat, sparks anflame. Keep container tightlyclosed. Use only with adequateventilation

Flammable solid Readily ignitable solids burnvigorously and persistently.

Flammable solid WARNING FLAMMABLE SOLID Keep away from heat, sparks anflame. Keep container closed.

Combustible dust A finely divided solid material,other than an explosive (e.g.,dynamite), that presents a fire orexplosion hazard when dispersedand ignited in air.

Combustible dust WARNING COMBUSTIBLE DUSTMAY FORMCOMBUSTIBLE(EXPLOSIVE) DUST-

AIR MIXTURES

Keep away from heat, sparks anflame. Keep container closed.Prevent dust accumulation.

Static-accumulatingflammable liquid

Liquid conductivity <100 pS/m at25 °C (77 °F);

ANDFlashpoint < 37.3 °C (100 °F)

Static-accumulatingflammable liquid

WARNING STATIC ACCUMULATINGFLAMMABLE LIQUIDCAN BECOMEELECTROSTATICALLYCHARGED EVEN INBONDED AND

Eliminate sources of ignition. Avoid spark promoters.Ground/bond container andequipment. These alone may beinsufficient to remove staticelectricity.



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Hazard Criteria Description Signal word Statement of hazard1 Precautionary measures

GROUNDEDEQUIPMENTSPARKS MAY IGNITELIQUID AND VAPORMAY CAUSE FLASHFIRE (OR EXPLOSION)

Pyrophoric Ignites spontaneously in air130 F

Pyrophoric solidor liquid or gas

DANGER EXTREMELYFLAMMABLE,

CATCHES FIRE IFEXPOSED TO AIR

Keep away from heat, sparks anflame. Keep container tightly

closed.

Oxidizer Oxidizes readily and, on contactwith combustible material, maycause fire.

Oxidizer DANGER (STRONG) OXIDIZER.CONTACT WITHOTHER MATERIALMAY CAUSE FIRE

Keep from contact with clothingand other combustible materialsStore in tightly closed container.

Water reactive A substance that reacts withwater to release a gas that iseither flammable, or presents ahealth hazard.

Water reactive DANGER WATER REACTIVESUBSTANCE. REACTS(VIGOROUSLY) WITHWATER TO RELEASEFLAMMABLE (TOXIC)GAS. MAY CAUSEFIRE. MAY BE FATAL(HARMFUL) IFINHALED.

Keep away from water or moistair. (Keep away from heat, sparkand flame). Keep container tighclosed. Use only with adequateventilation.

Organic Peroxide An organic peroxide is considered

thermally unstable if its SADT isless than 50º C. for a 50 kgpackage (49 CFR 173.128).

Organic Peroxide

DANGER! ORGANIC PEROXIDE

TEMPERATURECONTROLLED

HAZARDOUSDECOMPOSITION MAYOCCUR

Temperature controlled! Cool an

maintain proper temperature forproduct . Prevent productcontamination. Keep containertightly closed and away fromheat, sparks and flame. Keepaway from combustible materials

An organic peroxide is consideredthermally stable if its SADT isequal to or greater than 50ºC. fora 50 kg package (49 CFR173.128).

Organic PeroxideWARNING! ORGANIC PEROXIDE.

HAZARDOUSDECOMPOSITION MAYOCCUR

Keep away from heat, sparks anflame. Prevent productcontamination. Keep containertightly closed and away fromcombustible materials.



88

Hazard Criteria Description Signal word Statement of hazard1 Precautionary measures

Compressed gas A gas or mixture of gases having,in a container, a pressure of >40psia (>25 psig) at 70 F (21.1 C).

Compressed gas CAUTION HIGH PRESSURE GAS Use only with adequateventilation. Use equipment ratedfor cylinder pressure. Use abackflow preventative device inpiping. Close valve after each uand when empty.

Corrosive to metal A chemical with a corrosion rateon either steel or aluminum

surfaces exceeding 6.25 mm peryear at a test temperature of55°C.

Corrosive tometal

WARNING MAY BE CORROSIVETO METALS

Keep away from metals. Store ioriginal container or corrosiveresistant and/or lined container.

Cryogenic liquid A refrigerated liquefied gashaving a boiling point colder than-130 F (-90 C) at atmosphericpressure.

Cryogenic liquid WARNING EXTREMELY COLDLIQUID AND GASUNDER PRESSURE

CAUSES SEVEREFROSTBITE

Store and use with adequateventilation. Wear cold-insulatinggloves/face shield/eye protectionUse a backflow preventativedevice in piping. Close valve afteach use and when empty. DoNOT change or force fitconnections.

Unstable reactive A chemical that will vigorouslypolymerize, decompose,condense, or will become self-reactive under conditions ofshocks, pressure or temperature.

Unstable DANGER UNSTABLE.SENSITIVE TO HEATOR SHOCK. MAYBECOME EXPLOSIVE.

Keep away from heat, sparks anflame. Protect container fromphysical shock.

1) Use alternative statements in parentheses as appropriate. NOTE – For liquids having a flash point 100 F and 141 F, see the definition of Flammable liquid in Section 4.2.1.1.2

See table in Section 9.5.2.1 for selection of appropriate fire action statements.



89


Table B – Health hazards: Skin corrosion/irritation

Hazard Criteria Description Signalword

Statementof hazard

2

Precautionary measures

Instructions in case of contact oexposure

3

Skincorrosion

Reported humanexperience and/orappropriate test data.

Corrosive toliving tissue

DANGER CAUSES(SEVERE) SKINBURNS

Do NOT get on skin. Avoid breathing (dust,vapor, mist, gas). Keep

container tightly closed.Use only with adequateventilation. Washthoroughly after handling.

FIRST AID: In case of contact,immediately flush skin with plenty ofwater for at least 15 minutes while

removing contaminated clothing andshoes.

Get medical attention immediately.(Call a physician or poison control

center immediately.)Wash clothing before reuse.Destroy contaminated shoes.(Thoroughly clean shoes before reu

Skin irritation Reported humanexperience and/orappropriate test data.

Irritant, severeskin

WARNING CAUSES SKINIRRITATION

Avoid contact with skin andclothing. Wash thoroughlyafter handling.

