STRUCTURE AS FORM GENERATOR

MUHAMMAD FAWWAZ NAIM BIN RAZALISBEA 1313A14BE0073DR TAREEF

INTRODUCTIONThe term structure a a form generator describes a relationship between structure and architecture. It is a structural requirement that influences the form of buildings even though the structure itself is not necessarily exposed. Since the development of structural technologies and the aid of computer design software it has been possible to design buildings.In this assignment, I understand basic principle of certain building structures. I also learn to distinguish between Architectural and Engineering structures and I became interest in designing building with alternative structures.

CASE STUDIES OVERVIEW ERASMUSBURG BRIDGE, NETHERLANDTheErasmus Bridge is a combinedcable-stayedandbascule bridgein the centre ofRotterdam, connecting the north and south parts of this city, second largest inthe Netherlands. The bridge was named afterDesiderius Erasmusa.k.a.Erasmus of Rotterdam, a prominent Christianrenaissance humanist.

SERI WAWASAN BRIDGE, PUTRAJAYATheSeri Wawasan Bridgeis one of the main bridges inPutrajaya, theMalaysianfederal administrative capital. This futuristiccable-stayed bridgewhich has a sail ship appearance, connects Precinct 2 on the Core Island to the residential area of Precinct 8.

SERI SAUJANA BRIDGE, PUTRAJAYATheSeri Saujana Bridgeis a main bridge inPutrajaya, theMalaysianfederal administrative capital. The bridge's design is uniquecable-stayedarch bridgeand it is similar to theSydney Harbour BridgeinSydney,New South Wales,Australia. Seri Saujana connects the Core Island (Precinct 4) to the Precinct 7 onLebuh Sentosahighway and is strategically located at the main entrance into the Core Island from the south via the upgraded.

KUALA LUMPUR INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT 2 (KLIA2)TheKuala Lumpur International Airport 2 (KLIA2)is built to be Malaysia'sNext Generation Hub-International Airport Hub- that allows seamless connectivity for both local and international low-cost plus full-servicecarriers. The KLIA2 is built to cater for the explosive growth in low cost travel. It is designed to cater 45 million passengers a year, replacing theLow Cost Carrier Terminal (LCCT)once it's ready. It is built withbigger capacityandsuperior facilities..

MASID BESI, PUTRAJAYATheTuanku Mizan Zainal Abidin Mosque, orIron Mosqueis the second principal mosque inPutrajaya,MalaysiaafterPutra Mosque. It is located in Putrajaya's Precinct 3, opposite thePalace of Justice. Construction began since April 2004 and was fully completed on August 2009.[1]It was officially opened by the 13thYang di-Pertuan Agong,Tuanku Mizan Zainal Abidinon 11 June 2010.[2]The mosque was built to cater to approximately 24,000 residents including the government servants working around the city center as well as areas within Precincts 2, 3, 4 and 18. Tuanku Mizan Zainal Abidin Mosque's area is twice that of Putra Mosque, which is located 2.2 kilometres north.

ERASMUSBURG BRIDGE, NETHERLANDThe 802-metre-long (2,631ft) bridge across theNew Meusewas designed byBen van Berkeland completed in 1996. The cable-stayed bridge section has a single 139-metre-high (456ft)asymmetricalwhite pylon with a prominent horizontal base, earning the bridge itsnickname"The Swan".

SELECTION CRITERIAThis bridge is selected because it is the worlds longest swing bridge. Other than that, the bridge is very iconic as it has the slender 139 meter high steel pylon, that rests on either side of the bridge deck. Two sets of sixteen cables run to the deck, and two thick cables anchor the pylon at the rear.

STRUCTUREErasmus Bridge is the largest and heaviest cable-stayed bridge in Western Europe, and also has one of the largest panels of its type in the entire world. Its length is 800 meters, and the pylon is fastened by 32 stays to keep everything in place. The fixed area of the bridge is 284 meters, with a 139 meter tall pylon that is secured by 16 cables on each side, and has two thick cables that link the pylon to the rear of the bridge. The movable part of the bridge on the southern end is 50 meters long, and most of its 31 meters across is used for the tram and for cyclists. In order to maintain its integrity over the long-term, steel was used for every part of the bridge, including its cable, pylon, and deck. Also, steel was used for the entire construction process since concrete was very expensive. A bridge of this size and importance needs to stand up to time and the elements. However, just after the bridge opened to traffic, it was discovered that the bridge would start to swing under very heavy rain and wind conditions. In order to minimize weather effects in the future, shock absorbers were installed and, since then, has not been an issue.

