FromEarthquakeDisaster?

A Homeowner’s Guide toNonstructural Earthquake Retrofit

FromEarthquake

Disaster?

Is YourHome

Protected

Is YourHome

Protected

A Homeowner’s Guide to Earthquake Retrofit

cover photo credits

EERI Northridge Earthquake Reconnaissance Team, J. Hall, CIT; F. Desler, APA; Godden Collection,EERC, UCB; and USGS, D. Perkins

architectural illustrations

W. Spaulding, AIA

disclaimer

The suggestions and recommendations you will read in this guide are based on professional judgment, expe-rience and research. The authors, contributors and publisher disclaim all warranties and guarantees withrespect to the information in the document and assume no liability or responsibility with respect to the infor-mation.

table of contents

introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4

What You Can Do... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6

earthquakes and your home . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5

nonstructural retrofits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7

Bookcases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7

Cabinets and Drawers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10

Picture Frames and Bulletin Boards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12

Ceiling Lights, Suspended Ceilings and Hanging Fixtures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13

Windows and Doors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15

Large Appliances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15

Water Heaters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16

home improvement project list . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .22

checklist . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .23

table of contents

arthquakes occur suddenly withlittle or no warning, during anyseason and at any time of day.

Although the West Coast generally hasthe greatest earthquake activity, the po-tential for earthquakes exists in almostevery corner of the United States.More than 3,360 Americans have diedduring earthquakes in the last century,and homes in all 50 states have suf-fered damage in the last 250 years.1

So, what can you do to protect your-self, your home and its contents fromearthquakes? This brochure will helpyou by providing information about:

• key areas of your home that are especially susceptible to damage;

• ways you can reduce damage to your home and belongings; and,

• what you can do to protect yourselfand your family.

The information and suggestions pre-sented in this brochure range fromsimple weekend tasks that requirebasic carpentry skills to involved pro-jects that may require professionalassistance. Before starting on anyactivity, make sure you are comfort-able with the required skill level. Ifyou are uncertain, contact a profes-sional engineer, architect or buildingcontractor.

introduction

introduction

E

J. Preli

Damage inSan Francisco’sMarina District.

1Based on U.S. Geological Survey numbers.

What Your HomeExperiencesImagine that a strong earthquake strikes whereyou live. Loose items fall and break. Cabinetsand bookcases tip over, blocking exits. Dust bil-lows everywhere. Gas and water lines break,and phone and electrical service are interruptedfor days. Your home may collapse, slide off itsfoundation or simply come apart at the seams.

Figure 4 illustrates how your home reacts in anearthquake. Because it is not able to move in syncwith the surrounding ground, your home and itscontents can experience substantial damage.

earthquakes and your home

Building collapse in MarinaDistrict, San Francisco, Calif.

Home at Rest;Ground at Rest

LeftwardMovement

Begins

RightwardMovement

Begins

Ground Comesto Rest

Groundat Rest;Home

Continuesto MoveDue toInertia

Figure 4: Your Home in an Earthquake

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A sand boil near El Centro, Calif.provides evidence of an earthquake.

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What You Can DoYou can protect your home by modifying it,or retrofitting it, in two different ways:

Nonstructural retrofits protect your home’scontents against damage with little cost andeffort. Examples of retrofits include:• securing water heaters, large appliances,

bookcases, pictures and bulletin boards; • latching cabinet doors; and • using safety film on windows.

To complete these improvements simplyfollow the instructions in this brochure. Inmost cases, you won’t need a building per-mit. It’s a good idea, however, to contactyour local building department to makesure.

*Structural retrofits strengthen your home’sstructure or skeleton so it can better with-stand the force of an earthquake. Yourhome’s structure is made up of many differ-ent parts, or components, which must worktogether in order to resist an earthquake.

Modifications to your home’s structure tendto be quite involved and generally requirethe expertise of a registered design profes-sional (engineer, architect or building con-tractor) and your local building depart-ment’s approval (see note * below).

If you have any questions or concernsabout what you see, contact a professionalengineer or architect.

