INFINITY JOURNAL

DR. KAJAL JETHANAND SADHWANI

VOLUME I ISSUE I

INFINITY JOURNALS

ARTICLE 5.

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DR.KAJAL JETHANAND SADHWANI

ABSTRACT BORDERS OF INDIA

India shares borders with several sovereign countries; it shares land borders with China, Bhutan,

Nepal ,Pakistan, Afghanistan within the north or north-west, and Bangladesh and Myanmar within

the east. India also shares water borders with Sri Lanka , Maldives and Indonesia.[1]

All over world, most conflict-free borders are those which are geographical and are there from the

days immemorial. Here Civilizations settled on either side of geographical barriers like river or

mountain ranges and limited exchange takes place from very beginning. Amur flows between Russia

and China, in same way Tigris between Iran and Turkey and these both marks political boundaries

between these countries. Other boundaries are political ones and that they bear historical burden as

is that the case of (sections of boundaries) India with neighbors like Pakistan, Bangladesh,

Myanmar, Nepal etc .

In this case there has been a standard historical cultural flow on either side of the border and as a

result there are claims or counter claims. This doesn’t imply that natural boundaries are always

undisputed, river often changes their course in future and this river (if international boundary) may

result into fluctuation of political boundaries. Further, just in case of Mountain ranges, a state with

expansionist designs (as China is) can exert its claim unilaterally, resulting into tense situations. it's

pertinent to notice that these areas between china and India were once inaccessible, but

technological advancements haven't only made them accessible, but also strategically important. to

protect borders efficiently, it's pre required that borders are agreed/delineated between the

neighbors. Also, a state with malicious intent can willfully dispute border to bother its neighbor

country to hamper its progress and to derail its growth.

India has 7 functional ICPs, and plans are underway to upgrade 13 more LCS to ICP, including 7 at

borders taking total of border ICP to 14, at the value of ₹3,000 crore (US$420 million) (c. Oct

2017).

In Indian case borders are quite complex and almost every sort of extreme geography is present at

different borders viz. deserts, fertile lands, swampy marshes or tropical evergreen jungles. it's 14818

kilometers of land borders and a coast line of 7516.6 kilometers. All states except Madhya Pradesh,

Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, Telangana, Delhi and Haryana have a world border or a coast line. 92 of

India’s 593 districts are border districts in 17 states. India’s boundary with Pakistan (3323 km),

China (3488 km), Nepal (1751 km), Bhutan (699 km), Myanmar (1643 km), and Bangladesh (4096.7

km).

Border management becomes more important for the very fact that India is like island of democracy

between seas of anarchical or instable states. Probably, no other neighbouring country has

experienced uninterrupted democratic regime for quite 15 years. Additionally, in some countries

there's cultural radicalism which is targeted on India, and terrorists and mafia groups are

patronized by a number of India’s neighbouring states. there's cross border smuggling problem of

medicine , cattle, humans, artifacts, fake currency note etc. Unfortunately, during this scenario our

border forces appear to be severely undermanned and under-equipped which is taking heavy toll on

economic, social and political stability of our country.

In 2001, ‘Group of Ministers on review of border management’ gave many important

recommendations. one among the main recommendations was the fixing of a separate Department of

Border Management within the Ministry of Home Affairs. This has been done. Yet other major

recommendations just like the early settlement of our maritime borders and therefore the

demarcation of land boundaries has not yet been fully implemented. The GoM had strongly

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recommended the principle of “one border one force” for better accountability and specialization. It

emphasized the imperative of not deploying the border guarding forces for law and order duties and

counter insurgencies. It made some recommendations specific to raised management of India-

Pakistan, IndiaNepal and other borders. It lamented the neglect of maritime borders and island

territories and made recommendations to strengthen coast guard and police. As a results of these

recommendations border management possesses more attention but the Mumbai terrorist attacks

had again shown that tons more must be done to enhance border management. Designated

Integrated Check Posts (ICP), with both customs and immigration facilities are:

INDIA-NEPAL BORDER

Sonauli, Uttar Pradesh.

Banbasa in Champawat

district of

Uttrakhand, in-principle

approval in 2019.

Bhitamore/Bhittamore in

Sitamarhi district of Bihar,

in-principle approval in

2019.

Jogbani, Bihar.

Panitanki, Darjeeling

district of West Bengal, in-

principal approval in 2019.

Raxaul, Bihar.

Sonauli, Uttar Pradesh;

Rupaidiha, Uttar Pradesh.

Taulihawa-Siddharthnagar, Uttar Pradesh.

India and Nepal have shared an open border since 1950. The conception of such a border are often

found within the Treaty of Peace and Friendship that the two countries signed that year. Provisions

within the treaty, wherein citizens of both countries are given equal rights in matters of residence,

acquisition of property, employment and movement in each other’s territory, provide for an open

border between the 2 countries. While open border has been a superb facilitator of strong and unique

bilateral relations, at the same time, it's given rise to many irritants and problems that raise serious

concerns.

Open border has been an excellent facilitator of strong and unique bilateral relations. At the same

time, it's given rise to many irritants and problems that raise serious concerns. Allegations of

excesses like intimidation, and forcible grabbing of land by either side along the disputed border also

surface from time to time.

All terrorist organizations, be it from Punjab, Kashmir, northeast or those of Maoists have fully

exploited open borders with Nepal. it's been reported that a lot of terrorists have sneaked into India

through the porous and poorly guarded Indo-Nepal border. aside from insurgents and terrorists, many

hard-core criminals pursued by Indian and Nepalese security forces escape across the open border.