FIRST AID: In case of contact,immediately flush skin with plenty ofwater. Remove contaminated clothinand shoes.

Get medical attention.(Get medical attention immediately.(Call a physician or poison control

center.)

Wash clothing before reuse.Destroy contaminated shoes.(Thoroughly clean shoes beforereuse.)

Irritant,moderate skin

CAUTION MAY CAUSESKINIRRITATION

Avoid contact with skin andclothing. Wash thoroughlyafter handling.

FIRST AID: In case of contact,immediately flush skin with plenty ofwater. Remove contaminated clothand shoes.



90

Hazard Criteria1 Description Signal

wordStatementof hazard

2

Precautionary measures 2 Instructions in case of contact o

exposure3

Irritant,defatting, skin

CAUTION PROLONGEDOR REPEATEDCONTACT MAYDRY SKIN ANDCAUSEIRRITATION

Get medical attention if irritationdevelops and persists. (Get medicaattention immediately if irritationdevelops and persists.)(Call a physician if irritation developand persists.)

Wash clothing before reuse.

Destroy contaminated shoes.(Thoroughly clean shoes beforereuse.)

1) See also definitions in Sections 5.1.1.1 and 5.1.1.22) Select applicable word or words.3) Use alternative statements in parentheses as appropriate.



91


Table C – Health hazards: Eye corrosion/irritation


Statementof hazard

2

Precautionarymeasures

2

Instructions in case of contact oexposure

3

Eye corrosion Reported humanexperience and/or

appropriate test data.


DANGER CAUSES(SEVERE) EYE

BURNS

Do NOT get in eyes. Avoid breathing (dust,

vapor, mist, gas.) Keepcontainer tightly closed.Use only with adequateventilation. Washthoroughly after handling.

FIRST AID: In case of contact,immediately flush eye with plenty of

water for at least 15 minutes. (If easyto do, remove contact lenses, if worn

Get medical attention immediately.Call a physician or poison controlcenter immediately.)

Eye irritation Reported humanexperience and/orappropriate test data.

Irritant, severeeye

WARNING CAUSES EYEIRRITATION

Avoid contact with eyes.Wash thoroughly afterhandling.

FIRST AID: In case of contact,immediately flush eyes with plenty ofwater for at least 15 minutes. (If easto do, remove contact lenses, if worn

Get medical attention.(Get medical attention immediately.)(Call a physician.)

Irritant,moderate eye

CAUTION MAY CAUSEEYEIRRITATION

Avoid contact with eyes.Wash thoroughly afterhandling.

FIRST AID: In case of contact,immediately flush eyes with plenty ofwater (for at least 15 minutes.) (If ea

to do, remove contact lenses, if worn

Get medical attention.(Get medical attention immediately ifirritation persists.)(Call a physician if irritation persists.

1) See also definitions in Sections 5.1.1.1 and 5.1.1.22) Select applicable word or words.3) Use alternative statements in parentheses as appropriate.



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Table D – Health hazards: Respiratory irritation

Hazard Criteria Descriptor Signalword

Statementof hazard

Precautionary measures Instructions in case of contact exposure

3

Respiratoryirritation

Reported humanexperience and/or

appropriate test data.

Irritant, severerespiratory

WARNING CAUSESRESPIRATORY

TRACTIRRITATION (orspecify nose,upper respiratorytract, etc. ifappropriate)

Avoid breathing (dust,vapor, mist, gas.) Keep

container tightly closed.Use only with adequateventilation.

FIRST AID: If inhaled, remove to freair. If not breathing, give artificial

respiration. If breathing is difficult, goxygen.

Get medical attention.(Get medical attention immediately.

(Call a physician.)

Irritant,moderaterespiratory

CAUTION MAY CAUSERESPIRATORYTRACTIRRITATION (orspecify nose,upper respiratorytract, etc. ifappropriate)

Avoid breathing (dust,vapor, mist, gas.) Keepcontainer tightly closed.Use only with adequateventilation.

FIRST AID: If inhaled, remove to freair. If not breathing, give artificialrespiration. If breathing is difficult, goxygen.

Get medical attention.(Get medical attention immediately.(Call a physician.)

1) See also definitions in 5.1.1.1 and 5.1.1.22) Select applicable word or words.3) Use alternative statements in parentheses as appropriate.



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Table E – Health hazards: Sensitization

Hazard Criteria Descriptor Signalword

Statementof hazard

Precautionary measures Instructions in case of contact oexposure

3

Skinsensitizer

Reported experienceand/or appropriate

test data.

Sensitizer, skin WARNING MAY CAUSE ALLERGIC SKIN

REACTION.

Avoid prolonged orrepeated contact with skin.

Wash thoroughly afterhandling

FIRST AID: If case of contact,immediately flush skin with soap an

plenty of water. Remove contaminaclothing and shoes.

Get medical attention if symptomsoccur.(Get medical attention immediately symptoms occur.)(Call a physician if symptoms occur

Wash clothing before reuse.

Destroy contaminated shoes.(Thoroughly clean shoes before reu

Respiratorysensitizer

Reported experienceand/or appropriatetest data.

Sensitizer,respiratory

DANGER MAY CAUSE ALLERGICRESPIRATORYREACTION

Do NOT breathe (dust,vapor, mist, gas.) Keepcontainer closed. Use onlywith adequate ventilation.

FIRST AID: If inhaled, remove to freair. If not breathing, give artificialrespiration. If breathing is difficult, goxygen.Get medical attention.

(Get medical attention immediately.(Call a physician.)

1) See also definitions in 5.1.2.2) Select applicable word or words.3) Use alternative statements in parentheses as appropriate.



94


Table F – Health hazards: Inhalation toxicity


Statementof hazard

2


2

Instructions in case of contact orexposure

3

Inhalationtoxicity

≤ 200 ppm (gas/vapor)OR

≤ 2 mg/L (mist, fume ordust)1 hour inhalation LC50 (rat)

Highly toxic DANGER MAY BE FATALIF

INHALED

Do NOT breathe (dust,vapor, mist, gas.) Keep

container closed. Useonly with adequateventilation.

POISONGet medical attention.(Get medical attention immediately.)(Call 911, if available.)(Call a physician.)(Contact a poison control center.)

