dr retha visagie, manager: research integrity nedicc, csir...
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Data ethics: Unashamedly ethical
Dr Retha Visagie, Manager: Research Integrity
NeDICC, CSIR7 March 2018
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• “We are witnessing merely the latest stage of the
Information Revolution that has transformed our
society and our lives over the past half century”.
• Potential for social change means that we are
now at a critical moment
• Data issues are “sticky” and challenge public
and academic notions of what is "no big deal”
• “Individuals have little idea concerning what
data is being collected, let alone shared with
third parties …”
• Secondary use of data sets
Richards, N.M. & King, J.H. (2014). Big Data Ethics, Wake Forest L. Rev. 393 (2014)
INTRODUCTION
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• What are we called to do against the backdrop
of the emergence of a new digital society?
• “ … the values we build or fail to build into our
new digital structures will define us. … if we fail to
balance the human values that we care about,
like privacy, confidentiality, transparency,
identity, and free choice, with the compelling
uses of (big) data, our ... society risks
abandoning these values for the sake of
innovation and expediency.”
Richards, N.M. & King, J.H. (2014). Big Data Ethics, Wake Forest L. Rev. 393 (2014)
INTRODUCTION
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• Protection of participant privacy &
confidentiality (e.g. medical data,
information on legal transgressions);
Robust de-identification strategies
• Validity of consent – Broad consent
• Researcher ability to keep to
commitments to participants
• & communities
ETHICAL ISSUES …
http://www.voxy.co.nz/files/imagecache/news_item_image/files/con
fidentiality.jpg (19 Sep 2016)
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• Potential harm to participants -
Unintended uses of data;
Discrimination & Stigmatisation
• Moral distance & Limited awareness
of original data collection context
https://i.ytimg.com/vi/ugvMqHkUO-
0/maxresdefault.jpg (19 Sep 2016)
ETHICAL ISSUES
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Data ethics decision
framework
Embracing shared responsibility
Morality,Ethics & Law
Access
Creation
Recording
Sharing
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• Vulnerability,
• methods procedures and contexts
• International, National and Institutional regulations
• Guidelines –Global science forum of OECD
• Ethical principles foundational to decision-making
PrinciplesBench-marks
Special considera-
tions
Statutory respon-
sibily
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BEN
EFIT
S&
HA
RM
S/R
ISK
SCULTURAL DIVERSITY
& PLURALISM
SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITYhttp://www.hamptoncourthouse.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/unesco_logo_en.jpg (12 June 2013)
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Morality
LawEthics
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Sum of moral values, norms &
judgements that are shared &
agreed upon (sometimes strongly)
within a larger social framework
(scholarly community, institution) …
BUT it differs between groups …
MORALITY?
Slide: Prof WA Hoffmann, 5th Ethics Educator Course, Durban,
October 2017 (Adapted)
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“Common/Intuitive sense” beliefs of
“right” & “wrong” … What we ought
to do, even though the future is not
absolute (Prof WA Hoffmann, 5th Ethics Educator Course, Durban,
October 2017)
MORALITY?
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• Meta-level reflections about
morality … using an argumentative
system (critical thinking)
• Analysis of fundamental reasons for
favouring or rejecting moral
choices
ETHICS?
Slide: Prof WA Hoffmann, 5th Ethics Educator Course, Durban,
October 2017
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• “Research is finding out the things
that we don’t know, while ethics is
doing it in a way that does not
hurt anyone.”
Ann Robertson
University of Toronto
RESEARCH ETHICS?
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The aim of research ethics is to ensure
that participants are treated with
dignity and respect while they
contribute to the social good and
research endeavours”
Prof Doug Wassenaar
Chair: HSRC REC
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DATA?
• Observable facts, observations or experiences
on which an argument, theory or test is based
• Records, files or other evidence, irrespective of
their content or form (e.g. in print, digital,
physical or other forms), that comprise
research observations, findings or outcomes
• Biological data or samples
• Primary materials and secondary data
• Numerical, descriptive or visual
• Raw or analysed, experimental or
observational
• Personal
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DATA ETHICS?
Data access, creation,
recording and sharing that
do not hurt anyone.
