draft report - reliefwebreliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/a9f... · 2011-05-18 ·...

Assessment of conflict affected populations in Kabkabiya & Kutum Localities

DARFUR ASSESSMENT MISSION (D.A.M.) Consortium i

Draft Report

"Assessment of conflict affected populations in Kabkabiya & Kutum Localities, North Darfur State"

By

DAM Consortium (KADRO � MONEC � ACORD(Sudan) � HRLAN � SECS �SCSNAP)

September 2004


DARFUR ASSESSMENT MISSION (D.A.M.) Consortium ii

List of tables ��...�� iii List of figures �....�� iv Abbreviations��. v Acknowledgements��..�� vi Executive Summary��.�� Vii 1. Introduction 1.1. Darfur Assessment Mission (D.A.M.)�..��.. 1 1.2. Objectives�....��. 2 1.3. Methodology��...��. 2 1.4. Data collection methods��... 3 2. General Characteristics 2.1. Administrative Context��...��.. 6 2.2. Geographical Context�.��.. 7 2.3. Economic Context��..��..��.. 9 2.4. Demographic Context��..��. 12 3. Surveyed Populations Main findings 3.1. Social Characteristics��...��..��.. 15 3.2. Education��..�..��. 17 3.3. Health��..��..��. 18 3.4. Gender.��...��... 20 3.5. Displacement/shelter��...��.. 22 3.6. Environmental Conditions��..��. 26 3.7. Conflict��.��. 31 3.8. Human Rights��.��.��.��... 35 3.9. Humanitarian response��.��... 39 4. Recommendations 4.1. Main Recommendations��...��.. 44 Annexes ANNEX A Human Resources........................................................... 46 ANNEX B Household Questionnaire��...��..��.. 47 ANNEX C Meetings held��.. 50 ANNEX D Profile of participants�� 51 ANNEX E Bibliography��. 53

CONTENTS


DARFUR ASSESSMENT MISSION (D.A.M.) Consortium iii

Table 1. Distribution of sample cluster in North Darfur��.�.. 4 Table 2. Populations in North Darfur by Locality��..�.�.. 12 Table 3. Source of medical drug supply�...��.�� 20 Table 4. Conflict affected Populations in North Darfur (July 04)... 22 Table 5. Type of accommodation of respondents��...�� 24 Table 6. Average daily household water consumption�..�.�� 28 Table 7. Method of rubbish disposal��....��.�� 29 Table 8. Type of conflict in the local area��...�.��. 32 Table 9. Specific impacts of conflict on household..�� 35

Table 10. Suggested methods of ending conflict in local area�.... 38 Table 11. Prioritized immediate human needs (PRA)��.. 40 Table 12. CSO presence in the target area�� 42

LIST OF TABLES


DARFUR ASSESSMENT MISSION (D.A.M.) Consortium iv

Figure 1. Sketch map of North Darfur State��... 6 Figure 2. Sketch map of illustrating localities in North Darfur�.. 7 Figure 3. Vegetation in the study area��..... 8 Figure 4. Food economies in North Darfur State��..��..... 10 Figure 5. Basic crop calendar for millet production�..��..... 11 Figure 6. Tribal groupings in North Darfur State��...��..... 13 Figure 7. Age of respondents by Locality��..��.. 15 Figure 8. Sex of respondents by Locality��...��. 16 Figure 9. Occupation of respondents by Locality........��.. 16 Figure 10. Educational attainment of respondents�.......��... 17 Figure 11. Access to health care by type��.. 18 Figure 12. Access to health staff by type��.....��. 19 Figure 13. Common illness affecting household��.. 19 Figure 14. Head of household by Locality �� 20 Figure 15. Household members most affected by conflict��.�. 21 Figure 16. IDP concentrations in Kabkabiya & Kutum..��..... 23 Figure 17. Size of respondent�s living space��..�.. 24 Figure 18. Period of stay in present location��. 25 Figure 19. Plan to return back home in near future��.�� 25 Figure 20. Conditions stated to return home��. 26 Figure 21. Type of assistance required to return home�...��... 26 Figure 22. Main water source for HH consumption��..�� 27 Figure 23. Quality of water from local water sources��.��. 27 Figure 24. HH member responsible for the collection of water�.. 28 Figure 25. Disposal of human waste��.��. 29 Figure 26. Type of fuel used by HH for cooking��...�� 30 Figure 27. HH member responsible for collection of fuel�...��. 30 Figure 28. Main reason for displacement��.. 34 Figure 29. Effect of conflict on respondent by Locality��.��... 35 Figure 30. What is meant by human rights��..�. 36 Figure 31. Responsibility for human rights abuses�..�� 37 Figure 32. Suggested solutions to the consequences of conflict... 39 Figure 33. % of respondents currently receiving assistance��.. 39 Figure 34. Immediate needs of respondents��. 40 Figure 35. Principle source of foodstuff for the HH�..�� 41 Figure 36. Near future needs of respondents��.��.. 41 Figure 37. Humanitarian actors operating in local area��.. 42 Figure 38. Types of humanitarian programmes in area��.. 43

LIST OF FIGURES


DARFUR ASSESSMENT MISSION (D.A.M.) Consortium v

ACORD Agency for Co-Operation and Research in

Development APU Agricultural Planning Unit A.U. Administrative Unit CBS Central Bureau of Statistics D.A.M. Darfur Assessment Mission GOAL Irish Relief & Development Agency HRLAN Human Rights & Legal Aid Network ICRC International Committee of the Red Cross IDP Internally Displaced Populations KADRO Kabakabiya Development & Reconstruction

Organization MONEC al Massar Charity Organization for Nomads

Development & Environmental Conservation n(o)vib Oxfam � Netherlands OCHA UN � Organization for the Coordination of

Humanitarian Affairs PHC Primary Health Care PRA Participatory Rapid Appraisal SECS Sudanese Environmental Conservation Society SCSNAP Sudanese Civil Society Network for the Alleviation of

Poverty VC Village Councils

ABBREVIATIONS


DARFUR ASSESSMENT MISSION (D.A.M.) Consortium vi

The D.A.M. Consortium would to recognize and extend special thanks to n(o)vib � (Netherlands OXFAM) for their support, especially their financial assistance. Our sincere thanks go to the local communities who participated in the assessment. Their cooperation under difficult circumstances and their hospitality to the team will not be forgotten. Our thanks also go to the many nameless individuals both in Khartoum and North Darfur who gave up their valuable time to help in this initiative and assessment.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS


DARFUR ASSESSMENT MISSION (D.A.M.) Consortium vii

This report presents the main findings and recommendations of a short study on conflict affected populations in Kabkabiya and Kutum Localities, north Darfur. The �Darfur Assessment Mission (DAM) Consortium committee� provided the terms of reference for the assessment. In total 6 institutions (one INGO, 3 National NGOs and 2 Networks) participate in the D.A.M. consortium with the objective of co-operative humanitarian intervention in Darfur based on the following specific aims:-

a) Response to immediate and urgent needs at the grass root level. b) Disaster prevention. c) Peace building and reconciliation.

The main objective of this assessment is to collect data regarding the humanitarian situation and needs of conflict affected populations in Kabkabiya & Kutum Localities, which is necessary to plan accordingly for an emergency intervention. The following methodologies were employed during the course of the assessment � Household Questionnaire � Semi-structured interviews � Key informant interviews � Group interviews � Oral testimonies & systematic observation � Focus group discussions. The project began in June 2004 and an assessment team was present in the study area between 2nd and 25th July 2003. The team consisted of six persons, three of whom were female in addition to 31 supporting staff from the community. The main findings of the assessment are as follows:- ! In North Darfur State as a whole, there are 481,697 conflict affected people �

113,910 in Kabkabiya Locality & 122,517 in Kutum Locality (OCHA, July 2004).

! The respondents to the household survey were drawn from a range of different age groups. 55.7% & 52.0% of respondents in Kabkabiya and Kutum were respectively male.

! More than 70% of the households surveyed were dependant on farming as their main livelihood.

! Approximately two thirds of all respondents had not attended any type of formal schooling.

! 58.5% & 53.2% of household in Kabkabiya & Kutum respectively were headed by the father.

! Over 90% of all those canvassed stated that they had become displaced due to conflict. Armed groups were listed as the main cause of displacement.

! Almost half of respondents felt that children were the most affected by conflict. In general, females were found to be suffering the greatest hardship due to conflict.

! Approximately, a quarter stated that a member of their household had been wounded as a result of conflict.

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY


DARFUR ASSESSMENT MISSION (D.A.M.) Consortium viii

! Details regarding a number of cases of rape were also confirmed. ! Negotiation/dialogue followed closely by the Native administration was seen

as the most effective mechanism for conflict resolution. ! The government was seen as the main instigator of human rights abuses

followed by tribes and armed groups. ! About 46.8% of all respondents suggested improved security and protection

as the most effective solution to violence in the area. ! In Kabkabiya, the majority of IDPs expected to remain in their present location

for up to 12 months; while in Kutum, most felt that they would only stay for a maximum of 6 months.

! Housing/shelter was listed first as the most immediate need; followed by medicine, food, clean water and clothing.

! The majority of respondents were housed in temporary tented accommodation of less than 100m2 in size.

! Schooling was given as the most common answer regarding near future needs.

! Approximately, two thirds of all respondents planned to return home in the near future. Security was seen as the main prerequisite for return.

! Over 50% used open air pit latrines for the disposal of human waste. Rubbish was most frequently disposed of on open ground or through burning.

! In Kabkabiya, 75.9% drew water for their household needs from a well; while in Kutum 60.9% used hand pumps.

! 60.3% in Kabkabiya felt that local water supplies were polluted, but in Kutum only 18.0% stated that the water was unclean.

! Two third were reliant on aid/relief for the household�s basic food needs. ! Wood was the most common fuel used for cooking. ! Approximately, a third of those canvassed had access to a medical doctor;

however, a sizeable heath service gap was identified in Kabkabiya. ! Malnutrition was stated as a major issue especially in Kabkabiya. ! United Nations Organizations and International NGOs were the main bodies

delivering humanitarian assistance. ! About 80.0% & 62.9% of respondents in Kabkabiya & Kutum respectively

were currently receiving humanitarian assistance. ! The mission initiative was highly appreciated at all levels (Community,

locality, State and National.) Based on the above findings, the report concludes that the North Darfur region faces a severe and complex emergency situation. However, the impact of conflict on the region has not been uniform. The survey identified a number of important differences between the needs of the affected populations in the two target sites. In general terms, the main issues in Kabkabiya were shelter/housing, supply of basic drugs, clean water and schooling. In Kutum, the pressing issues were security and protection, housing/shelter, return, schooling and sanitation. It is the recommendation of this report that the D.A.M. members to tackle the urgent needs of target populations initiate an immediate humanitarian programme.


