dr paul baker centre for research on indoor climate & health
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Research on improving the thermal performance of traditional windows and thermal performance monitoring. Dr Paul Baker Centre for Research on Indoor Climate & Health School of Engineering & the Built Environment Glasgow Caledonian University. Introduction. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Research on improving the thermal performance of traditional windows and thermal performance monitoring
Dr Paul Baker
Centre for Research on Indoor Climate & Health
School of Engineering & the Built Environment
Glasgow Caledonian University
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Introduction
Summarise recent work on improving the thermal performance of tradition windows including field trials of ‘slim-profile’ double glazing replacement panes in Georgian sash windows in Edinburgh.
Presentation of methodology for in situ thermal performance testing.
Comparison of measured results with calculation methods.
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Traditional Windows
• There are c.44 million single-glazed sash windows in the UK (Source: English Heritage)
• 20% of domestic properties in UK are pre-1919, i.e. traditional buildings (Source: Scottish House Condition Survey)
• Single glazing & poor window insulation can account for 20% of a home’s heat loss (Source: Energy Saving Trust)
• An average house with 7 timber single-glazed sash windows can lose £211 a year through these windows (Source: www.energyratedwindows.co.uk)
• 72% of heat loss from a single-glazed window occurs through the glazing (Source: Historic Scotland Technical Paper 1: Thermal performance of traditional windows, 2008)
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Traditional Windows
Easy option for replacement with modern double glazing?
Draughty, prone to condensation and hard to maintain. Major problem – poor thermal performance of single
glazing: • U-value> 5 W/m2K
But, with good care and maintenance traditional windows can outlast modern replacements, define the ‘look’ of a building and can be considered as a sustainable resource.
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Traditional Windows
Secondary glazing – seen as most effective option to preserve existing traditional windows and reduce heat loss.
There has been little information on the performance of more traditional (and cheaper) methods of reducing heat loss, such as, draught proofing, shutters, blinds and curtains.
Research carried out for Historic Scotland & English Heritage has sought to quantify the benefits of
• Draught-proofing• Blinds, curtains, & shutters • Secondary glazing• Replacing single glazed panes with double glazing
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Lab based tests using environmental chamber
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Heavy Curtains Traditional Shutters
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Insulated Shutters with Spacetherm
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Modern Roller Blind Blind with low-e foil applied
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Victorian Blind Honeycomb Blind
Metallised interior of honeycomb
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Low-e Secondary Glazing
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U-values
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Effect of Shutters
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Draughtproofing
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
PRESSURE DIFFERENCE DP [Pa]
AIR
FLO
W [c
u.m
/h]
HS WINDOW AS RECEIVED
HS WINDOW AFTER DRAUGHT-PROOFING
HS WINDOW DRAUGHT-PROOFED + 2ndry GLAZING
Professional draught proofing reduces air leakage by 86% compared with the as-received condition
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Slim-profile double glazing trial Lister Housing Co-operative, EdinburghChangeworks/Historic Scotland
Changeworks
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Slim-profile double glazing trial• Georgian (1820s) tenements
• Traditional sash & case windows with single glazing
• World Heritage Site/‘B’ listed
• DG not currently permitted
• Social housing
• High fuel bills/Electric heating
• Excessive condensation, etc.
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Slim-profile double glazing trialDG unit thicknesses 9,11, 12, 16mm.Low-e coated glazingGas fill:
• Air• Argon • Krypton• Xenon & Krypton
Quoted U-values:• 1.8 – 2.6 W/m2K
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http://www.pilkington.com/resources/pilkingtonspaciaenglish1.pdf
Vacuum Glazing
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Beauty is in the eye of the beholder
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In Situ U-value Measurements
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Measured U-values
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Heat loss through whole window
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Slim-profile double glazing trial - conclusions
Two years on ... second series of measurements indicates no significant changes in thermal performance.
Vacuum glazing superior to conventional slim-profile DG.
