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A STUDY ON THE DIVERSITY OF DIAPTOMID COPEPODS (CRUSTACEA : CALANOIDA)
IN CERTAIN LOCALITIES OF KARNATAKA AND
ANDHRA PRADESH STATES
BY
Dr. DARA AMBEDKAR
International E – Publication
www.isca.me , www.isca.co.in
A STUDY ON THE DIVERSITY OF DIAPTOMID COPEPODS (CRUSTACEA : CALANOIDA)
IN CERTAIN LOCALITIES OF KARNATAKA AND
ANDHRA PRADESH STATES
BY
Dr. DARA AMBEDKAR
M.Sc., M. Phil., Ph.D. Lecturer, Post Graduate Department of Zoology,
Andhra Christian College, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, India
2015
International E - Publication
www.isca.me , www.isca.co.in
International E - Publication 427, Palhar Nagar, RAPTC, VIP-Road, Indore-452005 (MP) INDIA
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© Copyright Reserved
2015 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored, in a
retrieval system or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic,
mechanical, photocopying, reordering or otherwise, without the prior
permission of the publisher.
ISBN: 978-93-84648-94-7
iii
PREFACE Diaptomid copepods are an important and dominant group in the freshwater
zooplankton. They play a significant role in the food web and energyflow pathways of
freshwater ecosystems. As secondary producers they graze upon phytoplankton (i. e. primary
producers) and, in turn, form a direct and chief source of food for certain fish and invertebrate
predators. Compared with cyclopoid copepods, diaptomids respond to the environmental
changes more rapidly, thus acting as valuable indicators of the trophic status of freshwater
bodies. Nowadays diaptomids are increasingly used in monitoring and surveillance
programmes in freshwater habitats.
Taxonomy is the basis of any biodiversity study. Without a good, constantly updated
taxonomy, biodiversity studies and conservation science become ‘meaningless’. Diaptomid
taxonomy in India is still incomplete. The descriptions of several species need to be
supplemented, and their distribution patterns yet to be worked out.
Another important consideration about diaptomids is that their life is presently
threatened by a host of anthropogenic activities. For example, the widespread
hypertrophication process of inland waters, owing to increased nutrient enrichment, has
become a serious threat to their existence. This is because most diaptomids cannot tolerate
the extremes of physico-chemical variables in hypertrophicated systems. Aquatic toxicology
resulting from pesticides, herbicides, heavy metals, etc., is also implicated in the local
extinction of diaptomids. Habitat destruction is yet another alarming cause of depletion of
diaptomid species, especially those inhabiting temporary water bodies like ponds and pools.
As a result, as many as 62 known diaptomid species in the world, which include 11 Indian
species, are included in the 2000 IUCN Red List of threatened animals, as recommended by
Species Survival Commission (SSC). Hence there is a need to study the diaptomid
populations in the field and determine their conservation status by following IUCN criteria.
iv
This is a modest report on the morpho-taxonomy and diversity of diaptomid copepods
of Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh States. It is hoped that the data presented in this
dissertation and interpretations made thereon would pave way for a better understanding of
the taxonomy and diversity of diaptomid copepods.
The work embodied in the book entitled A STUDY ON THE DIVERSITY OF
DIAPTOMID COPEPODS (CRUSTACEA:CALANOIDA) IN CERTAIN LOCALITIES
OF DARA AMBEDKAR for the M. Phil. in ZOOLOGY from ACHARYA NAGARJUNA
UNIVERSITY, Nagarjunanagar, INDIA under the esteemed supervision of Dr. Y. Ranga
Reddy in the year 2004.
v
Acknowledgements
I wish to place on record my deep sense of gratitude to Dr. Y. Ranga
Reddy, M.Sc., Ph.D., Professor Emeritus, Department of Zoology, Acharya Nagarjuna
University, Nagarjunanagar, for suggesting the problem and for his valuable guidance, and
constant encouragement throughout the progress of this work; Dr. Reddy also kept at my
disposal all the Karnataka samples. I am grateful to the University Grants Commission, New
Delhi, for providing financial assistance under UGC-SAP-DRS Project.
I am vermuch thankful to the Management of Andhra Christian College, Principal P.
Mutyam, Head of the Department of PG Zoology Dr. N. Vidyullata Devi and my fellow
faculty members for supporting me in carrying out the present publication.
I am thankful to my cousins Anil, Anka Babu and Arun Gandhi (late), who helped me
a lot in the fieldwork. I am most thankful to my co-researchers, A. Ankamma Rao, B. Elia,
M. Sada Siva Butchi Ram, B. Srinivas, U. Vasu, and A. Aruna for their co-operation and
assistance. My Sincere appreciation to K. Ashok Kumar in helping me for the final
submission of the present publication.
I am thank full to the founder members of Bheem Sena, Andhra Pradesh State
office for their moral support in publishing the present article.
I am grateful to my brother Vikram, and my sister, Anitha Kumari, for their technical
assistance in preparing the dissertation.
I am most grateful to my beloved parents, who have been of great help to me in
pursuing and completing the present work.
Finally I am much thankful to my wife Padmavathy and my children Joel Akash, and
Keerthana Priscilla for their cheerfull support throughout the progress of the present article.
vi
CONTENTS
Preface……………………………………………………………………..…... i
Acknowledgements……………………………………………………..……... v
Introduction…………………………………………………………………… 1
Material and methods……………………………………………………..…… 3
Results
Systematic list of Copepoda recorded from Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh States
18
Genus Paradiaptomus…………………………………………..……………... 20
Genus Heliodiaptomus…………………………………………………..…….. 25
Genus Allodiaptomus………………………………………………………...…. 42
Genus Neodiaptomus………………………………………………………..…. 52
Genus Phyllodiaptomus…………………………………………………………..…... 62
Genus Tropodiaptomus…………………………………………………………………… 69
Genus Sinodiaptomus………………………………………………………................ 74
Genus Megadiaptomus…………………………………………………………………. 80
Summary and conclusions……………………………………………………… 84
References……………………………………………………………………… 86
1
INTRODUCTION
Copepods are very ancient arthropods and the diminutive relatives of crabs and
shrimps. In terms of their size, diversity and abundance, they are often called “water
fleas” in common with many other small Crustacea. Till now over 10,000 copepod
species are known to science. These include thousands of free-living species with
highly varying body shapes and a great number of parasitic and semi-parasitic forms
with extremely reduced morphology. A vast majority of copepods are confined to
marine and brackish waters, only small fraction (about 200 species) inhabit
freshwaters. Members of the families Diaptomidae in the Calanoida and Cyclopidae in
the Cyclopoida are highly successful in all kinds of freshwater habitats.
Diaptomid copepods are a major group of planktonic microcrustaceans;
belonging to the successful and widespread freshwater family of Diaptomidae,
which contains over 400 species in about 50 genera (Dussart & Defaye, 1983).
Serving mainly as primary consumers of phytoplankton and as food for predaceous
invertebrates and fish, they play a crucial role in the energetics of freshwater
ecosystems.
Though Kiefer laid the foundation to the presentday diaptomid systematics as
early as 1932, basic morphologic information of most species is still fragmentary and
widely scattered. Generic limits in several cases continue to be vague and hence
subjective. Only a few genera have been revised, and mostly on a regional or, at best,
continental basis. There is an imperative need to redescribe the various species and
genera and to evolve identification keys for them.
At present, the family Diaptomidae contains about 420 species in 50 genera. In
India, approximately 60 species in 20 genera have been recorded till now.
This dissertation aims at achieving two basic objectives.
1. To make a fresh study of the morphology and taxonomy of diaptomid
2
Copepods, based on the samples collected from certain parts of
Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh States.
2. To evaluate the conservation status of dipatomid species by following
IUCN criteria.
In all, the samples under study have yielded 12 species. The diagnostic
morphological characters of each of these species are given, along with freshly made
camera lucida drawings. Restricted synonymy, distributional records, morphological
remarks and ecological notes have been provided for each species. Also, keys for
identifying both sexes of congeneric 12 species are given. Finally the conservation
status of each of the species studied is mentioned, taking into account their distribution
records known during the past 30 years and also their population size and distribution
in the present study.
3
MATERIAL AND METHODS
The material for the present work was collected from different types of lentic
freshwater bodies such as small, turbid ephemeral pools, large permanent ponds,
and reservoirs in the States of Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka.
Out of nearly 220 samples examined, diaptomid copepods were observed in 150
samples, collected from 55 habitats, as mentioned below.
1. Tunga Bhadra Board Fishfarm. Sedimentary tank, Karnataka. Air
temperature 32ºC; water temperature 27ºC; Secchi transparency 23.5 cm; pH 8;
October 13, 1988.
Allodiaptomus intermedius: 4 ♀♀, 3 ♂♂
Heliodiaptomus viduus: 6 ♀♀, 5 ♂♂
2. Tunga Bhadra Board Fishfarm. Nursery pond (H4), Karnataka. Air
temperature 31.5º C; water temperature 31.5ºC; Secchi transparency 33.5 cm;
pH 6.5; depth 40 cm, turbid, area 112.5 m² October 13, 1988.
Heliodiaptomus viduus : 14 ♀♀, 8 ♂♂
Allodiaptomus intermedius : 8 ♀♀, 6 ♂♂
Phyllodiaptomus blanci : 5 ♀♀, 5 ♂♂
3. Tunga Bhadra Board Fishfarm. Rocky pool near II Bridge, Karnataka. Air
temperature 24ºC; water temperature 29ºC; water very clear; pH 6.5; October
13,1988.
Phyllodiaptomus blanci : 4 ♀♀, 2 ♂♂
4. Tunga Bhadra Board Fishfarm. Rocky pool, rain-fed, Karnataka. Air
temperature 25ºC; water temperature 30ºC; pH 6; October 13, 1988.
4
Allodiaptomus intermedius :16 ♀♀, 6 ♂♂
Phyllodiaptomus blanci : 11 ♀♀, 12 ♂♂
5. Tunga Bhadra Board Reservoir, Karnataka. Air temperature 25ºC; water
temperature 30ºC; pH 6; October 13, 1988.
Heliodiaptomus viduus : 7 ♀♀, 9 ♂♂
Heliodiaptomus cinctus : 17 ♀♀, 10 ♂♂
Allodiaptomus intermedius : 10 ♀♀, 6 ♂♂
6. Kamalapur tank near Tunga Bhadra Project, Karnataka. Air temperature 27ºC;
water temperature 26ºC; Secchi transparency 98 cm; pH 7.0; October 14,
1988.
Allodiaptomus intermedius : 20 ♀♀, 14 ♂♂
7. Ricefield at Pampa Vidyapeetha near Tunga Bhadra Project, Karnataka. Air
temperature 29ºC; water temperature 24ºC; Secchi transparency 25 cm; pH
8.0; October 14, 1988.
Heliodiaptomus viduus : 4 ♀♀, 6 ♂♂
Allodiaptomus intermedius : 3 ♀♀, 7 ♂♂
8. Gouramma tank, Tunga Bhadra Project, Karnataka. Air temperature 30ºC;
water temperature 28ºC; Secchi transparency 1.15 m; turbid, light dark;
October14,1988.
Allodiaptomus intermedius :12 ♀♀, 8 ♂♂
5
9. A well near Gouramma tank, Tunga Bhadra Project, Karnataka. Air
temperature 31ºC; water temperature 29ºC; Secchi transparency 1.12 m; pH
7.5; October 14, 1988.
Allodiaptomus intermedius : 20 ♀♀, 10 ♂♂
10. Ram Sagar tank, Tunga Bhadra Project, Karnataka. Air temperature 30ºC;
water temperature 28ºC; pH 8.0; submerged vegetation, Chara abundant;
October 14, 1988.
Allodiaptomus intermedius : 10 ♀♀, 10 ♂♂
11. Venkatapuram, a hamlet near Hampi, Karnataka. Man-made, rain-fed,
abandoned well; algal scum noticed on the surface. Air temperature 32ºC;
water temperature 30ºC; Secchi transparency 61 cm; pH 8.0; October 14,
1988.
Neodiaptomus lindbergi : 20 ♀♀, 10 ♂♂
12. Vittalarya Temple, Hampi, Karnataka. Temporary ditch; vegetation abundant;
October 14, 1988.
Neodiaptomus lindbergi : 10 ♀♀, 5 ♂♂
Allodiaptomus intermedius : 10 ♀♀, 6 ♂♂
13. Lachenakere, a hamlet near Koppal Karnataka. Roadside temporary pool;
water turbid, vegetationless; October 14, 1988.