SERI WAWASAN BRIDGE, PUTRAJAYAThe concrete bridge is a combination of cable backstays and structural steel tie back. It is a dual three lane carriageways of 18.6m width each, comprising 3 x 3.5m width lanes, 0.5 m hard shoulder, 0.5m marginal strip. The median is 4 m wide and walkway cum cycle track width is 5.1m giving a total width of 37.2m at the centre of the bridge.

SELECTION CRITERIAOne of the unique points of the Seri Wawasan Bridge is the fact that the bridge is designed to look like a cable-stayed bridge, allowing it to stand out from the other bridges as the building designs look different with the common bridges we can find anywhere else in Malaysia and even in your own home country.

STRUCTURE FOUNDATIONThe bored pile system was chosen due to its reliability in resisting the horizontal forces. In bore piling, all piles are cast in site. The ground will be bored and keep as hollow by assist of steel casing. The steel casings are screwed together in section PYLONThe inverted Y shape pylon has an overall height of 96.6m from top of the pile-cap level. The foundation of the pylon is 4~4.5m thick reinforced concrete pile-cap supported by 76 nos. The selection of inverted Y has limited the second order effect of forces and increase the structural capacities at the lower part which is subjected to high axial loads and moments.

DECKThe bridge deck is a twin call in-situ pre-stressed reinforced concrete box girder with two transverse rib wings spaced at every 5m, and 1.5m deep edge beams to accommodate the cable stay anchorages. The designer used the state of art finite element tools to carry out the structural analysis to understand the actual distribution of loads and the behavior of the bridge.

STAY CABLESThere are thirty pairs of front stays and twenty one pairs of back stays. All of the front stays supporting the main span are arranged in a fan shape. All of the front stays have anchored within the hollow pylon and were stressed from the lower adjustable anchorage point nearest to the pylon creating a cross-over effect from side elevation view.

SERI SAUJANA BRIDGE, PUTRAJAYASeri Saujana is a new concept of the cable-stayed arch bridge. The bridge is controlled by the principal design parameters to reflect a transparent, elegant and futuristic slender looking structure, with an overall single span of 300m and total width of 32m. There are dual three lane carriageways. The deck level varies from RL 35.25m at abutment to RL 35m at centre of the bridge. SELECTION CRITERIASeri Saujana is a unique combination of cable stay and steel arch design which seems a kind of belt and braces approach to keeping the bridge aloft. Its taut cables remind me of a giant harp. The bridge has grey and white main stay cables and blue back stays. The design always show a futuristic and out of norma of Malaysian culture.STRUCTUREThe overall structure scheme is of a continuous pre-stressed concrete box girder deck spanning between a singular central plane of a cable stays, and two planes of hangers running parallel to stays along the edge of the deck. The stays are supported by inclined concrete pylons, which in turn are anchored by two planes of back stays. The hangers are suspended by two steel inclined arches, which ends are tried through the deck. Both pylons and arches sit on abutments at their side of the lake.

CABLE-STAYED SYSTEMThe cable stay system for supporting a deck itself a relatively modern bridge form, the system employed in this bridge is not initially obvious. Firstly there will have been a debate on the number of spans required for a total span of 300m. For this distance it would be common to use three, with the piers spaced proportionally close to the embankments, with a larger main span. In many cases there are tables/graphs which can be referred to in order to achieve the most economic arrangement of bridge and element variables such as spans, heights etc. In this case there is only a single span, which I assume was to span the entire lake without the need for any intermediate piers. Without these side spans, it does make the analysis slightly more straightforward, as the loaded region is only the main span, the potential effects adverse or beneficial of loading the side spans are avoided, as this section of carriageway sits inland. ARCH SYSTEMThe two inclined arches appear parabolic in shape constructed from 2.2m diameter rolled steel sections, inclined to the point they almost meet at their peak, 34m over the mid span of the deck. They are braced together using longitudinal and tangential stiffeners, forming a K shape. The hangers are therefore inclined from the arches picking up the edges of the deck. The hangers would have to be symmetrically spaced and the tensions distributed evenly along the arch to attempt to ensure both arches were evenly loaded.