These anti-national elements enjoys illegal activities, like smuggling of essential items and pretend

Indian currency, gun-running, and medicines and human trafficking.

The problem is further aggravated by intelligence inputs that Pakistani Directorate for Directorate for

Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI) has been using Nepalese territory to carry out anti-India activities

since the 1990s. WikiLeaks documents have revealed that the ISI has created sort of terrorist fronts

in Nepal and has also pushed in men and explosives through the border to carry out terror attacks in

India.

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In recent times, police forces have achieved some success in capturing all types of criminals from

these borders. This shows that cooperation from Nepal is increasing during this regard. In 2013 two

Terrorists – Abdul karim Tunda and Yasin Bhatkal were arrested from this border.

Nepal could also be a landlocked country and its closest access to the ocean is through India. As a

result most of its imports undergo India. Keeping this in consideration, India has granted Nepal 15

transit and 22 trading points along the border.

The India-Nepal border is an open border that covers a length of 1,751 km.

Being an open border, it's provided a platform for strong bilateral relations. it's also been the

explanation for illegal activities like smuggling of medicine , stolen vehicles, and arms and

ammunition into the country. Lately, anti-social elements and terrorist organisations also are using

this open border for a least effort passage into India, thus posing a significant security threat to the

states along the border and therefore the internal security of the country as an entire . The open

border with Nepal has been exploited by terror groups. Thirty-one battalions of SSB are deployed to

see all such activities at the IndiaNepal open border. Moreover, there are discussions at various

levels to line up platforms for handling problems with mutual concern.

INDIA–MYANMAR BORDER

Moreh ICP, already operational.

Zochawchhuah (Lawngtlai district in India) Zorinpui (Myanmar) at Indo-Myanmar approach

Kaladan Multi-Modal

Transit Transport

Project has already

been operational since

Oct 2017. The 22 km

long Lunglei–

Tlabung–

Kawrpuichhuah road

was upgraded in 2014-

15 during a World

Bank-funded project to

strengthen India-

Bangladesh border

Connectivity. Survey

for the line

from Sairang to

Hmawngbuchhuah (1

km north of

Zochawchhuah) was

completed in August

2017 and it'll be

constructed in future phase.]

Frontiers of British India and Myanmar came together first time in 1826 after British won 1st Anglo

Burmese war. After Independence, The boundary was demarcated in 1967 under an agreement

signed by both countries. there have been many border agreements between these two years during

which borders were fluctuating and this has created confusion.

The location of the Indo-Myanmar boundary presents many challenges for the effective management

of the boundary. Though the boundary is correctly demarcated, there are a few of pockets that are

disputed. The rugged terrain makes movement and thus the general development of the planet

difficult. the interior dynamics of the region in terms of the clan loyalties of the tribal people, inter-

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tribal clashes, insurgency, and transborder ethnic ties also adversely affect the security of the border

areas.

There is practically no physical barrier along the border either within the type of fences or border

outposts and roads to form sure strict vigil. Insurgents make use of the poorly guarded border and

flee across when pursued by Indian security forces. Close ethnic ties among the tribes like Nagas,

Kukis, Chin, etc., who live astride the border help these insurgents find shelter in Myanmar. These

cross-border ethnic ties have facilitated in creation of safe havens for various northeast insurgent

groups in Myanmar.

The location of the boundary at the sting of the “Drugs golden triangle” facilitates the unrestricted

illegal flows of drugs into Indian territory. Heroin is that the main item of drug traffic . the majority

of heroin enters India through the border town of Moreh in Manipur. it's reported that the local

insurgent groups are actively involved in drugs and arms trafficking.

Work for Fence erection and road building goes on, but sometimes it's interrupted thanks to

opposition.

India shares a porous border with Myanmar has been a priority for the United Nations Drug Control

Program (UNDCP) and International Narcotics control panel (INCB), because it has been witness to

drug traffic .

There is a Free Movement Regime up to a distance of 16 km along the border.

Though the border between India and Myanmar is correctly demarcated, its porous nature of border

could also be an excellent threat to border security. quite 30,000 people live along the Indo-Myanmar

border within a radius of 10

km; they're going to cross the border at any time with none visa restrictions. The open border and

cross-ethnic ties among the tribal community help insurgents shake the hands of the border security

forces. These

insurgents are extensively involved in drug trafficking especially in areas like Moreh in Manipur and

Golden

Triangle covering Northern Thailand, Laos and Myanmar. Although the govt. is taking steps to form

sure better border management and robust fencing, these activities are suffering because of protests

from the local tribal community and thus the hilly and inhospitable terrain, which makes movement

The Government of India has allocated a fund of around 30.96 crore INR to fence the planet between

pillar number 79 and pillar number 81, which covers a length of around 10 km. there are huge

protests from the local tribal community and thus the work has been halted after construction of 4.02

km of fencing. Approval from the Ministry of External Affairs is awaited to resume the work.

INDIA-BHUTAN BORDER

Jaigaon at Alipurduar district of West Bengal , plan approved

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c. 2016.

India and Bhutan share a 669 km long boundary. The boundary is demarcated except along the tri-

junction with China. the tactic of demarcation of the India-Bhutan border started in 1961 and was

completed in 2006. Like with Nepal, India’s boundary with Bhutan is additionally an open Chinese

made goods, Bhutanese cannabis, liquor and forest products are major items smuggled into India.

Livestock, grocery items and fruits are smuggled out of India to Bhutan.