Neodiaptomus lindbergi : 10 ♀♀, 7 ♂♂
14. Kartikera tank, 15 km from Chickamagalur on the rightside of Belur Road,
Karnataka. Water turbid, vegetation scarce; area 5 ha, maximum depth 1.8 m;
6
air temperature 26ºC; water temperature 24ºC; Secchi transparency 15 cm; pH
7.0; October 16, 1988.
Neodiaptomus lindbergi : 5 ♀♀, 5 ♂♂
Heliodiaptomus viduus : 9 ♀♀, 10 ♂♂
Allodiaptomus intermedius : 5 ♀♀, 10 ♂♂
15. Buggulahalli tank, 15.5 km from Chickmagalur on the right side of Belur
Road, Karnataka. Rain-fed, temporary tank, water turbid; area 4 ha; maximum
depth 0.8 m; air temperature 27ºC; water temperature 20ºC; Secchi
transparency 11 cm; pH 7.5; October 16, 1988.
Heliodiaptomus viduus : 13 ♀♀, 9 ♂♂
Neodiaptomus lindbergi :10 ♀♀, 10 ♂♂
Allodiaptomus intermedius : 18 ♀♀, 12 ♂♂
16. Magadi tank I, near Chickmagalur, Karnataka. Man-made rain-fed tank, area 2
ha, maximum depth 1.8 m; vegetation abundant but decomposing; Hydrilla,
Nymphaea and Ottelia surviving; Air temperature 27ºC; water temperature
25ºC; Secchi transparency 26.5 cm; pH 7.5; October 16, 1988.
Heliodiaptomus viduus : 8 ♀♀, 6 ♂♂
Neodiaptomus lindbergi : 6 ♀♀, 4 ♂♂
Allodiaptomus intermedius : 7 ♀♀, 3 ♂♂
17. Magadi tank II, on the left side of Belur road near Chickmagalur, Karnataka.
Water pale green, Nymphaea occurring in patches; area 10 ha; maximum
depth 3 m; air temperature 27ºC; water temperature 26ºC; Secchi transparency
65.5 cm; October 16, 1988.
7
Neodiaptomus lindbergi : 9 ♀♀, 8 ♂♂
Heliodiaptomus viduus : 5 ♀♀, 15 ♂♂
Allodiaptomus intermedius : 14 ♀♀, 8 ♂♂
18. Yekshettihalli, a hamlet near Belur, Karnataka. Rain-fed, temporary tank;
floating filamentous algae abundant; area 6 ha; maximum depth 0.6 m; air
temperature 27ºC; water temperature 25ºC; Secchi transparency 29 cm; pH
7.5; October 16, 1988.
Neodiaptomus lindbergi : 9 ♀♀, 4♂♂
Heliodiaptomus viduus : 6 ♀♀, 4 ♂♂
Allodiaptomus intermedius : 7 ♀♀, 2 ♂♂
Sinodiaptomus (Rhinediaptomus) indicus :1 ♀♀, 2 ♂♂
19. Shettigere, a hamlet near Belur, Karnataka. Open well in the ricefield near
Belur on the rightside of Chickmagalur-Belur road. Depth 7.2 m; diameter 8.4
m; air temperature 29ºC; water temperature 26ºC; Secchi transparency 1.93
m; pH 7.5; October 16, 1988.
Neodiaptomus lindbergi : 3 ♀♀, 1 ♂♂
20. Devarajpura, a hamlet near Belur, Karnataka. Rocky pool. Water light green,
no vegetation, air temperature 32º C; Secchi transparency 22 cm; pH 7.5;
October 16, 1988.
Neodiaptomus lindbergi : 20 ♀♀, 3 ♂♂
21. Devarajpura, a hamlet near Belur, Karnataka. A small pond in the low-lying
paddy fields; water pale green, heavily infested with vegetation; area 1 ha;
8
depth 0.9 m; air temperature 30º C; water temperature 29ºC; Secchi
transparency 35.5 cm; pH 7.0; October16, 1988.
Neodiaptomus lindbergi: 5 ♀ only
Heliodiaptomus viduus : 3 ♀♀,1 ♂♂
Allodiaptomus intermedius : 8 ♀ only
22. Unsakera, hamlet between Belur and Halabeed, Karnataka. Temporary pond,
water reddish brown; vegetation decomposing; area 4 ha; maximum depth 1.2
m; air temperature 30º C; water temperature 30º C; Secchi transparency 38
cm; pH 7.0; October 16, 1988.
Neodiaptomus lindbergi : 12 ♀♀, 13 ♂♂
23. Lingadahalli, a hamlet, 40 km from Chickmagalur, Karnataka. Open well, fed
from subterranean water; water very clear, vegetation composed chiefly of
floating filamentous algae; submerged vegetation dominated by Chara; air
temperature 30ºC; water temperature 27ºC; pH 8.0; October 17, 1988.
Neodiaptomus lindbergi : 11 ♀♀, 9 ♂♂
Heliodiaptomus viduus : 6 ♀ only
24. Mallanahalli, a hamlet, 16 km from Chickmagalur, Karnataka. Open irrigation
well in rice field, depth 9 m; air temperature 30ºC; water temperature 27º C;
pH 8.0; October 17, 1988.
Neodiaptomus lindbergi : 14 ♀♀, 14 ♂♂
Heliodiaptomus pulcher : 1 ♂ only
9
25. Mukthahalli, a hamlet near Chickamagalur, Karnataka. Small rain-fed pond;
water light brown; rooted vegetation dense; air temperature 27ºC; water
temperature 29ºC; Secchi transparency 29.5 cm; pH 7.5; October 17, 1988.
Neodiaptomus lindbergi : 10 ♀♀, 7♂♂
Heliodiaptomus viduus : 3 ♀♀, 4 ♂♂
Allodiaptomus intermedius : 10 ♀♀, 8 ♂♂
26. Rear water of T.B. Reservoir area at Kasanakadi, Karnataka. Air temperature
34ºC; water temperature 32ºC; Secchi transparency 15.5 cm; pH 7.5; October
14, 1988.
Allodiaptomus intermedius : 6 ♀♀, 2 ♂♂
Sinodiaptomus indicus : 15 ♀♀, 16 ♂♂
27. A small turbid pool, near Chikkabaganal, Raichur district, Karnataka, October
14, 1988.
Neodiaptomus lindbergi : 6 ♀♀, 2 ♂♂
Tropodiaptomus informis : 10 ♀♀, 15 ♂♂
Sinodiaptomus indicus : 8 ♀♀, 8 ♂♂
28. Lachanakei lift irrigation T.B. Reservoir (rear water), Raichur district,
Karnataka. Air temperature 32ºC; water temperature 29ºC; Secchi
transparency 2.7 m; pH 7.5; October 14, 1988.
Heliodiaptomus cinctus : 17 ♀♀, 23 ♂♂
Allodiaptomus intermedius : 1 ♀♀, 1 ♂♂
Tropodiaptomus informis : 1♂ only
Sinodiaptomus (Rhinediaptomus) indicus : 1 ♀♀, 1 ♂♂
10
29. Kunikeri tank, near T.B. Project, Raichur district, Karnataka. air temperature
29ºC; water temperature 26ºC; pH 7.5; October 14, 1988.
Heliodiaptomus viduus : 5 ♀ only
Phyllodiaptomus blanci : 10 ♀♀, 10 ♂♂
30. Ginigera tank near T.B. Project, Raichur district, Karnataka. Highly turbid,
reddish brown, rain-fed tank. October 14, 1988.
Heliodiaptomus viduus : 3 ♀♀, 2 ♂♂
31. Kartikera tank, Chickamagalur - Belur road, right side at 15 km stone, air
temperature 26ºC; water temperature 24ºC; Secchi transparency 5 m; pH 7.0;
October 16, 1988.
Heliodiaptomus viduus : 7 ♀♀, 10 ♂♂
Allodiaptomus intermedius : 4 ♀♀, 6 ♂♂
32. Yekshettyhally. T.B. Project, Karnataka. Air temperature 29ºC; water
temperature 25ºC; Secchi transparency 2.69 m; pH 8.0; October 16, 1988.
Allodiaptomus intermedius : 8 ♀♀, 4 ♂♂
33. Karagetta tank Chickamagalur-Belur road, leftside at 9 km stone, Karnataka,
air temperature 28ºC; water temperature 27ºC; Secchi transparency 59 cm; pH
7.5; area1.5 ha; October 16 1988.
Allodiaptomus intermedius : 15 ♀♀, 10 ♂♂
34. Dummi (kera) tank, Chickmagalur-Belur road, leftside 8 km, near Karagatta,
Karnataka. Air temperature 28ºC; water temperature 27ºC; Secchi
transparency 58 cm; pH 7.5; area 5 acres; October 16, 1988.
11
Allodiaptomus intermedius : 10 ♀♀, 7 ♂♂
35. Neerlakatti pond, roadside pond, Belur road, leftside at 4 km stone.
Karnataka; October 16, 1988.
Allodiaptomus intermedius : 20 ♀♀, 14 ♂♂
36. Halabeed tank, Karnataka. Submerged vegetation, decomposing Chara and
Hydrilla, rain-fed pond. Area 9.5 ha acres Air temperature 33ºC; water
temperature 30ºC; Secchi transparency 63 cm; pH 8.0; colour of the water
bluishgreen, October 16, 1988.
Tropodiaptomus informis : 10 ♀♀, 15 ♂♂
37. Chikkorankatta (small pond), on the way road to Halebeed near Unsakera
village, Karnataka. Area 20 acres Air temperature 25ºC; water temperature
26ºC; Secchi transparency 9.5 cm; pH 6.0;maximum depth about 1.5 m,
October 16, 1988.
Heliodiaptomus viduus : 4 ♀♀, 4 ♂♂
Allodiaptomus intermedius : 8 ♀♀, 10 ♂♂
Sinodiaptomus indicus : 6 ♀♀, 2 ♂♂
38. Nallapadu quarries located at Nallapadu-Turakapalem road, opposite
Government Polytechnic College road. Nallapadu, near Guntur, Andhra
Pradesh.
12
a) “Megadiaptomus Pond” water straw-coloured, no macrovegation
June 29, 2003
July 25, 2003
October 4, 2003
Paradiaptomus greeni : 15♀♀, 14♂♂Heliodiaptomus viduus : 4♀♀, 2♂♂
Sinodiaptomus indicus : 1♀♀,
1♂♂
Paradiaptomus greeni : 30♀♀,19♂♂
Sinodiaptomus indicus : 1♀♀, 1♂♂
Paradiaptomus greeni :18♀♀, 12♂♂ Heliodiaptomus viduus : 5♀♀, 5♂♂
Sinodiaptomus indicus : 3♀♀,
3♂♂
b) Temporary pond Maselia vegetation. Depth 40 cm, water straw-coloured
June 29, 2003 Air temp 26.5ºC Water temp 27.5ºC July 25, 2003 October 4, 2003
Paradiaptomus greeni : 9♀♀,
16♂♂
Paradiaptomus greeni : 12♀♀,12♂♂ Heliodiaptomus
viduus : 4♀♀, 3♂♂
Paradiaptomus greeni : 6♀♀, 4♂♂ Heliodiaptomus viduus : 3♀♀, 3♂♂
13
c) Roadside trench pond water straw-coloured; no vegetation, air temp. 26.5º C, water temp 27.5ºC
June 29, 2003 Air temp 26 . 5ºC Water temp 27. 5ºC
July 25, 2003
October 4, 2003
Paradiaptomus greeni : 8♀♀, 6♂♂ Heliodiaptomus viduus : 3♀♀, 3♂♂ Sinodiaptomus indicus : 2♂ only
Paradiaptomus greeni : 8♀♀,12♂♂ Heliodiaptomus
viduus : 2♀♀, 2♂♂
Sinodiaptomus indicus : 1♂ only
Phyllodiaptomus blanci : 1♂ only
Paradiaptomus greeni : 3♀♀,5♂♂ Heliodiaptomus viduus
: 1♂ only
Sinodiaptomus indicus : 2♀♀,1♂♂
Phyllodiaptomus blanci : 1♀♀,1♂♂
39. Samples from Pedakakani pond on NH5 near Guntur town.
a) Shore zone
August 7 2003 November 11 2003 January 11 2004
Heliodiaptomus viduus : 5♀♀, 7♂♂
Heliodiaptomus viduus : 10♀♀, 8♂♂
Heliodiaptomus viduus : 8♀♀, 8♂♂
14
b) From near rocky outcrop
August 7 2003 November 11 2003 January 11 2004
Heliodiaptomus viduus : 15♀♀, 12♂♂
Heliodiaptomus viduus : 58♀♀, 20♂♂
Phyllodiaptomus blanci : 48♀♀, 20♂♂
40. Samples from Kaja Village near Acrharya Nagarjuna University,
Guntur, Andhra Pradesh.