DARFUR ASSESSMENT MISSION (D.A.M.) Consortium 1

1. INTRODUCTION & BACKGROUND 1.1. Darfur Assessment Mission (D.A.M.)

Conflict in Darfur has left a substantial humanitarian toll on the populations of the region. Faced with this situation, many sections of Sudan�s civil society have sought ways to address the issue of �Darfur�. The Darfur Assessment Mission (D.A.M.) is one such departure. Initiated by ACORD & n(o)vib to mobilize a national response to the crisis, the consortium comprises of 1 INGO 3 NNGOs and 2 Networks working in the spirit of cooperation and partnership. The following organizations are members of the D.A.M. consortium � ACORD � Sudan Environmental Conservation Society (SECs) � Kabkabiya Development and Reconstruction Organizations (KADRO) � Human Rights & Legal Aid Network (HRLAN) � al Massar Charity Organisation for Nomads Development & Environmental Conservation (MONEC) � Sudanese Civil Society Network for the Alleviation of Poverty (SCSNAP) (See Annex D: Profile of Organizations). The consortium was assembled in June 2004 and is managed by a Steering Committee (SC) drawn from each of the member organizations and is tasked with responding to the following objectives and concerns:- a) Respond to immediate and urgent needs at the grass root level. b) Disaster prevention. c) Peace building and reconciliation. The SC under the overall direction of the Chairman is also responsible for directing the consortium�s activities through the individual member organizations and ensuring a transparent, democratic and non-partisan approach to its work. After initial contacts and discussions, the steering committee began by tasking the consortium members with the job of undertaking a rapid assessment of conflict-affected areas. Kabkabiya and Kutum Localities in North Darfur State were chosen, on the basis of good local presence by D.A.M. members and the urgent needs of people in these districts. The assessment aims to provide a firm foundation from which to build relevant and timely interventions. This report represents the first joint Sudanese civil society assessment of the conflict in Darfur. Its findings and recommendations are seen as an important local contribution to the efforts currently being made in the region. The report also marks an end to the initial start-up phase of the D.A.M. and the beginning of the process to transform the consortium into a mechanism for real action in addressing Darfur�s problems.



1.2. Objectives The objective of this study, as outlined by the terms of reference, is to collect data regarding the humanitarian situation and needs of conflict affected populations in Kabkabiya & Kutum Localities, which is required for planning emergency interventions. The explicit objectives are as follows:-

! To establish accurate data about conflict affected populations especially Internally Displaced Populations (IDPs).

! To identify the key issues affecting the target populations i.e. food security,

shelter, education, health, water etc. ! To identify the distribution and current activities of both state and non-state

actors in the target area. ! To highlight gender aspects of the humanitarian situation. ! To recommend specific areas of intervention in the form of emergency relief

projects aimed at meeting immediate needs, disaster prevention and conflict resolution/peace building.

1.3. Methodology

Prior to the commencement of the field phase, a period of consultation was undertaken among the D.A.M. members to identify what data was required and what questions had to be answered. Based on these meetings, terms of reference were drafted to guide the work of the assessment team. A complimentary research methodology using rapid assessment techniques was chosen employing both qualitative and quantitative components. The organization of assessment was based upon the following management structure:-

D.A.M. Steering Committee

Assessment team (x 6)

Local support staff (x 31)

� �Supervision & coordination�

� �Primary Data collection�

� �Assist Assessment team�



The six person assessment team drawn from each member of the D.A.M. Consortium was the focus for the collection of primary data. Each team member was allotted a specific role under the overall guidance of the team leader. The team was selected on the basis of a background in social research with practical experience in data collection techniques. Team orientation, training and tainting was undertaken during the second half of June 2004 and the assessment team was present in the study area between 2nd and 25th July 2003.

The research populations as outlined in the TOR are conflict affected residents with special emphasis on IDPs in Kabkabiya & Kutum Localities. Established guidelines for the definition of these groups were adopted by the assessment:- ! Conflict affected populations: �Habitual residents or returnees, not

including IDPs, seriously affected by the recent conflict and as a result in need of humanitarian assistance� (Source: OCHA Khartoum).

! Internally Displaced Persons: "Persons or groups of persons who have

been forced or obliged to flee or leave their homes or places of habitual residence, in particular as a result of or in order to avoid the effects of armed conflict, situations of generalized violence, violations of human rights or natural or human-made disasters, and who have not crossed an internationally recognized border" (UN's Guiding Principles ).

1.4. Data collection methods

This report draws on a number of data collection methods. Both primary and secondary data sources have been employed.:- 1.4.1. Secondary Sources: Nationals Censuses, UN reports, Governmental records, Survey reports, maps. 1.4.2. Primary Sources: This included quantitative and qualitative data collection tools. 1.4.2.1. Quantitative Methods: A questionnaire was used to generate statistical data at the level of the family unit. Information sought included, ethnic & demographic structure, economic activities, income, economic & social problems, experience & impact of conflict, immediate & near future needs, health/wellbeing and impact of humanitarian assistance. The characteristics of the household survey were as follows:- ! Respondents: The assessment team was directed to interview the head of

the household. Where such no person could be found, the oldest responsible individual in the family was questioned.

! Sample size: In the absence of any reliable and up to date sample frame, it

was not possible to use the standard �Probability Proportion to Size� (PPS)



formula to define the sample size needed to achieve levels of statistical significance. Instead, the sample size was dictated by the number of questionnaire it was felt practical to be completed within the allotted time scale. In total, 1174 questionnaires were completed (See table 1).

! Sampling techniques: The respondents came from the 2 target Localities

(statistically defined as �strata�) and geographical clustering was used to make the study easier to perform. A cluster was a group of potential respondents who live in close proximity to each other (e.g. village, town district, relief camp etc.). Without a sample frame and secure access to all areas of the strata it was impossible to choose the clusters on the grounds of proportion to population and randomly. Therefore, the assessment team was directed to sample individual clusters on the basis of practicality, security and representation. The basic consideration in deciding the size of the clusters was to estimate the number of households which could be covered in one day by D.A.M.�s team of interviewers:-

Table 1: Distribution of sample clusters in North Darfur State Locality (Strata) Location (Cluster) No. %

# 1 � Kassab IDP Camp, Kutum town 434 36.9Kutum # 2 � Damrat1 Esh Skeikh Abdel Bagi, Kutum A.U. 126 10.7# 3 � Hajer Salam, Kabkabiya town 240 20.4# 4 � Hay El Shaty, Kabkabiya Town 138 11.8# 5 � Hay El Amirya, Kabkabiya town 137 11.7

Kabkabiya

# 6 � Damrat Misteri, Kabkabiya A.U. 99 8.5Total 1,174 100.0Source: Field Survey, July, 2004, North Darfur

The small cluster size therefore allows for reliable estimates for the entire strata but only rough comparisons between the different clusters. The choice of individual households within each cluster was made according to the �random walk method�. This did not provide a strict random sampling method, but proved to be accurate enough and allowed the team to swiftly begin collecting data.

! Questionnaire Design: Based on an adaptation of the basic human indicator

questionnaires used by other NGOs, with D.A.M.�s own modifications to reflect the circumstances of the target group. The questionnaire was pre-tested during the interviewer tainting period (Copy of questionnaire included in Annex D).

1.4.2.2. Qualitative methods Local population participation in the assessment was seen as the key to understanding the underlying issues and needs of the target group in the study 1 Damrat is a semi-permanent settlement of nomadic pastoralists



area. Thus, Participatory Rapid Appraisal (PRA) was included as a data collection tool due to its effectiveness in reflecting local people's knowledge, resource endowment, aspirations and conflicts. The following PRA techniques were employed:-

a. Semi Structured interviews: Defining sub-topics to interview individual informant's sub groups to understand current and future needs. As well as to describe community perceptions of conflict.

b. Key informants interviews: Applied to people with special knowledge e.g.

local officials, local leaders, CBO members, doctors etc.

c. Group interviews: At different levels of the community to generate an overall impression of the situation.

d. Oral testimonies & systematic observation. With individual informants to

generate case study material.

e. Focused group discussions: To analysis the information gathered at various levels. Conducted with key informants including women, youth, elders and community leaders.



2. GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS 2.1. Administrative Context

2.1.1. Administrative set-up: Darfur is the most westerly region in Sudan and one of the most isolated. The region is divided into 3 states - North, West & South Darfur. North Darfur state lies 1000 km to the west of Khartoum falling between longlitudes 22 and 27 east and latitudes 12 and 20 north.