Smuggling is one of the most concerns along this border. Steps are taken by governments on all sides

of the border to form sure bilateral cooperation. Additionally, the Indian government has also

approved a budget of 1,259 crore INR for the event of 313-km long border roads along the Indo-

Bhutan border. the govt. of India and Government of Bhutan have agreed for bilateral cooperation on

the problem of border security.

Insurgent camps established within the southern districts of Bhutan were successfully eliminated by

the Royal Bhutan

Army forces between 2003 and 2004. This operation is widely mentioned as ‘Operation All Clear’

India–Bangladesh borderTripura Agartala-Dhaka via Agartala integrated checkpost (India) and

Akhaura checkpost crossing, already functional (c. 2017).[7]

INDIA–BANGLADESH BORDER o Assam

Karimganj-Golapganj uppozilla in Sylhet District of Bangladesh via Sutarkandi integrated

checkpost crossing on NH37(India) and Sheola post

(Sylhet division, Bangladesh), plan announced c. Oct 2017.

o Meghalaya

Shillong-Sylhet via Dawki ICP integrated checkpost crossing (Jaintia Hills, India) and Tambil

post (Bangladesh). Dawki ICP stone laid in January 2017 and may become operation in 2018.

o Mizoram

Kawrpuichhuah / Kawarpuchiah / Kawripuichhauah near Tlabung in Lunglei district, opened

in Oct 2017.[6][10][11]

o Tripura

Agartala-Dhaka via Agartala integrated checkpost

(India) and Akhaura checkpost crossing, already

functional (c. 2017).[7]

"Belonia, India - Parshuram, Bangladesh road and rail

crossing checkposts" in South Tripura district which

connect the railway from Santirbazar in India to Feni in

Bangladesh.

o West Bengal (clockwise from Kolkatta to north)

Kolkata–Dhaka via Petrapole integrated checkpost

crossing, already functional (c. 2017).

Barasat (India) to Ghojadanga (Bangladesh), plan

announced c. Oct 2017.

Mahadipur in Malda district in Malda-Rajshahi via

Mahadipur crossing, in-principal approval in 2019.

Fulbari, plan announced c. Oct 2017.

Hili, plan announced c. Oct 2017.

Changrabandha railway station , in-principal approval in

2019.

India shares 4096.7 Km of its land border with Bangladesh.

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West Bengal, Assam,

Meghalaya, Tripura and

Mizoram are the States which

share the border with

Bangladesh. the entire stretch

consists of plain, riverine,

hilly/jungle and with hardly

any natural obstacles. the

planet is heavily populated,

and at many stretches the

cultivation is run till the last

inch of the border. Border

was drawn by the Bengal

Boundary Commission chaired by Sir Cyril Radcliffe.

The border was thus drawn on the thought of old district maps. This made the boundary random.

instead of following natural barriers, it meanders through villages, agricultural lands, and rivers,

rendering the border extremely porous with many disputed pockets. Undemarcated stretches,

existence of enclaves (chhit-mohols), and adverse possessions had been causing constant friction

between the border guarding forces of India and Bangladesh.

Consequently, there was setup an ‘India- Pakistan boundary dispute commission’ in 1949 it settled

many disputes but in soon they resurfaced in conjunction with new problems of enclaves. to affect

the boundary disputes and to reduce tensions between the two countries, the Nehru-Noon Agreement

on India-East Pakistan Border was signed in New Delhi in 1958. These efforts, however didn't bring

disputes to end . it had been only in 1974, barely 3 years after liberation of Bangladesh that the

Indira-Mujibur Agreement laid down the methods for demarcating various disputed stretches of the

India-Bangladesh boundary. This also called ‘Land Boundary Agreement’ and, India and

Bangladesh, both the countries committed to exchange the enclaves and cede the adverse

possessions.

There were 111 Indian enclaves in Bangladesh and 51 enclaves of Bangladesh in India. India did not

have access to those enclaves in Bangladesh, and hence, no administrative set-up to provide facilities

like police stations, courts, schools, roads, hospitals, banks, markets,

etc. to their residents could be established there. it had been only in

2014 that bill ratifying Indira-Mujibur or ‘land boundary agreement’

was passed in Indian Parliament.

ISSUES WITH THIS BORDER

Illegal Immigration – there are both push and pull factors working on

this border. Under development, religious persecution, environmental

concerns etc. pushed Bangladeshis into India, while India’s huge

economy and accommodative society pulled immigrants. according to

‘Task Force on Border management, 2001’, there are about 15

million Bangladeshi illegal immigrants in India, increasing at rate of

three lakh per month. Recent eruption of communal violence in

Assam has direct link with this immigration.

Cattle and other Smuggling – It big unique problem with this border.

it's said that if India restricts this supply then it can starve

Bangladeshis of food. Cattle from as far as Haryana, UP, Bihar is

taken to borders for grazing then smuggled to Bangladesh.

Bangladesh also imposes custom duty on these imports. Cattle

confiscated on border alone are around one lakh annually. this way

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government is losing revenue of around 10000 crore annually.

Along with cattle, smuggling of arms, and other essential items like sugar, salt and diesel, human and

narcotics trafficking, counterfeit Indian currency, kidnapping, and thefts are quite rampant along the

India– Bangladesh border.

Bases of Anti India elements: Presently, the United Liberation Front of Assam (ULFA), the All

Tripura Tiger Force (ATTF), the National Liberation Front of Tripura (NLFT), and thus the National

Democratic Front of Bodoland (NDFB) also as several other insurgent outfits from the Northeast

have bases within the Chittagong, Khagrachari, and Sylhet districts of Bangladesh. Incumbent

government possesses to much extent curtailed activity in these bases.