November 16, 2003
Heliodiaptomus viduus : 10♀♀, 5♂♂
November 16, 2003
Heliodiaptomus viduus : 10♀♀, 6♂♂
Heliodiaptomus contortus : 22♀♀, 10♂♂
41. Sample from Vejendla quarries, Vejendla near Guntur, Andhra
Pradesh.
42.
Vejendla quary
near railway track
November 11,
2003
January 2,
2004
Heliodiaptom viduus : 3♀♀, 4♂♂
Neodiaptomus schmackeri : 16♀♀, 15♂♂ Phyllodiaptomus blanci : 2♀♀, 1♂♂ Megadiaptomus psuedohebes : 8♀♀, 3♂♂
Heliodiaptom viduus : 3♀♀, 3♂♂ Neodiaptomus schmackeri : 18♀♀, 14♂♂ Phyllodiaptomus blanci : 3♀♀, 1♂♂
Megadiaptomuspsuedohebes : 98♀♀, 43♂♂
15
42. Uppalapadu Pedda pond I, near Guntur. Air temperature 37.5ºc, turbid water,
area 2 ha, depth 150 cm. November 16, 2003.
Allodiaptomus raoi : 10 ♀♀, 8 ♂♂
43. Pedda pond II Uppalapadu near Guntur, Andhra Pradesh. water turbid,pond
infested with macrovegetation. November 16, 2003.
Allodiaptomus raoi : 9 ♀♀, 12 ♂♂
44. Chinna pond, Uppalapadu near Guntur, Andhra Pradesh. Water turbid, pond
infested with vegetation. November 16, 2003.
Heliodiaptomus viduus : 8 ♀♀, 6 ♂♂
Allodiaptomus raoi :15 ♀♀, 9 ♂♂
45. Pedda pond II. Narakodoor near Guntur, Andhra Pradesh. Air temperature
28.5ºc. water temperature 27.5ºC; depth 150 cm, water turbid. November 23,
2003.
Heliodiaptomus viduus : 25 ♀♀, 16 ♂♂
46. Fishpond. Jagarlamoodi village near Guntur, Andhra Pradesh. Air temperature
29.5ºc. water temperature29.5ºc. Water straw-coloured along the margins;
depth about 1.5 m, water turbid. November 23, 2003.
Heliodiaptomus viduus : 2 ♀♀, 2 ♂♂
Heliodiaptomus cinctus : 1 ♂ only
16
Neodiaptomus schmackeri : 3 ♀ only
47. Roadside trench, Vejendla village near Guntur, Andhra Pradesh. Air
temperature 31ºc. water temperature28.5ºc. Water straw-coloured; coconut
trees all around: depth about 1.5 m; water turbid. November 11, 2003.
Heliodiaptomus viduus : 6 ♀♀, 4 ♂♂
Neodiaptomus schmackeri : 10 ♀♀, 10 ♂♂
48. Reservoir on the Acharya Nagarjuna University campus, Nagarjuna nagar
near Guntur, Andhra Pradesh. Turbid water, bottom with clay and stones.
November 9, 2003.
Heliodiaptomus viduus : 2 ♀♀, 3 ♂♂
49. Fishfarm, Aquaculture Department. Acharya Nagarjuna University campus,
near Guntur, Andhra Pradesh. November 9, 2003.
Heliodiaptomus viduus : 20 ♀♀, 15 ♂♂
50. Samples from lift irrigation, Mattigunta village, 30 km from Ongole, Prakasam
district, Andhra Pradesh.
Heliodiaptomus viduus : 3 ♀♀, 2 ♂♂
Sinodiaptomus indicus : 1 ♀♀, 1 ♂♂
51. Reddypalem pond at Reddy palem, near Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, January 16,
2003.
Heliodiaptomus viduus : 5 ♀♀, 13 ♂♂
Sinodiaptomus indicus : 4 ♀♀, 6 ♂♂
17
An ordinary hand-towed plankton net with a diameter of 25 cm, and a mesh
size of 70 µm was used for collecting samples from the surface and subsurface waters.
After sufficient quantity of plankton was collected in the net, the plankton concentrate
was transferred into specimen tubes and preserved in 10% formalin.
Specimens were dissected with fine needles under stereozoom trinocular
microscope (Genter) in the medium of lactophenol, using blue-ink as stain. For all
appendages, a single specimen was used. However, if any dissected appendage or body
part got damaged while dissecting or mounting, two or three specimens were used to
study them in detail. All body measurements are given in mm. The diagrams of habitus
and various appendages were drawn with the aid of camera lucida. Total length refers
to the body length of individuals, excluding caudal setae.
18
SYSTEMATIC LIST OF COPEPODA RECORDED FROM
KARNATAKA AND ANDHRA PRADESH STATES
Phylum : Arthropoda
Class : Crustacea
Subclass : Copepoda Milne Edwards, 1840
Order : Calanoida Sars, 1903
Family : Diaptomidae Sars, 1892
Subfamily : Paradiaptominae Kiefer, 1932
I Genus : Paradiaptomus Sars, 1895
1. Paradiaptomus greeni (Gurney, 1906)
Subfamily : Diaptominae Kiefer, 1932
II Genus : Heliodiaptomus Kiefer, 1932
2. Heliodiaptomus viduus (Gurney, 1916)
3. Heliodiaptomus contortus (Gurney, 1907)
4. Heliodiaptomus cinctus (Gurney, 1907)
III Genus: Allodiaptomus Kiefer, 1936
5. Allodiaptomus (Allodiaptomus) intermedius Reddy, 1987
6. Allodiaptomus (Reductodiatpomus) raoi Kiefer, 1936
IV Genus: Neodiaptomus Kiefer, 1932
7. Neodiaptomus schmackeri (Poppe & Richard, 1892)
8. Neodiaptomus lindbergi Brehm, 1951
V Genus: Tropodiaptomus Kiefer, 1932
9. Tropodiaptomus informis Kiefer, 1936
VI Genus: Phyllodiaptomus Kiefer, 1936
10. Phyllodiaptomus blanci (Guerne & Richard, 1896)
19
VII Genus: Sinodiaptomus Kiefer, 1936
11. Sinodiaptomus (Rhinediaptomus) indicus Kiefer, 1936
VIII Genus: Megadiaptomus Kiefer, 1936
12. Megadiaptomus pseudohebes Reddy, 1987
20
Subfamily Paradiaptominae Kiefer, 1932
Genus Paradiaptomus Sars, 1895
Generic diagnosis
Fourth and fifth pedigers fused. Fifth pediger with two strong lateral wings and
posteriorly directed in females. Urosome of female with two somites (rarely three).
Female P5 with endopodite 1-segmented ending with two setae. Male left P5 with
endopodite 1-segmented, more or less rounded at its end, exopodite massive, without
segmentation and with two strong spines.
Paradiaptomus greeni is the sole species known under this genus in India. It was
represented in moderate numbers in the present collections.
Paradiaptomus greeni (Gurney, 1906) (Plate I. Figs 1-8)
Diaptomus greeni Gurney, 1906. 129 -132, P1. 2 Figs 1-9.
Paradiaptomus similis van Douwe, 1912: 21-32, P1. IV, Figs 13,14.
Paradiaptomu greeni Gurney, 1931: 301-303, Figs 1-5; Kiefer, 1934:12, Figs 33-35;
Kiefer, 1939: 92-95, Figs1a-i; Brehm, 1950:15; Brehm, 1953: 298-302, Figs 60-64;
Rajendran, 1973:120-121, Figs 6 a-i.
Gurney’s (1906) original description of this species is brief but accurate. Kiefer
(1939) gave a fairly detailed account of this species. Given below are the diagnostic
features of this species, with particular emphasis on the local variations in the present
specimens.
Body size. Female 2.03-2.62 mm; male 1.86-2.13 mm.
Female
Fourth and fifth pedigers fused together, the fusion being indicated by an
indentation on either side. Fifth pedigerous segment drawn out on either side into a
very large “wing”, left “wing” larger than the right one. (Fig.1).
21
Urosome 3-segmented, sometimes the septum between second and third
segments not clearly visible; genital segment bears on the left side a digitiform process
tipped with a spine, and on the right a large bilobed process, the proximal lobe bears an
apical hyaline spine (Fig.1). Caudal rami slightly asymmetrical, right ramus being
relatively narrower than the left; inner margins furnished with hairs, caudal setae
normal.
All cephalic appendages except antennules are typical of diaptomids. Hence
they are not described here.
Swimming legs 1-4 biramous, with 2-segmented basipodite (protopodite) and
3-segmented exopodite; endopodite 2-segmented in leg 1 and 3-segmented in legs 2-4.
All the swimming legs are similar in both sexes.
Leg1 (Fig. 6) is different from the succeding three pairs in having 2 spines on
third exopodite segment.
Leg 5 (Fig. 3). End claw (exopodite 2) moderately strong and blunt, carrying along
the internal margin a row of variable of minute denticles. Exopodite 3 small and
with two unequal spines, outer one being relatively longer and stronger than inner
one. Endopodite 1-segemented, somewhat shorter than exopodite1, and bearing at
the apex two unequal spines and a short spinule. The inner margin of endopodite
carrying two sensory bristles.
Male
Body more slender than that of female. Metasomal wings less prominent,
asymmetrical, left wing being smaller than right one (Fig. 4).
Caudal rami asymmetrical. The inner margins of the rami are hairy. All caudal
setae of the left ramus as well as four inner setae of the right ramus normal, but the
external seta of the right ramus is modified.
22
Antennule
Left antennule as in female, right antennule modified and geniculate, the joint
occurs between segments 18 and 19; segments 13-17 much swollen; 10,11 and 13 with
a spine each; the spine on the 10th segment is shortest, terminal segment forms with a
hook-like projection, (Fig.7), sometimes with a straight spine apically (Kiefer, 1939:
95, Fig. 19).
Leg 5
The structure of leg 5 closely agrees with earlier descriptions, and salient
features are pointed out here.
Right leg 5 (Fig. 8)
Exopodite 1 bears at its distal external angle a dome-shaped blunt spine, the
shape of which is slightly variable. Exopodite 2 is very strong, distal part narrower
than the proximal, length 1.8 times the width. The lateral spine arises from the
posterior external corner of exopodite 2 and is serrated; in the 2-segmented
endopodite, the distal segment, in all the specimens of Nallapadu, is bent outwards at
right angles to the proximal segment, while it is straight in the specimens of other
localities (Vejendla). Left leg as in the Fig. 8.
Colour
The caudal setae as well as the terminal segments of antennule are brightly
pink coloured in both sexes.
Distribution: This species occurs in turbid, temporary water bodies such as seasonal
ponds and pools.
23
24
Previous records
This species has a wide range of distribution, having been reported from Sri
Lanka (Ceylon), India and South Africa. In India it has been collected
From Madurai, Nellore, Gooty, Guntakal, Dharamavaram, Nambur, Phandharpour,
Soharva, and Ootacamund.
Present records: Nallapadu, Vejendla quarries,
Ecology
P. greeni is a common species in temporary, turbid water pools. It often co-
occurs with H. viduus, P. blanci and S. indicus
Conservation status: Lower Risk (LR); Least Concern (lc).
25
Subfamily Diaptominae Kiefer, 1932
Genus Heliodiaptomus Kiefer, 1932
Heliodiaptomus: Kiefer, 1932a: 473; Shen & Song, 1979: 113; Lai & Fernando,
1981:168; Reddy & Radhakrishna, 1981: 171; Dussart & Defaye, 1983: 96.