FIRST AID: If inhaled, remove to fresair. If not breathing, give artificialrespiration. If breathing is difficult, gioxygen.

>200-2,000 ppm(gas/vapor) or>2-20 mg/L (mist, fumeor dust)1 hour inhalation LC50

(rat)

Toxic WARNING HARMFUL IFINHALED

Avoid breathing (dust,vapor, mist, gas.) Keepcontainer closed. Useonly with adequateventilation.


Get medical attention.(Get medical attention immediately.)(Call a physician.)(Contact a poison control center.)

Simpleasphyxiants

Physiological inertvapor or gas

Potentialsuffocation

CAUTION (VAPOR)(GAS)REDUCESOXYGEN

AVAILABLEFORBREATHING

Keep container closed.Use only with adequateventilation. Do NOT enter(storage areas, confinedspaces) unlessadequately ventilated.


Get medical attention(Get medical attention immediately.)(Call a physician.)

1) See also definitions in 5.1.1.32) Select applicable word or words.



95

3) Use alternative statements in parentheses as appropriate.



96


Table G – Health Hazards: Dermal Toxicity


Statementof hazard



2

DermalToxicity

≤ 200 mg/kg dermalLD50 (rabbit)

Highly toxic DANGER MAY BEFATAL IF

ABSORBEDTHROUGHSKIN

Do NOT get in eyes, onskin or on clothing. Wash

thoroughly after handling.POISON

Call a physician immediately.(Call a physician or poison controlcenter immediately.)(Get medical attention immediately.)(Call 911, if available.)

FIRST AID: In case of contact,immediately flush eyes or skin withplenty of water for at least 15 minuteswhile removing contaminated clothingand shoes. Wash clothing beforereuse.

Destroy contaminated shoes.(Thoroughly clean shoes beforereuse.)

> 200 < 1,000 mg/kgdermal LD50 (rabbit)

Toxic WARNING HARMFUL IF ABSORBEDTHROUGHSKIN

Avoid contact with eyes,skin and clothing. Washthoroughly after handling.

FIRST AID: In case of contact,immediately flush eyes or skin withplenty of water for at least 15 minuteswhile removing contaminated clothingand shoes. Wash clothing beforereuse.

Get medical attention.(Get medical attention immediately.)(Call a physician.)(Call a physician or poison controlcenter.)Destroy contaminated shoes.



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2

(Thoroughly clean shoes beforereuse.)

> 1,000 ≤ 2,000mg/kg dermal LD50

(rabbit)

Harmful CAUTION MAY BEHARMFUL IF

ABSORBEDTHROUGHSKIN

Avoid prolonged contactwith eyes, skin andclothing. Washthoroughly after handling.

FIRST AID: In case of contact,immediately flush eyes or skin withplenty of water (for at least 15minutes) while removingcontaminated clothing and shoes.

Wash clothing before reuse.Get medical attention.(Get medical attention if symptomsoccur.)(Call a physician (if symptomsoccur.))(Call a physician or poison controlcenter if symptoms occur.)Destroy contaminated shoes.(Thoroughly clean shoes beforereuse.)

1) See also definitions in 5.1.1.42) Use alternative statements in parentheses as appropriate.



98


Table H – Health hazards: Oral toxicity


Statementof hazard


2


2, 3

Ingestion ≤ 50 mg/kg oral LD50 (rat)

Highly toxic DANGER MAY BEFATAL IF

SWALLOWED

Do NOT take internally.(Do NOT taste or

swallow.)

Wash thoroughly afterhandling.

POISON Get medical attention immediately,(call 911, if available.)(Call a physician immediately.)

FIRST AID: If swallowed, contact apoison control center or physicianimmediately. Do NOT inducevomiting unless directed to do so bymedical personnel. Never giveanything by mouth to anunconscious person.

(FIRST AID: If swallowed, contact apoison control center or physicianimmediately. Induce vomitingimmediately, as directed by medicalpersonnel. Never give anything bymouth to an unconscious person.)

>50≤ 500 mg/kg oralLD50 (rat)

Toxic WARNING HARMFUL IFSWALLOWED

Do NOT take internally.(Do NOT taste orswallow.)


FIRST AID: If swallowed, contact apoison control center or physicianimmediately. Do NOT inducevomiting unless directed to do so bymedical personnel. Never giveanything by mouth to anunconscious person.

(FIRST AID: If swallowed, contact apoison control center or physician



99




2


2, 3

immediately. Induce vomitingimmediately, as directed by medicalpersonnel. Never give anything bymouth to an unconscious person.)

Get medical attention.(Call a physician.)

>500≤ 2,000 mg/kgoral LD50 (rat)

Harmful CAUTION MAY BEHARMFUL IFSWALLOWED

Do NOT take internally.(Do NOT taste orswallow.)


FIRST AID: If swallowed, call apoison control center or physicianimmediately. Do NOT inducevomiting unless directed to do so bya physician. Never give anything bymouth to an unconscious person.

(FIRST AID: If swallowed, call apoison control center or physicianimmediately. Induce vomitingimmediately, as directed by aphysician. Never give anything bymouth to an unconscious person.)

Get medical attention.(Call a physician.)

Aspiration Low viscositypetroleum and otherhydrocarbons

Potential foraspiration ifswallowed

WARNING(HARMFUL)DANGER(FATAL)

HARMFUL (ORFATAL) IFSWALLOWED.CAN ENTERLUNGS ANDCAUSEDAMAGE

FIRST AID: If swallowed, do NOTinduce vomiting. If vomiting occurshave person lean forward. Call apoison control center or physicianimmediately. Never give anything bymouth to an unconscious person.

Digestivetractcorrosion

Reported humanexperience and/orappropriate test data.


DANGER CAUSES(SEVERE)

DIGESTIVETRACTBURNS

Do NOT taste orswallow.(Do NOT take internally.)Wash thoroughly afterhandling.

FIRST AID: If swallowed, do NOTinduce vomiting. Call a poisoncontrol center or physicianimmediately.



100




2


2, 3

Get medical attention immediately.If victim is fully conscious, givecupful of water.Never give anything by mouth to anunconscious person.

