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Federalism and regionalism
in Europe
Dr Radoslaw Zubek
Hertford [email protected]
www.hertford.ox.ac.uk/zubek
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Political institutions: 2-D
• Executive-parties (partisan actors)
– electoral system
– cleavage structure
• Super-majoritarianism (institutional actors)
– federalism vs. unitarism
– judicial review
–
direct democracy – bicameralism
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Source: McGann 2006
Empirical examples
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Lecture Outline
• Variation in regional authority
– Across space and time
• Explanations for variation
• Consequences
– impact on party positions and organizations
– Impact on coalitions
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Measuring regional authority
• Self-rule: authority of a regional government over
those living in the region
– Institutional depth, policy scope, fiscal autonomy,
representation
• Shared rule: authority a regional government co-
exercises in the country as a whole
– Law-making, executive control, fiscal control,
constitutional reform
Source: Marks, Hooghe, Schakel 2008a
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Variation in Regional Authority
Source: RAI index
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State traditions
• Unitary states (France)
– Jacobin conception of unitary and indivisible state
• Federal states (Germany)
– Limited central authority in Holy German Empire
• Union states (UK)
– States formed through acts of union
Source: Loughlin, Kincaid, Swenden 2013; Dyson 1980
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Population and identity
Source: Marks, Hooghe, Schakel 2008b, p. 175
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Reforms of Regional Authority
Source: Marks, Hooghe, Schakel 2008b, p. 170
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RAI Over Time (WE)
Source: RAI index
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RAI Over Time (CEE)
Source: RAI index
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The rise of regionalism (I)
• Post-war years in Europe (1945-1975)
– centralization and bureaucratization of public policy
programmes
– local authorities deliver welfare services on behalf ofcentral governments
• Rise of neo-liberalism
– A shift from ’principal-agent’ model to a model based on
choice especially in the US
– Similar – but less strong – shifts in Europe towards
decentralization and devolution of tasks
Source: Loughlin, Hendriks, Lidström 2010
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The rise of regionalism (EU)
• EU regional policy
– Partnership principle (1998) – regional policy made not
only for the regions but WITH the regions.
• Patterns of subnational presence in Europe – Regional ministers in Council, Committee of Regions,
partnership in structural funds, etc.
– Regional offices in Brussels, Assembly of the Regions (AER),
Council of European Municipalities and Regions (CEMR),
• EU as a multi-level governance system
Source: Hooghe & Keating 1994; Thielemann 2002; Bache & Jones 2000
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The rise of regionalism (CEE)
• EU accession and conditionality
• Weak formal conditionality
– ‘Thin’ acquis in chapter 21,
– Limited institutional templates
• Stronger ‘informal’ conditionality
– Commission wanted to mirror its relations with subnational actors in
old member states,
– Commission pushed for decentralization in CEE,
– Signalling approval in progress reports, channelling Phare funds,
personal interactions etc.
Source: Hughes, Sasse, Gordon 2004
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Party positions on regionalism
• How do parties react to the rise of regionalism?
• A study by Hepburn and Detterbeck
– A shift of left-wing parties in Europe to becoming
supporters of decentralizing policies especially incentralized states (France, Italy, UK)
– Less radical repositioning of right-wing parties in such
states
– Moderate party repositioning of parties in federal states(Austria, Germany)
Source: Hepburn and Detterbeck 2013
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Party positions (1970s)
Source: Hepburn and Detterbeck 2013, p. 79
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Party positions (2000s)
Source: Hepburn and Detterbeck 2013, p. 80
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Key Sources
• Bache, I. and R. Jones (2000) ‘Has EU Regional Policy Empowered the Regions? A
Study of Spain and the UK‘. Regional and Federal Studies 10:1-20.
• Dyson, K. (1980) State tradition in Western Europe. Oxford: Martin Robertson.
• Hepburn, E. and Detterbeck, K. (2013) 'Federalism, Regionalism and the Dynamics of
Party Politics‘ in Loughlin, J., Kincaid, J., Swenden, W. (2013) Routledge Handbook of
Regionalism & Federalism. Routledge.• Hooghe, L. and M. Keating (1994) ‘The Politics of European Union Regional Policy’,
Journal of European Public Policy 1(3): 367 –93.
• Hopkin, J. and P. van Houten (2009) Decentralization and State-Wide Parties. Special
Issue of Party Politics 15(2).
•
Hughes, J., Sasse, G., Gordon, C. (2004) Europeanization and regionalization in theEU's enlargement to Central and Eastern Europe: the myth of conditionality. Palgrave.
• Loughlin, J. , Hendriks, F., and A. Lidström (2010). The Oxford Handbook of Local and
Regional Democracy in Europe. OUP.
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Key Sources
• Loughlin, J., Kincaid, J., Swenden, W. (2013) Routledge Handbook of Regionalism &Federalism. Routledge.
• Marks, G.,Hooghe, L., Schakel, A.H. (2008a) ‘Measuring Regional Authority’. Regional
and Federal Studies 18(2-3): 111-121.
• Marks, G.,Hooghe, L., Schakel, A.H. (2008b) ‘Patterns of Regional Authority’. Regional
and Federal Studies 18(2-3): 167-181.• McGann, A.J. (2006) ‘Social Choice and Comparing Legislatures: Constitutional versus
Institutional Constraints’. Journal of Legislative Studies, 12(3 –4): 443 –461.
• Stefuriuc, I. (2009) ‘Government Formation in Multi-Level Settings Spanish Regional
Coalitions and the Quest for Vertical Congruence’, Party Politics, 15(1): 93-115.
• Stefuriuc, I. (2013) Government formation in Multi-Level Settings: Party Strategy and
Institutional Constraints. Palgrave.
• Thielemann, E. (2002) ‘The Price of Europeanisation: Why European Regional Policy
Initiatives are a Mixed Blessing’, Regional and Federal Studies 12(1): 43-65.