# El Fasher

• Kutum

• Ohm

• Mellit

• Dirra • Birka Sira

• Tina • Umm Baru

• Anka

• Malha

Jebel Marra

• Taweisha

• Umm Keddada

CHAD

West Darfur State

South Darfur State

Key: Wadi International boundary

State boundary • Settlement

Tracks Hardened road

Figure 1: Sketch map of North Darfur State

Meidob Hills

Berti Hills

• Shibeki

• Kabkabiya



The state is divided into 7 Localities2, which are in turn sub-divided into 26 Administrative Units based around the local system of Village Councils V.C.s (See figure 2). A commissioner heads each Locality while an appointed governor (Wali) heads the state. 2.2. Geographical context

2.2.1. Climate The state being located in the transitional zone between the Sahelian and desert zones is characterized by hot summers, cool winters and short rainy seasons with low means and high annual variations. There is considerable variation in vegetation ranging from desert/semi-desert in the north (average annual rainfall 2 Including El Waha Nomadic Locality which has no fixed boundaries

CHAD Kordofan

SOUTH DARFUR STATE

WEST DARFUR STATE

El Tina

Kutum Melit

Kabkabya

Um Kaddada El Fasher

Approximate location of El Waha Locality

Key:- International boundary State boundary Locality boundary

Figure 2: Sketch map illustrating the Localities in North Darfur State



of less than 100 mm) to savannah in the far south (average annual rainfall of 400 mm). Most rain falls between July and September, with half, on average, falling in August. Rainfall tends to vary from one year to the next with great local variation in any one year (WFP, 2002). Past droughts have resulted in a general decrease in rainfall. In El Fasher town, mean annual rainfall has decreased from 298.6mm (1917 -1970) to 177.1mm (1971 -1988). The general decline in rainfall is more pronounced in Kutum with an annual decline of 2 mm per year (1941 -1996) (APU, 1997). 2.2.2. Topography & Vegetation: The highest point in the state is the Jebel Marra massif, which rises to 3024 metres. The highlands of Jebel Marra, Jebel Berti and Jebel Meidob form the

# El Fasher • Kakabiya

• Kutum

• Tina

• Um Keddada

• Melit

Figure 3: Vegetation in the study area

Key:- Desert

Hills soils formed in-situ, associated with Commiphora Africana & Boscia Senegalensis

Acacia mellifera & Commiphora Desert Scrub Semi Desert grassland on sand Hill Catena

Source: Vegetation of the SudanSudan Survey Dept. Khartoum



boundary between the Lake Chad and White Nile watershed. The area is intersected by a number of seasonal runnoffs (Wadis) the most important being Wadi Howar, Kaja and Bari. The Sudan Survey Department�s �Ecological classification of vegetation in the Sudan�, divides the study area into 5 distinct zones (Harrison & Jackson, 1956). 2.2.3. Description of the study area: Kabkabiya town lies approximately 157 kms west of El Fasher and is the capital of the Locality known by that name. Kabkabiya Locality is surrounded by West Darfur State; Kutum, El Fasher and El Tina Localities. It is sub-divided into four administrative units � Jebel Si � Kabkabiya � Serif Omra � Saerif. Kabkabiya town is the largest settlement in the Locality and is divided into 18 residential areas with a pre-conflict population of approximately 12,000. Approximately 116 kms northwest of El Fasher is the settlement of Kutum, which is the administrative capital of Kutum Locality. The total population of the Locality is 157,000 people who are located in three localities � Kutum town (30,000) � Kutum Rural (74,000) � Fata Burno (53,000). 2.3. Economic Context

North Darfur state can be divided into six major food economy zones � the Qoz economy � Pastoral economy � Tumbac (Tobacco) economy � non-Wadi economy � Jebel economy � Cash Crop economy (See figure 4). The majority of rural populations are engaged in traditional subsistence-orientated rain fed millet production in the Qoz zone. Typically, yields are higher in the south of the state, but there exist great local and seasonal variations. The average production of millet per household in the year 2001 was estimated at 2 sacks per feddan (0.42 hectares), which contributed 15-20% of the household annual needs (WFP, 2002). The Tumbac zone is characterized by a mixture of clay valley soil and loamy sand soil. The cultivation of tobacco is a major cash crop for populations around El Fasher. The Jebel food economy zone is located on the fertile volcanic soils on the slopes of the Jebel Marra massive. Millet is the main produce, intercropped with small amounts of watermelon and vegetables. Vegetables grown in this area include okra and tomatoes. The non-Wadi zone is areas of rain fed millet farming on soils with better structure and fertility than Qoz soils in the region of Kutum. The cash crop zone is located in the south east corner of the state and is characterized by higher rates of rainfall. The mixed cash crop farmers cultivate sesame, groundnuts, vegetables and watermelon seeds. The pastoral zone focuses on the regions rangeland and pastures where nomadic pastoralists rear camels, cattle, sheep and goats.



Labour movement is also an important dynamic in the rural economy. The rural poor depend on casual labour during the non-farming season and agricultural labour during the rainy season to secure up to 85% of their income (WFP, 2002). Migration normally of men, in search of labour opportunities outside of the state is also commonplace. Remittances provide an importance source of income for many of North Darfur�s rural populations (Figure 5).

El Laeit

Taweisha

Um Keddada Tawila &

Dar El Salam

Kabkabiya Serif Omra

Serif El Fasher

Fata Burno Korma Mellit &

El Sayah

Mahla Kutum

Karnoi & Umbarow

Tina

CHAD

WEST DARFUR STATE

Key: El Fasher � Administrative Unit

� Food economy � State Boundary

SOUTH DARFUR STATE

Figure 4: Food economies in North Darfur State



Sout

hwar

d m

igra

tion

North

ward

mig

ratio

n

Land

tran

spor

t ver

y diff

icult

Prep

arat

ion

Pl

antin

g

Harv

estin

g

Seco

ndFi

rst

Thre

shin

g

Thre

shin

g

Loca

l paid

labo

r

Mu

kheit

Janu

ary

Febr

uary

March

Ap

ril Ma

y Ju

ne

July

Augu

st Se

ptemb

er

Octob

er

Nove

mber

Dec

embe

r

Hun

ger G

ap

120

100 80 60 40 20 0

Food

Sec

urity

Rain

fall

(mm

)

Mont

h

Past

oral

Wild

Foo

d

Labo

r

Thre

shin

g

Harv

est

Wee

ding

Plan

ting

Tran

spor

t

Millet production

Kore

b, A

bu A

sabi

e & R

uz A

lWad

i

Figure 5: Basic crop calendar for North Darfur Millet production



2.4. Demographic characteristics 2.4.1. Population distribution: North Darfur state cover's an area of approximately 260,000 km2 with a population of around 1.5 millions, which grows at the rate of 3.14% annually (CBS, 1993). According to the last national census, 16.5% of North Darfur�s populations are sedentary urban, 79.9% sedentary rural and 3.6% nomadic (CBS, 1993). Crude birth and crude death rates for 1998-2003 were 41.0 and 11.4 respectively. The infant mortality rates for males and females (1993) were 116 and 96. In 2001, the sex ratio was 95.5 males to 100 females (CBS, 2001). Kabkabiya and Kutum Localities had peacetime populations of 221,902 and 296,383 which accounted for 39% of the total population of North Darfur (Table 2).

Table 2: Population of North Darfur by Locality Locality Population % of total population El Fasher 609,074 46% Umm Kedada 199,527 15% Kutum 296,383 22% Kabkabiya 221,902 17% Total 1,326,886 100% Source: State Encyclopedia, 1999

2.4.2. Ethnic Composition: Ethnicity in Darfur, is not in itself clear-cut given the long history of racial mixing between �indigenous� Dafurian tribes and the "Arabs", who are now distinguished by cultural-linguistic attachments rather than race. The Arabic word �Dar� roughly means homeland, and Darfur can be divided into several Dars; not only of the Fur people, as its name suggests, but also of several other communities, determined by livelihood as much as ethnicity (Harir, 1993):-

! Agriculture by the indigenous �Darfurian� tribes.

! Pastoralism by the �Arabs�

As an ethnic identifier in Darfur, the word �Arab� is applied to people whose language is now and by reputation has always been Arabic. It is strongly associated with �nomadism� or a tradition of �nomadism'. The �Arab� tribes of Darfur, with certain comparatively minor exceptions, claim lineage to the mainly nomadic Juhayna Group from Arabia, who played a leading part in the �Arab� migration into the land west of the Nile from the 14th century onwards. The furthest wave of these immigrants was carried as far west as Lake Chad, whence a return movement towards the east deposited the ancestors of the modern �Arab� tribes in Darfur. The �Arabs� of Darfur are therefore distinct from the other extensive, if somewhat artificial division of northern Sudanese who claim Arab descent: the arabized Nubians, mainly Sedentarists of the main Nile, composed of the Barabra and the Ja�ali tribal groupings (Holt & Daly, 1976).



In North Darfur State, the majority of the population belongs to one of the several �Dafurian� tribes that inhabit the area. The two largest tribal groupings are the Fur and the Zaghawa. Smaller tribes include the Tunjur, Meidob, Berti, Massleit, Bargo, Gimir and Bediyat (Holt & Daly, 1976) (Figure 6). Linguistically, the �Dafurian� tribes can be sub-divided on the basis of cultural �arabisation�. The fully �Arabised� group refers to those Darfurian tribes who have lost their native languages to Arabic; this includes the Berti, Tunjur and Gimir. Partly �Arabised�, consists of those who have retained their native languages, but also speak Arabic fluently, among these are the Fur, the Zaghawa and the Meidob. The last group in this classification is the non-Arabised tribes who speak very little Arabic, for example, the Massleit and some sections of the Zaghawa (O�Fahey, 1980). Caution should be exercise in any categorization of ethnic groups as ethnographically; Darfur is one of the least charted regions of the Sudan, a fact which makes classifications in terms of the Arab/non-Arab divide rather ambiguous (O�Fahey, 1980). Indeed it has been noted, that even the apparently solid ethnic boundaries of the dominant tribal entities of the Fur, the Arab and the

# El Fasher • Kakabiya

• Kutum

• Tina

• Umm Keddada

• Melit

Figure 6: Tribal groupings in North Darfur State

F u r

M e i d o b

Z a y d i y a

Kababish

B e r t iT u n j u r

B e n iH u s s e i n

F u r

T u n j u r

Z a g h a w a

B e d i y a t

K o b e i

N o r t h e r nR i z e i g a t

G i m i r



Zaghawa are in actual fact porous and responsive to change. Abdul-Galil cites the example of the Djawama of Turra, believed to be of Arab origin, who settled in Turra and became Fur, as well as that of the Tekera of Tekerabe, the Arab Rizeigat, who became Zaghawa (Abdul-Galil, 1984). However, escalating violence in the region has been a key dynamic in hardening ethnic divisions as people on both sides fall back on traditional group solidarity and reciprocity for their physical security.



3. SURVEYED POPULATION MAIN FINDINGS 3.1. Social characteristics

Darfur society is characterized by a high degree of diversity. The assessment was tasked with identifying the present social characteristics of the target group with a special emphasis on the relative impact of conflict on the respondents. 3.1.1. Age structure: As illustrated in figure 7, the household questionnaire surveyed a range of different age groups from under14 years to over 75.