1) See also definitions in 5.1.1.5.2) Use alternative statements in parentheses as appropriate.3) See Chapter 9, Section 9.4.2.3 for further information regarding the induction of vomiting.



101

Table I, Part 1: Additional hazard warning statements

Table I contains additional label statements that have been used by industry professionals in conjunction with or in lieu of those statements listedin the tables above and identifies additional label statements for container handling and storage. Terms in parenthesis are optional.

Category Sub-category Hazard Statements

Physical hazards Fire hazards

VAPORS MAY TRAVEL TO AREAS (ROOMS) AWAY FROM WORK SITE BEFORE

IGNITING/FLASHING BACK TO VAPOR SOURCE

VAPORS MAY SPREAD LONG DISTANCES AND IGNITE

CONTACT WITH WATER MAY CAUSE FLASH FIRE

MAY IGNITE IF ALLOWED TO BECOME DAMP

HEAT, SHOCK OR CONTACT WITH OTHER MATERIAL MAY CAUSE FIRE OR

EXPLOSIVE DECOMPOSITION

MAY FORM FLAMMABLE DUST-AIR MIXTURE

BURNS WITH INVISIBLE FLAME

SPILL MAY CAUSE FIRE OR LIBERATE DANGEROUS GAS

CONTENTS ARE PACKED UNDER WATER AND WILL IGNITE IF WATER IS REMOVED

SPILLS ON CLOTHING OR COMBUSTIBLE MATERIALS WILL CAUSE FIRE

CLOTHING AND VEGETATION CONTAMINATED WITH CHLORATE OR ITS

SOLUTIONS ARE DANGEROUSLY FLAMMABLE

CONTENTS OF PACKAGE ARE UNDER KEROSENE AND WILL IGNITE IF EXPOSED

TO AIR OR WATERPOTENTIAL FOR SPONTANEOUS COMBUSTION

NOT FLAMMABLE, BUT REACTS WITH MOST METALS TO FORM FLAMMABLE

HYDROGEN GAS

WILL BURN IN A FIRE

HAZARDOUS POLYMERIZATION MAY TAKE PLACE DURING A FIRE

CONTACT WITH COMBUSTIBLE MATERIALS MAY CAUSE FIRE

CONTAINERS CAN RUPTURE AND RELEASE HIGHLY TOXIC VAPORS OR

DECOMPOSITION PRODUCTS IF EXPOSED TO HEAT

CONTAINER MAY RUPTURE ON HEATING



102


Physical hazards

(cont’d) Explosion hazards

HEAT, SHOCK OR CONTACT WITH OTHER MATERIAL MAY CAUSE FIRE OR

EXPLOSIVE DECOMPOSITION

VAPORS MAY IGNITE AND EXPLODE

FORMS SHOCK-SENSITIVE MIXTURES WITH CERTAIN OTHER MATERIALS

MAY EXPLODE IF WATER CONTENT IS 10 PERCENT OR BELOW

MAY FORM EXPLOSIVE MIXTURES IN AIR

MAY FORM EXPLOSIVE DUST-AIR MIXTUREPOTENTIAL DUST EXPLOSION HAZARD

EXPLOSIVE REACTION MAY OCCUR ON HEATING OR BURNING

MAY FORM EXPLOSIVE PEROXIDES

AN UNCONTROLLED POLYMERIZATION MAY PRODUCE A RAPID RELEASE OF

ENERGY WITH THE POTENTIAL FOR AN EXPLOSION OF UNVENTED CLOSED

CONTAINERS

RISK OF EXPLOSION IF HEATED UNDER CONFINEMENT



103


Physical hazards

(cont’d) Reactivity/Pressurehazards

REACTS VIOLENTLY WITH WATER, LIBERATING (RELEASING) HYDROGEN, WHICH MAY

IGNITE

CONTAMINATION MAY RESULT IN DANGEROUS PRESSURE INCREASES - CLOSED

CONTAINERS MAY RUPTURE

UNSTABLE (REACTIVE) UPON DEPLETION OF INHIBITOR

HAZARDOUS POLYMERIZATION MAY OCCUR UPON DEPLETION OF INHIBITOR

MAY CAUSE HEAT AND PRESSURE BUILD-UP IN CLOSED CONTAINERS

AN UNCONTROLLED POLYMERIZATION MAY PRODUCE A RAPID RELEASE OF ENERGY WITHTHE POTENTIAL FOR AN EXPLOSION OF UNVENTED CLOSED CONTAINERS

EXTREMELY HAZARDOUS LIQUID AND VAPOR UNDER PRESSURE

CONTENTS UNDER PRESSURE

MAY REACT VIOLENTLY WITH WATER

CONTAINER MAY RUPTURE ON HEATING

PROLONGED EXPOSURE OF THE NEAT PRODUCT TO TEMPERATURES ABOVE 200°F (93°C)

WILL RESULT IN AN EXOTHERMIC, AUTOCATALYTIC DECOMPOSITION AND PRESSURE

BUILD-UP IN SEALED CONTAINERS

DANGEROUS, AUTOACCELERATED, EXOTHERMIC DECOMPOSITION MAY OCCUR AT

TEMPERATURES OF ____°F (___°C)

IF MATERIAL IS HEATED ABOVE ____ °F (____°C) HIGHLY EXOTHERMIC REACTIONS MAY

RESULT

CONTACT WITH WATER OR MOIST AIR LIBERATES IRRITATING GAS

CONTACT WITH ACID LIBERATES (RELEASES) POISONOUS GASCONTACT WITH METALS LIBERATES POISONOUS GAS

LIBERATES GAS WHICH MAY CAUSE SUFFOCATION

LIBERATES POISONOUS GAS

CONTACT WITH METALS LIBERATES HYDROGEN GAS

CONTACT WITH WATER OR ACID SLOWLY LIBERATES POISONOUS AND FLAMMABLE

HYDROGEN SULFIDE GAS



104


Immediatehealth hazard

Inhalation

INHALATION MAY BE FATAL OR CAUSE DELAYED LUNG INJURY

HARMFUL IF INHALED AND MAY CAUSE DELAYED LUNG INJURY

MAY CAUSE DELAYED LUNG INJURY AND BURNS

VAPOR (EXTREMELY) IRRITATING

(EXTREMELY) IRRITATING GAS AND LIQUID UNDER PRESSURE

(EXTREMELY) IRRITATING GAS

MAY CAUSE NOSE, THROAT AND LUNG IRRITATIONINHALATION MAY CAUSE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM EFFECTS

CAUSES HEADACHE, DROWSINESS OR OTHER EFFECTS TO THE CENTRAL

NERVOUS SYSTEM.