Border out posts: BSF is presently manning 802 existing Border out Posts on Indo-Bangladesh

border. In pursuance of Group of Ministers recommendations to reduce the inter-BOP distance to 3

.5 Km, the govt. has approved construction of additional BOPs on this border.

Border Trade: Along the India-Bangladesh border, there are 32 land custom stations cover the states

of West Bengal , Meghalaya, Assam, Tripura and Mizoram. Petrapole in West Bengal is one of the

foremost important land customs stations with Bangladesh.

Fencing and Floodlighting: These are important constituents of maintaining vigilance along the

borders. so on curb infiltration, smuggling and other anti-national activities from across Indo-

Pakistan and Indo-Bangladesh borders, the govt. has undertaken the work of construction of fencing,

floodlighting and roads along these borders.

In case of Bangladesh, of the 3326 kilometer border only 501 kilometers is left without fence of

which 130 kilometers is land where wire fencing goes on and thus the rest of the portion is roofed

with rivers and water bodies. On rivers Border private private security force is going to erect

‘floating fence‘. (as on Aug. 2014)

Integrated Check Posts: There are several designated entry and exit points on the international

borders of the country through which cross border movement of persons, goods and traffic takes

place. Conventional infrastructure for discharge of various sovereign functions at these points is

neither adequate or integrated nor coordinated and no single agency is responsible for coordination

of various Government functions and services at these points. These functions include those of

security, immigration, customs, human, plant and animal quarantine etc., as also the availability of

support facilities for both the govt. personnel and thus the immigrants like warehousing, parking etc.

As a response to things of inadequate infrastructure for cross border movement of persons, vehicles

and goods, it had been decided to line up Integrated Check Posts (ICPs) at major entry points on our

land borders. These ICPs would house all regulatory agencies like Immigration, Customs, Border

Security, Quarantine etc., in conjunction with support facilities during one complex equipped with all

modern amenities.

India’s first ICP was at Attari border, Amritsar with Pakistan. other was opened at Bangladesh

border at Agartala in 2013.

INDIA–PAKISTAN BORDER

Attari at Wagah in Punjab, already

operational (2017)

Munabao in Barmer district in Rajasthan

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This is spread across extreme climate as long because the boundary runs from the recent Thar Desert

in Rajasthan to the cold Himalayas in Jammu and Kashmir. India shares 3323 km long and

complicated boundary with Pakistan. The India-Pakistan boundary is categorized under three

different heads. the first is that the international boundary also mentioned because the ‘Radcliff line’.

it's 2308 km long and stretches from Gujarat to parts of Jammu district in Jammu and Kashmir.

The second is that the road of control (LoC), or the Cease Fire Line, which came into existence after

the 1948 and 1971 wars between India and Pakistan. This line is 776 km long, and runs along the

districts of Jammu (some parts), Rajouri, Poonch, Baramula, Kupwara, Kargil and a couple of

portions of Leh. and thus the third is that the particular ground position line (AGPL), which is 110

km long and extends from NJ 9842 to Indira Col within the North (Siachin Glacier).

In the 1990s, India began to fence this massive, border, of which 550 kms in J&K were completed in

2004. By 2011, most of the border fencing – along J&K, Punjab, Rajasthan and Gujarat – was

completed.

The double-row fencing on the LoC is meant to remain out militants, separatists, smugglers and

other infiltrators, and for this purpose, it has been electrified, connected to a spread of sensors and

strewn with landmines. the entire border is additionally lit up with strong floodlights installed on

quite 50,000 poles. As a result, the Indo-Pak border can actually be seen from space within the dark .

There are about 700 border out posts, one Integrated Check post is there at Attari, Amritsar.

Despite of fencing smuggling, mainly of Heroine is rampant at border of Punjab. It happens because

villagers at all sides of border are accomplice to such activities. Further, Involvement of Local

politicians is additionally there in these cases.

Apart from this, anti-India Jihadist Groups are in collusion with Pakistan soldiers who constantly

tries to push terrorists to Indian Side of LOC. For this there has been occasional indiscriminate firing

from Pakistani side during which Soldiers and citizens get killed. Few years back there was news

that a ten meter wall of earth excavations is being erected at border near Jammu.

Recently, Border private private security force is implementing a Rs. 4500 crore project, ‘Smart

Fence’ mechanism. Under this laser walls and heat sensor system are getting to be installed on the

boundary. While this might deter terrorists and Pakistan, innocent villagers may get caught into the

trap.

Integrated Check Post at Attari remains pretty busy for trade and this is often often only venue for

cross border trade with Pakistan.

INDO-PAK BORDER CHALLENGES

The Indo-Pakistan border was created in 1947 supported the Radcliffe Line, covering a length of

three ,323 km along the states of Jammu and Kashmir, Gujarat, Punjab and Rajasthan. This border

has also witnessed several clashes with Pakistan, with the most ones being in 1947, 1965, 1971 and

1999. Although several attempts are made since independence to settle the border issues through

negotiations and discussions, a bit like the Indus Waters Treaty. However, critical issues a bit like the

Pakistan occupied Kashmir, Sir Creek dispute, cross-border terrorisms and ceasefire violations have

remained key challenges plaguing this a neighborhood of the Indian border and our soldiers .