Fig.7. Age of respondents by locality

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

<14

15-19

20-24

25-29

30-34

35-39

40-44

45-49

50-54

55-59

60-64

65-69

70-74 75

+Age Group

# of r

espo

nces

Kabkabiya Kutum

The peak of responses was in the 35-39 age group, which is a comparatively young age for the household head. Overall, Darfur has high rates of fecundity and a comparatively youthful population, which may explain some of these findings. Additionally, because the majority of the targeted population had fled their homes in great haste, it was reported that many elderly household members had been left behind. PRA interviews highlighted this issue and concern was expressed about elderly family members who had remained in their home settlements. A sizeable information gap was identified regarding the current circumstance of the elderly in Darfur. 3.1.2. Sex structure: The questionnaire aimed at collecting data regarding the family unit from the head of the household. Previous surveys show that traditionally, society in Darfur is highly patriarchal. It would be expected that a male member heads the family



in more than 90% of the household units. However, information from the survey shows that due to conflict many more households are now headed by females. This may be a temporary arrangement, as the husband or father may have remained behind in their villages or migrated to a different location for protection; or a permanent situation resulting from the death of male family members. In Kabkabiya and Kutum clusters, 44.3% and 48.0% of the respondents were respectively female (Figure 8). 3.1.3. Occupation: Over 70% of household�s surveyed in both Kabkabiya and Kutum were dependant on farming as their main livelihood during normal circumstances. A much smaller portion, approximately 10%, was reliant on livestock rearing (Figure 9). Other significant occupations included trading, professional (teacher, nurse, midwife etc), housewife and studying. Now, the majority of these people depend on relief/aid to meet their basic needs.

Fig.9. Occupation of respondents by Locality

01020304050607080

Farming

Herding

Trading

Profes

siona

l

House

wife

Studen

tOthe

r

% re

spon

ses

Kabkabiya Kutum

Kutum

Female48.0% Male

52.0%

Fig.8. Sex of respondents by Locality Kabkabiya

Female41.2%

Male58.8%



3.2. Education 3.2.1. Level of Education: Figure (10) indicates that the majority of those canvassed, had not received any type of formal education. However, about half of the population had attended Khalwa (Quranic school) illiteracy rate was also very high, 35.2% and 23.2% in Kutum and Kabkabiya respectively. Past studies show that educational level is a strong indicator of income and economic background. Richer families generally have better levels of literacy and educational attainment. The results regarding levels of education therefore, give an indication about the social composition or the economic background of the respondents.

Fig.10. Educational attainment of respondents

35.245.3

13.8 4.9 0.8 023.2

54.8

15 6.1 0.7 0.20

10

20

30

40

50

60

NoneKhal

wa

Basic/P

rimary

Seconda

ry

Universit

y

Vocation

al/tech

.

%

Kabkabiya Kutum

3.2.1. Educational conditions: In Kabkabiya Locality, as a result of conflict 54 schools were reported to have been destroyed or looted mainly in Kabkabiya and Jebel Si A.U.s (25 & 29 schools respectively). School buildings in Serif and Serif Omra were reportedly unaffected. In Kutum Locality, data about damage to schools was less clear. In total, 6 schools were confirmed destroyed but many in Um Barow and Karnoi Localities had been abandoned and as yet nobody had yet confirmed their condition. Education has been a major casualty of conflict. Although a number of temporary schools have been established for IDPs the educational service in both Localities has become woefully inadequate. Schools currently suffer from a lack of text books, basic educational materials and seating for pupils. The students also face the problems of poor and/or a lack of drinking water and difficulties in traveling to school. Payment for teachers is often late and support from the State Ministry of Education is insufficient. Both localities currently face a crisis in education; in Kutum Locality for example the



number of children sitting for �Secondary School Certificate� exams fell from 984 in 2003 to 422 in 2004. 3.3. Health

3.3.1. Access to health care: In emergency situations such as Darfur, health care is an important priority requiring careful consideration. Data collected through the survey indicates that the majority of the conflict affected populations in the two target locations have some access to basic health care. However, almost one third of respondents in Kabkabiya had no access to any form of health services (Fig.11).

Fig.11. Access to health care by type

35.5

5.9 15.3

32.1

11.3

50.9

1025.4

4.5 2.50

10

20

30

40

50

60

Primary HealthCare Centre

Clinic DressingStation

None N/S

% re

spon

dents

Kabkabiya Kutum

In Kabkabiya town, the focus for health provision is the district hospital. A staff of 3 doctors and 5 medical assistants maintains this facility with a total capacity of between 43-78 beds. The hospital is supported by expatriate staff from MSF-B, but still lacks many basic medical drugs. Interviews with the staff indicated the health service in the Locality receives little if any support from the State Ministry of Health in El Fasher. The condition of health facilities outside of Kabkabiya (i.e PHC centers) was reported to be very poor and in a state of disarray. In Kutum town, the principal health facility is the district�s 90-bed hospital, which is supported by GOAL. The main staffs are a surgeon, 2 doctors and a general administrator who oversees the running of the hospital. ICRC is also providing assistance to the hospital�s operating room. Approximately, a third of those canvassed in the questionnaire had access to a medical doctor. A gap was identified in health care provision in Kabkabiya, where a quarter had no access to any type of health professional (Fig 12).



Fig.12. Access to health staff by type

32.2

17.8 15.3

4.1

24.1

6.6

26.130.2 33.9

2.9 4.5 2.50

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

Doctor MedicalAssistant

Nurse Midwife None N/S

% re

spon

dents

Kabkabiya Kutum

3.3.2. Health conditions: In Kabkabiya, the most common illness affecting households was malnutrition followed by malaria and fever. The poverty and the poor nutritional background of this particular Locality can explain the high rate of malnutrition in Kabkabiya. Whereas in Kutum, malaria was listed first, second was malnutrition and fever third. Kutum has localized problem with mosquitoes and environmental health (fig 13). As expected the majority of the target group used pharmaceutical medicines to treat illness (Kabkabiya � 64.0% & Kutum � 75.9%); the rest were reliant on

KabkabiyaN/S

4.6%Other2.9%

Fever 18.4%

HIV/AIDs0.7%

Malaria31.3%

Malnutrition

42.2%

Fig.13. Common illness affecting household

KutumN/S

2.3%Other14.3%

Fever 17.5%

HIV/AIDs0.6%

Malaria44.5%

Malnutrition

20.7%



traditional &/or herbal treatments. Half of all respondents were found to be obtaining the modern medical drugs for their household from aid/relief (Table 3).

Table 3: Source of medical drug supply Kabkabiya Kutum Source of modern

medicine Frequency Percent Frequency Percent Aid/Relief 302 49.2 314 56.1 Pharmacy 142 23.1 163 29.1 Market 104 16.9 59 10.5 N/S 65 10.8 24 4.3

(Total: 1174) 3.4. Gender

3.4.1. Women & Conflict: As mentioned previously, one important impact of conflict has been the increase in number of families headed by females. As shown in figure 14, approximately a third of households surveyed are now lead by women. Interviews with key informants, describe how the circumstances of war have forced many women, sometimes of a comparatively young age, to accept responsibility as the family head and breadwinner. This has added considerably to the already burdened role of women in the region. It was noted that many IDP families were now reliant on relief/aid and the contribution of women working in the informal sector to meet their needs. Many displaced women were found to earning small extra income from activities in local markets or collecting firewood from nearby areas for sale. In the relief camps, the concentration of female head families is particularly high (e.g. in Abu Showak camp in El Fasher, it was estimated that 80% of the residents were women and children). The apparent loss of male figures from the household, even if it is only temporarily, increases significantly the vulnerability of families to the threat of starvation and

KabkabiyaOther7.1%

Father58.5%

Mother34.4%

KutumOther8.9%

Father53.2%

Mother37.9%

Fig.14. Head of household by Locality



complete destitution. The assessment team highlighted the need to provide specific assistance for women to avoid these problems. Less than 10% of households headed by family members other than the mother or father, this mainly included grandparents and siblings. These family units are particularly vulnerable cases. 3.4.2. Children: Both in the questionnaires and interviews children were commonly seen as the most affected member of the family (Figure 15). Children had been affected in a number of ways:- ! Physically: Generally, armed combatants had not directly targeted children;

however, in a number of cases they had been unintentionally injured or wounded.

! Mentally: The impact of displacement and witnessing of tragic events has left

a significant legacy on the emotional well-being of children in the target area. ! Educationally: I n terms of disruption to the educational system and

consequent reduced opportunity to study. ! Loss of parents: The number of children who have been orphaned or

abandoned has increased dramatically in the past year. Many of these children are now forced to live in the streets of the main settlements, earning a living through begging or in the informal sector. This group appears to have little direct access to aid/relief now being distributed in the region.

KabkabiyaN/S

6.5%Youth3.6%

Women17.3%

Men26.9%

Children45.8%

KutumN/S

1.8%Youth6.8%

Women12.9%

Men29.3%

Children49.3%

Fig.15. Household members most affected by conflict



3.5. Displacement/Shelter 3.5.1. Displacement: The total number of internally displaced people in Kabkabiya and Kutum Localities is difficult to ascertain for a number of reasons:- ! Fluidity of the situation: The number of IDPs is never constant; the survey

found that in some cases new populations had only recently arrived; while in other instances significant numbers of IDPs had returned home (e.g. Tawila & Serif Omra).

! Access & Security: Some reported concentrations of IDPs have been not

been verified due to problems of access either because of rain or as a result of insecurity.