MATERIAL IS RAPIDLY ABSORBED THROUGH THE LUNGS

MAY CAUSE IRREGULAR HEARTBEATS, ESPECIALLY UNDER CONDITIONS OF

STRESS



105


Immediate

health hazard

(cont’d)

Skin or Eye Contact

CORROSIVE – CAUSES IRREVERSIBLE EYE (AND SKIN) DAMAGE

RAPIDLY ABSORBED THROUGH SKIN

CAUSES SEVERE BURNS WHICH MAY NOT BE IMMEDIATELY PAINFUL OR VISIBLE

MAY CAUSE RASH OR EXTERNAL ULCERS

MAY CAUSE BURNS OR EXTERNAL ULCERS

MAY CAUSE THERMAL BURNS

MAY CAUSE (SEVERE) FROSTBITE

CONTACT WITH HOT PRODUCT WILL CAUSE THERMAL BURNS

LIQUID OR VAPOR CAUSES BURNS WHICH MAY BE DELAYED

CAUSES SEVERE BURNS - EFFECTS ON EYES MAY BE DELAYED

MAY CAUSE BLINDNESS

MAY CAUSE PERMANENT EYE INJURY

MAY CAUSE EYE INJURY - EFFECTS MAY BE DELAYED

CAUSES FROSTBITE OR CRYOGENIC BURNS

PROLONGED SKIN CONTACT MAY CAUSE IRRITATION

PROLONGED OR REPEATED SKIN CONTACT WITH LIQUID MAY CAUSE DEFATTING

RESULTING IN DRYING, REDNESS AND POSSIBLE BLISTERING

Ingestion

MAY BE FATAL OR CAUSE BLINDNESS IF SWALLOWED

CANNOT BE MADE NON-POISONOUS

ASPIRATION HAZARD IF SWALLOWED – CAN ENTER LUNGS AND CAUSE DAMAGE



106


Delayed health hazard

REPRODUCTIVE HAZARD

REPEATED INHALATION OR SKIN CONTACT MAY, WITHOUT SYMPTOMS, INCREASE

SUSCEPTIBILITY TO (add specific effects)

REPEATED ABSORPTION MAY RESULT IN BLADDER TUMORS

SUSPECT REPRODUCTIVE HAZARD - CONTAINS MATERIAL WHICH MAY

TERMINATE PREGNANCY (CAUSE MISCARRIAGE) (BASED ON ANIMAL DATA)

SUSPECT REPRODUCTIVE HAZARD - CONTAINS MATERIAL WHICH MAY INJUREUNBORN CHILD (CAUSE BIRTH DEFECTS) (BASED ON ANIMAL DATA)

THIS PRODUCT (CONTAINS A MATERIAL THAT) MAY CAUSE ADVERSE

REPRODUCTIVE EFFECTS (SEE SDS FOR DETAILS)

MAY CAUSE DAMAGE TO LIVER AND KIDNEYS (INDICATE ROUTE OF EXPOSURE)

CAUSES LIVER AND KIDNEY DAMAGE IF SWALLOWED

PROLONGED OR REPEATED USE (INDICATE ROUTE OF EXPOSURE) CAUSES LIVER

AND KIDNEY DAMAGE

MAY CAUSE CANCER BASED ON ANIMAL STUDIES



107

Table I, Part 2 – Environmental hazard warning statements

Table I, Part 2 contains examples of environmental statements used by industry professionals or that may have specific meaning by somegovernments or organizations (not necessarily the US).

Category Sub-category Statements

Environmental hazards

VERY TOXIC TO AQUATIC ORGANISMS

TOXIC TO AQUATIC ORGANISMS

HARMFUL TO AQUATIC ORGANISMS

MAY CAUSE LONG-TERM ADVERSE EFFECTS IN THE AQUATIC ENVIRONMENT

TOXIC TO FLORA (PLANTS)

TOXIC TO FAUNA (ANIMALS)

TOXIC TO SOIL ORGANISMS

TOXIC TO BEES

MAY CAUSE LONG-TERM ADVERSE EFFECTS IN THE ENVIRONMENT

DANGEROUS FOR THE OZONE LAYER

VERY TOXIC TO AQUATIC ORGANISMS; MAY CAUSE LONG-TERM ADVERSE

EFFECTS IN THE AQUATIC ENVIRONMENT

TOXIC TO AQUATIC ORGANISMS; MAY CAUSE LONG-TERM ADVERSE EFFECTS IN

THE AQUATIC ENVIRONMENT

HARMFUL TO AQUATIC ORGANISMS; MAY CAUSE LONG-TERM ADVERSE EFFECTS

IN THE AQUATIC ENVIRONMENTDANGEROUS FOR THE ENVIRONMENT

MATERIAL IS HIGHLY TOXIC TO FISH

EFFECTS THE AQUATIC ENVIRONMENT

NOT CONSIDERED TO BE HARMFUL TO AQUATIC LIFE

THE MATERIAL HAS BEEN TESTED IN ALGAE AND FOUND TO CAUSE NO

SIGNIFICANT TOXIC EFFECTS

HARMFUL TO INVERTEBRATES AND ALGAE

NO ADVERSE TERRESTRIAL TOXICITY

NOT READILY BIODEGRADABLE



108


READILY BIODEGRADABLE

HIGHLY TOXIC TO ALGAE

MATERIAL DOES NOT BIOACCUMULATE

BIOACCUMULATION FACTOR (BCF)



109

Table J – Additional precautionary measures statements


Precautionary

measures/Prevention

General

Avoid exposure to vapor.

Follow general hygiene considerations recognized as common good workplace

practices.

No special precautions are needed in handling this material.

Avoid creating dust. Avoid dust accumulation in enclosed space.