Generic diagnosis
Kiefer’s (1932) original definition of the genus Heliodiaptomus has been
revised by Reddy (1994) as follows: Animals moderate to somewhat large in size
(females 1.0-2.0 mm and males 0.7-1.8 mm long). Female: Lateral wings of fifth
pediger generally moderately developed; urosome with 3 sometimes; antennules
extending slightly beyond, or sometimes only to the base of, caudal setae; on leg 5,
endopodite without apical setae and end claw with hairy or spinulose margins, and
only exceptionally with denticulate margins. Male: Right caudal ramus without
chitinous tooth on ventral side; on right leg 5, endopodite generally cylindrical but
variable in size; coxa with or without lobe at distal inner corner; basis with 1 or 2 small
hyaline lobes on inner margin; lateral spine of second exopodite-segment of the same
leg usually proximal, sometimes even articulated to its posterior face; on left leg 5,
second exopodite-segment with a short or, occasionally, elongate, digitiform process
and a well-developed seta apically. The valid species in the genus Heliodiaptomus are
as follows:
Heliodiaptomus viduus (Gurney, 1916)
Heliodiaptomus contortus (Gurney, 1907)
Heliodiaptomus cinctus (Gurney, 1907)
Heliodiaptomus pulcher (Gurney, 1907)
Heliodiaptomus kolleruensis Reddy & Radhakrishna, 1981
Heliodiaptomus elegans Kiefer, 1935
26
Heliodiaptomus nipponicus (Kokubo, 1914)
Heliodiaptomus kikuchii Kiefer, 1932
Heliodiaptomus falxus Shen & Tai, 1964
Heliodiaptomus kieferi Brehm & Chappuis, 1935
Heliodiaptomus serratus Shen & Tai, 1962
Heliodiaptomus lamellatus Sung, Shen, Sung, Li & Chen, 1975
In the present study, I came across the following Species:
Heliodiaptomus viduus (Gurney, 1916)
Heliodiaptomus contortus (Gurney, 1907)
Heliodiaptomus cinctus (Gurney, 1907)
Key to the females of Heliodiaptomus spp.
1. End claw of leg 5 with denticulate margins ………………. H.viduus
End claw of leg 5 with hairy or spinulose margins……………..2
2. Genital somite longer than next two urosomites combined; in left P5, coxal
spine moderate in size …………………………… H. cinctus
Genital somite much shorter than next two urosomites combined: in left P5
coxal spine very large …………………………… H. contortus
Key to males of Heliodiaptomus spp.
1. Genital spine as long as next urosomites; lateral spine on second exopodite-
segment at right P5 long; terminal process of left leg 5 large, pincers-
like…………………………………… H.contortus
Genital spine shorter than next urosomites; lateral spine on second
exopodite- segment of right leg 5 short; terminal process of left leg 5 and
not pincers-like…………………………………2
27
2. On right leg 5, exopodite 1 with trapezoidal or triangular process at mid-
posterior margin; Endopodite long and cylindrical; lateral spine on second
exopodite segment arising from lateral posterior surface
……………………………………………………….. H. viduus
On right leg 5, exopodite 1 without such process: Endopodite short and
flask-shaped; lateral spine on second exopodite segment arising from
marginal in position…………………….… H. cinctus
28
Heliodiaptomus viduus (Gurney, 1916) (Plate II. Figs 1-13)
Diaptomus viduus: Gurney, 1916: 338-339, P1.2, Figs 11-14 (♂); Sewell, 1934: 75-78,
Figs 3a-d (♀).
Heliodiaptomus viduus: Kiefer, 1932a: 507, Fig. 82; Brehm, 1953: 242-244, Figs 1-2;
Brehm, 1963: 159-163, Figs 1-10; Sehgal, 1967: 66-68, Figs 23-26; Rajendran, 1973:
116-117, Figs 3a-n; Fernando, 1974: 60-61, Figs 238, 249-253; Radhakrishna &
Reddy, 1977a: 98-99; Lai & Fernando, 1981: 168, Figs 45-57; Reddy & Radhakrishna,
1981: 162-163, PI.1, Figs 1-4; Reddy & Radhakrishna, 1984: 28; Dussart & Fernando,
1985: 237-238, Figs 33-38; Hossain, 1985: 95-97.
Neodiaptomus kamakhiae: Reddaiah, 1964:161-166, Figs 1a-h.
Helidiaptomus latifi: Das, 1974: 47-51, Figs 1-6.
Since a detailed description of the species is already available in the literature, I
deal here only with the variability of certain characters, based on the examination of
the members of this species from different localities in Karnataka State. Brehm
(1953,1963) already pointed out a few variations in the colonies of this species,
obtained from Mysore, Madras and Delhi.
Body size. Female 1.57-1.96 mm; male 1.13-1.15 mm.
Female
Rostrum with two strongly developed spines (Fig. 2). The posterior border of
third pedigerous segment bears a transverse row of minute spinules on the dorsal side,
in addition to the relatively larger spinules usually present on the fourth pedigerous
segment (Fig. 1).
All the cephalic appendages as well, as natatory legs are typical of the
subfamily Diaptominae and do not possess the structural details of generic or specific
importance.
29
Leg 5 (Fig. 3) asymmetrical; the asymmetry is seen not only in size of
segments but in the armature as well. Right exopodite 1 and endclaw (exopodite 2) are
relatively stouter than their counterparts in left leg. The number and arrangement of
denticles along the margins of endclaws are highly variable. Endopodite more than
half as long as first exopodite-segment.
Male
Rostral spines as in female but slender (Fig. 5). The posterior border of third
pedigerous segment bears a transverse row of minute spinules on the dorsal side in
addition to the relatively larger spinules usual present on the 4th pedigerous segment.
Caudal rami 1.4 times as long long as wide and with hirsute inner margins. Right
antennule with spines on each of segments 8 and 10-16 (Fig. 6); spinous process on
antepenultimate segment straight, slightly exceeding half the length of penultimate
segment and fringed with narrow hyaline membrane along outer margin (Figs 7-9),
right antennule displays no remarkable differences from the earlier descriptions.
Leg 5
One of the chief distinguishing features of this species is the presence, on the
posterior face of exopodite 1 of right leg 5, of a chitinous process, which is trapezium-
shaped (Fig. 12). The distal external angle of exopodite1 of same leg is drawn out in to
a spinous process, which is generally short and pointed. Second exopodite-segment
elongately ovate; lateral spine inserted proximally over posterior surface. End claw
somewhat dilated at base with generally angular outer margin. Endopodite cylindrical
and extending beyond origin of lateral spine. Left leg 5: Basis with two small hyaline
lobes. Endopodite about as long as its counterpart on right leg.
30
31
Morphological remarks
A persual of the literature particularly Brehm’s (1953,1963) reports, reveals the
fact that local variations are quite common in this species. The denticles on the end
claws of female fifth legs are variable in number. In the present specimens, inner
margin of end claw of female right leg 5 has 10 denticles, outer margin with 11
denticles. The spinous processs at distal outer corner of first exopodite segment on
male right leg 5 varies in shape from short, blunt to long, pointed. The proximal part of
end claw in the above leg is sometimes narrow with smoothly curved outer margin
(Fig. 13) or rarely, produced in to a rounded prominence (Fig.10). The presence of
spinules between 3 & 4th pedigers have not been so far reported by any worker.
Distribution
India, Sri Lanka, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Myanmar, and Thailand. While the
species is not common in its type locality, i.e., Sri Lanka (see Gurney, 1916; Fernando,
1974, 1980), it is the most common diaptomid in South India, and its abundance,
according to Hossain (1985), diminishes gradually towards the North. It was not
recorded by Kiefer (1939) in his scientific report on the Yale North India Expedition.
According to Das (1974) and Hossain (1985), it is the most abundant calanoid in
Bangladesh. It is so far reported from Salt Lakes, Calcutta; Indian Museum Tank,
Calcutta; Kudra tank, Mirzapur; Portblair; P.W.D.tank, Ghorwal; Bankipur; Cuttack,
Portblaiir, Mysore, Madras, Delhi, and several places from Orissa: Athmilike,
Balasore, Berhampore, Chandwar, Whenkanal, Jenapore, Jaipore, Linghpur,
Narsinghapur, Puri and Sambalpur. Visakhapatnam, Anakapalli, Guntur, Kondaveedu,
Guntakal, Gooty, Dharmavaram, Tirupathi hills, Warangal.
32
Present records
Acharya Nagarjuna University Campus, Nallapadu, Narakodur, Vejendla,
Sangamjagarlamudi, Pedakakani, Kaja, Reddy palem, Uppalapadu, and different
localities in Karnataka state.
Ecology
H. viduus is commonly found in seasonal ponds and pools, and fishponds of
plains. The waters are turbid to moderately transparent with circumneutral pH, and
temperature generally above 18°C. Its occurrence in large permanent bodies such as
lakes in sporadic. H. viduus co-occurs with P. blanci, N. schmackeri, M. pseudohebes,
H. contortous, P. greeni.
Conservation Status: Lower Risk (LR); Least Concern (lc).
33
Heliodiaptomus contortus (Gurney, 1907) (Plate III. Figs 1-8)
Diaptomus contortus: Gurney, 1907: 28, Figs 9-10; Sewell, 1924: 788, P1. 45, Fig.5.
Heliodiaptomus contortus: Kiefer, 1932a: 507, Figs 84-86; Brehm, 1950: 11-13, Figs
1a-d; Brehm, 1953: 247-252, Figs 5-11; Brehm, 1963: 162-163; Reddy &
Radhakrishna, 1981: 163-165, P1.2, Figs 1-10; Reddy & Radhakrishna, 1984: 28;
Reddy & Devi, 1989: 129-130, Figs 41, 42, 50, 51, 62, 65.
Body size. Female 0.85-1.12 mm; male 0.8-1.0 mm.
Female
Fourth and fifth pedigers demarcated by uninterrupted transverse row of
spinules on dorsum. Lateral wings of fifth pediger small, rounded, asymmetrical and
armed with 2 unequal spines each; right wing with small rounded prominence, clearly
visible in lateral view, whereas left wing larger than right wing. Genital somite
relatively short and asymmetrical, sub- proximal region being distinctly produced on
right side; left genital spine (Fig. 2) larger than, and somewhat anterior in position to,
right spine.
Leg 5 (Fig. 4): Left coxal spine distinctly larger than right coxal spine, second
exopodite-segment with large, tooth-like lateral spine near the base. Third exopodite
segment vestigial, being represented by a minute tubercle, bearing 2 unequal setae,
longer seta with slightly swollen base. Endopodite as long as first exopodite segment,
apex pointed.
Male
Posterolateral border of fourth pediger armed with only a few spinules arranged
in a row. Genital spine extending slightly beyond succeeding segment. Caudal rami
asymmetrical, the left caudal ramus slightly wider than the right one, with hairless
lateral and inner margins.
34
The details of right antennule agree with earlier descriptions. Right leg 5: Basis
with very large hyaline lobe on distal inner margin. Second segment characterstic in
shape; lateral spine about as long as the segment. End claw very strong; basal region
dilated and generally twisted. Endopodite uniformly narrow, slightly bent halfway and
much longer than first exopodite-segment, apex rounded. Left leg 5: Basis without
hyaline lobe, second exopodite-segment with well-developed pincers-like terminal
processes. Endopodite much shorter than its counter part on right leg.
35
36
Morphological remarks
The nature of lateral wings in female, the lateral spine of second exopodite-
segment agree with earlier reports and the endopodite of male right leg 5 and the
arrangement of spinules between fourth and fifth pedigers are somewhat variable.
Distribution
All the present distributional records of H.contortus point to its being endemic
to India. Though not common, it appears to be widely distributed in India.
It has so far been reported from Vengalayapalem pond near Guntur and lake
Kolleru at Kolletikota in Krishna district.
Recently I have found this species only in Kaja village pond near Acharya
Nagarjuna University campus.
Ecology
It occurs in clear or turbid waters in a wide variety of habitats such as rice
fields: its occurrence in seasonal rain pools is unlikely. It was found in a turbid pond
(Secchi traparency ca. 4 cm) on the Nagarjuna University campus from January–
March 1984, when temperature ranged from 24˚c to 30˚c and pH from 7.0-8.9 (Reddy,
1994). In his study on estuarine copepods of India, Pillai (1971) considered it
mixohaline (salinity 0.5-30‰). According to Sewell (1934), this species, though
usually found in freshwater, would appear to be somewhat more adaptable to brackish
water than Phyllodiaptomus blanci and Heliodiaptomus cinctus. In my studies
Heliodiaptomus contortus was found to co-occur with H. viduus.