According to statistics produced by the United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs, the current number of Conflict Affected People and IDPs is the two target Localities are as follows:-

Table 4: Conflicted Affected populations in North Darfur (July 2004) Locality Administrative

Unit/Location Total Number

IDPs Affected Residents

% accessible to UN

Kutum Town 58,000 54,294 3,706 100 Kutum Rural 12,220 12,220 - 100 Fata Borno AU 3,468 3,468 - 100

Kutum

Umm Baru AU 13,000 13,000 - - Sub-Total 86,688 82,982 3,706 -

Kabkabiya Town 85,639 68,848 16,791 100 Serif Umra 29,694 16,204 13,490 100 Gurra Farjawla 4,750 1,580 3,170 100

Kabkabiya

Birkat Seira Town 7,040 7,040 - 100 Sub-Total 127,123 93,672 33,451 -

Total 213,811 176,654 37,157 - Source: OCHA (2004) �Darfur Humanitarian Profile (DHP) � July 2004 � Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs � Information Cell

By comparison, information collected by the survey team indicates that the total number of displaced in Kabkabiya Locality is approximately 69,000. This represents between 40 � 45,000 people inside Kabkabiya town (peacetime population 12,000); Mailo area in Kabkabiya A.U. has a total population of 13,000 and was accommodating 6,000 IDPs; 2,835 IDPs were reported stranded in the foothills of Jebel Marra within Kabkabiya Locality; Serif Omra A.U. had an estimated 15,000 IDPs. The situation in Jebel Si A.U. was not clear, tribal leaders stated that many displaced and affected populations from this



area were moving towards Kabkabiya town but had not yet arrived due to insecurity and difficulties in movement due to the �rains�. It was reported that the northern part of Kutum Rural & Fata Borno A.U.s had been the areas most devastated by fighting in North Darfur state. IDP figures for these areas were highlighted as rough estimates, with large numbers of affected populations still unconfirmed. In Kutum town, the main IDP concentration was in Kassab relief camp with an estimated population of 12,700 people. The total population of Kutum town was now estimated to be 54,000 people, 25% of which are the pre-conflict inhabitants the rest are displaced populations who have fled from fighting in the outlying areas (Fig 16). 3.5.1. Type of housing:

# KABKABIYA

• Gelli

Al Serif Beni Hussein

Garah Fargwiya

MailoBarde

• Fiabugga

• Birka Saira • Serif Umra

Damrat Masry

• Qumqum

• Betbetti

• Miski

•Kangalla

• Anka

# KUTUM

Korma

Umm Sayala•Kuwayn

Fata BarnoPor Saleed

Damrat Esh Sheikh El Bagi

Abdel Shankor

AreidaEl Dur

• Umm Baro

El Tina Kutum

Kabkabiya

El Fasher

Figure 16: IDP concentrations in Kabkabiya & Kutum Locality, N. Darfur

Key: State Boundary Locality Boundary IDP concentration

• Settlement Source: OCHA information cell (July, 2004)



3.5.2. Housing/shelter: The issue of housing/shelter was explored in more detail through the household survey. The target groups were asked about the type of accommodation in which they are currently residing. In Kutum town, the bulk of the displaced population is housed in temporary tented camps (84.6%); while in Kabkabiya the percentage is lower (58.0%), here many IDPs are residing with the host population (Table 5).

Table 5: Type of accommodation of respondents Kabkabiya Kutum Type of

accommodation Frequency Percent Frequency Percent Tent 356 58.0% 13 84.6% Traditional hut 154 25.1% 474 8.8% Brick building 21 3.4% 49 1.6% Other 51 8.3% 9 2.7% Not stated 32 5.2% 13 2.3%

(Total: 1174) Link to this issue, are the findings regarding the size of the living space of the target group (Fig 17). In general, IDPs in Kutum were found to be living in smaller spaces than comparable populations in Kabkabiya.

Fig. 17. Size of respondent's living space

3626.7 23.9

13.4

75.7

15.9 2.3 6.10

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

1 - 100m2 101 - 300m2 > 301m2 N/S

% re

spon

dent

s

Kabkabiya Kutum

The overcrowding in Kutum town increases the vulnerability of the respondents to associated environmental health problems. 3.7.4. Return: In recent months the issue of return has become a contentious issue within the region. In Kabkabiya, the majority of the displaced population expected to remain in their present location for up to 12 months; while in Kutum, most respondents



felt that they would only stay for a maximum of 6 months. However, a significant proportion also stated that they thought they would stay for more than 18 months (Fig 18). In both of the study areas, it was observed that approximately two thirds of those canvassed planned to return to their homes in the near future (Figure 19). The Government of Sudan has recently launched a plan to establish �safe areas� to encourage displaced populations to return to new villages. PRA information suggests that this policy is not very popular. Most stated that they were only willing to return to their historical land/settlements and would not countenance a move to an unfamiliar area. Issue of tradition and culture were widely quoted as reasons for disagreeing with the idea of �safe areas�.

KabkabiyaN/S

3.6%Over 18

mths 11.1%

18 mths17.3% 12 mths

54.9%

6 mths13.2%

KutumN/S

0.9%

Over 18 mths

4.8%18 mths11.6%

12 mths19.6%

6 mths63.0%

Fig.18. Period of stay in present location

Kabkabiya

N/S3.3%

No35.5%

Yes61.2%

KutumN/S

4.5%

No27.3%

Yes68.2%

Fig.19. Plan to return back home in near future



Unsurprisingly, for those considering returning to their homes security was listed as the most important prerequisite followed by housing and water especially in Kutum. Issue of housing was an important concern in the PRA. Many of the IDP�s homes had been destroyed or damaged, while others did not know about the condition of their property.

Fig. 20 Conditions stated to return home

70.7

8.8 6.4 1 13.2

40.2

19.527

2 11.40

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Security Housing Water Other N/S

% re

spon

dent

s

Kabkabiya Kutum

Those who wished to return, were asked how best assistance may be directed. Over two thirds in both Localities felt that such initiatives should be made on a group basis (Figure 21).

Kabkabiya

N/S 3.7%

Institution22.8%

Personal6.4%

Group67.1%

KutumN/S2.7%

Institution18.6%

Personal19.5%

Group67.9%

Fig.21. Type of assistance required to return home



3.6. Environmental conditions 3.6.1. Water: Three quarters of the surveyed population in Kabkabiya drew water for their daily household needs from wells. In Kutum on the other hand, approximately two thirds were using hand pumps. Small numbers obtain water from Hafir (an excavated earthen basin used to collect and store the surface runoff experienced during the rainy season) or Idd (temporary hand dug well located along water courses, varying in depth from 1 to 10 metres depending on the level of the water table).

Fig.22. Main water source for HH consumption

75.9%

4.9%

16.6%

0.8%

0.7%

1.1%0.7%

1.8%

0.5%

60.9%

3.2%

32.9%

0 100 200 300 400 500

Well

Hafir

Hand Pump

Idd

Other

N/S

# of responsesKabkabiya Kutum

The results outlined above, are translated in data regarding the quality of water from local water sources. In Kabkabiya, the majority of respondents felt that their water was polluted; whereas in Kutum most stated that the water was clean.

KabkabiyaN/S 0.8%

Clean27.2%

Saline11.7%

Polluted60.3%

KutumN/S2.3%

Clean67.7%

Saline12.0%

Polluted18.0%

Fig.23. Quality of water from local water source



As expected, women were the main family members responsible for fetching water in both Localities. Children also figured highly in drawing water for the household needs, a factor that could negatively impact upon their schooling and expose them to security risks. According to international guidelines, the minimum standard for water availability is 15 litres per person per day. This is used as the absolute minimum for disaster settings and consumption in more stable environments should be much higher. In both locations, significant proportions of households surveyed were found to be consuming levels of water below these guidelines.

Table 6: Average daily household water consumption Kabkabiya Kutum Quantity of Water

Frequency Percent Frequency Percent 1 � 5 Litres 73 11.9 76 13.6 6 � 10 Litres 128 20.8 182 32.5 11 � 20 Litres 120 19.5 136 24.3 21 � 40 Litres 15 2.4 35 6.3 > 41 Litres 122 19.9 100 17.9 N/S 156 25.4 31 5.5

(Total: 1174) 3.6.2. Sanitation: Sanitation is an important consideration in the emergency environment setting. Poor environmental sanitation conditions, especially in overcrowded relief camps, can have serious consequences for human health. The household questionnaire sought to identify a number of key indicators regarding the issue of sanitation. The results show that the majority of people disposed of their human waste in latrines. However, of concern is the sizeable minority who are using open land for the disposal of human waste especially in Kabkabiya town.

KabkabiyaN/S

2.5%

Men8.3%

Children12.1%

Women77.2%

Kutum N/S2.1%

Men5.7%

Children20.4%

Women71.8%

Fig.24. Which members of the HH are responsible for water collection



Fig.25. Disposal of Human waste

52.3

5.2

41

0.2 1.3

70.2

1.826.3

0 1.80

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Latrine Toilet Open Other N/S

% re

spon

dent

s

Kabkabiya Kutum

Regarding the issue of rubbish removal, open land, burning, burying and collection were listed respectively in Kabkabiya Locality. Whereas in Kutum Locality, the most popular answer was burning followed by burying, disposal on open ground and finally collection. Residents in both Kutum and Kabkabiya felt that the towns were becoming increasingly dirty and strewn with rubbish, which was a growing threat to human health and wellbeing.

Table 7: Method of rubbish disposal Kabkabiya Kutum Method of Disposal

Frequency Percent Frequency Percent Open ground 247 40.2 56 10.0 Burnt 212 34.5 338 60.4 Buried 128 20.8 129 23.0 Collected 12 2.0 9 1.6 N/S 15 2.4 28 5.0

(Total: 1174) 3.6.3. Sources of fuel for cooking: An important environmental issue for displaced populations is the problem of fuel for the household�s basic cooking needs. Traditionally in Darfur, wood fuel has been the most common type of energy used for cooking. Modern fuels such as gas and kerosene have had little impact on the majority rural population. Results from the survey show that this situation has changed little as a result of the crisis.



Fig.26. Type of fuel used by HH for cooking

120

467

6 6 10 5205

324

11 5 6 110

50100150200250300350400450500

Charcoal Wood Gas Kerosene Other N/S

# res

ponc

es

Kabkabiya Kutum

However, the problem is now access to fuel sources. Natural forest/woodland was the main source of firewood (Kabkabiya 53.6% & Kutum 74.6%) for the respondents, however a significant proportion were found to be paying for this type of fuel (Kabkabiya 37.9% & Kutum 17.5%).In Kutum, many IDPs are staying in Kassab relief camp close to a large forested area. Unfortunately, this forest reserve has been almost completely exhausted by people fetching fuel for cooking. Women were the main members of the household responsible for the collection of fuel (Fig 27). An important concern linked to the collection of firewood by displaced women is the issue of rape. A number of cases have recently been highlighted regarding this danger (See section on Human Rights).

KabkabiyaN/S

6.6%

Women62.1%

Men15.3%

Children16.1%

Fig.27. Which member of the HH is responsible for the collection of fuel

KutumN/S

2.0%

Women58.9% Men

10.0%

Children29.1%



3.7. Conflict 3.7.1. Types of conflict: Violence has been an increasingly common phenomenon in the Darfur region in recent years. However, the present dispute is distinct from those of the past by the number of people involved; and the extent of destruction and dislocation. This latest type of conflict can be classified as an Ethno-political war, differing from conventional conflicts engaging combatants in organized warfare with limited collateral damage. These �second tier� disputes are fought between distinct identity groups (defined in ethnic, tribal or racial terms) vying for political power; that destroys the very fabric of society, communities and households. In general terms, conflict in Darfur can be seen to be occurring at three distinct but interrelated scales. In reality, the divisions between the different levels of conflict have become extremely blurred and it is now difficult to distinguish one overall specific cause. This fact is borne out in the data collected regarding the types of conflict experienced by the respondents. A variety of answers were given in the different Localities. In Kutum, armed groups (DAOF vs GoS & allied groups) were those mainly responsible for conflict in the local area. Whereas in Kabkabiya, the situation was more confused. Armed groups and tribal/ethnic conflict were given almost equal blame for local violence.