Minimize dust generation and accumulation.

Wash hands before eating, drinking or smoking.

Keep container closed when not in use.

Keep from any possible contact with water.

Keep away from heat and flame.

Precautionary

measures/Prevention

Inhalation

Avoid breathing dust or spray mist.

Avoid breathing dust/fume/gas/mist/vapors/spray.

Avoid prolonged or repeated breathing of vapor.

Avoid breathing dust or vapor.

Use only with adequate ventilation and in closed systems.

Use ventilation adequate to exhaust vapors (fumes, dust, etc.) See SDS.

Use exhaust ventilation to keep airborne concentrations below exposure limits.

This gas deadens the sense of smell. Do NOT depend on odor to detect presence of

gas.

Gas (vapor) has little odor (is odorless.) Do not depend on odor to detect the presence

of gas (vapor).

Use adequate ventilation and/or engineering controls in high temperature processing to

prevent exposure to vapors.

Use with local exhaust ventilation.

Do not inhale fumes.



110


Precautionary

measures/Prevention

Prevent vapor buildup by providing adequate ventilation during and after use.

Personal protective

equipment (PPE)


Wear chemical splash goggles and face shield (when eye and face contact is possible

due to splashing or spraying of material).

Wear chemical resistant clothing (such as gloves, apron, boots or whole bodysuits made

from neoprene, as appropriate).

Use only with adequate ventilation/personal protection.

Always wear NIOSH-approved, positive-pressure, air-supplied respirator when handling

this material.

Use NIOSH approved respiratory protection.

Have available emergency self-contained breathing apparatus or full-face airline

respirator when using this chemical.

Always wear a self-contained breathing apparatus or full-face airline respirator when

using this chemical.



111


First aid/Response

Inhalation

If breathing has stopped, give artificial respiration.

If breathing is labored, administer oxygen. Get medical attention immediately.

Remove person to fresh air. If signs/symptoms continue, get medical attention.

Remove to fresh air immediately. Get medical attention immediately.

Eyes

Flush eyes with water for at least 15 minutes. Get medical attention if eye irritation

develops or persists.Immediately flush eyes for at least 15 minutes. Get medical attention.

Hold eyelids apart and flush eyes with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes. Get medical

attention.

Remove contact lenses, if worn.

Skin

Immediately wash with tincture of green soap in flowing water for 15 minutes.

Flush skin with large amounts of water. If irritation develops and persists, get medical

attention.

Rinse skin with water/shower.

Immediately flush skin with large amounts of water.

Remove contaminated clothing. If irritation (redness, rash, blistering) develops, get medical

attention.

Wash contaminated clothing before reuse.

Treat any burns as thermal burns, after decontamination.

Destroy contaminated shoes in proper manner.

Remove clothing and wash thoroughly with water.

Ingestion

Do NOT induce vomiting.

If swallowed and the victim is conscious and alert, induce vomiting immediately, ONLY if

directed by medical personnel.

Do not induce vomiting. If conscious, give 2 glasses of water. Get medical attention.



112


First aid/ResponseMiscellaneous

Exposures require specialized first aid and medical follow-up.

This product is not an inhibitor of cholinesterase. Treatment with atropine and oximes is not

indicated.

Call a physician or poison control center ( immediately).

Fire fighting/Response

Keep away from contact with clothing and other combustible materials to avoid fire.

Drying of this product on clothing or combustible materials may cause fire.

Avoid friction or rough handling because of fire hazard.

Keep wet in storage - dry powder may ignite by friction, static electricity or heat.

Prevent contamination with readily oxidizable materials and polymerization accelerators.

Do not add water to contents while in a container because of violent reaction and possible

flash fire.

Clothing and vegetation contaminated with chlorate or its solutions are DANGEROUSLY

FLAMMABLE.

Keep away from fire.

Use CO2, dry chemical or foam. Water can be used to cool and protect exposed material.

Allow gas to burn if flow cannot be shut off.

Eliminate sources of ignition.

Keep away from contact with oxidizing materials.

Limit use of water spray to cool fire-exposed containers and to protect personnel.CO2 will displace air in confined spaces and may cause an oxygen deficient atmosphere.

Water may not be effective to extinguish fire.

Stop flow of gas before attempting to extinguish fire.

Leaking gas fire: Do not extinguish unless leak can be stopped safely.

Evacuate area and fight fire from a safe distance.

Keep upwind of fire.

Cool container with water spray.

Spattering of flammable liquid may result from spraying water.



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Fight fire remotely due to the risk of explosion.

Spill

procedures/Response

Cover with absorbent or contain. Collect and dispose.

Avoid runoff to waterways and sewers.

Keep out of drains, sewers, ditches and waterways.

Do not flush to sewer.

Do not apply water unless directed to do so by a hazardous materials expert.

Do not place spilled materials back into the original container.Clean up spill immediately.

Allow product to cool and pick up as a solid.

Sweep up and remove immediately.

Use non-sparking equipment when cleaning up flammable spill.

Avoid release to the environment.

Do not discharge into drains.

Use appropriate container to avoid environmental contamination.

Use personal protection recommended in the SDS.

Isolate the hazard area and deny entry to unnecessary and unprotected personnel.

This material is a water pollutant.

Minimize use of water during clean-up.

Contain spilled liquid with sand or earth. DO NOT use combustible materials, such as sawdust.

Eliminate all ignition sources.

Use explosion-proof equipment for dust cleanup.Dust can be a fire or explosion hazard.

Vacuum or sweep material and place in a disposal container.

US regulations require reporting spills of this material that could reach any surface waters. The toll-

free phone number for the US Coast Guard National Response Center is 1-800-424-8802.

Recover or recycle spilled material, if possible.

Extremely slippery when spilled.



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Handling and storage

Do not store near combustible materials.

Keep away from heat, sparks, flame and other sources of ignition (i.e., pilot lights, electric

motors and static electricity).


Keep away from acids and heat.

Keep away from acids.

Store in dry place.

Do not heat cylinders.

Keep from freezing.

To avoid sudden release of pressure, loosen closure cautiously before opening.

Keep under nitrogen blanket.

Use only clean, dry utensils in handling.


Minimize dust generation and accumulation.

