dr. john kachurick. the problem “…many students lack the basic understanding of cultural...
TRANSCRIPT
Dr. John Kachurick
The problem“…many students lack the basic
understanding of cultural pluralism needed to maximize competency with ethnically and racially diverse clients”
(Varricchio, 1987, p. 57).
Cultural Competency?Definitions of cultural competency abound.
One of the earliest definitions sees cultural competency as a “…set of congruent behaviors, attitudes, and policies that come together in a system, agency, or among professionals enabling them to work effectively in cross-cultural situations”
(Cross, Bazron, Dennis, & Isaacs, 1989: iv–v).
Cultural Competency? (2)Duke University defines cultural
competency as “an experiential understanding and acceptance of the beliefs, values, and ethics of others as well as the demonstrated skills necessary to work with and serve diverse individuals and groups.”
Cultural CompetencyFor this presentation, the definition
of Cross et al. is the operation definition since it is succinct, clear and the building block upon which the other definitions are constructed.
Cultural IntelligenceEarley & Mosakowski (2003) contend that
cultural competence starts with one’s cultural intelligence, that is, one’s ability to operate in a variety of situations that involve cross-culture functionality.
This ability includes four elements:Behavioral intelligenceCognitive intelligenceMotivational intelligenceMetacognitive intelligence
Metacognitive IntelligenceThe ability to acquire cultural knowledge,
recognize cultural assumptions, understand cultural norms, and perceive others' cultural preferences before and during interactions.
(Ang, Dyne, Koh, Ng, Templer, Tay, & Chandrasekar)
Cognitive IntelligenceKnowledge of economic, legal, values, and
social systems in different cultures and subcultures. (Ang, Dyne, Koh, Ng, Templer, Tay, & Chandrasekar)
Motivational IntelligenceThe desire to learn about and function in
situations involving cultural differences, based on intrinsic interest and confidence in one's ability to deal with them.
(Ang, Dyne, Koh, Ng, Templer, Tay, & Chandrasekar)
Behavioral IntelligenceThe ability to exhibit situationally appropriate
verbal and nonverbal actions, including words, tone, gestures and facial expressions, when interacting with people from different cultures. (Ang, Dyne, Koh, Ng, Templer, Tay, & Chandrasekar)
Dimensions of CulturalHofstede’s (1980, 1991, 2001) framework of
cultural values is the most cited work in regarding cultural variation, although others have expanded upon his work.
Hofsted’s (2001) dimensions are:Individualism/CollectivismUncertainty AvoidancePower Distance, and Masculinity/FemininityLong-term Orientation
CultureHall (1990) defines culture as a set of
behavioral rules gained during the socialization process that determine how a person sees her environment and her use of verbal and non-verbal communication.
Hall seeks to provide tools to decipher messages from other cultures.
He notes three dimensions to messaging: Multi-tasking vs mono-taskingThe distance individuals maintain
between each other in social interactionHigh or low cultural context for
communications
Enhancing the ModelsTrompenaars (1994) enhances the paradigms
of Hoftede and Hall, using a seven-dimension model for analysis: universalism – particularism, sequential time –synchronic time, specific - diffuse, acheived status – ascribed status, outer directed – inner directed , affectivity – neutrality, individualism - collectivism
Cultural Immersion“The desired professional outcome of
transcultural immersion experiences is cultural sensitiv(ity)…in practice”….
“…once a student has had the chance to become immersed in another worldview, one may see differences as well as similarities resulting in a more culturally sensitive approach”
(Ryan & Twibell, 2002, p.38).
Misericordia UniversitySmall, liberal arts, Catholic universityVery homogenous (Caucasian) populationLimited student exposure to those from other
cultures, races, and ethnicities
University Ties to Cultural CompetencyThe university developed a strategic plan that
addresses a goal for diversity that states:
“We will provide for our students to graduate with cultural competency and our employees to gain needed knowledge, awareness and skills”
(Misericordia Strategic Plan)
Strategic-initiative GrantTwo faculty from the business department
and one faculty from the nursing department received an $8,000 university strategic-initiative reserve grant.