Darfur Armed Opposition Forces (DAOF) Vs.

Government of Sudan (GoS) & Allied groups

�Arab� tribal groupings

�Dafurian� tribal groupings Vs.

�Farmers� �Pastoralists�Vs.

�Local level� Resource BasedConflict

Tribal/Ethnic Conflict

�Regional level�

�National level� Political Conflict



Table 8: Type of conflict in the local area. Kabkabiya Kutum Type of conflict

Frequency Percent Frequency Percent Armed groups 272 44.6% 334 59.6% Tribal/ethnic 274 44.9% 211 37.7% Resource based 64 10.5% 15 2.7%

(Total: 1174) 3.7.2. Belligerents: Through PRA, information regarding the different factions and groups involved in conflict was sought. The following were identified:- ! GoS security apparatus: including regular army units, police force, air force

and security services. ! Popular Defense Force (PDF) & Popular Police Force (PPF): Included in

the current organizational structure of the Sudanese Army are a number of reserve elements including the Popular Defense Force (PDF). These units comprised of civilians mustered in support of the regular army. In Darfur, PDF units have traditionally been formed on a tribal basis through the custom of nafeer (Community mobilization) after consultation with the Native Authorities. PDF units operate in a semi-independent role under the overall command of the regular army.

! Darfur Armed Opposition Forces (DAOF): In February 2003, a new armed

political group, calling itself the Front for the Liberation of Darfur emerged. This group which later adopts a new name: Sudan Liberation Movement/Army (SLM/A); is composed mainly of members from �indigenous� Darfurian tribes. The SLM/A and another armed political group with broadly similar demands: Justice & Equality Movement (JEM) have launched a number of attacks against both military and civilian targets. These two groups have stated that their campaign of armed opposition is in protest at the perceived failure of the government to protect villagers from attacks by certain nomadic pastoral tribes and the underdevelopment and marginalisation of the region. Both groups have political wings, which have reported links and affiliations on the wider scene with other �opposition� political parties.

! Tribal Militias: From historical times, each of the main tribes in the Darfur

region maintained its own militia force to defend and extend their interests. These bodies were not a conventional �standing force� (i.e. permanent garrison) and it was only during periods of crisis that the fighting men of the tribe would be mobilized to take up arms. In modern times, these institutions have been maintained to varying degrees under the overall authority of the different tribal Native Administrations. Since 1939, a total of 41 violent conflicts involving mainly tribal groups and militia are recorded as having taken place in the Darfur region as a whole (Adam, 2001). Evidence collected



from the PRA points to the fact that both �arab� and non-arab militias are active in the two target localities.

! Banditry: One important factor behind the insecurity affecting Darfur during the

1990s has been the growing phenomena of banditry. Although certain tribal groups have been blamed for these armed robberies (e.g. �Arabs� and the Zaghawa), the fact remains that the assailants are drawn from a range of different tribes. For many, especially unemployed youth, banditry has become a life style, providing opportunities not found elsewhere in the region. Drought, economic stagnation and poor employment prospects combine to make armed robbery a tempting profession (Ali-Dinar, 2003).

3.7.3. �Janjaweed�: The word �Janjaweed� has a deeper historical meaning predating the colonial period, referring to outlaws who roamed the region and taken from the Arabic for vulgar (salouq). It is also strongly associated with the lawless armed gangs that have roamed Darfur for more than a decade. Reputedly, most of these outlaws are drawn mainly but not exclusively from among the �arab� nomads. However, the term now is synonymous with the various �arab� tribes of the region. Generally, Janjaweed is applied to the �arab� militias fighting in conjunction with the GoS (In PDFs or otherwise) and/or independently fighting �non-arab� militias including DAOF. The assessment team noted that various means were applied locally to the word Janjaweed.



3.7.4. Impact of conflict: The respondents were questioned about the impact of conflict on themselves and their household. Over 90% of those questioned had become displaced as a result of recent violent conflict in their home areas (Figure 28).

Fig.28. Main reason for displacement

Conflict 96.6%

Conflict 95.7%

Drought 1.6%

Drought 0.7%

Economic 0.5%

Economic 2.1%

Other 1.3%

Other 1.4%

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700

Kabk

abiya

Kutu

m

# responses

Information about the magnitude of conflict is not completely clear. However, data provided to the assessment team shows a picture of wide scale destruction. In Kabkabiya, the National Assembly member for the constituency stated that 128 villages (30,555 households) in the Locality had been affected by conflict (e.g. displacement, destruction and loss of life) as a result of attacks by the �Janjaweed� and aerial bombardment. The conflict has also had a significant impact on the nomadic pastoralists in the region. According to information provided to the team by local tribal leaders, 37 nomadic �damrate� had been attacked in El Waha Locality and 22 in Kabkabiya. The number of households affected was 4,771 and 2,368 in El Waha and Kabkabiya respectively. Nomadic pastoral groups also complain about the large scale looting of livestock by armed groups. Many had also been force to flee from their usual grazing grounds to unsuitable locations due to insecurity.



Data about the individual effects of conflict on the respondents was also collected. Displacement was the most common impact. Significantly, many households especially in Kabkabiya Locality reported the loss of a family member. Looting of family property was also a serious problem.

Fig.29. Effect of conflict on respondent by Locality

0 50 100 150 200 250

Displacement

Loss of life

Loss of property

Illness

Damage to settlement

Malnutrition

Food Insecurity

Damage to water resources

Physical disabilities

Other

# of responsesKabkabiya Kutum

The specific impacts on the household were varied. The most common physical effect in both Localities was wounding, followed by ill health by elderly household members.

Table 9: Specific impacts of conflict on household. Kabkabiya Kutum Affect

Frequency Percent Frequency Percent Wounded 169 27.5% 181 32.6% Disabled 54 8.8% 63 11.3% Affect on elderly 125 20.4% 136 24.3% Other 24 3.9% 48 8.6% Not applicable 242 39.4% 132 23.6%

(Total: 1174)



3.8. Human Rights 3.8.1. Perception of Human Rights: Conflict affected populations were asked about their ideas regarding the meaning of human rights. �Right to life� was quoted by a quarter, followed by equality, education and health respectively.

Fig.30. What is meant by human rights? (Total)

Equality8%

Right to life26%

Right to Education4%Right to Health

3%

All answers mentioned

54%

Other0.4%

Not stated5%

Based on these definitions, the respondents were asked about whether any human rights violations had occurred in their local area. In total, 84.5% of all the households surveyed felt that there were human rights violations in the local area (Kabkabiya 85.8% & Kutum 83.0%). 3.8.2. Responsibility for Human Rights abuses: Overall, Government forces were listed first as the body responsible for human rights abuses in the two target Localities especially Kutum. This issue was developed further in the PRA. Respondents felt that the Government was both responsible for specific incidents of abuse and culpable for failing to provide security and stop attacks by others. A common complain was the general lack of a government presence in the local area. Even local government employees complained that they received little or no support from the State government in El Fasher. Tribal groups especially militias were also frequently mentioned as instigators of human rights abuses especially in Kabkabiya Locality. The types of mistreatment listed included killing of civilians, extra, torture, beatings, destruction/theft of property and rape.



Fig.31. Responsibility for Human Rights abuses

34.7 35.724.8

0.7 4.218.4

66.3

9.6 1.3 4.50

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

Tribes

Governm

ent

Armed Groups

Others N/S

%

Kabkabiya Kutum

3.8.3. Rape & Sexual violence: The issue of rape was particularly sensitive. Most of those interviewed could only talk about cases of rape in a general way and they could not give specific details of how, when and where such incidents had taken place. However, the assessment was able to confirm the following cases. Kutum Hospital had treated 15 cases of rape in recent months, 8 of which were registered by the local police. After an attack on Tawila, 26 cases of rape were reported to the local police, who refused to recognize the incident as group rape but registered the individual cases. The assessment team also documented the following oral testimonies:-

[Case 1] El Nour a 12 year old girl from the village of Burgo, North West of Kabkabiya Town: On 20th July 2003 Government Soldiers & the �Janjaweed� attacked the village and stole much property. As a result we fled to the safety of Kabkabiya town. One day when we were out collecting firewood, the �Janjaweed� came and began whipping us. They raped 16 girls who were out gathering firewood that day. Since then we have not dared move more that 5 kms from Kabkabiya town for fear of attack.

[Case 2] Ahmed a young boy from the Jebel Si Area, Kabkabiya Locality: On the 15th July 2003, at approximately 6:00 pm I was woken by shouting. Armed men in two cars had entered the village and were looting people�s property. My family left to Kabkabiya after this incident. Once when I and my sister were out collecting firewood, 2 �Janjaweed� caught us and raped my sister. My sister became sick but did not go to a doctor and died 15 days later.

[Case 3] Howar a 25 year old mother of one, from a small village 1 ½ hours from Kabkabiya Town: My occupation is farming and my husband works in Ommdurman. I came to Kabkabiya 12 months ago after an incident at Bir Rhady close to my home



village. On 15th April 2003, I was out collecting firewood when all of a sudden I saw armed �arabs� shouting in the air. We tried to run away but they caught us and began hitting us with whips. They raped me and a number of others. I walked for 3 days on foot to Kabkabiya where I was treated by a nurse.

3.8.4. Conflict resolution mechanisms: The assessment also sought to identify suitable mechanisms for ameliorating conflict in the region. Contained in the household survey was a section on peace and conflict resolution. It began by asking about the most suitable method for resolving violent conflict in the region.