The harsh and varied climate along this 3,323-km of border compound the challenges faced by our

soldiers in securing these areas. an increase in ceasefire violations and infiltration attempts are

observed during the pre-winter season, when vigilance becomes extremely tough because of snowfall

along the mountainous terrain. Other factors a bit like the political instability and crisis in Pakistan

also cause an upsurge in cross-border infiltration and threats because of terrorism, creating tension

along the border areas.

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Cross-border terrorism stands out together of the most reasons of disaccord between India and

Pakistan. As an impression measure, India started fencing its border within the 1990s and

successfully completed fencing Jammu and Kashmir, Punjab, Rajasthan and Gujarat by 2011.

CHINA NATHULA PASS

I

ndia and China share a 3,488 km long boundary. Unfortunately, the entire boundary is disputed. The

line, which delineates the boundary between the two countries, is popularly called the McMahon

line, after its author Sir Henry McMahon. In 1913, the British-India government had called a

tripartite conference, during which the boundary between India and Tibet was formalized after a

discussion between the Indian and thus the Tibetans. A Convention was adopted, which resulted

within the delimitation of the Indo-Tibetan boundary. This boundary is, however, disputed by China

which terms it as illegal. it's interesting that in same agreement, boundary upto Myanmar was settled,

and China accepts Mac Mohan line with Myanmar.

India and China had never shared a typical boundary till; China “liberated” or occupied Tibet in

1950. it had been then that the hitherto India Tibet boundary was transformed into an India-China

boundary. Since 1954, China started claiming large tracts of territory along the entire border like

Aksai Chin in Jammu and Kashmir, some areas in Uttrakhand and thus the whole Arunachal

Pradesh. In 1957, China occupied Aksai Chin and built a road through it. This episode was followed

by intermittent clashes along the border, which finally culminated within the border war of 1962.

The boundary, which came into existence after the war, came to be mentioned as Line of Actual

Control (LAC). it is a military held line.

The rapprochement between the two countries in 1976 enabled India and China to initiate High

Level border talks in

1981 to hunt out a solution to the vexed problem. After eight rounds, the talks broke down in 1987.

In 1988, following Prime

Minister Rajiv Gandhi’s visit

to China, the Joint working

group (JWG) was

acknowledged to look into the

border problem. In 1993, the

Agreement on the maintenance

of Peace and Tranquility along

the road of Actual Control

(LAC) was signed and thus the

India-China Expert Group of

Diplomatic and Military

Officers was acknowledged to

assist the JWG.

In 1996, the Agreement on Confidence Building Measures (CBMs) within the Military Field along

the LAC was signed. In 2003, two special representatives (one each from India and China) were

appointed to hunt out a political solution to the border dispute. Till 2009, these two special

representatives had held 17 rounds of talks, but it seems they have not made much headway.

Recently, NSA Ajit Doval was appointed as Special Envoy for talks.

There are three stages of negotiation:

Agreeing to guiding principles to be followed – this is often often done

Recognizing Boundary and area – evolving consensus – this is often often toughest one and process

China’s People Liberation Army has time and again intruded Indian borders. This was followed by

Indian PM’s visit to China in 2013, where additional Confidence Building Measure on Border

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cooperation was agreed at. The measures include regular interaction between the headquarters and

Field Commands of the two sides, additional border personnel meeting points and more

telecommunication linkages between their forward posts at mutually agreed locations. Despite this

incursions continue, recent one when Xi Jinping was on Indian visit, suggests that either there's lack

of coordination or there are differences in China Communist Party and People’s Liberation Army

leadership.

As regards border management, the India-China border presents only a few of challenges. there's

hardly any circulation of people or goods between the two countries through the border. Few

intermittent interactions, nonetheless did happen though the gaps within the mountain ranges. These

gaps were the trade and migration routes through which individuals and goods flowed. Some tribes

like Monpas, Sherdukpens, Membas, Khambas and Bhutias had social and cultural ties with people

across the border. Many other tribes also frequented the markets of Tibet to buy for and sell

products, but of those stopped after the 1962 war.

Presently, there are only three designated areas along the India-China border through which border

trade takes place; these are Lipu Lekh, Shipki La and Nathu La. the number of trade these trading

points isn't large. However, large scale smuggling of Chinese electronic and other commodity

happen through these border points.

India has under taken border construction in Arunachal Pradesh which was objected to by China.

India ignored the objection by reiterating its authority over the planet . Indian side of Border almost

has no Infrastructure. this is often often because of ever-present lethargy of Indian government. On

other hand, China has built massive rail road linkages on its side. Further, to implement

recommendation on Border out posts 3.5 Km distance limit of Working Group; work on building

more BOPs goes on.

Indo-China border challenges The India-China border, mentioned because the McMahon

Line, is canopy a distance of three ,488 km. Originally the Indo-Tibetan border (before the

occupation of Tibet by China in 1950), this border remains disputed along its entire length and is one

of the key points of friction between the two countries over the past years.

Although confidence building measures just like the appointment of special envoys and formation of

joint working groups are initiated time and again, incidents along the border are reported within the

past. All this makes it imperative for the Indian soldiers to require care of constant vigil along the

LoAC (IndoChina border).

Nathu La Pass: It's found within the state of Sikkim. This famous pass is found within the India-

China border was reopened in 2006. It forms an area of an offshoot of the normal silk route.

it's one of the trading border posts between India and China.

Shipki La Pass: Himachal Pradesh –Tibet: it's found through Sutlej Gorge. It connects

Himachal Pradesh with Tibet. it's India’s third border post for trade with China after Lipu Lekh

and Nathula Pass.

