COOPERATIVE STRATEGIES

FORMARITIME SECURITY

GOVERNANCE

Dr Manoj Gupta

Agenda

1. Maritime Security issues1. Maritime Security issues

2. 3Cs for MS Governance2. 3Cs for MS Governance

4. Maritime Forces – To be or Not to be4. Maritime Forces – To be or Not to be

3. Temporality of maritime operations3. Temporality of maritime operations

5. Interdependence and integration5. Interdependence and integration

UN Law of the Sea Convention

Maritime security challenges

BORDER SECURITY ENERGY SECURITY

OCEAN SECURITY

FOOD SECURITY RESOURCE SECURITY

Piracy and Armed Robbery

75% OF THE 439 ATTACKS IN 2011

Source: ICC-IMB Report 01 Jan – 31 Dec 2011

Drug Smuggling

In 2009-10, sea cargo accounted for nearly 80 per cent of the total weight of cocaine detected at the Australian border

A single detection of sea cargo from Mexico to Melbourne accounted for 62 per cent of the total weight of cocaine

People smuggling

Small arms trafficking

Illicit trade 10-20% Market value 4 billion dollars Major Buyers include:

Rebel groups: Afghanistan, Indonesia, Myanmar, Nepal, Philippines, Sri Lanka

Crime Syndicates: Hong Kong, Macau, Taiwan, Thailand SE Asia:

Post war ready stockpiles: Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar, Vietnam Long maritime and land borders – difficult to interdict traffickers

South Asia: 75 Million small arms – 84% illegal 2 million people engaged in gun running

Pacific: legal civilian stockpile 3.1 million – 50% > global ratio of 1:16 Illicit trafficking major issue – Fiji, Philippines, PNG, Solomon islands

Source: Small Arms Survey and IANSA

Key issues for maritime security

Reporting of ships handling dangerous cargo

Mandatory reporting of all ships

Action against unseaworthy / substandard ships

Registration & identification system for vessels

Enforcement and regulation in the 24 nm limit

Curb acts of piracy at seaIndonesian VMS

Agenda

1. Maritime Security issues1. Maritime Security issues

2. 3Cs for MS Governance2. 3Cs for MS Governance

4. Maritime Forces – To be or Not to be4. Maritime Forces – To be or Not to be

3. Temporality of maritime operations3. Temporality of maritime operations

5. Interdependence and integration5. Interdependence and integration

SE Asia and Australia

South AsiaMiddle East

Southern Africa

SAARC

ARF

SADC

GCC

Maritime security governance

Total Supply Chain SecurityJapanese owned Manufacturer in France Bangkok Based Freight Forwarder

Singapore Port Ship Inspection

Port of Rotterdam Customs

Port Botany Customs Local Distribution Center

• 90% of world trade moves by containers

• >100 million containers in and out of ports each year

Every second of every day $ 10 billion worth of world commerce is shipped

Collaborative Port State Control

Industry led Smart and Secure Tradelanes (SST) ISPS Code required Industry actions

Company Security Officer

Ship Security Officer

Port Facility Security Officer

Port facility Security Assessment

Port facility Security Plan

Ship Security Assessment

Ship Security Plan

Coordinating maritime forces

Regionally driven Secure Trade Programme in the APEC Region (STAR) ASEAN/Japan Maritime Transport Security

Programme MALSINDO trilateral coordinated patrol Coordinated bilateral naval patrols Eye in the sky air surveillance Regional Cooperation Agreement on Combating Piracy

and Armed Robbery against Ships in Asia (ReCAAP) South East Asia Regional Centre for Counter-

Terrorism (SEARCCT)

Maritime Security Cooperation

Internationally driven UN Law of the Sea (Article 108) 1988 Vienna Drug Convention UN Convention against Transnational Organised

Crime ILO Seafarer Identification card Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts

(SUA) against safety of maritime navigation and fixed platforms located on the continental shelf

Maritime Electronic Highway Framework of Standards to Secure and Facilitate

Global Trade

System wide maritime security

System wide 1000 ship global navy Collaborative Port State control Surveillance, monitoring and control:

▪ Proliferation Security Initiative (PSI)▪ Container Security Initiative (CSI)▪ Customs-Trade Partnership against Terrorism (C-TPAT)▪ 24 Hour advance vessel manifest rule

Information exchange and evolving procedures:▪ Regional Maritime Security Initiative (RMSI)▪ Western Pacific Naval Symposium▪ Indian Ocean Naval Symposium

Why 3 Cs - collaboration, coordination and cooperation

TOMMOROW’S RESPONSE?