Table 10: Suggested methods for ending conflict in local area Kabkabiya Kutum Type of conflict

Frequency Percent Frequency Percent Native Administration 229 37.7% 153 27.3% Joodya 48 7.8% 9 1.6% Militarily 69 11.2% 47 8.4% Negotiation/dialogue 214 34.9% 259 46.3% Other 28 4.60% 69 12.3% Not stated 26 4.2% 23 4.1%

(Total: 1174) Native administration and dialogue/negotiation were listed as the main two most suitable approaches to end violence in the local area. Surprisingly, Joodya, a traditional gathering of local elders and leaders to settle disputes, was not given a high priority by the respondents. During the PRA, respondents elaborated on this issue stating that they felt Joodya was now impractical given the scale and magnitude of conflict. During conversations with the local populace, the importance of the Native Administration in both instigating and ending violence between tribal factions was highlighted. However, many felt that the situation was now beyond the control of the traditional leaders and only through a political process could a lasting solution be found. Grass root and social peace through negotiation/dialogue was also seen as important to rebuild Darfur�s shattered society. Security was the principal suggestion regarding solutions to the negative consequence of conflict that had been highlighted. This was followed by provision of basic services such as health an education (Figure 18).



Fig.32. Suggested solution to consequences of conflict

18.8%

12.4%

9.6%

3.2%

46.8%

2.3%

0.9%

1.0%

0.8%

0.7%

0.5%

2.9%

0 100 200 300 400 500 600

Provision of basic services

Skill training

Improved transportation

New roads

Security

Improved Housing

Reconciliation & Dialogue

Awareness raising

Management of Natural resources

Capacity Building

Others

N/S

# of responsesKabkabiya & Kutum Localities

3.9. Humanitarian Response 3.9.1. Humanitarian Needs: The crisis in Darfur has created a massive need for the delivery of basic humanitarian services to the affected populations. Overall over two thirds of respondents were found to be receiving assistance from humanitarian organizations in Kabkabiya (80.0%) and Kutum Locality (62.9%).

KabkabiyaN/S

6.4%No

13.7%

Yes80.0%

KutumN/S

15.4%

No21.8%

Yes62.9%

Fig.33. % of respondents currently receiving assistance



The immediate needs of the target group in both Localities are many; however, housing/shelter was found to be a high priority especially in Kabkabiya, followed by medicine, food, clean water and clothing respectively.

Fig.34. Immediate needs of respondents

59.6

6.5 2 2.3

26.4

2.3 0.8 0.2

27.113.9 18.2

11.418.2

5.9 5 0.20

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

Housing/

shelter

Food

Clean W

ater

Clothing

Medicine

Security

Health ca

re N/S

% re

spon

ses

Kabkabiya Kutum

Through PRA interviews, additional information was collected about the specific priorities in the two localities:- Table 11: Prioritized immediate human needs (PRA) Kabkabiya Kutum 1. Security & protection Security & protection 2. Agricultural production/food Clothing (especially for women & children) 3. Water (animals & people are sharing the

same water resources in Kabkabiya town) Education (e.g. schools, teachers, books and equipment)

4. Education (Lack of schools & teachers) Mosquitoes nets 5. Health (Basic drugs and medical staff) Shelter/NFIs 6. Housing/shelter (No formal camp in

Kabkabiya area) Fuel for cooking

3.9.1. Food security: North Darfur State is chronically food insecure and relies on the neighboring surplus producing West and South Darfur states. The area has a long history of severe food shortages. Major famines resulting in widespread loss of life occurred in the late 18th century, 1913-14 and more recently in 1984-85, when between 100,000 -150,000 people are estimated to have perished in the region



as a whole (Collins, 2001). The household survey found that over two thirds of the target populations were reliant on aid/relief for their basic food needs. Over a quarter, in both locations paid for their food resources and only a small fraction derived foodstuffs from family production. Those who paid for foodstuffs were asked about the relative price. The bulk stated that such items were expensive (Kabkabiya 87% & Kutum 86.4%); with only approximately 1% stating that they found food cheap in both locations. 3.9.2. Near future needs: The Darfur crisis is a complex and fluid situation, whose humanitarian needs are constantly changing. The assessment therefore sought to collect information about the envisaged �near future� needs of the respondents.

Fig.36. Near future needs of respondents

76.7

11.4 5.2 3.3 2.4 2.3

42.931.4

11.8 8.9 3.9 1.10

102030405060708090

Schools

Seeds

Training

WaterOthe

rN/S

%

Kabkabiya Kutum

KabkabiyaN/S

4.3%Family Product

3.4%

Aid/relief63.2%

Payment29.2%

KutumN/S

6.1%

Family Product

1.6%

Aid/relief63.9%

Payment28.4%

Fig.35. Principal source of foodstuffs for the HH



Surprisingly, education was seen as the most important near future need in both locations, followed by seeds, training and water respectively. 3.9.2. Non-state humanitarian response: The international community has launched a massive initiative to assist the victims of conflict in the Darfur region. The target populations were also asked about the work of different humanitarian actors in the local area. As expected the United Nations Organizations and International Non-Governmental Organizations were the main bodies delivering humanitarian assistance.

Fig.37. Humanitarian actors operating in local area

87.6

5.4 1.5 0.2 5.4

55

30.9

4.6 0.7 8.80

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

UN/INGO NNGO C.B.O. Other N/S

% re

spon

dent

s

Kabkabiya Kutum

The following local civil society organizations including NNGOs and CBOs were found to be operating in the two target areas:

Table 12: CBOs present in the target area 1. Kabkabiya Smallholders Charity Society (KSCS) - Farmers 2. Kabkabiya Development & Reconstruction Organisation (KADRO) 3. Sudanese Environment Conservation Society (SECS) Kutum & Kabkabiya

Branches. 4. Women development society



The different organizations were found to be implementing a range of different programmes in the two target locations. Health was found to be the principal activity followed by water/sanitation and food respectively.

Fig. 38. Types of humanitarian programmes in area

80.9

2.8 3.4 5.2 7.7

46.8

12.928.8

3.8 7.90

10

20

30

4050

60

70

80

90

Health Food Water/Sanitation Other N/S

% re

spon

dent

s

Kabkabiya Kutum



It is clear from the proceeding chapters that Kabkabiya and Kutum Localities currently faces a severe and complex humanitarian situation. It is also apparent that the immediate needs of the conflict affected populations are not uniform. Based on these fact and discussions the main recommendation of this report is the immediate initiation of an emergency humanitarian programme to alleviate the current pressing needs of conflict affected populations in the two target sites. The specific recommendations to be included in proposed interventions are as follows:- ! Health Intervention (El Fasher + Kabkabiya + Kutum). ! Clean Water (Kabkabiya). ! Education, increased numbers of teachers, classes, books and school

equipment to accommodate the displaced children (Kabkabiya & Kutum). ! Clothing/Non-Food Items (NFIs) for IDPs with special focus on children

and women (Kabkabiya + Kutum). ! Shelter, mosquito nets and vinyl mats and carpets (Kabkabiya + Kutum). ! Livelihoods � farming & livestock (Kabkabiya + Kutum). ! Sanitation � Pit latrines (Kutum). ! Trauma counseling. ! Security, ceasefire, cessation of attacks and violence (especially against

the elderly, women and children). ! HIV/AIDs awareness and protection. ! Fuel especially for cooking (Wood alternatives). ! Food security, mid to long term (especially with the apparent

unevenness/failure of this rainy season). ! Separate camps from town in Kabakabiya (to reduce the negative impact

on the environment health, the social structure of the community and stresses)

! Impact of IDPs on natural resources, environment etc� and the re-building of returnee villages. Darfur especially North Darfur has a very fragile balance in terms of desertification, green cover and climate. If these are not taken into account it will lead to a devastating disaster.

! Capacity Building Civil Society Organizations (Greater Darfur):- a) Services. b) Protection and Human Rights. c) Governance. d) Peace building/conflict resolution. e) Awareness raising (media etc.). f) Advocacy. g) Monitoring and Evaluation.

! Human Rights:- a) Awareness and advocacy. b) Indigenous traditional human rights (non-harmful). c) Monitoring system of rights, Violation Units. d) Gender issues & sexual violence.

4. RECOMMENDATIONS



! Peace building and reconciliation processes:- a) Peace initiatives. b) National level:-

Fair sharing of wealth and power. Good Governance (principles and pillars). Devolution and decentralization.

c) Conflict management. Conflict resolution, transformation and traditional conflict

resolution mechanisms. Root causes (e.g. resource conflicts). Negotiation and liaison with armed factions. Recognition and acceptance of diversity.

d) Disaster mitigation. e) The consortium will liaise between national and international

NGOs. f) Campaigns in various parts of Sudan with regard to Darfur and

other regional issues. g) Future missions & dissemination of findings.



D.A.M. Steering Committee

S.C. Member Organisation Dr. Muawia Shaddad (Chairman) Sudanese Civil Society Network for the Alleviation of

Poverty (SCSNAP) Hannan El Tahir Sudan Environmental Conservation Society (SECS) Dr. Mohy El Deen Tohami ACORD Omer Adam Khatir Kabkabiya Development and Reconstruction Organisation

(KADRO) Hussam Mohamed Osman Human Rights & Legal Aid Network (HRLAN) Osman Hussein Abubaker Al Massar Charity Organisation for Nomads Development

& Environmental Conservation (MONEC) Assessment team

Team Member Organisation Hussamuddin Mohamed Osman Human Rights & Legal Aid Network (HRLAN) Abdul Hafaz El Bait Sudan Environmental Conservation Society (SECS) Ahmed Adam Yousif Al Massar (MONEC) Dr. Sumaia al Said Sudanese Civil Society Network for the Alleviation of Poverty

(SCSNAP) Nemat Adam Ahmaday Kabkabiya Development and Reconstruction Organisation

(KADRO) Samia Osman ACORD

ANNEX A: HUMAN RESOURCES



[Question 1] Sex of respondent? (1) Male (2) Female [Question 2] Age of respondent? (numeric) [Question 3] What is your occupation? (1) Farming (2) Herding (3) Trading (4) Professional (nurse, teacher etc.) (5) Housewife (6) Student (7) Other Question 4] What level of education have you achieved? (1) None (2) Khalwa (3) Basic/Primary (4) Secondary (5) University (6) Vocational/technical [Question 5] What is the main reason for Displacement? (1) Conflicts (2) Economic (3) Drought (4) Others [Question 6] What is the main type of conflict in your area? (1)Tribal (2) Natural Resource based (3) Armed Groups (4) Ethnic [Question 7] What has been the main affect of conflict on your household? (1) Loss of life (2) Displacement (3) Loss of property (4) Illness (5) Damage to settlement / premises (6) Malnutrition (7) Food insecurity (8) Damage to water resources (9) Physical disabilities (10) Others [Question 8] Which member of your family has been most affected conflict? (1) Children (2) Men (3) Women (4) Youth [Question 9] What is the most suitable mechanism for conflict resolution? (1) Native Administration (2) Goodya (3) Military power (4) Negotiation [Question 10] What do you know about human rights? (1) Right to life (2) Equality (3) Right to Education (4) Right to Health (5) All of the above (6) Others. [Question 11] Are there any Human Rights violations in your local area? (1)Yes (2) No [Question 12] Who is mainly responsible for Human Rights violations in the local area? (1) Tribes (2) Government (3) Armed Groups (4) Other. [Question 13] What is the most effective solution to the consequences of conflict in the local area?