Jelep La Pass: Sikkim-Lhasa: This pass passes through the Chumbi valley. It connects Sikkim

with Lhasa, the capital of Tibet.

Qara Tagh Pass: it's found within the Karakoram Mountains. it had been a subsidiary of the

normal silk route.

Khardung La: Leh- Siachin Glacier: it's that the very best motorable pass within the country. It

connects Leh and Siachen glacier. This pass remains closed during the winter.

Thang La: it's found in Ladakh. it is the second highest motorable pass in India.

Aghil Pass: Ladakh- Xinjiang: it's situated to the North of Mount Godwin-Austen within the

Karakoram. It connects Ladakh with Xinjiang province of China. It remains closed during the

winter season from November to May.

Chang-La: Ladakh- Tibet: it's going to be a high pass within the Greater Himalayas. It connects

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Ladakh with Tibet.

Lanak La: Ladakh-Lhasa: this is often found within the Aksai Chin in Ladakh region. It

connects Ladakh and Lhasa. The Chinese authority has built a road to hitch Xinjiang with Tibet.

Imis La: Ladakh- Tibet: The pass features a difficult geographical terrain and steep slopes. This

pass remains closed during the winter season.

Bara-La: Himachal Pradesh- Leh-Ladakh: it's situated on the National Highway within the state

of Jammu and Kashmir. It connects Manali and Leh.

Traill’s Pass: it's found in Uttarakhand. it's situated at the highest of the Pindari glacier and

connects the Pinadri valley to Milam valley. This pass is extremely steep and rugged.

Lipu Lekh: Uttarakhand-Tibet: it's found in Uttarakhand. It connects Uttarakhand with Tibet.

This pass may be a crucial border post for the trade with china. The pilgrims for Manasarovar

travels through this pass.

Mana Pass: Uttarakhand-Tibet: it's found within the Greater Himalayas and connects Tibet

with Uttarakhand. It remains under snow for six months during winter.

Mangsha Dhura Pass: Uttarakhand-Tibet: The pass which connects Uttarakhand-Tibet is

known for landslides. The pilgrims for Manasarovar cross this route.

Muling La: Uttarakhand-Tibet: This seasonal pass connects Uttarakhand with Tibet remains

snow covered during winter season

Niti Pass: This pass joins Uttarakhand with Tibet. This also remains snow covered during the

winter season.

Debsa Pass: Spiti Valley and Parvati Valley: It joins Spiti Valley and Parvati Valley. it is a

high pass in between the Kullu and Spiti of Himachal Pradesh. it is a bypass route of Pin-

Parvati Pass.

Rohtang Pass: Kullu-Lahul-Spiti: This located within the state of Himachal Pradesh. it's

excellent road transportation. This pass connects Kullu, Spiti, and Lahul.

Bomdi-La: Arunachal Pradesh-Lhasa: The Bomdi-La pass connects Arunachal Pradesh with

Lhasa, the capital city of Tibet. it's located within the east of Bhutan.

Dihang pass: Arunachal Pradesh- Mandalay: it's found within the Northeastern states of

Arunachal Pradesh. This pass connect Arunachal Pradesh with Myanmar (Mandalay)

Diphu pass: Arunachal Pradesh- Mandalay: The Diphu pass also provides easy and an alternate

route to Myanmar. This pass remains open throughout the year for the transportation and trade.

Likhapani: Arunachal Pradesh- Myanmar: It located within the state of Arunachal Pradesh.

This pass remains open throughout a year for transport and trade. This connects Arunachal

Pradesh with Myanmar.

Pangsan Pass: it's found within the state of Arunachal Pradesh. This pass connects Arunachal

Pradesh and Myanmar.

Banihal Pass (Jawahar Tunnel): Banihal with Qazigund: Banihal pass could also be a well-

liked pass in Jammu and Kashmir. it's situated in Pir- Panjal Range. It connects Banihal with

Qazigund.

Zoji La: Srinagar- Kargil & Leh: It connects Srinagar with Kargil and Leh. Beacon Force of

Border Road Organization is responsible for clearing and maintaining the road, especially

during winter.

Border regions and communities, variety of them away from the heartland, constitute India’s first

line of defence, a critical link in its national security. India’s 15,000-km borders touch seven

neighbouring countries: Afghanistan (abutting Gilgit), Pakistan, Nepal, Bhutan, China, Bangladesh,

Myanmar. Border regions have their own local dynamics, often shaped by subnational and religious

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identities that do not necessarily align neatly with political borders. Some also function flourishing

corridors for illegal smuggling of products and humans. Technology plays an important role in better

protecting borders, but in some cases it's made borders obsolete. Despite their importance, border

regions don't receive the entire attention of the Indian mainstream, except when border tensions arise.

Border regions and

communities, variety of them

away from the heartland,

constitute India’s first line of

defence, a critical link in its

national security.

India’s 15,000-km land

borders touch seven

neighbouring countries:

Afghanistan (abutting Gilgit),

Pakistan, Nepal, Bhutan,

China, Bangladesh,

Myanmar.

Border regions have their own local dynamics, often shaped by subnational and religious identities

that do not necessarily align neatly with political borders. Some also function flourishing corridors

for illegal smuggling of products and humans. Technology plays an important role in better

protecting borders, but in some

cases it's made borders obsolete.

Despite their importance, border

regions don't receive the entire

attention of the Indian mainstream,

except when border tensions arise.