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MORALITY vs ETHICS
Morality – Derived from beliefs and
personal values
Ethics - Derived from principles
The difference is not a function of
what, but rather of
how derived Morality
LawEthics
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Scientific community:
• Finds expression in the principles
and responsibilities that are
fundamental to the integrity of
research wherever it is undertaken
MORALITY AND ETHICS
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“Ethics … can and must
be converted into tools
for (future and current
professionals) to construct
a better and fairer world”
Volnei GarrafaUniversity of Brasilia, Brazil
GARAFFA, V. (2015). Leaders in Ethics Education. International Journal of Ethics Education, published online 7 Sep 2015. DOI: 10.1007/s40889-015-0002-7.Slide: Prof WA Hoffmann, 5th Ethics Educator Course, Durban, October 2017
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• Statutory authority for governance of
‘health research’ & regulatory
infrastructure
• Ethics review committees that review
health research with humans must register
with the National Health Research Ethics
Council (s 73(1))
• RECs must review research proposals to
ensure that they meet the accepted
ethical norms and standards in
accordance with the Ethics in Health
Research guideline (DoH, 2015)
LAW – NHA, 61 of 2003
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• Personal information
“information relating to an identifiable,
living, natural person, and where it is
applicable, an identifiable, existing
juristic person”
Protection of Personal
Information Act no 4 of 2014
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Purpose: Guidance on how the right to privacy regarding
personal information is protected
Right to privacy includes – “protection against unlawful
collection, retention, dissemination and use of personal
information” (Preamble to Act)
Act does not appear to restrict research activities that record
personal information
Provides stipulations for the protection of stored data
(electronically and other) – unauthorized access, inadvertent or
accidental dissemination and distribution in form of “data dump”
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• What information is being collected
• What will happen to it
• How long it will be retained
• Whether it will identify the person
• Whether it will be stored with others and why
• Whether it will be sent outside South Africa and why
(DoH, 2015)
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• How data records (written, audio or visual) are to be secured
• Length of time they will be retained
• Who will be responsible for storage and/or final disposal
• Why specific identifying information is required that
purports to select data anonymously
• Might notifiable activities occur – abuse of minors … Is this clearly explained in the proposal and explained in
the consent documents
• Special precautions for focus groups – where are they planned, potential breach of potential confidentiality
(is this explained in the consent documents), non-disclosure of personal sensitive information advised
(DoH, 2015)
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• In case of a child, a parent or guardian must give permission for the information to be collected s 35 (1)(a)
• If the information is to be sent outside South Africa, the recipient must assure that the level of protection afforded in that country is commensurate with that expected in South Africa (s 18 (1)(g)
• Information about a person’s race or ethnic origin must be necessary (s 29(a)) or for affirmative action purposes (s 29(b))
• Information about a person’s health or sex life must be necessary for the research activity (s 2 7 (1)(d))
• Biometric information about a person must be necessary for the research activity (s 27(1)(d))
(DoH, 2015: 23 - 24)
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Privacy, confidentiality and
autonomy
Privacy
“… a person’s interest in controlling access to his/her
personal information” (DoH, 2015)
Confidentiality
“ … whether and how research data might be disclosed
carelessly or inadvertently, thus revealing the participant’s
identity …, making him vulnerable to harm.” (DoH, 2015)
Autonomy
autonomy (self-determination - research should respect
the autonomy, rights and dignity of research participants)
(DoH, 2015)
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Statement on Open Access to
Research Publications from the
National Research Foundation
(NRF)-Funded Research (2015)
https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/Kb9dFIqXtVCBuUBNSw3auwWcYcNpnE-mADBa_qI64wyutoaSA0bNvmgzyRWi1Uo4yn39u7ZS=s630-fcrop64=1,5d940000f532ffff (19 Sep 2012)
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“From 01 March 2015, authors of
research papers generated
from research either fully or
partially funded by NRF … the
data supporting the publication
should be deposited in an
accredited Open Access
repository …
https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/Kb9dFIqXtVCBuUBNSw3auwWcYcNpnE-mADBa_qI64wyutoaSA0bNvmgzyRWi1Uo4yn39u7ZS=s630-fcrop64=1,5d940000f532ffff (19 Sep 2012)
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• The sharing of individual-level data
from research for use/analysis by
others …
• in open-access repositories …
• mandated by large funding bodies
and regulatory agencies
DATA SHARING
http://gking.harvard.edu/files/gking/files/dataandcloud
computing.jpg?m=1430186249 (19 Sep 2016)
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• Improves the evidence base for
policies, funding & applications –
Maximisation of participants’
contribution to research (fairness &
reciprocity)
• Avoids unnecessary
replication of risky
research
SCIENTIFIC BENEFITS …
http://systems4pt.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/06/evidence-based-
practice1.jpg (19 Sep 2016)
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• Establish reference datasets in
different contexts & locations
• Allows meta-analyses – Maximise
utility of datasets; ↓ Duplication
(avoid risks to participants)
• Allows novel & innovative statistical
analyses
https://secure.surveymonkey.com/wp-
content/uploads/2014/03/DataAnalysis.jpg (19 Sep 2016)
SCIENTIFIC BENEFITS …
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• Allows independent scrutiny /
verification of research results (i.e.