Conservation Status: Vulnerable (VU)
37
Heliodiaptomus cinctus (Gurney, 1907) (Plate IV. Figs 1-9)
Diaptomus cinctus: Gurney, 1907: 29, Figs 11-12; Sewell, 1924: 788, P1. 45, Fig. 4
Heliodiaptomus cinctus: Kiefer, 1932a: 508; Brehm 1953: 244-247, Figs 3-4; Sehgal,
1967: 57-61, Figs 4-9; Abraham, 1972: 250-252, Figs 1-7, 11-17, 22-23; Reddy &
RadhaKrishna, 1981: 165-166, P1. 3, Figs 1-5; Reddy & RadhaKrishna, 1984: 28;
Reddy & Devi, 1990: 62, Figs 41, 42, 65, 68.
Heliodiaptomus rangunensis: Kiefer, 1932b: 269-270, Figs 6-10.
Allodiaptomus cinctus: Kiefer, 1936c: 323-325, Figs11-15; Dussart & Defaye, 1983:
99; Dussart & Fernando, 1985; 236-237, Figs 28-32.
Allodiaptomus mirabilipes: Kiefer, 1936a: 139-140, Figs 7-8 (♀).
Allodiaptomus raoi: Rajendran, 1973: 126, Figs 7 a-j.
Arctodiaptomus shillongensis: Reddiah, 1965: 25, Figs 1 a-i.
Arctodiaptomus kieferi: Reddiah, 1965: 28, Figs 2a-i.
Eudiaptomus cinctus: Fernando, 1974: 60, Figs 224-247; Fernando, 1980: 99.
Allodiaptomus tiruttanii: Rajendran, 1979: 5-8, Figs 1a-i.
Body size. Female 0.77-1.18 mm; male 0.7-1.09 mm.
Female
Rostral spines large, fourth and fifth pedigers demarcated by an uninterrupted
transverse row of spinules (nearly about 45-50), extending dorsolaterally. Lateral
wings of fifth pediger small, rounded and asymmetrical; left wing somewhat larger
than right wing and constricted at base; spines of left wing larger than those of right
wing. Genital somite slightly dilated proximally, about as long as following somites
and caudal rami combined, asymmetrical, right side with laterally directed slednder
spine and left side with chitinous projection, carrying thick, posteriorly directed spine.
Caudal rami with hairy outer and inner margins.
38
Leg 5 (Fig.3)
Coxal spines are unequal in size. Left coxal spine is somewhat larger than
right coxal spine. Lateral spine of second exopodite- segment tooth-like. Third
exopodite-segment absent, its place being occupied a by a spine or seta.
Male
Rostral spines slender. Dorsal row of spinules between fourth and fifth
pedigers. (nearly 83-85). Genital spine small. Second and third urosomites with
ventral hairs (Fig. 5) . Left caudal ramus somewhat more slender than right ramus and
twice as long as wide. Right antennule (Fig. 7) with spine on each of segments 8 and 9
–16; spinous process on antepenultimate (Fig. 8) segment nearly straight, tip generally
hooked.
Right leg 5 (Fig. 9)
Coxa produced into large, bifid lobe at distal inner corner. Basis with roughly
crescentic hyaline lobe at midlength of inner margin. Second exopodite-segment with
1 proximal lateral, about half as long as the segment. Endopodite small flask-shaped
and longer than first exopodite-segment. Left leg 5: Basis with 1 narrow hyaline
lamella at the middle of inner margin. Endopodite unsegmented.
39
40
Morphological remarks
The morphology of Heliodiaptomus cinctus perfectly agrees with earlier
reports, except for the spinules present in the females between fourth and fifth
pedigers, the shape of distal outer spine on first exopodite-segment of male right leg 5
as well as the shape of end claw of right leg 5.
Distribution
Previous records
Confined to India, Sri Lanka and Burma. In India, It is reported from: Calcutta,
Chilka lake, Chakradharpur, Calicut, Tellicherry, Cochin Backwaters Lake kolleru;
Yard pond, Guntur; and Rangaswami gundem, Akaveedu; a pond at Secunderabad
(Reddy, 1977), It is fairly widely distributed in India except in the subtropical Kashmir
region.
Present records
Reddy (1994) noticed this species at Perintelmanna and Angadippuram
(Kerala State), Tiruvegadam near Madurai (Tamilnadu), Tungabhadra reservoir and a
host of other places in Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh in India. I have recently noticed
only one male specimen (November 23, 2003) at fishpond in Sangam jagarlamoodi
village, in Guntur district, Andhra Pradesh
Ecology
H. cinctus is eurytopic species occurring in such diverse habitats as lakes
(Sewell, 1924, 1934; Reddy & RadhaKrishna, 1981), rivers (Ray et al. 1966), rice
fields (Reddy & Devi, 1990), crystal clear river pools, irrigation canals, fishponds and
slightly elevated, permanent hill ponds (Reddy, 1977). Pillai (1971) recorded it in
Cochin Backwaters when salinity was 6.5‰. According to Sewell (1934): “H.cinctus
appears to be a true fresh-water inhabitant and has but little power of adaptation to
41
brackish water habitat”. H. cinctus co-occurs with H.viduus, N. lindbergi and A.
intermedius.
Conservation Status: Vulnerable (VU)
42
Genus Allodiaptomus Kiefer, 1936
Allodiaptomus: Kiefer, 1936a: 142; Shen & Song, 1979: 153; Dussart & Defaye, 1983:
98; Reddy, 1987: 132.
Generic diagnosis
Reddy (1987) revised the original definition of the genus Allodiaptomus as
follows: Animals slender and of moderate size, fourth pediger with or without dorsal
row of spinules along posterior boarder. Female urosome of 3 somites. Antennules
generally long, extending beyond caudal setae. On male right leg 5, coxa produced in
to lobe-like structure at distal inner corner; basis with elongate hyaline membrane on
inner margin; second exopodite segment with at least 2 outer lateral spines, a large
proximal and a small distal, but devoid of median lateral spine. Left leg 5 in male with
finger- or thumb-shaped process and with inner seta apically.
Reddy (1987) also divided the genus Allodiaptomus in to two subgenera and
defined them as follows:
1. Subgenus Allodiaptomus s. str. Kiefer, 1936
First exopodite-segment of legs 1-4 with outer marginal spine; third endopodite-
segment of legs 2-4 with 2 outer marginal setae (total 7 setae). Proximal lateral spine
of second exopodite-segment of male right leg 5 articulated to the margin.
Valid species in the genus Allodiaptomus:
Allodiaptomus (Allodiaptomus) mirabilipes Kiefer, 1936
Allodiaptomus (Allodiaptomus) intermedius Reddy, 1987
Allodiaptomus (Allodiaptomus) satanas (Brehm, 1952)
Allodiaptomus (Allodiaptomus) gladiolus Shen & Lee, 1963
Allodiaptomus (Allodiaptomus) calcarus Shen & Tai, 1965
Allodiaptomus (Allodiaptomus) pectinidactylus Shen & Tai, 1964
43
In the present study I came across Allodiaptomus (Allodiaptomus) intermedius Reddy,
1987 only.
2. Subgenus Reductodiaptomus Reddy, 1987
First exopodite-segment of legs 1-4 without outer marginal spine; third
endopodite-segment of legs 2-4 with 1 outer marginal seta (total 6 setae). Proximal
lateral spine on second exopodite-segment of male right leg 5 articulated to posterior
face.
Valid species in the subgenus Reductodiaptomus
Allodiaptomus (Reductodiaptomus) raoi Kiefer, 1936
This species has been recorded in this study Allodiaptomus (Reductodiaptomus) raoi
Kiefer, 1936.
Key to the females of Allodiaptomus spp.
1. First exopodite-segment of legs 1-4 with outer marginal spine; third
endopodite-segment of legs 2-4 with 7 setae…………………….subgenus
Allodiaptomus s. str………………………………………………………….2
First exopodite-segment of legs 1-4 without outer marginal spine; third
Endopodite- segment of legs 2-4 with 6 setae……………………………
………………………Subgenus Reductodiaptomus
2. Left genital spine slender and posteriorly directed; second urosomite short; on
fifth legs coxal spines long ………...Allodiaptomus (Allodiaptomus)
intermedius.
Left genital spine antreriorly directed; on fifth legs coxal spines short
…..…………………..Allodiaptomus (Reductodiaptomus) raoi
44
Key to the males of Allodiaptomus spp.
First exopodite–segments of legs 1-4 with outer marginal spine; third endopodite-
segment of legs 2-4 with 7 setae……… …………………
………………………………………..subgenus Allodiaptomus s. str.
First exopoditesegment of leg 1-4 without outer marginal spine ; third
endopodite segment of legs 2-4 with 6 setae……………………subgenus
……………………….Reductodiaptomus
2. On right leg 5, proximal lateral spine on second exopodite- segment articulated
to the margin; endopodite short, with conical shape … ………………………
Allodiaptomus (A) intermedius
On right leg 5, proximal lateral spine on second exopodite- segment articulated
to posterior face; endodpodite cylindrical and extends up to half of the second
exopodite segment……………… Allodiaptomus (R) raoi
45
Allodiaptomus (Allodiaptomus) intermedius Reddy, 1987 (Plate V. Figs 1-9)
Body size. Female 0.64-1.12 mm; male 0.8-0.95 mm.
Female
Rostral spines relatively short and acuminate. Fourth and fifth pedigers
separated by transverse row of spinules on dorsal surface, extending ventrally half way
down lateral part of the body (Fig. 1). Spinules more closely set at sides than in the
middle. Metasomal wings strongly asymmetrical, right wing small, evenly curved with
2 almost similar spines, 1 dorsal and 1 lateral, left wing generally ovate with
attennuated apex, and extending up to base of left genital spine, and posterolaterally
directed, carrying 2 unequal spines, 1 strong and posterolateral, and 1weak and dorsal
and lying near distal inner margin.
Urosome composed of 3 somites, the position of genital spines as illustrated in
the figure. The structure of urosome perfectly agrees with earlier descriptions. Right
caudal ramus only slightly wider than left ramus; each ramus 1.4 times as long as
wide, with fine hairs along both margins.
All the cephalic appendages as well as natatory legs are typical of the
subfamily Diaptominae and do not possess any structural details of generic or specific
importance.
Leg 5 (Fig. 4)
The left coxal spine distinctly large. Third exopodite-segment represented by 1
spine and 1 seta. Endopodite cylindrical, slightly shorter than first exopodite-segment;
apex round.
46
Male
Fourth and fifth pedigers (Fig. 5), as in female, separated by transverse row of
spinules. Metasomal wings symmetrical, short, rounded, each with lateral spine; right
wing with long lateral spine.
Urosome composed of 5 somites, posterior part slightly bent to right side.
Genital somite with spine at right posterior corner, and indented at left posterior
corner. Both caudal rami without hairy inner margins. The structure of urosome do not
possess any interesting features
Right antennule with spine on each of segments 8 and 10-16; spinous process
on antepenultimate segment as in Fig. 7.
Fifth legs
Right leg 5 coxa with bifid lobe. Basis with elongate hyaline membrane on
inner margin. First exopodite-segment drawn out in to short, pointed spinous process,
and carrying on posterior face a small hyaline lobe near inner side of distal border.
Second exopodite-segment cylindrical, with 2 outer lateral spines; proximal spine
marginal in position, a broad, hyaline lying at base of proximal spine; distal lateral
spine much smaller than in A.raoi, and curved inwards; distal lateral spine pointed,
hardly reaching the outer margin of end claw. A small chitinous lobe, lying between
distal spine and end claw. End claw sickle shaped, slightly thickened at midlength,
with finely spinulose inner margin and blunt apex. Endopodite pyriform, apex rounded
with subapical row of spinules.
Left leg 5 coxa nearly rectangular, armed with small hyaline spine towards
distal inner corner. Basis slightly wider than long, with somewhat elongate, hyaline
lamella midway on inner margin. Exopodite indistinctly 2-segmented. Endopodite
cylindrical, slightly swollen at base and with incipient cross septum halfway.
47
48
Morphological remarks
Female left wing of fifth pediger, direction of spines on the genital somite,
coxal spines and end claws in fifth legs of female are somewhat variable. In male
geniculated antennular segment 13 and spinous process on antepenultimate segment
and coxal lobe as well as distal lateral spine in right leg 5 of male are also variable.