ANNEX B: QUESTIONNAIRE



(1) Provision of basic services (2) Skill training (3) Improved transportation (4) New roads (5) Provision of security (6) Housing (7) Reconciliation & Dialogue (8) Awareness raising (9) Management of Natural Resources (10) Capacity Building (11) Other [Question 14] What are your immediate needs? (1) Shelter (2) Food (3) Water (4) Clothing (5) Medicine (6) Health care (7) Security (8) Other [Question 15] What are your near future needs? (1) Schools (2) Seeds (3) Training (4) Water (5) Other [Question 16] How long do you intent to stay in your present location? (1) ½ year (2)1 year (3) 1 ½ years (4) More than 1 ½ years [Question 17] What type of shelter are you currently residing in? (1) Tent (2) Traditional hut (3) Brick building (4) Other [Question 18] What is the size of your living space? (1) 1-100m2 (2) (1) 101-300m2 (3) >301m2 [Question 19] Do you plan to return home in the near future? (1) Yes (2) No [Question 20] If you intent to return home what are your conditions? (1) Security (2) Housing (3) Water (4) Other [Question 21] How should help be delivered to assist in your return? (1) Group (2) Personal (3) Institutional [Question 22] How does your household dispose of it�s human waste? (1) Latrine (2) Toilet (3) Open ground (4) Other [Question 23] What is the main method of rubbish disposal in your household? (1) Open ground (2) Burnt (3) Buried (4) Collected [Question 24] What is the main source of water for your household? (1) Well (2) Hafir (3) Hand pump (4) Idd (5) Other [Question 25] What is the quality of water from your local water supply? (1) Clean (2) Polluted (3) Saline [Question 26] Which members of your household are responsible for the collection of water? (1) Women (2) Children (3) Men



[Question 27] What is the average daily household consumption of water? (1) 1-5 litres (2) 6-10 litres (3) 11-20 litres (4) 21-40 litres (5) > 41 litres [Question 28] From where do you presently obtain your household�s foodstuffs? (1) Payment (2) Aid/Relief (3) Family production [Question 29] What is the main type of fuel used for cooking in your household? (1) Charcoal (2) Wood (3) Gas (4) Kerosene (5) Other [Question 30] What members of your household are responsible for the collection of firewood? (1) Women (2) Children (3) Men [Question 31] What is main type of health care that you have access to? (1) Primary Health Care (2) Clinic (3) Dressing station (4) None [Question 32] What is main type of health staff that you have access to? (1) Doctor (2) Medical Assistant (3) Nurse (4) Midwife (5) None [Question 33] What is main type of common illness affecting your household? (1) Malnutrition (2) Malaria (3) HIV/AIDs (4) Fever (5) Other [Question 34] What is your main source for modern medicines? (1) Aid/Relief (2) Pharmacy (3) Market [Question 35] What are the main humanitarian actors operating in the local area? (1) United Nations/ International Non-Governmental Organizations (2) National Non-Governmental Organizations (3) Community Based Organizations (4) Other [Question 36] What types of humanitarian programmes are being provided in your local area? (1) Health (2) Food (3) Water/sanitation (4) Other [Question 37] Are you currently receiving any assistance? (1) Yes (2) No



Commissioner & Executive Director of El Fasher Locality State Ministry of Education State Ministry of Health State Ministry of Cultural and Social Affairs Humanitarian Aid Commission Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA) State Ministry of Animal Wealth Police office Farmers Union Pastoralist Union SECS office, Kabkabiya Small Farmers Association Sudanese Red Crescent Oxfam � GB MSF � B ACF WFP ICRC Forestry Department, Kutum Horticulture Inspector, Kutum Sudanese Veterinary Service

ANNEX C: MEETINGS HELD



ACORD (Sudan)

Agency for Co-operation and Research in Development (ACORD) is a developmental International Non-Governmental Organization (INGO) implementing development and emergency programmes in 18 African countries. ACORD was established in 1976 and is based in London (UK) as a registered charity No. 283302 with its Programming Directorate based in Nairobi as from April 2, 2002. ACORD has started as a consortium of 11 NGOs but has now become an alliance of these international NGOs (CCFD, COSV, Groupe Développement, HEKS, Inter Pares, Mani Tese, Novib, Oxfam Hong Kong, Oxfam GB, Strømme Memorial Foundation, and Vredeseilanden).

The very first programmes for ACORD were in Sudan and Mali. ACORD�s presence in Sudan dates back to the mid �70s when it started working with the returnees in the South during the course of time when the Addis Ababa Agreement was effective, and with the Ethiopian refugees in eastern Sudan. During the �80s, ACORD in Sudan widened its geographical and target coverage to end up with five well operationally established programmes in eastern Sudan (Port Sudan, Red Sea Hills and Kassala), in the South (Juba) and in Khartoum (IDPs in Omdurman). In addition, ACORD in Sudan has been pioneer in establishing the first ever field-based research and planning unit in Khartoum. The main objective of the unit was to coordinate and facilitate research activities within the programmes and within ACORD at large. The unit has as well been instrumental in raising the image of ACORD as a research based organization at the national level and among other INGOs working in the country. Sudanese Environmental Conservation Society (SECS)

The SECS is an official NGO established in September 1975 to address national �environmental� issues. The goal of SECS is to achieve Sustainable Development through the participation of all stakeholders in environmental conservation. The Executive Committee that is elected by the General Assembly once every two years governs the society. The activities are implemented through three main programmes � Environmental Education Awareness � Environmental Rehabilitation � Institutional Development. The society has more than 100 branches in Sudan, spread over more than 17 States. SECS encourage the formation of branches to activate work at the grass roots level. The branches meet every two years to exchange experiences and discuss the programme of the society. Sudanese Civil Society Network for Alleviation of Poverty (SCSNAP)

The poverty forum held in February 2002 earmarks the beginning of the inception of the SCSNAP as the first independent network officially registered with the Humanitarian Aid Commission (HAC). The network has 58 members mainly

ANNEX D: PROFILE OF PARTICIPANTS



drawn from the NNGO sector who constitute the General Assembly. A 9 member executive committee oversees the running of SCSNAP. The overall objective of SCSNAP is to substantially reduce poverty in Sudan through building partnerships with business, the philanthropic sector, government, community leaders and the general public. Human Rights & Legal Aid Network (HRLAN)

HRLAN was established in 2002 with the purpose of meeting the needs of those affected by Human Rights violations. The network aims to lobby and advocate on the issue of Human Rights at a national and community level. In total 20 NGOs participate in the network. HRLAN provides capacity building, legal aid and human rights awareness raising within the Sudanese communities especially non-state actors and civil society organizations. It also lobbies government to sign and ratify different international conventions on Human Rights. Kabkabiya Development & Reconstruction Organization (KADRO)

KADRO is a national NGO officially registered with the guidelines set down by the Humanitarian Aid Commission. The organization was established in 2004, before which it worked as Kabkabiya Development Council since 1997.The main objective is poverty reduction among the rural communities in Kabkabiya Locality. KADRO also aims to plan and implement development projects as well as rehabilitation of the locality�s facilities especially in the field of health and education. Peace building and conflict resolution are also other important activity. KADRO maintains offices in Kabkabiya and Khartoum; and has strong relations and cooperation with local societies such as Women Charity Society, Small Farmers Society and Otash Organisation. Al Massar Charity Organization for Nomads Development & Environmental Conservation (MONEC)

Al Massar is a Sudanese based non-governmental & not-for-profit organization founded in Dec 2001. The organization is tasked with developing the nomadic pastoralists in Sudan under the following mission statement: �To assist the Nomadic communities of Sudan in achieving a Sustainable form of Development�. Under this heading Al Massar has adopted a multi facet approach to the improvement and development of nomadic societies. The following are identified as key areas of intervention � Peace � Education � Health � Water � Woman & Child � Environment � Culture. The organization has offices in Al Gadaref, El Fasher, El Geneina & Nyala.



Abdul-Galil, M. A.(1984) �The Dynamics of Ethnic Identification in Northern Darfur�, in �The Sudan Ethnicity and National Cohesion�, Bayreuth, Germany. APU (2002) �Early Warning System� Agricultural Planning Unit, El Fasher, North Darfur APU (1997) �Meteorological Data� APU Data Base, El Fasher CBS (2001) "Population data sheet" Central Bureau of Statistics & UNFPA CBS (1993) "4TH National Census", Central Bureau of Statistics, Khartoum CBS (1993) �4th National Census� Central Bureau of Statistics Collins, S. (2001) �The nutritional status in North Darfur, Sudan in spring of 2001� Save the Children Fund � UK Harir, S. (1993) "Arab belt vs African Belt, Ethnic-Political Conflict in Darfur and the Regional Cultural Factors", Short-Cut to Decay: The Case of the Sudan, London. Harrison, M.N. & Jackson, T.K. (1958) �Ecological classification of vegetation of the Sudan�, Sudan Survey Department Holt P.M. & Daly M.W. (1979) �The history of the Sudan: From the coming of Islam to the present day�, Weidenfeld & Nicolson, UK O'Fahey, R. S. (1980) �State and Society in Darfur�, C. Hurst and Company, London. UN (2004) �Darfur Humanitarian Needs Profile #5: Updated August 2004� Office of the UN Resident & Humanitarian Coordinator for the Sudan. WFP (2002) �Annual Needs Assessment (ANA): North Darfur State�, World Food Program

ANNEX E: BIBLIOGRAPHY

draft report - reliefwebreliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/a9f... · 2011-05-18 ·...

Documents