A Homeowner’s Guide to Earthquake Retrofit

Top: Structure shiftedon its foundation inWatsonville, Calif.Bottom: Nonstruc-tural kitchen damage,Northridge, Calif.

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nonstructural retrofits

BookcasesIt’s true that bookcases are great forstoring books, toys and supplies. Theycan, however, shake and tip over in anearthquake, causing considerable dam-age or injury. For this reason, makesure all bookcases are securely fastenedto nearby walls.

➣ One way to do this is to attacheither L-brackets or Z-brackets to thebookcase and the wall after pre-drilling holes in each. Be sure to use abracket that can accommodate the fas-teners you are using. See Figure 5 onthe next page for details.

Fallen bookcasesat the LawrenceLivermore Lab,Livermore, Calif.

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n this section, you will learn inex-pensive and easy ways to protectyourself against some of the damage

earthquakes can cause inside yourhome. Start by looking for ojects thatcould fall and break during an earth-quake. Consider items such as waterheaters, bookcases and light fixtures,as well as items that are difficult toreplace because they have monetary orsentimental value. As you conductyour inspection, think about ways inwhich you can protect them fromdamage. If you have any questionsabout the changes you should make,contact a professional engineer, archi-tect or contractor.

,

nonstructural retrofits

A Homeowner’s Guide to Earthquake Retrofit

Bolt back to back through framewith #8 (or larger) machine screws,oversized washers and nuts. Nomore than 12” apart.

Metal, plastic, orwood ledge barriersprevent objectsfrom falling

Screw throughback into wall.Use washers.

Exterior Bracket

InteriorBracket

Attach object withmuseum gel, or largepatches of hook &loop material (suchas Velcro®).

General Notes:

• Bracket to Bookcase (Interior or Exterior)#8 (or larger) wood screws; or#8 (or larger) machine screws with washers and nuts

• Bracket to Wall (Interior or Exterior)Wood-stud wall: 3” long, #8 (or larger) wood screwsMasonry wall: 3” long, #8 (or larger) screws with

plastic anchors, or 3/16” diameter(or larger) masonry screws

Interior L-Bracket

Wood Screw Drywall

BookcaseWood Stud

Wood Screw orMachine Screw

Exterior L-Bracket

Wood ScrewDrywall

BookcaseWood Stud

Wood Screw orMachine Screw

Figure 5: Securing Bookcases (views looking from above)

Exterior Z-Bracket

Drywall

Bookcase

Wood Stud

Wood ScrewWood Screw orMachine Screw

nonstructural retrofits

Attaching the bracketto the bookcase:• For wood bookcases, attach the

bracket with #8 (or larger) woodscrews. The screw should be longenough to secure the bracket to theshelf without punching through andcreating a sharp edge.

• For plastic and metal bookcases, use#8 (or larger) machine screws withwashers and nuts to ensure that thebracket will stay in place. The screwshould be long enough to accommo-date the bracket, shelf, washer and nut.

Attaching the bracket to the walls:• For wood stud walls, use 3-inch long

#8 (or larger) wood screws to attacheach bracket to the wall. Place screwsin the wood studs to assure that theyare properly supported. Use a studlocator to find the best places.

• For stone or masonry walls, placeplastic anchors in the holes beforeyou screw in 3-inch long #8 (orlarger) screws or consider using3/16-inch diameter (or larger) masonry screws.

➣ For a bookcase with a solid back,you can pass screws directly through theback into the wall. Use washers tospread contact over a larger area betweenthe screw and the bookcase’s back. If youare working with a wood stud wall, usea stud locator to find the best locationsfor the 3-inch long #8 (or larger) woodscrews. For a stone or masonry wall, useplastic anchors with the #8 (or larger)screws or use 3/16-inch diameter (orlarger) masonry screws.

➣ You can prevent items on shelvesfrom falling by installing ledge barriersmade from strips of wood, metal or plas-tic. Cut them to fit the shelf and attachthem with glue or mechanical fasteners.You can finish the barriers to match theshelves. See Figure 5 for details.

➣ Place heavy items on lower shelves.

➣ You can stabilize bookcases that arenot against walls by attaching themback-to-back with #8 (or larger)machine screws, oversize washers andnuts. See Figure 5.