Keep from any possible contact with water.

Do not store near (specify material or condition).

Store in original vented container.

Keep container closed to prevent drying out.

If frozen, do not use steam to liquefy.

Solidifies at about ______°F (______°C) and may break container.

Store in moderately warm place.

Shut off all gas pilot lights and electrical (spark or hot wire) igniters and other sources of

ignition.

Keep away from heat, sparks, flame and other sources of ignition (i.e., pilot lights, electric

motors and static electricity.)

Shut off main gas valve.

Use explosion-proof electrical (ventilation and lighting) equipment.

Do not smoke or use matches or lighters during use and until vapors (odors) are gone.



115


Handling and storage

(cont’d)

Static charges can accumulate during shipping, unloading, pouring or conveying.

To avoid fire or explosion, ground and bond container and receiving equipment (and ground

personnel) before transferring material.

To dissipate static electricity during transfer, ground drum and connect to receiving

container with bonding strap.

Packaging film can build static electrical charges. Do not handle (remove or empty)

packaging film (wrap or liner) in presence of flammable (ignitable) vapors.

Prevent contamination by any source including metals, dust and organic materials. Such

contamination can cause rapid decomposition, generation of high pressures or formation of

explosive mixtures.

Do not add to hot materials; do not grind or subject to heat or shock - explosive

decomposition may result.

Do not allow evaporation to near dryness. Addition of water or appropriate reducing agents

will lessen peroxide formation.

Keep containers sealed until ready for use.

Possibility of explosion exists under dusty conditions.

Avoid dusting when handling and avoid all possible sources of ignition (spark or flame).

NOTE - Suck-back into cylinder may cause explosion. Under no circumstances should the

cylinder entry tube be inserted in a liquid or gas without a vacuum break or other protective

apparatus in the line to prevent suck-back. Fire or high temperatures may cause explosive

decomposition if confined.

Do NOT enter places where used or stored until adequately ventilated.



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Disposal/Disposition

Dispose of material as a hazardous waste.

Do not dispose of with household waste, trash or other solid waste.

Improper disposal or reuse of this container may be dangerous and illegal. Refer to

applicable local, state and federal regulations as well as industry standards.

Dispose of wastes in an approved waste disposal facility.

Do not contaminate water, food, or feed by storage or disposal.

Do not allow into any sewer, on the ground or into any body of water.

Avoid release to the environment.

Do not empty into drains.

Use appropriate container to avoid environmental contamination.

The (preferred) waste management option(s) is (are) to (select appropriate statement(s)

listed below):

Reuse

Recycle

Reuse or recycle

Send to a licensed recycler, reclaimer or incinerator

Burn

Burn in a municipal incinerator

Dispose of in approved landfill

Disposal should be in accordance with applicable regional, national and local laws and

regulations.

Classification based on characteristic(s) or listing(s) may not apply if the material has beenused or contaminated.

Incinerate at an approved (municipal) facility.

Solidify with stabilizing agents (such as fly ash or cement) to absorb free liquid before

disposal.

Physical/chemical properties may affect disposal options.

State or local regulations may differ from federal hazardous waste regulations.



117


Storage and Handling

Metal drums

Remove closure (cap) carefully to relieve possible internal pressure.

Keep closure (bung, cap or plug) up to prevent leakage.

Replace plug (bung or cap) after each withdrawal and return plug with empty drum.

Electrically bond and ground all containers and equipment before transfer or use of material.

Use adequate ventilation when opening the container due to potential headspace

contaminants.

Open container with care, using adequate ventilation and avoiding ignition sources.

Container may rupture (by polymerization) under fire conditions.

Glass carboys

Before moving carboy, be sure closure is securely fastened.

Avoid rough handling or dropping.

Loosen closure carefully.

Do not refrigerate. This product crystallizes and may expand, breaking glass container.

Plastic container

with/without

overpacks

Keep closure (cap) up to prevent leakage.

Remove closure (cap) carefully to relieve possible internal pressure.

Composite container has weep holes to drain moisture from space between liner and shell.

Continuous "weeping" may indicate leakage of plastic inner container (liner).

Fiber drums

Protect from direct contact with water or excessive moisture.

Avoid creasing or impacting of sidewalls.

Plastic bag or liner may cause static ignition hazard.



118


Storage & Handling

(cont’d)

Sacks/Bags

Protect from direct contact with water or excessive moisture.

Never store directly on ground.

In case of puncture, use overslip bag and securely close.

Under dusty conditions avoid all sources of ignition, including sparks and static electricity.

Plastic container may cause static ignition hazard.

Ground container while being filled or emptied.

Bulk containers

Relieve internal pressure when received.


High vapor pressure requires pressure rated storage tanks and piping.

Plastic bag or liner may cause static ignition hazard.

Maintain proper grounding at all times.

Do not discharge at pressures above ______psi.

Before opening container, connect to dry, oxygen-free inert system.



119


Storage/Handling

(cont’d)

General

Keep drum out of sun.

Keep away from heat.

Do not drop onto or slide across, sharp objects.

Never use pressure to empty; drum is not a pressure vessel.

Do not reuse container.

Keep container upright.

Do not use container for food, feed or drinking water.

Loosen closure carefully.


Do not use container as dilution or mixing vessel.

Do not handle or empty container in presence of ignitable vapors.

Static ignition hazard can result from handling and use.

Do not remove label until container is thoroughly cleaned.


Empty container

warnings

Improper disposal or reuse of this container may be dangerous and illegal.

Refer to applicable federal, state and local regulations.

Since empty containers retain product residue, follow label warnings even after container is

emptied.Residual vapors might explode on ignition.

Do not cut, drill, grind or weld on or near this container.

Do not pressurize drums.

Obey all label warnings, especially during container cleaning.

Refer to all federal, state and local regulations prior to disposition of container and unused

contents by reuse, recycle or disposal.

Empty containers must be tripled rinsed prior to disposal.



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Miscellaneous General statements

Keep out of reach of children.

Avoid exposure during pregnancy.

Before using, read Safety Data Sheet (SDS) for this chemical.

For additional information, see Safety Data Sheet.

See SDS for detailed disposal information.

Refer to the manufacturer‘s special instructions.