The goal of the grant was to facilitate the development of a pilot international, cross-cultural, immersion course to provide students with an opportunity to develop cultural competency and to study in an international setting.
The ProposalThe three faculty members developed a multi-
disciplinary course in cultural competency.Undergraduate and graduate students from
all programs were encouraged to apply.Twelve students (9 graduate, 3
undergraduate) applied and were accepted for the course.
The faculty obtained IRB approval to conduct a research study.
Hypothesis A statistically significant relationship exists
between a student’s development of cultural competency and an international, multi-disciplinary, cultural-immersion experience.
Guyana, SAThe course involved the 12 students and
the three faculty members traveling to Guyana, one of the poorest nations in South America.
Pre-immersion ActivitiesPrior to departure for Guyana, the 12
students who registered for the course attended six on-campus class sessions designed for diversity training and trip preparation.
The faculty administered the Discovering Diversity Profile to all students as a pre-test at the final meeting.
DDP Test (2)The Discovering Diversity Profile is a
cultural competency test that explores diversity in four key areas:Knowledge: Stereotypes and information are
assessed Understanding: Awareness and empathy are
measured Acceptance: Tolerance and respect are examined Behavior: Self-awareness and interpersonal skills
are measured and insights are provided into actions and attitudes
DDP (3)The DDP aligns well with the concepts
outlined by Hofstede, Hall and Trompenaars and is a good proxy for these concepts.
The instrument meets validity and reliability requirements.
Student Immersion PlanStudents were matched with preceptors related to
their respective fields of study (nursing, organizational management, social work, and occupational therapy) for a two week period.
Each student spent approximately two weeks working in a variety of organizations within Guyana.
During this time, students wrote reflection papers and participated in group learning sessions.
Students also engaged in a variety of cultural experiences such as field trips, tours and leisure outings over the two-week period.
The Students’ Background5 Graduate Organizational Management
Students4 Graduate Nursing Students1 Undergraduate Social Work Student1 Undergraduate Nursing Student1 Undergraduate Physical Therapy Student
Placement Goals 1. Matching placements to the abilities, skills
and knowledge of the students.2. Determining the appropriate organizations.3. Securing commitment of organizations to
allow foreign students to participate in their workplaces.Contact within the organizationsVisiting the organizations to give student
backgrounds.
Placements (1)Matching placements to the abilities, skills
and knowledge of the students.ResumesInterviewsTranscripts
Placements (2)Determining the appropriate organizations.
SafetyInteraction with employeesAppropriate position within the organization
Placements (3)Securing commitment of organizations to
allow foreign students to participate in their workplaces.Contact within the organizationVisiting the organization to:
develop a relationship with the contact and any managers involved
give it students’ backgrounds observe conditions
Our AdvantagesThe official language of Guyana is EnglishThe three professors have prior experiences
within Guyana on rganizational, university and individual levels.
The three professors are familiar with the culture.
The three professors have contacts in the right places within Guyana.
The Participating OrganizationsGuySuCoDemerara DistilleriesMercy WingsSt. Joseph Mercy Hospital Georgetown Public Hospital
GuySuCoOne student spent four days at East Demerara
Estates, a sugar processing plantation, observing the production of sugar products from the harvested sugar cane.
The second GuySuCo placement involved putting a student into the IT environment of this major Guyanese corporation so he could observe and interact with the employees of the department on a professional and personal level.
Demerara DistilleriesThis placement shadowed a marketing
representative for this world-renowned distiller of rum and other sugar-based products, including visiting a variety of establishments that sold the firm’s products.
Mercy WingsThe two students, one a graduate student
and the other a social work student, were placed at Mercy Wings, a facility operated that is an innovative vocational-technical training program for adolescents who have not completed traditional schooling.
Our students interacted with faculty and students at Mercy Wings
St. Joseph Mercy Hospital The four graduate nurses and the
undergraduate nurse reworked the charting system at the hospital and provided other valuable assistance and education to the Guyanese nurses.
One OM graduate student worked with the CEO to develop a marketing plan for the private, non-profit hospital.