➣ Affix large, heavy items, such asplants and aquariums, and other break-ables directly to the shelf to keep themfrom falling. You can apply hook andloop material (such as Velcro®) ormuseum gel (or museum wax) to securethese items. For added protection, usemetal, plastic or wood ledge barriers. SeeFigure 5 for details.

Necessary Tools andMaterials

• L- or Z-brackets• Fasteners • Plastic anchors for masonry walls• Variable speed drill and bits• Screwdriver• Stud locator• Wood, plastic or metal strips• Paint or wood finish• Hook and loop material (Velcro®) or

museum gel/wax

A Homeowner’s Guide to Earthquake Retrofit

Figure 6: Cabinets and Drawers

Provide self-locking doorlatches or mechanical

cabinet catches.

Install self-locking or mechanical drawerclosures (baby-proof latches, drawer lock,

or other speciality latches).

Top connections tie units together for amore stable configuration. Use steel

straps with #8 (or larger) machinescrews with nuts and washers.

Brackets for fastening units to:Wood Stud Walls:

Use #8 (or larger) wood screws with 3” min.embedment in studs.

Masonry Walls:Use 3” long #8 (or larger) screws with plastic anchors or 3/16” diameter (or larger)masonry screws.

Cabinets:Use#8 (or larger) machine screws with nuts andwashers.

Cabinets and DrawersLike bookcases, cabinets can tip over andtheir doors can open, spilling their con-tents. Furthermore, the drawers, whichsometimes have sharp edges, can slide outand hurt you, or your family.

➣ To secure them, do the following:

• Attach cabinets to the wall and floors using L-brackets or Z-brackets. Again,be sure to use brackets that can accom-modate the diameter of the fasteners.You should follow the specific direc-tions given in Figure 6 and in the“Bookcases” section for securing thebracket to the wall and cabinet.

Interior damage to kitchen, CoalingaJunior High School, Coalinga, Calif.

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nonstructural retrofits

Secure itemswith L-Brackets(see Figure 5 for

attachmentdetails).

Useadhesivebackedlatches.

Attach hookand loopmaterial(such asVelcro®)between

object andtable surface.

Figure 7: Secure Heavy Objects

Necessary Toolsand Materials

• L- or Z-brackets• Fasteners• Door or drawer latches• Plastic anchors for masonry walls• Variable speed drill and bits• Screwdriver• Stud locator

• You can fasten several units togeth-er to form a wider footprint using #8 (or larger) machine screws.

➣ Attach simple mechanical or self-locking latches to cabinet drawers sothey cannot slide open.

➣ Install mechanical or self-lockinglatches to prevent your cabinet doorsfrom swinging open and spilling theircontents. Your local hardware store hasa large variety of latches, many ofwhich are small, unobtrusive and easyto operate. See Figure 6 for details.

➣ Most of us place heavy objects suchas televisions, computers and stereoson top of cabinets, bookcases andtables. You should fasten these itemsdown so they will not slide off duringan earthquake. Several methods ofattachment are shown in Figure 7.

A Homeowner’s Guide to Earthquake Retrofit

Picture Framesand Bulletin Boards

The photographs, bulletin boards and art-work you display in your home add to itscharacter. But these items can easily fall dur-ing an earthquake if you do not fasten themproperly to a wall in the following way:

➣ Use closed screw-eyes, instead of tradi-tional picture hangers, for securing pictureframes, bulletin boards and mirrors.

• Depending on the weight of the object and the screw-eye’s maximum weight limit, screw one or more closed screw eyes into wall studs. Use a stud finder to figure out where to put them.

• Attach picture wire to one side of the frame. Thread the wire through the closed screw-eye, fastening it securely to the other side of the frame. See Figure 8.

• If you use an open screw-eye instead of a closed screw-eye, be sure to close it with pliers once you have hung the picture.

➣ Always mount heavy or sharp wall hang-ings away from areas where they could fall onchildren.Necessary Tools

and Materials

• Stud locator• Screwdriver• Variable speed drill and bits• Screw-eyes or screw-hook• Heavy picture wire• Pliers

Damage to framed pictures,Northridge, Calif.