novel findings with widespread
impact) – Data reliability,
Transparency & Researcher
accountability (↓ bias, ↓ dishonesty)
• Identify gaps in research – Future
research priorities & research design
SCIENTIFIC BENEFITS
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• Primary researcher - Reputational
harm of critical secondary analyses;
↓ Publications; “Pirating” of data
from developing country
researchers by developed country
researchers (↓ resources to access /
analyse shared data)
SCIENTIFIC CONCERNS …
http://i.amz.mshcdn.com/LP6OU6E5DNZP23in_ZCkjesz4jg=/1200x627/20
13%2F02%2F28%2Fad%2Fpirate.9c3c7.jpg (19 Sep 2016)
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• Free-riding secondary
analysers – Fewer primary
studies; ↑ Publications;
↑ Reputation; Failure to
acknowledge primary researcher
• Scientific consequences of flawed
secondary analyses – Poor analysis
design, Bias & Misinterpretationhttp://psychology.iresearchnet.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/Social-Loafing.jpg (19 Sep 2016)
SCIENTIFIC CONCERNS …
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• Ownership – IP & Innovation
products (fair practices);
Commercialisation of datasets
(exploitation)
• Costs – Curation &
sharing infrastructure
SCIENTIFIC CONCERNS
http://xtalks.com/resource.aspx?id=6018 (19 Sep 2016)
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• Maximises scientific value of
research; making best use of data
& limited resources
• Demonstrates respect for research
participants (no undue replication)
• Promotes public good
ETHICAL SUPPORT
http://2s7gjr373w3x22jf92z99mgm5w-wpengine.netdna-ssl.com/wp-
content/uploads/2012/02/worldpic.jpg (19 Sep 2016)
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• Institutional Policies – Data
Management Regulations (non-
sharing & restricted access to
selected datasets); Exclusive fair use
periods; Facilitate international co-
operation
WAY FORWARD …
http://jtanda.co.za/wp-
content/uploads/2014/11/policies.jpg (19 Sep 2016)
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• Researchers – Consent content;
Data management & Data analysis
training (capacity development)
• REC - Awareness of ethical
challenges; Ethics advice
https://sylvaniadigitallearning.files.wordpress.com/2016/03/data-analysis-image-for-blip.jpg (19 Sep 2016)
WAY FORWARD
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• Vulnerability,
• methods procedures and contexts
• International, National and Institutional regulations
• Guidelines –Global science forum of OECD
• Ethical principles foundational to decision-making
PrinciplesBench-marks
Special considera-
tions
Statutory respon-
sibily
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BEN
EFIT
S&
HA
RM
S/R
ISK
SCULTURAL DIVERSITY
& PLURALISM
SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITYhttp://www.hamptoncourthouse.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/unesco_logo_en.jpg (12 June 2013)
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Training – TRREE (Module 1, 2 & 3)
Joining the discourse – Research Ethics Committee
Association of Southern Africa (REASA)
ARESA & REASA – 23 – 25 May 2018
3 – 5 October 2018 – IAEE conference, SPIER
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Acknowledgement:
Partly based on a presentation
made by Prof Braam Hoffman, TUT,
New Trends in Research Ethics
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BULL, S., ROBERTS, N. & PARKER, M. 2015. Views of Ethical Best
Practices in Sharing Individual-level Data from Medical and
Public Health Research: A Systematic Scoping Review.
Journal of Empirical Research on Human Research Ethics,
10(3):225-238.
BULL, S. et al. 2015. Best Practices for Ethical Sharing of
Individual-level Health Research Data from Low- and Middle-
Income Settings. Journal of Empirical Research on Human
Research Ethics, 10(3):302-313.
REFERENCE