Georgetown Public HospitalThe physical therapy student spent part of
her time at the Georgetown Public Hospital and the other part at St. Joseph Hospital working in her discipline with practitioners at both institutions.
Post-test AdministrationOn the return flight to the United States, the
faculty administered to all students the Discovering Diversity Profile as a cultural competency post-test.
Quantitative Data AnalysisAnalysis of the data using SPSS to generate
descriptive statistics and Wilcoxon Signed Ranks Test showed:No statistically significant differences between
the pre- and post-tests were apparent.
Quantitative Analysis (2)Probable reasons for this result include:
The pre-test scores were extremely high75% of the students were at the graduate level.The n was extremely low (12).The immersion may have been too short.
Since the data was non-parametric, the descriptive statistics provided little usable information.
Wilcoxon Signed Ranks Test
a. Binomial distribution used p = .05 (.006 Bonferroni correction)
b. Sign Test
kstrtyp2 - kstrtyp1
kinfo2 - kinfo1
uaware2 - uaware1
uempthy2 - uempthy1
Z -.983a -1.077a -1.131a -.448a
Asymp. Sig. (2-tailed)
.325 .282 .258 .654
arecept2 - arecept1
arespct2 - arespct1
bslfawr2 - bslfawr1
bintpsk2 - bintpsk1
-.715a -2.405a -1.260a -1.029a
.475 .016 .208 .303
Qualitative Data AnalysisData excerpted from in-country class
discussions and student reflection papers following the international study experience indicate the students enhanced their cultural intelligence.
The following excerpts from student papers point to an emerging pattern of enhanced cultural intelligence.
Qualitative Data Analysis (1)“A look at other cultures is an experience you
can only read about - but to travel to other countries is the best way to understand and learn. It was beyond what I expected, a real chance to have a true look at another culture.”
Qualitative Data Analysis (2)“A look at other cultures is an experience you
can only read about - but to travel to other countries is the best way to understand and learn. It was beyond what I expected, a real chance to have a true look at another culture.”
Qualitative Data Analysis (3)“We were immersed in the culture and the
community. It allowed us to see first hand what the needs were.”
“The opportunity to study in this wonderful country allowed me to learn things that could not be taught in a classroom. This experience taught me not only about culture and diversity; it taught me more about the person I want to be.”
Qualitative Data Analysis (4)“Their (Guyanese) reason was plain and
simple—they did not want to leave their homes and their families behind. The Guyanese people are very close and very relying on the bonds and relationships they have with their families and I believe this is one of the greatest factors that separate the Guyanese from the Americans.”
Qualitative Data Analysis (4)“I truly believe all of us returned to the
United States with a greater appreciation for what we have at home….Furthermore, we obtained an even greater appreciation for another world culture.”
Qualitative Data Analysis (5)“… it is clearly a course that students can
compare a culture to what they experience in their own group. I personally was made aware, obtained knowledge, and realized that diversity has very genuine effects on behavior and work outcomes.”
LimitationsThreats to external validity
Convenience sampleSelf-selected group of highly motivated
students Small n Limited generalizability of findings.
ConclusionsBased on our analysis of pre-test/ post- test metrics, we found no statistically significant relationship exists between a students’ development of cultural competency and an international, multi-disciplinary, cultural-immersion experience.
ConclusionsHowever, we did find an emerging pattern of enhancement of students’ cultural competencies through the insights contained in student papers, in both formal and informal discussions with students and in faculty observations of student behaviors and language usage.
ConclusionsBased on these findings, we conclude:
the use of a multi-disciplinary, immersion learning experience may prove an effective tool in assisting students to enhance their awareness and understanding of their roles as professionals within a global community.
Questions for future study1. Does the setting for the immersion experience
impact on the students’ development of cultural competency (industrialized versus developing country)?
2. Should there be differences in strategies for undergraduate versus graduate students to facilitate the development of cultural competency?
3. What types of on-campus activities most enhance the students’ acquisition of cultural competency?
4. Does the length of the immersion impact enhancement of cultural competency? What is the ideal length?
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