Drywall

Wire

Wood Stud

ClosedScrew-Eye

Picture

Figure 8: Secure Picture Frame to Wall

J. P

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nonstructural retrofits

Ceiling Lights,Suspended Ceilingsand Hanging Fixtures

If they aren’t well attached and supported,ceiling lights, suspended ceilings and hang-ing fixtures, such as chandeliers and ceilingfans, can fall in an earthquake and serious-ly injure those below. Here are some waysto protect yourself:

➣ Secure ceiling lights to supports usingsafety cables.

• Use a chain strap or a minimum 14-gauge wire to attach the light fixture toa nearby ceiling support. Locate the support visually or use a stud locator. Be sure to leave the safety cables slack; they should not support the weight of the lights under normal circumstances. See Figure 9 for details.

• If your ceiling light has a cover, keep itfrom falling during an earthquake byfastening it to the fixture itself or to thehome’s permanent structure.

• Pay special attention to your home’s fluorescent lights. Installing plastic sleeves over the fluorescent light tubes will keep the glass from scattering if they break. As an alternative, consider using Teflon® fluorescent lights, which are shatter-resistant.

➣ Use safety cables every few feet toattach suspended or false ceilings to thestructure of your home.

• Use chain straps, plumber’s strapping(metal strapping with holes) or heavy wire (minimum 14-gauge) to secure sus-pended or false ceilings. See Figure 9.

• Use screws, bolts or other appropriate fasteners to attach the safety cables to both the suspended ceiling and the per-manent structure.

• You can prevent the ceiling panels from flying upward by installing adjustable compression struts. Contact your sus-pended ceiling manufacturer for details. See Figure 9.

Top: Failure of pendant light fix-tures in the Dawson ElementarySchool library, Coalinga, Calif.Bottom: Damage to suspendedceiling and recessed ceiling lights,Philippines.

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A Homeowner’s Guide to Earthquake Retrofit

➣ Make sure chandeliers, ceiling fans, othersuspended fixtures and hanging plants aresafely secured to the permanent structure.

• Connect all suspended items to strong supports with safety cables capable of supporting each item’s entire weight. Each cable should remain slack andnot support the item’s weight under normal circumstances.

• Keep in mind that hanging items tend to sway easily. Make sure these objects will not collide with anything if they swing in an earthquake.

Necessary Toolsand Materials

• Safety cables, chain straps,heavy wire or plumber’s strapping

• Fasteners• Adjustable compression struts• Screwdriver• Variable speed drill and bits• Stud locator• Plastic sleeves for fluorescent lights • Light covers

Figure 9: Secure Lights and Suspended Ceilings

Use chain straps or 14-gauge wireat each corner or at least at

diagionally opposite corners.

Adjustable compression strutsprevent upward movement.

Safety cables arevery important.

General Notes• For exposed fluorescent light bulbs use

protective sleeves.• Secure light covers in place.• To secure a wire or chain, use a

minimum of 3 tight turns in 1-1/2” at each end.

nonstructural retrofits

Windows and Doors

Your home’s windows and glass doors mayseem harmless enough. But in an earth-quake, glass can break explosively, serious-ly injuring anyone nearby. One way to pro-tect yourself and your family from brokenglass is to apply safety film to windows andglass doors:

➣ Use a protective film (minimum thick-ness of 4 mils) on all types of glass, includ-ing tempered glass and annealed glass. Youcan buy it in rolls at your local hardwareand home improvment stores, or contactthe International Window Film Associ-ation for the nearest distributor. Be sure toinstall the film according to the manufac-turer’s instructions.

➣ As an alternative, consider professionalinstallation.

Large Appliances

An earthquake can cause refrigerators,washing machines and other large appli-ances to slide or fall over. Heavy objects onwheels may roll if brakes or stops are notprovided and locked. To secure these items:

➣ Anchor large appliances to walls usingsafety cables or straps. The restraint shouldbe located in the mid- to upper-portion ofthe appliance. Use the following method:

• Choose a screw-eye that is sized appro-priately for the appliance. For example, use a 3/8-inch diameter screw-eye (or larger) for a refrigerator.