Distribution
A. intermedius was originally reported from Dharmavaram and Cumbum tank
in Andhra Pradesh State (Reddy, 1987). Reddy recently found it in irrigation canals
and canal-fed ponds in Kurnool district of Andhra Pradesh and at the following
localities in Karnataka state: Kamalapuram tank, Gowramma pond and Ramsagar tank
around Hospet, Kartikera and Magadi tank on the way of Belur to Chickmagalur, small
pond at Deveraj pura, 4 km from Belur, Bababudangiri (Dattathreyapeetha), a pond
beside Vasanta cool Estate. 3 km from Chickmagalur, an open circular well near
Agricultural Implements Industry, Chickmagalur.
Ecology
Allodiaptomus intermedius inhabits tanks, ponds on rice fields and coffee
plantations and an open well, in which the water temperature ranged from 21-30˚C and
pH was around 7. Interestingly, it was also found in rocky ponds at elevated places,
i.e. Bababudangiri (alt. 1355 m) (Reddy, 1994).
A. Intermedius co-occurs with H. viduus, N. lindbergi and H. cinctus.
Conservation Status: Vulnerable (VU)
49
Allodiaptomus (Reductodiaptomus) raoi Kiefer, 1936 (Plate VI. Figs 1-7)
Allodiaptomus raoi Kiefer, 1936a: 137-139, Figs 1-6; Devi & Reddy, 1989: 264- 265,
Figs 41-42, 80, 83.
Allodiaptomus raoi var. membranigera: Brehm, 1951: 100, Figs, 8-11; Brehm, 1953:
252.
Allodiaptomus specillodactylus: Shen & Tai, 1964: 234-235, Figs 26-33.
Allodiaptomus (Reductodiaptomus) raoi; Reddy, 1987: 114-119, Figs 1-30.
Body size. Female 1.0-1.2 mm; male 0.81-1.05 mm.
Female
Rostrum with 2 large, acuminate spines. Fourth and fifth pedigers demarcated
by a transverse row of dorsal spinules. Lateral wings of fifth pediger asymmetrical, left
wing being longer that right one. Genital somite longer than rest of the urosome
including caudal rami, only slightly dilated proximally and armed with large, directed-
posterolaterally spine on each side. Caudal rami 1.9 times as long as wide.
Leg 5: The morophology of leg 5 perfectly agrees with the earlier reports.
Male
Fourth and fifth pedigers separated by transverse row of delicate spinules. The
structure of right antennule as in the Fig. 6. Right leg 5 (Figs 7, 8): coxa produced at
distal inner corner into broadly triangular lobe. Basis with elongate hyaline lamella
midway on inner margin. Second exopodite-segment with 2 lateral spines; proximal
spine long, articulated to the posterior face, distal lateral spine shorter than the
proximal spine, typically marginal and posteriorly bent. A flat hyaline lobe lying
obliquely at the base of proximal spine. Endopodite proximally dilated and slightly
more than half as long as second exopodite-segment. Left leg 5: Basis with 1 hyaline
lobe at distal outer corner. Endopodite indistinctly 2-segmented.
50
51
Morphological remarks
The right genital spine, end claws of female and lateral spines of second
exopodite segment and the endopodite on right leg 5 of male are somewhat variable in
size and shape.
Distribution
India, Cambodia (Brehm, 1951), Thailand (Bricker et al. 1978) and South
China. In India it is known from Nellore (Kiefer, 1936), River Tapti near Mandi
(Brehm, 1953), and River Krishna at Vijayawada (Reddy, 1977). It was also noticed it
in a host of diverse habitats in the deltaic region of River Krishna. Recently I have
found this taxon Uppalapadu village near Guntur.
Ecology
A.raoi is the most common diaptomid, often co-occuring with
Pseudodiaptomus binghami in River Krishna at Vijayawada (surface water temp. 26-
31ºC; pH 7.6-9.0). It appears to be most rheophil of all Indian diaptomids. It is also
well adapted to the lentic conditions of ricefields, ponds, reservoirs and lakes (Lake
Kolleru), which are directly fed by the same river. It is, however, alien, to isolated,
solely rain-fed, temporary or permanent fresh water bodies.
Conservation Status: Lower Risk (LR); Least Concern (lc).
52
Genus Neodiaptomus Kiefer, 1932
Neodiaptomus: Kiefer, 1932a: 474; Brehm, 1933b: 135; Kiefer, 1939: 126; Shen &
Song, 1979: 138; Lai & Fernando, 1981: 163; Reddy & Das, 1981: 8; Dussart &
Defaye, 1983: 94; Borutzky et al., 1991: 424; Reddy & Subba Reddy, 1992: 125
Revised generic diagnosis (Reddy, 1994)
Animals of moderate size (1.1-1.5 mm). Female: Antennules long, extending
beyond caudal setae. Fifth legs mostly asymmetrical. Coxal spines strong; end claws
generally with coarsely denticulate margins; third exopodite-segment reduced or
absent, represented by 2 unequal spines; apex of endopodite obliquely cut on inner
margin, pointed and without setae. Male: Right antennule with spine on each of
segments 10, 11, 13-15; antepenultimate segment with long or sometimes short
spinous process. On right leg 5, coxa produced into somewhat triangular, pointed or
bifid lobe (inter coxal plate) at distal inner corner; endopodite long, 1-segmented,
dilated at base and attenuating apically (pyriform); lateral spine inserted generally at
the middle of outer margin of second exopodite-segment. Right caudal ramus with
tooth-like chitinous structure at inner ventro-distal corner.
Valid species in the genus Neodiaptomus:
Neodiaptomus schmackeri (Poppe & Richard, 1892)
Neodiaptomus physalipus Kiefer, 1935
Neodiaptomus lindbergi Brehm, 1951
Neodiaptomus intermedius Flößner, 1984
Neodiaptomus malaindosinensis Lai & Fernando, 1978
Neodiaptomus meggitti Kiefer, 1932
Neodiaptomus lymphatus Brehm, 1933
Neodiaptomus yangtsekiangensis Mashiko, 1951
53
Neodiaptomus laii Kiefer, 1974
Neodiaptomus blachei Brehm, 1951
Neodiaptomus botulifer Kiefer, 1974
Neodiaptomus mesphistopheles Brehm, 1933
In the present study I came across the following two species
Neodiaptomus schmackeri (Poppe & Richard, 1892)
Neodiaptomus lindbergi Brehm, 1951
Key to the females of Neodiaptomus spp.
1.Caudal setae proximally dilated and distinctly curved; right caudal ramus
not dilated proximally…………………………… N.schmackeri
Caudal setae normal; right caudal ramus dilated proximally …………………
……… ………… N. lindbergi
Key to the males of Neodiaptomus spp.
1. Right caudal ramus with moderate, tooth-like chitinous process and
with 2 chitinous projections near its base ………………………..N. lindbergi
Right caudal ramus with very small, triangular tooth-like chitinous
process and with no chitinous projections near its base ……
……………………………………………………………………… N. schmackeri
54
Neodiaptomus schmackeri (Poppe & Richard, 1892) (Plate VII. Figs 1-10)
Diaptomus schmackeri: Poppe & Richard, 1892: 149-151, Figs 1-6; 1925a: Kiefer,
1928: 106-109, Figs 20-22; Brehm, 1930: 154.
Neodiaptomus schmackeri: Kiefer, 1932a: 475, 509, Fig. 87; Kiefer, 1939; 121-126,
Figs 11-12; Rajendran, 1971: 92-99, Figs 1-2; Shen & Song, 1979: 139-141, Figs 71a-
i; Lai & Fernando, 1981: 165, Figs 24-35; Subba Reddy, 1989: 17-26, Figs 1-45;
Bhattacharya et al., 1990: 73-78; Borutzky et al., 1991: 426-427, Fig. 189; Reddy &
Subba Reddy, 1992: 125, Fig. 1. Borutzky et al., 1991: 426-427, Fig. 189.
Diaptomus strigilipes: Gurney, 1907: 30-31, P1.2, Figs 18-20.
Neodiaptomus strigilipes: Brehm, 1953: 258-263, Figs 20-23; Dumont & Van de
Velde, 1977: 62, Figs10g-k; Reddy & Radhakrishna, 1984: 28; Dussart & Fernando,
1985: 232-233, Figs15-21.
Diaptomus handeli: Rylov, 1925a: 313-314, Figs 8-13.
Diaptomus handeli: Mashiko, 1951: 144-145, Figs 3a-j; Uèno, 1966: 105-107, Figs 44-
59; Lai & Fernando, 1978: 113-115, Figs 1-8; Rajendran, 1979a: 49-52, Figs 1-2;
Dussart & Fernando, 1985: 232-234, Figs 8-14.
Neodiaptomus bisegmantus: Hu, 1943: 115-118, Figs A, 1-7.
Body size: Female 1.02-1.16 mm; male 0.7-1.05 mm.
Female
Rostral spines somewhat elongate and acute. Lateral wings well developed,
asymmetrical, left wing slightly reaching left genital spine. Genital somite
asymmetrical, almost as long as its maximum width; subproximal part dilated in to a
lobe on each side; right lobe larger than left lobe with 2 hyaline spines. Caudal rami
1.4 times as long as wide, with hirsute inner margins. Leg 5: Coxal spines of both legs
almost equally large and arising directly from the segments. Right end claw with 6-8
55
denticles on inner margin and 0-3 on outer margin. Left end claw with 8-11 denticles
on inner margin and 0-4 on outer margin. Third exopodite-segment distinct.
Endopodite shorter than first exopodite-segment.
Male
Rostral spines as in female. Caudal rami almost symmetrical; right ramus with
chitinous tooth at distal inner corner on ventral surface; right antennule with spine on
each of segments 8 and 10-15; spines on segments 8, 12, and 15 very short; spinous
process on antepenultimate (Fig. 9) segment straight, as long as or slightly longer than
succeeding segment, with generally hooked tip. Right leg 5: Coxa with roughly bifid
hyaline lobe at distal inner corner. Lateral spine of second exopodite-segment
generally shorter than the segment and lying at midlength of its outer margin. End
claw sickle-shaped. Endopodite flask-shaped. Left leg 5: Basis with hyaline lamella on
inner margin.
56
57
Morphological remarks
In male, the spine on 15th segment of right antennule is very reduced. Also the
spines on antepenultimate segment of the same appendage are subject to some
variation. The inter coxal hyaline lobe of the male fifth leg varies between populations.
Distribution
India, Sri Lanka, Nepal, Bangladesh, Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand,
Philippines, Korea, China and East Siberia. Recently I have found this species in
Vejendla quarries near Guntur.
Ecology
In India, N. schmackeri is mostly confined to ephemeral, turbid, fresh water
pools and ponds of plains. Its occurrence in large water bodies like lakes is rare. I have
never found it in rivers or canals. It appears to be a purely fresh water, stenotopic
species. It co-occurrs with H. viduus, P. blanci and M. pseudohebes.
Conservation Status: Lower Risk (LR); Least Concern (lc).
58
Neodiaptomus lindbergi Brehm, 1951 (Plate VIII. Figs 1-13)
Neodiaptomus lindbergi : Brehm, 1951a: 158-160, Figs 1-6; Brehm, 1953: 264-268,
Figs 24-29; Reddy, 1977; 66-70, PI. 10, Figs 1-11; Subba Reddy, 1989: 51-59, Figs 1-
52; Reddy & Subba Reddy, 1992: 127-128, Figs 22-52.
Neodiaptomus Sewelli: Roy, 1984: 133-138, Figs 1a-h
Body size. Female 0.97-1-32 mm; male 0.84-1.05 mm.
Female
Rostral spines strong and acute. Fourth and fifth pedigers fused together.
Genital somite longer than its own width as well as rest of the urosome including
caudal rami, asymmetrical and dilated subproximally; left side with 1 spine arising
from narrow, lobe-like projection; right side with 1 spinous projection and 1 short
spine. Caudal rami with hairy inner margins; basal part of right ramus expanded and
lamellate in lateral view. Leg 5: Right coxal spine slightly smaller than the left one.
Sensory seta of basis reaching beyond midlength of first exopodite-segment. End
claws with denticulate margins. Endopodite nearly as long as first exopodite-segment.
Male
Rostral spines as in female. Second and third urosomites fringed with ventral
hairs (Fig. 6). Right caudal ramus armed with moderately large, tooth-like structure at
ventro-distal inner corner and also with 2 small chitinous projections near base of this
structure. Right antennule (Fig. 10) with spine on each of segments 8 and 10-16;
spinous process on antepenultimate segment straight or somewhat curved and longer
than penultimate segment. Right leg 5: Intercoxal hyaline lamella nearly triangular.