FOUNDATIONThe foundations of the main abutments which the pylon and arches both sit consist of a 25.5m long pile cap, with 82 1.3m diameter piles. This seems quite large, but if the structures systems mentioned before are all designed correctly should only be designed to resist vertical loading which evidently much be pretty high, as there should be very little moment, and all the horizontal forces should balance. The back stay are anchored into earth filled concrete boxes, designed to counterweight the tensions in the stays. KUALA LUMPUR INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT 2 (KLIA2)The newKLIA2 terminalis measured to be at least 257,000 sqm, with 60 gates, 8 remote stands, 80 aerobridges, plus a retail space of 32,000 sqm to accommodate225 retail outlets. Costing around 4 billionMalaysia Ringgit, the KLIA2 was scheduled to be opened on28 June,2013. Due to construction delay, the new KLIA2 terminal is officially opened on2 May 2014SELECTION CRITERIAThis building was choosen because it is equipped with the Skybridge. klia2 Skybridge, the first in Asia and only the third in the world, was completed after the last piece of its structure was installed.To mark the completion of the Skybridge construction, members of the media and key stakeholders were invited to witness the installation of the roof thrust of the Skybridge structure, symbolizing the whole connection of the Sky Bridge is completed.

STRUCTUREThe Skybridge steel structures were erected and connected in stages where the whole bridge was divided into two sections, to allow for full passenger segregation implementation at the terminal. In structural point of view, the proposed skybridge provides a means of lateral resistance to the building towers. The floor systems made of slab act as a horizontal diaphragms with very large stiffness in the horizontal direction. They help to distribute the lateral load into vertical structural elements such as walls and columns apart from resisting vertical load.Other than the skybridge, the arched forms of the roof structure will promote natural cooling by harnessing the laminar airflow over it surface and channel rainwater for collection and use in building services

MASJID BESI, PUTRAJAYAThe mosque was built to cater to approximately 24,000 residents including the government servants working around the city center as well as areas within Precincts 2, 3, 4 and 18. Tuanku Mizan Zainal Abidin Mosque's area is twice that of Putra Mosque, which is located 2.2 kilometres northSELECTION CRITERIAI choose this building of the present of arc that support the roof part of the building. The right material is used to make sure the support structure combine naturally with other structures.

STRUCTUREThe structure of the mosque was executed using steel framing system which is one type of industrialized building systems. The mosque was built using approximately 6,000 tonnes of steel, or seventy percent of the entire building.The architectural style of the mosque is the Islamic modern style. The main entrance is reinforced with Glass Reinforced Concrete to increase the integrity of the structure and uses fine glass to create an illusion of a white mosque from afar.

CONCLUSIONAs the conclusion, I have learnt various types of structure from different types of building from around the world. I understand basic principle of certain building structures. I also learn to distinguish between Architectural and Engineering structures and I became interest in designing building with alternative structures. From the simple structure to the complex structure. The structure is the main things that keep the buildings stand still. Inverted Y pylon from Erasmusburg bridge, reinforced concrete box girder from Seri Wawasan bridge, cable stayed system in Seri Saujana bridge, the skybridge from KLIA2, and the arc from Iron Mosque Putrajaya. The learnt structure can be used in my future design.

REFERENCE Walther,R.andHouriet,B.(1999),Cable StayedBridge2ndEdition,ThomasTelford,London Tomlinson, M.J. (1995), Foundation Design & Construction -6th Edition, Longman,Harlow,England Troisky,M.S. (1988),CableStayedBridgesTheoryandDesign2ndEdition,BSP,London Tuanku Mizan Zainal Abidin Mosque, http://www.archicivi.com/IBSProjects/TuankuMizanZainalAbidinMosque.aspx SERI SAUJANA BRIDGEhttp://www.ppj.gov.my/portal/page?_pageid=311,1&_dad=portal&_schema=PORTAL#1301 Erasmus Bridgehttp://structurae.net/structures/erasmus-bridge KLIA 2 Infohttp://www.klia2.info/about-klia2 LEEChangLong, AStudyandEvaluationonSeriWawasanBridgeinPutrajaya,Malaysia. Christopher J. Hewett, A CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF THE ERASMUS BRIDGE