• For wood stud walls, use a stud locator to find the best wall location to install the screw-eye. For stone or masonry

walls, place plastic anchors in the pre-drilled holes before you install the screw-eye.

• Connect coated wire cable to the screw-eye at one end and to a snap-hook fastener at the other end.

• Attach the cable to the appliance with the snap-hook fastener.

➣ Replace rigid water or gas connec-tions on large appliances with flexibleconnectors.

• Check to see if your local building codes allow you to use flexible connec-tors and whether a professional must install them.

➣ Always lock the rollers of any largeappliances or pieces of furniture.

Necessary Toolsand Materials

• Coated wire cable or otherstrapping system

• Screwdriver• Variable speed drill and bits• Stud locator• Screw-eyes• Hook fasteners• Flexible connectors• Plastic anchors

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Damaged building, Coalinga, Calif.

A Homeowner’s Guide to Earthquake Retrofit

Water heater burned in residentialfire caused by a gas leak.

Figure 10: Retrofitted Water Heater

Heavy-duty shelving bracketlocated within the top 1/3 of thewater heater.

Heavy-duty shelving bracket locatedwithin the lower 1/3 of the waterheater. It must be a minimum of 4”above controls.

Existing Walls Existing Water Heater

2 x 4 WoodBlocking

Water HeaterControl

3/4” Plumber’sstrapping snug

around water heater

Ben

Rot

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z

Note: See general notes on next pagefor additional information

Water Heaters

Water heaters can move or tip over in anearthquake and the broken water pipe canflood your home, destroying ceilings,floors, walls, furniture, artwork and familyphotos. If your heater runs on flammablegas and the gas line breaks, the situationbecomes far more serious.

In many areas of the country where earth-quakes are common, local building codesmay require that water heaters be laterallybraced or strapped to resist seismic forces.Most hardware stores sell retrofit kits for dif-ferent-sized water heaters. In addition, sever-al generic restraint systems are available.Before you decide on a retrofit method,check with your local building depart-ment and make sure that it is approvedfor use in your area or goes beyond whatis required by your local building code.

nonstructural retrofits

➣ Secure water heaters (up to 50 gallons)to stud walls using the simple, genericmethod detailed in Figures 10 through 12.

• You can anchor the water heater using items that are readily available from the local hardware store.

• To begin: fasten two 2 x 4 wood block-ing strips to the nearby wall - one at a

height within the upper one-third (1/3) of the water heater and the other within the lower one-third (1/3) of the water heater. The lower 2 x 4 should be at least four (4) inches above the water heater control. If you are working with a wood or metal stud wall, attach the blocking directly to the studs. Use a stud locator to find the studs.

ExistingWaterHeater

Extend blocking at least two (2) studsbeyond bracket attachment.

Existing Wall

Attach blocking towall, see GeneralNotes below.

2 x 4 Wood Blocking(two (2) places)Use one (1) heavy-duty

shelving bracket in four(4) places.

Attach bracket to blockingwith two (2) #16 (or min.1/4”Ø) by 1-1/2” lag screws.

Attach bracket to plumber’s strapping with aminumum 1/4” Ø x 3/4” hex bolt. Use awasher under the nut. Keep 1” between endof bracket and center of bolt.

Attach bent ends of strapping with a minu-mum 1/4” Ø x 1” hex bolt. Use washersunder head and nut. Keep 1” between endof strapping and center of bolt.

Use minumum 3/4” plumber’sstrapping. Wrap around waterheater and provide snug fit.

General Notes: Blocking Attachment to Wall

1) Wood Stud Wall: Use two (2) #16 (or minimum 1/4”Ø) x 3-1/2” lag screws withhex head and washer under head of screw.

2) Concrete or Masonry Wall: Use 3/8”Ømasonry anchors with 1-5/8” embedmentinto existing wall at 12”-16” on center.

3) Steel Stud Wall: Use two (2) #10-16 self-drilling sheet metal screws with hex head and washer under head of screw.