The FICCI-PwC report on Smart

border management: An Indian

perspective explores how the govt.

of India can answer border

management challenges and adopt

a proactive and resilient approach

towards smart border management

that need to have four key

elements: innovation and

technology infrastructure,

collaborative border management,

capacity building and agile

organisation. I sincerely hope that

this report will offer important and

useful insights to the govt. ,

enforcement agencies and each one

other stakeholders.

Border management could also be a

security function that involves

coordination and concerted action

by various government agencies

within our country. The aim is to

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secure our frontiers and safeguard our nation from the risks involved within the movement of

products and people from India to other countries and therefore the other way around . Border

management itself could also be a multifaceted term and will include, but isn't limited to, the

regulation of legal and illegal immigration, ensuring safe and secure movement of authorised people

and good. The rapid growth that India is currently experiencing presents an array of opportunities

and underlines the need for effective border management. In an increasingly globalised and service-

oriented economy like ours, we rely heavily on the movement of products and people .

A competent border management system involves the tight coupling of technology and infrastructure

that's capable of handling the geopolitical, social and economic challenges we face in India thanks to

our vast border fronts. India features a really large and complicated border, covering around 15,106.7

km, which it shares with Bangladesh, China, Pakistan, Nepal, Myanmar and Bhutan, also as alittle

portion with Afghanistan. What further increase the complexity and criticality are the various terrain,

climate and relationship with variety of the neighbouring countries. thanks to such peculiarities,

having infrastructure. The numerous agencies involved in border management, like customs,

immigration, soldiers , border security and intelligence agencies, are characterised by a requirement

to cooperate with an expanding range of external information sources (technology driven and

intelligence based) so on develop a typical operating picture of the movements within and beyond

our borders. Smart border management is an attempt to identify and implement controls which aim to

reinforce border security by:

Enabling effective communication and coordination among all security agencies to succeed in

a typical entity picture

Controlling illegal trafficking of people and goods

Neutralising threats linked to terrorism and organised crime

Checking illegal migrationBorder management: Complexity, enormity and implications We

understand that economic prosperity and globalisation require the free movement of people , goods

and ideas; however, the growing number of border threats necessitates increased vigilance and more

robust controls to secure borders.

We share our borders with seven different countries (Bangladesh, China, Pakistan, Nepal, Myanmar,

Bhutan and Afghanistan) with all possible terrains—namely deserts, fertile lands, swampy marshes,

snowcovered peaks and tropical evergreen jungles. this sort of vast terrain makes us vulnerable to

insurgency, illegal migration and smuggling.

While our coastal borders are still relatively stable, our land borders pose a singular complexity.

India has three kinds of land border: international borderline (IBL), line of control (LoC) and line of

actual control (LoAC).

IBL is that the demarcation that has been agreed and has been accepted by the rest of the earth .

LoC is that the de facto border and separates Pakistan-occupied Kashmir from India’s state Jammu

and Kashmir

LoAC is that the border that separates Indianheld lands from Chinese-controlled territory. The

disputed and unsettled nature of our boundaries (both land and maritime) has made their security

much more difficult

While multiple initiatives are undertaken by the govt. , like constructions of roads, fencing,

installation of ground radars, the use of technology, intelligence gathering and integration of

knowledge from various sources to form a typical entity picture remain a challenge.

RESPONDING TO BORDER MANAGEMENT CHALLENGES

Current border management schemes by the govt. of India cover articles of trade and people , points

of entry and borders, and strategic and operational facets.

A kind of measures are taken to safeguard land borders. These measures are grouped into three

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categories— people, process and

technology.

People comprises the numerous

kinds of forces and manpower

deployed for safeguarding our

borders.

Process outlines a few of initiatives

taken by the govt. of India to

streamline the tactic of border

control and management.

Technology lists the technological

controls into which the govt. of

India continues to require an edge

so on strengthen border

management. PEOPLE

PROCESS

Department of border management

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• Approach taken by the govt. of India

The approach, as employed by the govt. towards border management, is categorised into four

essential processes:

1. Guarding the borders

2. Regulation of the borders

3. Development of border areas

Constitution of billateral instutional mechanism for resolving disputes and ironing out conflict with

neighbours.

GUARDING THE BORDERS

responsibility for the IndiaPakistan and India-Bangladesh borders lies with BSF, AR for the India-

Myanmar border, ITBP) for the India-China border, and SSB for the India-Nepal and India-Bhutan

borders. additionally to this ,to manage the borders effectively, surveillance is run within the type of

normal patrols by the border guarding personnel.

GUARDING THE BORDERS

Effective regulation of the borders involves facilitation of legitimate trade and travel and

simultaneous prevention of illegal migration, smuggling etc.

Method employed by the govt. to manage the borders is that the preparation of a national register and

issuance of Multi-purpose National Identity Cards (MNICs). this is often ready to help to prevent

illegal migration and facilitate the detection of those already staying in India. the govt. also

undertook the event of ICPs so on supply better facilities for the legal movement of people and

goods across the border.

DEVELOPMENT OF BORDER AREAS

The resulting lack of economic opportunities makes the border population more susceptible to illegal

activities like drugs and smuggling. As a solution to tackle these issues, the govt. initiated the Border

Area Development Program (BADP) in 1987, so on facilitate the availability of the required

socioeconomic infrastructure and adequate security, and to eliminate how of alienation among the

population living at the border. BADP schemes include the event of community-based infrastructure

like forestry,pasture lands, fishery parks,community centres, markets and mobile dispensaries.

BADP also takes up security-related schemes.