Basis with crescentic hyaline lobe on inner margin. Lateral spine of second exopodite
segment lying at about the middle of outer margin and somewhat longer than, or just
59
equal to, the segment. End claw elongate, slender, sickle-shaped and without any
proximal thickening. Endopodite bottle-shaped and extending beyond midlength of
second exopodite-segment. Left leg 5. Basis with 1with hyaline lamella.
60
61
Morphological remarks
Female fifth pedigerous wing, endopodite of male right leg 5, shape of the
chitinous tooth in right caudal ramus, are somewhat variable.
Distribution
Pondi, Mourabas, Phandharpur, Kurdu and Dharwar Guntur, Nagarjuna
university campus and Timmasamudram (Reddy 1977). N. lindbergi is endemic and is
widely distributed in South India. But I have not found this taxon in my collections
from Andhra Pradesh.
Ecology
Like Neodiaptomus schmackeri, this species generally prefers ephemeral,
turbid freshwater ponds and pools of the plains. It was never found in large clear water
bodies like lakes and reservoirs. So, this is an example of stenotypic species. It is often
co-occurs with A. intermedius, H. viduus, Sinodiaptomus indicus and P.blanci. But
both N. lindbergi, N. schmackeri never co-occur.
Conservation Status: Vulnerable (VU)
62
Genus Phyllodiaptomus Kiefer, 1936
Phyllodiaptomus: Kiefer, 1936b: 323; Kiefer, 1978: 159; Shen & song, 1979: 148; Lai
& Fernando, 1981: 165; Dussart & Defaye, 1983: 92; Reddy & Venkateswarlu, 1989:
142; Borutzky et al., 1991: 413; Dumont & Reddy, 1993: 89
Revised generic diagnosis (Reddy, 1994)
Animals of moderate body size (0.8-1.33 mm). Female: Lateral wings of fifth
pediger moderately developed, left wing frequently longer than right wing; urosome of
3 somites, genital somite longer than the rest of urosomites including caudal rami;
antennule extending to end of caudal setae, or slightly longer. Leg 5: Coxal spine short
and strong. Endopodite long, mostly 2-segmented, with a row fine spinules on rounded
apex; end claw with hairy or spinulose margins; third exopodite-segment small but
distinct. Male: Right antennule with spine on each of segments 8, 10-16 and short
comb-like serrate process on antepenultimate segment. Right caudal ramus generally
without chitinous tooth on ventral side; on right leg 5, coxa produced into prominent
triangular, thin, hollowing out on posterior surface and generally with 1 short, bent,
digitiform, lateral spinous process, mostly distal in position. Second exopodite-
segment of left leg 5 with thumb-like apical process.
Valid species in the genus Phyllodiaptomus :
Phyllodiaptomus blanci (Gurney & Richard, 1896)
Phyllodiaptomus wellkensae Dumont & Reddy, 1993
Phyllodiaptomus annae (Apstein, 1907)
Phyllodiaptomus sasikumari Reddy & Venkateswarlu, 1989
Phyllodiaptomus longipes Kiefer, 1965
Phyllodiaptomus tunguidus Shen & Tai, 1964
In the present study, I came across only one of above spcies
63
Phyllodiaptomus blanci (Guerne & Richard, 1896) (Plate IX. Figs 1-14)
Diaptomus blanci: Guerne & Richard, 1896: 53-56, Figs 1-5; Meissner, 1904:
649; van Douwe, 1905: 687, PI .25, Figs 9-11; Gurney, 1907: 23, Fig. 29; Tollinger,
1911: 112, Fig. F; Keiser, 1923: 31; Rylov, 1930: 193, Figs 63, 1-5; Rylov 1936 b:
149.
Phyllodiaptomus blanci: Kiefer 1936c: 321-323, Figs 1-5; Brehm, 1953: 276-279, Figs
41-42; Dumont & Van de Velde, 1977: 62, Figs 10 A-D; Kiefer, 1978; 159, PI. 71;
Dussart & Defaye, 1983: 9; Reddy & Devi, 1990a: 168-170, Figs 57, 68, 71:
Venkateswarlu, 1989: 12-20, Figs 1-56; Reddy & Venkateswarlu, 1989: 142; Borutzky
et al., 1991. 414-416, Fig. 184; Dumont & Reddy, 1993: 86, Figs 119-132.
Phyllodiaptomus peregrinator: Brehm, 1950: 2-4, Figs 1a-h.
Mongolodiaptomus subquadratus: Shen & Song, 1965: 24, Figs 8-13; Shen & Song,
1965a: 307; Shen & Song, 1965b: 398; Shen & Song, 1979: 97, Figs 45 a-f; Dussart &
Defaye, 1983; 104.
Phyllodiaptomus subquadratus: Borutzky et al., 1991: 416, Fig. 185.
Body size. Female 0.8-1.3 mm; male 0.8-1.11 mm.
Female
Rostrum with 2 strongly developed spines (Fig. 2). Fourth and fifth pedigers
fused. Metasomal wings strongly asymmetrical. Left metasomal wing generally
narrow, digitiform, posteriorly directed, and armed with a spine at the tip. Right
metasomal wing bilobed.
Urosome (Fig. 1) of 3 somites; genital somite longer than succeeding 2
somites and caudal rami asymmetrical, right side being more irregular than left side,
right lateral margin consistently dilated just below the right spine; genital spines
64
unequal in size, the left spine being shorter than the right; both spines postero-
laterally directed. Second urosomites smallest and roughly of its proximal part
telescoped into genital somite. Anal somite distinctly forked behind. Caudal rami
parllel, symmetrical, and with fine hairs along both margins.
Leg 5: Symmetrical, coxal spines of both legs relatively small. Basis smaller
than coxa, and provided with elongate seta, extending beyond the first exopodite-
segment. First exopodite-segment twice longer than wide. Second exopodite-segment
(end claw) broader at the base, blunt apically, and armed with close-set hairs on both
margins (Fig.2). Third exopodite segment small but distinct, at base, with 2 spines:
Endopodite vaguely divided in to 2 segments, sturdy and slightly shorter than first
exopodite-segment.
Male
Rostral spines stout and acute. Caudal rami symmetrical. Fourth and fifth
pedigers fused; metasomal wings symmetrical and provided with 2 unequal spines
each. Urosome of 5 somites, posterior part slightly bent towards right side. Genital
somite with a spine at right posterior corner and indented at left posterior corner. Anal
somite short and slightly forked. Caudal rami with hairs on inner margin. Left
antennule as in female. Right antennule (Fig. 6): spine on each of segments 8 and 10-
16. Spine on segment 13 longest, spine on segment 16 shortest. Relative length of
spines in decreasing order as follows: 13> 11> 10> 8> 14> 15> 12> 16;
antepenultimate segment having short, comb-like process with 3-9 teeth (Figs 7-9).
Right leg 5 (Fig. 10): Coxa with large, roughly triangular hyaline plate at
distal inner corner. Basis slightly longer than wide, with proximal hyaline lobe on
inner margin. First exopodite-segment shorter than wide with posterior outer corner
65
produced in to short, pointed spinous process. Second exopodite-segment (Fig. 13)
much flattened, generally twisted around its axis and with a ledge on inner margin
and hyaline outgrowth on outer margin between lateral spine and end claw; lateral
spine digitiform, distal in position and generally outcurved. End claw slightly curved,
stouter at base. Endopodite sturdy and variable in shape. Left leg 5: Coxa roughly
rectangular and with small spine at distal inner corner. Basis with small, digitiform
lobe on its inner margin (Fig. 14). Exopodite 2-segmented and bent inwards.
Proximal segment larger and provided with 1 hairy lobe: distal segment produced in
to thumb-like process apically and carrying long, jointed seta on inner margin.
Endopodite well developed, one -segmented, nearly as long as proximal segment of
the exopodite.
66
67
Morphological Remarks
The shape of posterolateral wings and genital spines in female, the number of
teeth on comb-like process of the antepenultimate segment of right antennule are
somewhat variable. The shape of intercoxal plate, the spinous process at distal inner
corner, of first exopodite-segment, the hyaline lobe at distal outer corner of second
exopodite-segment and the endopodite on right leg 5 in male are also subject to intra-
inter-population variation. The large digitiform hyaline structure on inner margin of
basis of male left leg 5 is being reported for the first time.
Distribution
Iran, Aral Sea, Iraq, India and Nepal. It is widely distributed in northern and
certain southern parts of India. Borutzky et al. (1991) mentioned several localities of
the former USSR from which this species was recorded by several workers: the Syr
Dar’ya and its coastal lakes, oxbow and man-made lakes; Kamyslybas lakes; the
Tedzhen (Turkmeniya), the Murgab (Tadzikistan); shallow water bodies in the
Bukhara (Uzbekistan Republic), etc. it is a common species in certain localities of
Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh States. I have found it very common in Pedakakni
and, Vejendla village near Guntur, Andhra Pradesh.
Ecology
P. blanci is not only eurytopic but also euryhaline (Kiefer, 1978). It lives in
shallow as well as large water bodies with a well-expressed pelagic zone where it is a
dominant plankter. According to Sewell (1934), it is a true freshwater species and its
presence in such brackish habitats as Chilka Lake is due to its having been washed
during the rainy season. It possess only a weak adaptability to the increased chloride
content. Its life cycle was studied by Kiselev (1930) in one of the ponds around
68
Bukhara. In large lakes; it is concentrated in the surface layer (0-2 M) of the pelagic
zone. It often co-occurs with H. viduus, H. cinctus, S. indicus, M. pseudohebes and N.
schmackeri.
Conservation status: Lower Risk (LR); Least Concern (lc).
69
Genus Tropodiaptomus Kiefer, 1932
Generic diagnosis
Last thoracic somite in male with weakly developed wings. Female urosome
composed of two somites; genital somite slightly dilated anteriorly. Exopodite 2 of
right male P5 with hyaline lamella, situated near base of aculues. Exopodite of left
male P5 1-segmented. Endopodite of female P5 ending with two unequal setae
(Dussart & Defaye, 2001).
Brehm (1953) gave a useful account of the Indian species, and according to
him there are at least 30 species known under this genus in the world. In India the
genus is represented by eight species.
Tropodiaptomus doriai (Richard, 1897)
Tropodiaptomus hebereri Kiefer, 1930
Tropodiaptomus mutatus Kiefer, 1930
Tropodiaptomus vicinus Kiefer, 1930
Tropodiaptomus euchaetus Kiefer, 1936
Tropodiaptomus informis Kiefer, 1936
Tropodiaptomus nielseni Brehm, 1953
Tropodiaptomus lakhimpurensis Reddiah, 1964
In the present study I met with T. informis Kiefer, 1936 only.
70
Tropodiaptomus informis Kiefer, 1936 (Plate X. Figs 1-11) Tropodiaptomus informis Kiefer, 1936 81-82, Figs 12-14; Brehm, Brehm, 1953 293-
294.
Body size. Female 1.9-1.29 mm; male 0.8-1.12 mm.
Female
Fourth and fifth pedigers fused together; the posterolateral wings of fifth
pediger large, and symmetrical. On each side, the outer lobe alone bears a minute
spine.
Urosome (Fig. 1) 2-segmented; genital segment nearly 3 times as long as the anal
somite. Anal somite slightly forked midposteriorly; caudal rami with hairs on inner
margins.
As regards natatory legs, the note worthy, feature is the presence of Schmeil’s
organ on the middle segment of endopodite of leg 2 (Fig. 3).
Leg 5 (Fig. 4)
Both legs symmetrical. Coxa carries short acute spinous process at its distal
region. Right coxal spine is shorter than left coxal spine. Exopodite 1 1.7 times as
long as wide; end claw beset with short, stiffhairs on both margin. Third exopodite
segment well developed, defined at its base and bears a pair of apical spines (Figs 5,
6). Endopodite as long as exopodite 1 and with a pair of setae, of which one is apical
and the other subapical.
Male
Rostrum as in female. Fourth and fifth pedigers fused together. The lateral wings
of fifth pediger are small. Each wing is roughly triangular.
Urosome (Fig. 7) 5-segmented; genital segment has short fine spine on its distal
right side. Caudal rami as long as wide.
71
Rightleg 5
Coxa roughly spherical and bears about its distal outer part a small hyaline
lobe tipped with a slender spine. Basis 1.4 times as long as broad, and carries two
small hyaline lobes, one proximal and lies near the inner margin while the other one on
distal inner margin. Exopodite 2-segmented; the proximal segment much shorter while
the distal one twice as long as broad, the lateral spine lies at the junction of subdistal
part of the second segment; below the origin of this spine on the posterior aspect is
another short acute hyaline spine with a broad base. End claw slender; curved and
bears minute spinules along its inner margin. Endopodite 1-segmented, and shorter
than exopodite1, and furnished with short, stiff hairs towards its apex.