4) Wood and Steel Stud Walls: Center screws on studs.

Figure 11: Straight Wall Configuration

• Method recommended by NIST. See NIST Report GCR 97-732 reference pg. 37.• Ø refers to the connection’s diameter.

A Homeowner’s Guide to Earthquake Retrofit

2 x 4 Wood Blockingfour (4) places

Figure 12: Corner Wall Configuration

Necessary Toolsand Materials

• 2 x 4s• Stud locator• Screwdriver• Hammer drill & bits

(stone & masonry walls)• Variable speed drill & bits

(wood & metal stud walls)• Various fasteners• Heavy-duty shelving brackets• Plumber’s strapping• Flexible connector

• Fasten heavy-duty shelving brackets to the wood blocking. These brackets should fit snugly against the water heater.

• Wrap plumber’s strapping (metal strap-ping with holes) around the heater and secure it to the brackets.

➣ Remember: Use flexible, not rigid, waterand gas connectors and check with local build-ing code officials to see if you must hire alicensed plumber to modify the connections.

➣ Make certain all adult and teenage familymembers know where to locate the gas shut-off valve and how to operate it.

Extend blocking atleast two (2) studsbeyond bracketattachment.

Existing Wall

Attach blocking towall, see GeneralNotes, below.

Use one (1)heavy-duty shelv-ing bracket infour (4) places.

Attach bracketto blocking withtwo (2) #16 (ormin. 1/4”Ø) by1-1/2” lagscrews.

Attach bracket to plumber’sstrapping with a minumum1/4” Ø x 3/4” hex bolt. Usea washer under the nut.Keep 1” between end ofbracket and center of bolt.

Attach bent ends of strapping with aminumum 1/4” Ø x 1” hex bolt. Usewashers under head and nut. Keep 1”between end of strapping and centerof bolt.

Use minumum 3/4” plumber’sstrapping. Wrap around waterheater and provide snug fit.

General Notes: Blocking Attachment to Wall

1) Wood Stud Wall: Use two #16 (or minimum 1/4”Ø) x 3-1/2” lag screws with hex head and washer under head of screw.

2) Concrete or Masonry Wall: Use 3/8”Ø masonry anchors with 1-5/8” embedment into existing wall at 12”-16” on center.

3) Steel Stud Wall: Use two (2) #10-16 self-drilling sheet metal screws with hex head and washer under head of screw.

4) Wood and Steel Stud Walls: Center screws on studs.

• Method recommended by NIST. See NIST Report GCR 97-732 reference pg. 37.• Ø refers to the connection’s diameter.

Securing the Water Heater

Securing your hot water tank

Secure your water heater.

• There should be very little space betweenthe water heater and the wall. If there ismore than 1 or 2 inches, attach a woodenblock to the wall studs with long lagscrews (see illustration on page 20). Thepurpose is to prevent the heater fromtipping backwards.

• Wrap the heavy-gauge metal strapping 1 1/2 times around the tank. Start byplacing the strapping at the back of thetank. Bring it to the front and then take itback to the wall (see illustration).

• Secure this strapping to the wall studs orthe wood block using several 1/4" x 3" orlonger lag screws with oversized washers.If you are securing it directly into concrete,use 1/4" expansion bolts in place of thescrews.

Commercially available kits like this

one come complete with the strapping,

lag screws, washers, spacers, and

tension bolts. These kits can be

purchased at many local hardware

stores, and are recommended.

• Replace all copper and metal piping withflexible natural gas and water lineconnectors.

❑

SDART – SSSSeattle DDDDisaster AAAAid & RRRResponse TTTTeams

© 2002 City of Seattle Emergency Management

Enjoy peace of mind. SDART preparing today.

Protected source of water – or a puddle

Fresh water after a disaster may be as close asyour water heater – provided, of course, that it re-mains standing upright. A typical water heaterholds 30 to 50 gallons of water.

However, this supply of water is extremely vulnera-ble to the ground undulation (swells and rolls) andground acceleration of earthquakes, causing themto tip over.

You can protect this valuable resource by securingyour water heater to the wall studs.