Preserve the global maritime common space

Collectively manage carrying capacity

Shared responsibility by all maritime nations

Solutions to minimise resource conflict

TODAY’S CHALLENGES

Increased illegal activities

Manifold growth in ocean use

Changes in ocean environment

Numerous resource and boundary claims

BEYOND INDIVIDUAL NATIONAL CAPACITITES

Western Indian Ocean

Port state control Djibouti code of conduct counter piracy in Gulf of Aden

and Western Indian Ocean South Africa joins Comoros, Djibouti, Egypt, Eritrea,

Ethiopia, Jordan, Kenya, Madagascar, Maldives, Mauritius, Oman, Saudi Arabia, Seychelles, Somalia, the Sudan, the United Arab Emirates, the United Republic of Tanzania and Yemen

Strategic counter piracy capacity building partnership UN Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) United Nations Political Office for Somalia (UNPOS) United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) World Food Programme (WFP) EU - European External Action Service (EEAS) International Oceanographic Commission??

Constabulary and token navies

Agenda

1. Maritime Security issues1. Maritime Security issues

2. 3Cs for MS Governance2. 3Cs for MS Governance

4. Maritime Forces – To be or Not to be4. Maritime Forces – To be or Not to be

3. Temporality of maritime operations3. Temporality of maritime operations

5. Interdependence and integration5. Interdependence and integration

One goal separate solutions

NaviesNavies

Water Police and EnforcementWater Police and Enforcement

Coast GuardsCoast Guards

Customs and CoastwatchCustoms and Coastwatch

Maritime SecurityMaritime Security

Maritime Security System

Customs Coastwatch

Navy Customs

Police

Intelligence

SafeguardResponse

Domain Awareness

Police

Intelligence

Customs Navy

Coast Guard

Marine Police

ResponseSafeguard

Domain Awareness

Port A Port BOcean Voyage

Country A Country B

Maritime Security Response

Nationality of Ship: Flag flown

First confirm registry

Then seek authorisation from Flag State for Boarding

Boarding of vessel:

Not justified without reasonable ground

Board Vessel: Inspect Documents

Owner: Unknown

Suspicion: Search Vessel

Suspicion unfounded Compensate vessel

Outside 12 nm Territorial waters

Territorial Sea

Warships must obtain prior permission

Warships must give prior notification

50 nm Military security zone

Agenda

1. Maritime Security issues1. Maritime Security issues

2. 3Cs for MS Governance2. 3Cs for MS Governance

4. Maritime Forces – To be or Not to be4. Maritime Forces – To be or Not to be

3. Temporality of maritime operations3. Temporality of maritime operations

5. Interdependence and integration5. Interdependence and integration

Approaches to maritime security Single Maritime Force:

North Korea, New Zealand, Bangladesh, Myanmar, Sri Lanka Multiple Maritime Forces:

Japan, India, Australia, Taiwan, South Korea, Malaysia, Pakistan, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand

Fragmented Maritime Forces: China: Navy + 4 Paramilitary forces Indonesia: Navy + Customs + Police + Coast & Seaward Defence +

Army Token Maritime Forces:

Brunei, Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands, Cambodia, Timor, Fiji, Kiribati, Marshall Islands, Micronesia, Nauru, Niue, Palau, Samoa, Tonga, Vanuatu, Vietnam

Trinity of Maritime Tasks

Force sizing in the 21st Century

Agenda

1. Maritime Security issues1. Maritime Security issues

2. 3Cs for MS Governance2. 3Cs for MS Governance

4. Maritime Forces – To be or Not to be4. Maritime Forces – To be or Not to be

3. Temporality of maritime operations3. Temporality of maritime operations

5. Interdependence and integration5. Interdependence and integration

Realm Issue Response Collaborate

Vast Territorial Waters

Maritime Crime

Synergise Seagoing Forces

Fly UN Flag

Region wide Maritime Security

Secure maritime commons

United (N)ations navy?

UN operations land centric

UN standing naval force in theory

Regional cooperation mooted as the best maritime security option

Interoperability challenges

Absence of common concerns

Suspicions of each others intentions

No common doctrine

Problem of language

Different technological levels

Integrating command and control

Navies in Supranational Role

HMAS BALLARAT May 17 Shanghai

UN Flag Code Regulations

01 January 1967

…to demonstrate support of the UN and further its principles and purposes.

UNCLOS III Article 93

United (N)avy?

Common Concern

Trust

Legal framework

Information sharing

SOPs

Key cooperative strategies

Strengthen PSC and ISPS code to build regional MS frameworks and integrate into an international MS framework

Requires taking some hard decisions at the political level in IR

Countries frame MS policy and enact national legislation to meet obligations in MZ

Requires national commitment to MS building and dispute resolution

Constabulary high-demand high-usage maritime forces equipped to deal with enforcement and security challenges up to 200 nm

Requires capacity building

Move towards multilateral maritime co-operation graduating to an MS alliance in regions

Requires shift in foreign policies of nations