For Research and Development purposes only. Must only be handled by technically

qualified individuals.

This is a chemical sample. Its chemical, physical and toxicological properties have not been

fully investigated. Its handling or use may be hazardous. Exercise due care.

Cancer Information. Has caused cancer in laboratory animals. The relevance of this result

to humans is not known.

The toxicological properties of this material have not been fully investigated.

Keep persons and animals off treated areas.



121

14 Resources

This Standard is intended for use in conjunction with the following publications. Please contact thesponsor for information regarding which of the references are normative and which informative.

14.1 American National Standards

When the American National Standards Institute approves a revised version of referenced standard(s)below, the latest version shall apply.

ANSI Z400.1-2004, Hazardous Industrial Chemicals - Material Safety Data Sheets Preparation.

ANSI Z129.1 – 2006. American National Standard for Hazardous Industrial Chemicals – PrecautionaryLabeling.

ANSI Z535.1-2006, Safety Color Code.

ANSI Z535.2-2007, Standard for Environmental and Facility Signs.

ANSI Z535.3-2007, Standard for Criteria for Safety Symbols.

ANSI Z535.4-2007, Standard for Product Safety Signs and Labels.

ANSI Z535.5-2007, Standard for Accident Prevention Tags (for Temporary Hazards)

14.2 Other standards

ASTM E502-84 (2000), Standard Test Method for Selection and Use of ASTM for the Determination ofFlash Point of Chemicals by Closed Cup Methods.

ASTM D56-05, Standard Test Method for Flash Point by Tag Closed Tester.

ASTM D93-07a, Standard Test Method for Flash Point by Pensky-Martens Closed Tester.

ASTM D3278-96 (2004) e1, Standard Test Methods for Flash Point of Liquids by Small Scale Closed Cup Apparatus.

NFPA 30-2008, Flammable and Combustible Liquids Code.

National Fire Protection Association Standard 430, Code for the Storage of Liquid and Solid OxidizingMaterials, 2004 edition.

National Fire Protection Association. Fire Protection Guide to Hazardous Materials (contains completetext of NFPA 49, 325M, 491M and 704). 13

th Edition.

14.3 Regulatory standards

Commission Directive 2001/59/EC of 6 August 2001 adapting to technical progress for the 28th

timeCouncil Directive 67/548/EEC on the approximation of the laws, regulations and administrative provisionsrelating to the classification, packaging and labelling of dangerous substances.

Commission Directive 2001/58/EC of 27 July 2001 amending for the second time Directive 91/155/EECdefining and laying down the detailed arrangements for the system of specific information relating todangerous preparations in implementation of Article 14 of European Parliament and Council Directive



122

1999/45/EC and relating to dangerous substances in implementation of Article 27 of Council Directive67/548/EEC (safety data sheets).

US CPSC, FHSA regulations, 16 CFR 1500 et seq. (2009).

US DOL, OSHA‘s Hazard Communication Standard, 29 CFR 1910.1200 et seq. (2009).

US DOT Hazardous Materials regulations, 49 CFR 170-178.(2008).

US EPA, FIFRA regulations, 40 CFR 158 et seq.(2009).

US EPA, Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) regulations, 40 CFR 798 et seq.(2009).

Workplace Hazardous Materials Information System (WHMIS), Federal Bill C-70 (Chapter 30 [1987] ofthe Statute of Canada), amending the Hazardous Products Act (HPA), Canada Labor Code (Part IV),other federal legislation and introducing the Hazardous Materials Information Review Act (HMIRA).

14.4 References and other useful publications

Bureau of Explosives Flame Projection Apparatus (1987)

Documentation of the Threshold Limit Values and Biological Exposure Indices, 7th

ed., ACGIH, Cincinnati,OH (most current edition).

Draize, J.H. et al. Methods for the Study of Irritation and Toxicity of Substances Applied Topically to theSkin and Mucus Membranes, J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther . 82:377-390 (1944)

Draize, J.H., Appraisal of the Safety of Chemicals in Foods, Drugs, and Cosmetics, Association of Foodand Drug Officials of the United States (1959)

International Air Transport Association (IATA) Dangerous Goods Regulations, 2009.

International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code (IMDG) Code, 2008, London, England: InternationalMaritime Organization.

Klaassen, C.D., M.O. Amdur, and J. Doull, eds., Casarett and Doull's Toxicology, the Basic Science ofPoisons, 7th edition. McGraw Hill, New York, 2007.

Molinelli, R.P., M.J. Reale, and R.I. Freudenthal, Material Safety Data Sheets: The Writer’s DeskReference, Hill & Garnett Pub, 1992.

Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), Guidelines for Testing of Chemicals,Section 4: Health Effects. (1981-2007 depending on test type).

Plog, B. et al., Fundamentals of Industrial Hygiene, 5th ed., National Safety Council, Itasca, IL, 2001.

Silk, J.C. and M.B. Kent, Hazard Communication Compliance Manual: A Guide to OSHA’s HazardCommunication Standard, BNA Books, 1995.

Sowinski, E.J. et al. "Criteria for Identifying and Classifying Carcinogens, Mutagens and Teratogens."Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology . 7:1-20 (1987) Sponsored by European Council of ChemicalManufactures Federations, CMA, Synthetic Organic Chemical Manufacturers Association and CanadianChemical Producers Association.



Technical Instructions for Safe Transport of Dangerous Goods by Air (Doc 9284), 2009-2010 Edition,ICAO

The Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals (2nd

Revised edition 2007)http://www.unece.org/trans/danger/publi/ghs/officialtext.html

Threshold Limit Values for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents and Biological exposure Indices. ACGIH, 2009.

United Nations Committee of Experts on the Transport of Dangerous Goods, Recommendations for theTransport of Dangerous Goods. (15

th revised edition 2007)

US DOL, OSHA, Inspection Procedures for the Hazard Communication Standard , Directive No. CPL 2-2.38D (dated Feb. 1998, effective March 20, 1998)

US DOL, OSHA regulations, Hazard Determination Guidelines

Worker‘s Compensation Board of British Columbia, WHMIS Core Material: A Resource Manual for the Application and Implementation of WHMIS, 2007.

draft standard for canvass review

Documents