Changes to strapping recommendations

Experts have modified the recommended procedurefor strapping water heaters because many tanksburst through their strapping in both the 1989 LomaPrieta (San Francisco) and the 1994 Northridge(Los Angeles) earthquakes. Experts recommendthese two important changes:

1. Secure both the top and the bottom, ratherthan just the top or just the middle, of thehot water tank.

2. Use heavy-gauge metal strapping ratherthan plumber’s tape. Many water heaters inboth the 1989 and the 1994 earthquakesburst through the plumber’s tape that wasintended to keep them secure. Plumber’stape has been found to be too brittle to beeffective.

do NOT use this -

this is plumber’s tape

use heavy-gauge

strapping instead

Getting Ready …

The future is the past in preparation.

water heaters are an excellent supply of

emergency water

water can be accessed from the drain

spout - this is made easier by connect-

ing a garden hose to the drain spout

open a faucet somewhere in the house

to allow the water to drain easier

make sure the electricity or natural gas

is shut off before opening the drain

�

SDART – SSSSeattle DDDDisaster AAAAid & RRRResponse TTTTeams

© 2002 City of Seattle Emergency Management

A Homeowner’s Guide to Earthquake Retrofit

home improvement

project list

his list of home improvementsdivides the different retrofits intocost categories. The categories reflect

the cost of each individual item. The costwill be slightly higher if you hire someone

to complete the work. You or your con-tractor can tackle these projects one at atime, but remember, the more you do thestronger your home becomes.

Category $ • Fasten bookcases and cabinets to nearby walls;• Install latches on cabinet doors and drawers;• Secure electronic equipment, artwork and other

breakable items to the tops of bookcases and cabinets;• Anchor large appliances to nearby walls;• Secure pictures and bulletin boards to walls;• Attach safety cables to light fixtures, suspended ceilings

and other hanging items;• Apply safety film to windows and doors;• Secure water heater to nearby wall.

Category $$ • Reinforce cripple wall;• Strengthen narrow walls on either side of garage opening;• Anchor unreinforced chimneys.

Category $$$ • Add anchor bolts or steel plates to foundation;• Secure post-and-pier foundation;• Modify floor system;• Strengthen wood-framed walls;• Reinforce masonry walls;• Retrofit roof system;• Evaluate unique room additions.

T

checklist

How well will your home resist damageduring a 3.0 earthquake? How aboutone that is a 6.0 or greater? Most homestypically will need some type of rein-forcement to withstand a major earth-quake. Here is a checklist that will helpyou focus on how to strengthen yourhome.

To answer some of these questions youmay need to enter uncomfortable orsmall spaces. You may want to have anexperienced inspector or professionalengineer or architect check your home,instead. Whatever choice you make, takesome time to do this before the nextearthquake strikes.

Observation Recommendation Unsecured bookcases and cabinets Fasten to nearby walls

Cabinet doors and drawers that swing open easily Install latches

Electronic equipment and artwork that can topple Secure items to bookcases and cabinets

Pictures and bulletin boards that can fall Fasten securely to walls

Hanging fixtures and suspended ceilings Attach safety cables

Large appliances that can tip over Anchor to nearby walls

Unprotected windows and doors Apply safety film

Water heater that can tip over Secure to nearby wall

Home not anchored to foundation Add anchor bolts or steel plates

Weak cripple wall Reinforce cripple wall

Unsound post-and-pier foundation Secure post-and-pier foundation

Weak floor system Modify floor system

Inadequate walls Strengthen wood-framed walls

Unreinforced masonry Reinforce masonry walls

Poor roof support Retrofit roof system

Unsecured chimney Anchor unreinforced chimney

Room over garage Strengthen the support

Unique addition Have engineer evaluate

A Homeowner’s Guide to Earthquake Retrofit

175 Federal Street, Suite 500, Boston, MA 02110-2222(617) 292-2003 • Fax (617) 292-2022 • http://www.ibhs.org/

This document edited with permission, in support of Seattle Project Impact's Regional Home Retrofit Program(206) 615-0288 • Fax (206) 684-5998 • http://www.seattle.gov/projectimpact