Left leg 5
Coxa smaller than its counterpart of right leg. Exopodite 1-segmented, distal
inner margin finely serrated; apically there is an inwardly directed lobe beset with a
few long hairs. Endopodite large, about half as long as exopodite, triangular at its apex
and provided with short stiff hairs.
72
73
Morphological remarks
The present specimens correspond with the earlier reports, except, for unequal
coxal spines in female leg 5.
Distribution
Previous records. Mysore, Karaikal, Gauhati, Barni Hat in Khasi Hills, Lake
Kolleru at Kolletikota and Manuguluru, Ponnur, Hyderabad, Warangal, Lake
Kondakarla at Visakhapatnam.
Present records Belur in Karnataka State. I have not seen this species in my
Andhra Pradesh State collections.
Conservation status: Vulnerable (VU).
74
Genus Sinodiaptomus Kiefer, 1932
Sinodiaptomus; Kiefer, 1932a: 475; Kiefer, 1936a: 229: Kiefer, 1978: 157; Brehm,
1950: 17; Shen & Song, 1979: 119; Dussart & Defaye, 1983: 100; Borutzky et al.,
1991: 418
Generic Diagnosis (Reddy 1994)
Female. Endopodite on leg 5 without apical setae, middle endopodite-segment on leg 2
without Schmeli’s organ. Male Right antennule with comb on antepenultimate
segment. Right leg 5: Basis with large chitinous projection on distal posterior surface,
overlapping the first exopodite-segment. Endopodite small. Left leg 5: Entire posterior
surface or its inner side of terminal thumb on exopodite with transverse, membranous
folds, super imposing one another.
Kiefer (1936) divided the above genus into two subgenera, viz. Sinodiaptomus s. str.
and Rhinediaptomus.
1.Subgenus Sinodiaptomus s. str. Kiefer, 1932
Animals somewhat large (1.6-2.5 mm). Female fourth pediger with middrosal
process. Male right leg 5: Basis without chitinous process at proximal inner corner.
Second exopodite-segment short, wide and concave on posterior surface; lateral spine
small and distal.
Valid species:
Sinodiaptomus (sinodiaptomus) chaffanjoni (Richard, 1897)
Sinodiaptomus (sinodiaptomus) sarsi sarsi (Rylov, 1923)
Sinodiaptomus (sinodiaptomus) sarsi valkanovi Kiefer, 1938
75
1.Subgenus Rhinediaptomus Kiefer, 1936
Animals moderate size (1.12-1.46 mm). Female fourth pediger without
middorsal process. Male right leg 5: Basis with chitinous process at proximal inner
corner. Second exopodite-segment long slender and concave on the posterior surface;
lateral spine proximal in position.
Valid species in the subgenus Rhinediaptomus
Sinodiaptomus (Rhinediaptomus) indicus Kiefer, 1936
Sinodiaptomus (Rhinediaptomus) mahanandiensis Reddy & Radhakrishna, 1980.
In the present study I came across only one species:
Sinodiaptomus (Rhinediaptomus) indicus Kiefer, 1936
76
Sinodiaptomus (Rhinediaptomus) indicus Kiefer, 1936 (Plate XI. Figs1-10)
Sinodiaptomus (Rhinediaptomus) indicus, Kiefer1936a: 226-229, Figs 1-
5.Rhinediaptomus indicus: Brehm, 1953: 283-286 Figs 45-48: Brehm, 1954: 417;
Brehm, 1963: 163, 165, Figs 20-25; Singh, 1972: 209-215; Rajendran, 1973: 117, Figs
4a-k; Reddy, 1977: 79, PI. 12, Figs 1-8.
Sinodiaptomus (Rhinediaptomus) indicus: Dussart & Defaye, 1983: 100; Borutzky et
al., 1991: 423- 424, Fig. 188.
Female
Rostral spines small. Fourth and fifth pedigers (Fig. 1) fused to each other.
Lateral wings of fifth pedigers small and asymmetrical; left wing somewhat larger and
more extensive than right wing, each wing with strong hyaline spines. Genital somite
distinctly longer than the rest of the urosome, including caudal rami; proximal region
not specially dialted; lateral margins uneven; mid-lateral region of right side dilated.
Caudal rami 1.3 times as long as, wide, outer and inner margins hairy.
Leg 5 perfectly agrees with earlier reports.
Male
Fourth and fifth pedigers fused except at lateral margins. Right wing of fifth
pediger slightly narrower than left wing and carrying stronger apical spine with
tubercle. Urosome 5-segmented and bent towards right side; genital spine small,
slender. Second and third urosomites with ventral hairs. Caudal rami as illustrated in
Fig. 4. Right antennule with spine on segments 8 and 10-16; length of spines in
decreasing order as follows; 13> 11> 15> 10> 14> 8> 16> 12; spine on segment 11
strong, sharply bent backwards; comb on antepenultimate segment with 6-8 teeth.
77
Right leg 5 (Fig. 7)
Coxa with large, crescentic chitinous outgrowth at distal inner corner and
strong hyline spine mounted on lobe at mid-distal region. Basis wider than long, with
massive chitinous outgrowth, ending in 2 unequal, spinous process at proximal inner
corner, 1 small, hyaline lobe at mid-inner margin, and 1 subproximal and 1 distal
chitinous projection near inner margin, on posterior surface. Second exopodite-
segment 2-3 times as long as wide, with minute chitinous knob. End claw strong,
slightly variable in shape. Endopodite 1-segmented. Left leg 5: Basis with small
hyaline lobe on distal inner margin. Terminal thumb on exopodite-with transverse,
membranous folds, super imposing one another. Endopodite 2-segmented, reaching
distal margin of first exopodite-segment.
78
79
Morphological remarks
The present specimens fit well with earlier reports.
Distribution
One of the common diaptomid species throughout South India
Ecology
Inhabits seasonal ponds, pools during the monsoon activity (June-November),
frequently co-existing with P. greeni, P. blanci and H. viduus.
Conservation status: Lower Risk (LR); Least Concern (lc).
80
Genus Megadiaptomus Kiefer, 1936
Generic characters
The genus Megadiaptomus Kiefer, 1936 includes rather rare and large diaptomid
copepods, confined to certain temporary waters such as seasonal pools and ponds in
India and Sri Lanka. Body robust, large-sized (over 2 mm) specimens. Female pediger
5 with poorly developed, slightly asymmetrical wings. Genital somite and fifth pediger
with tiny sensory spines. The outstanding morphological feature of the genus is the
presence of spinous papillae, instead of simple spines, on outer terminal margin of
exopodite-segments in legs 2-4. Right male antennule with spiniform process on
segments 8 and 10 to 13; antepenultimate segment with digitiform process. Right male
P5 with long obtuse lobe situated on caudal side of basis. Exopodite 2 with lateral
spine inserted on distal half. Left male P5 ending in finger-like structure and strong
spine.
Valid species in the genus Megadiaptomus
Megadiaptomus hebes Kiefer 1936
Megadiaptomus pseudohebes Reddy, 1987
In the present study I came across M. pseudohebes Reddy, 1987
81
Megadiaptomus pseudohebes Reddy, 1987 (Plate XII. Figs 1-9. )
Body size. Female 2.65-3.13 mm; male 2.48-3.0 mm.
Female
Rostral spines short and blunt. Fourth and fifth pedigers fused. Metasomal
wings generally triangular, and almost symmetrical; each wing with 2 small, unequal,
hyaline spines. Prosome about 3 times as long as urosome. Urosome bimerous, genital
somite nearly twice as long as anal somite. Caudal rami symmetrical, partially
overlapping with each other, each ramus about 1.5 times as long as wide, with coarse
hairs on inner margins.
Natatory legs (Fig 6) outer-edge spines of exopodite segments in legs 2-4
modified in to spinose papillae; otherwise typical of subfamily Diaptominae.
Fifth legs strongly built. Coxa roughly rectangular. Basis subquadrate, with
short, sensory lateral seta. First exopodite-segment about 1.5 times as long as wide.
Endopodite unsegmented, but indented on proximal inner margin, invariably longer
than first-exopodite segment.
Male
Fourth and fifth pedigers completely fused as in female. metasomal wings
small and symmetrical. Urosome 5-merous (Fig. 4).
Left antennule as in female. Right antennule with spine on each of segments 8
and 10-13; spines on segments 11 and 13 generally slender and equal in length;
antepenultimate segment generally elongate, stout, somewhat dilated apically (Fig. 8).
Fifth legs (Fig. 9) as in Reddy (1987).
82
83
Morphological remarks
In the present study M.pseudohebes morphologically agrees with Reddy
(1987), and there are no remarkable variations at generic and specific level.
Distribution
This was first reported by Reddy (1987), from Kondakarla near Anakapalli
town in Andhra Pradesh State. Recently I have found this species at Vejendla quarries
near Guntur.
Ecology
Found but rarely in temporary water bodies, and often co-occuring with N.
schmackeri and P. blanci.
Conservation status: Endangered (EN).
84
Summary and Conclusions
The present study deals with the diversity of diaptomid copepods in the
neighbouring South Indian States of Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka. A total of about
220 plankton samples were examined, of which 150 samples from 55 different habitats
yielded the following 12 diaptomid species:
1. Paradiaptomus greeni (Gurney, 1906)
2. Heliodiaptomus viduus (Gurney, 1916)
3. Heliodiaptomus contortus (Gurney, 1907)
4. Heliodiaptomus cinctus (Gurney, 1907)
5. Allodiaptomus (Allodiaptomus) intermedius Reddy, 1987
6. Allodiaptomus (Reductodiaptomus) raoi Kiefer, 1936
7. Neodiaptomus schmackeri (Poppe & Richard, 1892)
8. Neodiaptomus lindbergi Brehm, 1951
9. Phyllodiatpomus blanci (Guerne & Richard, 1896)
10. Tropodiaptomus informis Kiefer, 1936
11. Sinodiaptomus (Rhinediaptomus) indicus Kiefer, 1936
12. Megadiaptomus pseudohebes Reddy, 1987
The salient morphological characters of all the above-listed species have been
described and illustrated. The inter-and or intrapopulation variation in the morphology,
wherever noticed, is pointed out. Identification keys for both sexes of congeners are
provided. Comparision is made of the species distribution patterns between Andhra
Pradesh and Karnataka States.
Following IUCN criteria, the conservation status of all the species identified is
assessed.
85
Conclusions:
1. Diaptomid diversity between Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka States is by
and large the same. However, there are some specific differences relating to the
occurrence of the following three species
1. Heliodiaptomus contortus
2. Allodiaptomus raoi, and
3. Megadiaptomus pseudohebes
These species are restricted to Andhra Pradesh only, as evidenced by the
present study as well as the existing literature.
No morphological variation is discernible in the populations of the species that are
common to both States.
The distribution patterns of diaptomids change with time. For example certain
species like Heliodiaptomus contortus and Neodioptomus schmackeri, which
were reported as common on the Nagarjuna University campus about 15 years
ago (Subba Reddy, 1989, Venkateswarlu, 1989); are found absent today.
Similarly Megadiaptomus pseudohebes in Nallapadu quarries (Ramadevi,
1988) near Guntur was not encountered even as strays, despite repeated
sampling in the present study. However this species is being reported for the
first time from Vejendla quarries.
None of the samples examined contained more than four diaptomid species, which
signifies that the family Diaptomidae is not speciose in the localities surveyed.
Congeneric occurrence is noticed only in the genus Heliodiaptomus.
Following IUCN criteria, Megadiaptomus pseudohebes can be considered an
endangered species while H. contortus, H. cinctus, A. intermedis, N. lindbergi
and Tropodiaptomus informis, are Vulnerable.
86
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ABOUT THE AUTHOR
Dr. Dara Ambedkar Presently working as as a lecturer Post
Graduate Department of Zoology, Andhra Christian College,
Guntur, Andhra Pradesh. Author published several articles in
international peer reviewed journals and received several
young scientist awards in various International and National
conferences, and he gained rich research experience in the
field of diaptomid taxonomy and finally the present book could
be a precursor for research scholars in the field of micro invertebrate taxonomy.
Email: [email protected]
Tel: 8885413180