BORDER AREA DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM

Development of border areas has been a matter of concern for the country. The Border Area

Development Programme (BADP) was initiated in western region, which at that point of some time

was the foremost volatile border, during the Seventh Five Year Plan period for ensuring balanced

development of border areas through development of infrastructure and promotion of wellbeing and

how of security among the border population. The programme has been expanded since to cover the

border blocks of the 17 States (including 8 North Eastern States), which have international land

borders with Pakistan, China, Nepal, Bhutan, Myanmar and Bangladesh. the event of border areas is

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now viewed as an area of the good approach to the Border

Management, which focuses on socio-economic development of the people and promotion of

wellbeing and a security environment within the border areas.

The programme is supplemental in nature to fill the gaps and thus the funds under BADP are

provided to the States as a 100% non-lapsable Special Central Assistance for execution of projects

concerning infrastructure, livelihood, education, health, agriculture, and allied sectors to satisfy the

special developmental needs of the people living in remote and inaccessible areas situated near the

international border.

The BADP is being implemented by the Department of Border Management, Ministry of Home

Affairs through the State Governments. Guidelines of the programme are prepared by the Ministry of

Home Affairs in consultation with committee (or now NITI Aayog), Ministry of Finance and anxious

State

PEOPLE

Governments. Formulation of schemes/projects, their approval and execution is that the first

responsibility of the State Governments. Implementation of the Programme is monitored and

reviewed by the State Governments and Ministry of Home Affairs.

As already said, Group of Ministers recommended principle of ‘One Border One Force’, because of

which government has raised Paramilitary Forces Border private private security force , Sashastra

Seema Bal, Indo Tibetan Border police etc. which have specialized area responsibility.

Bilateral institutional mechanisms

Effective border management requires the facilitation of bilateral dialogue on matters of mutual

concern, and thus, the govt. of India has constituted a system of institutionalised interaction through

the meetings of home secretaries, area commanders of border guarding forces and thus the joint

working group on border management

National level meetings (NLMs) and sectoral level meetings (SLMs) are organised under the house

Secretary and Joint Secretary of the Ministry of Home Affairs respectively. the primary agenda of

these meetings is to form sure and maintain peace and tranquillity all along the border. to realize this

objective, the two sides have agreed to ‘prevent inadvertent violations of each other’s territories by

their security forces’ and also ‘monitor and curb effectively all illegal and negative activities

Additionally, border liaison meetings (BLMs) happen between local area army commanders at

designated places every six months. India has constituted multiple such institutional mechanisms

with Myanmar, Bangladesh, Pakistan, Nepal and Bhutan. Such bilateral mechanisms confirm that

both the sides are adequately sensitised towards the respective security concerns and hence aid in

better formulation of strategies for border management. TECHNOLOGY

The Government of India is focussing extensively on leveraging the power of technology to reinforce

the efficiency and effectiveness of border operations. the earth is moving towards technologically

advanced military and defence systems and India has been equipping its military with sophisticated

weaponry to help combat actual and perceived dangers to the state .

Technology interventions near the border areas in

Mobilisation and ordinance supply chain (including equipment, weapons, vehicles and ammunition.

Surveillance and communication (including the use of technology that comprises information,

logistics, reconnaissance, command and control centres, and surveillance within the border areas)

Way forward: Smart border management

TRENDS

Demographic and social change

Shift in global economic power

Accelerating urbanization

Resource scarcity

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Technological breakthroughs

Terrorism

Innovation and technology infrastructure

Smart identity management

Smart inspection system

Security and television

Collaborative border management

-border cooperation

(CBC)

Public private partnership (PPP)

In-country collaboration (ICC)

Capacity building

Agile organisational capabilities

My love for army , nation, lead my

thanks to know more about border,

its safety and security.

To accomplish my goal I even

have researched tons about an

equivalent and that i have

presented a couple of of my

investigations and researches

within the slides.

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I acknowledged that it's tough to survive in borders in such harsh climate where you catch just by

cold breeze of snow.Army survive welcome us with a smile over there .salute to them.jai hind.

Where we've 7 countries with territorial and a couple of marine countries and other disturbances

surrounding us .

My love for army , nation, lead my way to know more about border, its safety and security.

FINDINGS:

I found out that it is not easy to survive in borders in such harsh climatic conditions where

you catch cold just by cold breeze of snow. Army survive and welcome us with a smile over

there .SALUTE TO THEM. JAI HIND.

I visited all these borders to assimilate information, interact with the people over there and

come to know about the cultures and traditions of people so that we can build friendly

relations with our neighboring countries.

Infiltrations and terrorist countries are known to all. If we talk to these people who are well

acquainted with their environment ,forests, geographical areas it would help a lot in writing

about national security of India.

REFERENCES

1. "Neighbouring Countries of India 2020: Map, Capitals, Connected

States". www.careerpower.in.

2. SSB to strengthen presence on India-Bhutan border, Times of India, 20 Dec 2017.

3. "India-Sri Lanka fishing rights dispute".

4. "India plans to construct 7 integrated check posts on border with Bangladesh". Dhaka

Tribune. October 18, 2017.

5. "Ministry of Development of North Eastern Region, North East India". mdoner.gov.in. Dawki

ICP foundation stone laid.

6. India opens two border crossing points with Myanmar, Bangladesh, Business Line.

7. "12th Five Year Plan".

8. Delhi approves Sutarkandi integrated check post along Indo-Bangla border, North East News,

7 Jan 2019.

9. Indo-Nepal and Indo-Bhutan border to have more ICP, Oct 2016.

10. India opens two border crossing points with Myanmar, Bangladesh, Times of India, 1 Oct

2017.