Secondary glazing generally superior to conventional slim-profile DG.
Design of slim-profile units not systematic in terms of cavity width and gas type – manufacturers should follow standard calculation procedures to optimise thermal performance.
Some concerns about deterioration of conventional edge seal materials due to reaction with putty. No such concerns with vacuum glazing with glass edge seal.
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Suggested reading for improving energy efficiency of traditional windowsHistoric Scotland Technical Paper 1 (to be revised)www.historic-scotland.gov.uk/thermal_performance_of_traditional_windows_2010.pdf
Historic Scotland Technical Paper 9 www.historic-scotland.gov.uk/slim-profile_double_glazing_2010.pdf
English Heritage - Improving the Thermal Performance of Traditional Windows
www.climatechangeandyourhome.org.uk/live/research_generic.aspx
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In situ Thermal Performance TestingMain approach has been to measure the in situ U-values of building
envelope elements using heat flux sensors.
In situ U-value Measurements
Interior Surface Temperature
RoomTemperature
ExternalTemperature
External Surface Temperature
Heat Flux Meter
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Analysis of in situ heat flux data – averaging method
• Generally, the heat flux and wall surface temperatures are measured over a suitable period: a minimum of 14 days is usually sufficient. Averaging over the monitoring period is used to obtain the U-value:
extintti
0i
ti
0ii
t
rrQ
TseTsi
1U
Temperature difference across element
Heat Flux
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Can also use “parameter identification” techniques
Use full dynamic data.
Take into account the thermal capacity of the wall.
Appropriate if there are large diurnal swings in external conditions as may be experienced during spring, or changes in the weather pattern during the test period.
Example of a wall modelled as a network of conductances and capacitances
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Checking result....cumulative average U-value
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Use of in situ values
Traditional buildings may have unknown construction details or material properties – difficult to estimate U-value using U-value Calculators.
Comparison of in situ measurement with calculated values have shown that calculated values often overestimate U-value (SPAB, HS & EH projects).
– Databases of U-value calculators are focussed on modern materials.
– Lack of information on traditional material properties.
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Stone rubble wall
? ?
+voids?
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Stone rubble wallThe influence on the calculated U-value of the assumed proportion of mortar in a 600mm sandstone wall with 25mm lime plaster on the hard.
Sandstone =2 W/mKLime Mortar =0.7 W/mK
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Use of in situ values
Recommend that where possible measured in situ U-values should be used as data for input into performance assessments – e.g. SAP.
Acceptable as an alternative to default values used in RDSAP?
No current standard for measurement.
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Use in situ U-value & airtightness measurements
Measure Heat Loss through building envelopeIn situ U-value measurements in representative locations for walls, floors & ceiling. Centre-of-pane for glazings.
Airtightness – background ventilation Blower door tests
Calculate Element Areas from Building dimensions A1…etc.
Air leakage rate @ 50Pa
Calculate UxA valuesFor windows and doors use centre-of-pane values in BRE U-value calculator to first calculate whole window U-values.
Use same procedure as SAP ‘Heat losses..’ worksheet to calculate Heat Loss Coefficient, etc.
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Use in SAPMeasured in situ
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Heat loss coefficient,
W/K
Heat loss parameter,
W/m2K
Rating
SAP2005 using default U-values
366 4.9 D56
SAP2005 using in-situ U- values
318 4.2 D60
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In Situ Thermal Performance Testing - Conclusions
A robust method of measuring the in situ thermal performance of building elements has been developed over a number of campaigns, producing new data on our traditional buildings.
The tests have shown the need for improved material properties/default values for calculation methods.
Where feasible, recommend in situ U-value measurements to improve accuracy of energy performance assessment, particularly before upgrading insulation in traditional buildings. Impact on Green Deal?
Standard or Guidelines on in situ measurements required.
Historic Scotland Technical Paper 10www.historic-scotland.gov.uk/hstp102011-u-values-and-traditional-buildings.pdf
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Thank You