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LumiLab
Department of Solid State Sciences
Ghent University
IWASOM, July 16, 2013
ZnGa2S4 as a host for Eu2+-activated luminescence
Jonas Joos, Katleen Korthout, Dirk Poelman, Philippe Smet
Jonas Joos ZnGa2S4 as a host for Eu2+-activated luminescence
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Conversion phosphor White LEDs
Jonas Joos ZnGa2S4 as a host for Eu2+-activated luminescence Jonas Joos ZnGa2S4 as a host for Eu2+-activated luminescence
1
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EBU gamut
Planckian locus
v.s.
Jonas Joos Green phosphors for high brightness applications
Conversion phosphor Improved efficiency for displays
Jonas Joos ZnGa2S4 as a host for Eu2+-activated luminescence
SrGa2S4:Eu2+
EuGa2S4
CaGa2S4:Eu2+
SrSi2O2N2:Eu2+
β-SiAlON
2
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EBU gamut
Planckian locus
v.s.
Jonas Joos Green phosphors for high brightness applications
Conversion phosphor Improved efficiency for displays
Jonas Joos ZnGa2S4 as a host for Eu2+-activated luminescence
SrGa2S4:Eu2+
EuGa2S4
CaGa2S4:Eu2+
SrSi2O2N2:Eu2+
β-SiAlON
2
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Jonas Joos Green phosphors for high brightness applications
Zn1-xEuxGa2S4
A small biography
“ZnGa2S4:Eu2+ medium intense green phosphor.” -- M. M. Yuta, W. B. White
1992
Jonas Joos ZnGa2S4 as a host for Eu2+-activated luminescence
3
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Jonas Joos Green phosphors for high brightness applications
“ZnGa2S4:Eu2+ medium intense green phosphor.” -- M. M. Yuta, W. B. White
A small biography
Jonas Joos ZnGa2S4 as a host for Eu2+-activated luminescence
Zn1-xEuxGa2S4
3
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Jonas Joos Green phosphors for high brightness applications
“The PL spectrum of ZnGa2S4:Eu,F consists of a broad band at 565 nm.” -- B.G. Tagiev et al.
2000
A small biography
Jonas Joos ZnGa2S4 as a host for Eu2+-activated luminescence
Zn1-xEuxGa2S4
3
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Jonas Joos Green phosphors for high brightness applications
2005
A small biography
Jonas Joos ZnGa2S4 as a host for Eu2+-activated luminescence
“…lead to the assumption that the Eu2+ ions are substituted at octahedral voids of the host lattice rather than at cationic sites.” -- C. Wickleder et al.
Zn2+ / Ga3+
S2-
Eu2+
Zn1-xEuxGa2S4
3
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Jonas Joos Green phosphors for high brightness applications
“…lead to the assumption that the Eu2+ ions are substituted at octahedral voids of the host lattice rather than at cationic sites.” -- C. Wickleder et al.
A small biography
Jonas Joos ZnGa2S4 as a host for Eu2+-activated luminescence
Zn2+ / Ga3+
S2-
Eu2+
Zn1-xEuxGa2S4
3
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Jonas Joos Green phosphors for high brightness applications
“High PL intensity at 540nm.” -- J. W. Kim, Y. J. Kim
2007
A small biography
Jonas Joos ZnGa2S4 as a host for Eu2+-activated luminescence
Zn1-xEuxGa2S4
3
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Jonas Joos Green phosphors for high brightness applications
“… a good candidate for prospective solid state lighting devices.” -- Y. Jeong et al.
2012
“… the ZnGa2S4:0.05Eu2+ phosphor can be a good green phosphor candidate … “ -- R. Yu et al.
A small biography
Jonas Joos ZnGa2S4 as a host for Eu2+-activated luminescence
Zn1-xEuxGa2S4
3
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Jonas Joos Green phosphors for high brightness applications
4th IWASOM Gdańsk 2013
Critical evaluation of luminescent properties
Where is Eu2+ ?
A small biography
Jonas Joos ZnGa2S4 as a host for Eu2+-activated luminescence
Zn1-xEuxGa2S4
3
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Jonas Joos Green phosphors for high brightness applications
Diffuse reflectance
Steady-state photoluminescence
Photoluminescence
ZnGa2S4 Zn0.99Eu0.01Ga2S4 EuGa2S4
Jonas Joos ZnGa2S4 as a host for Eu2+-activated luminescence
excitation emission
Zn1-xEuxGa2S4
4
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Jonas Joos Green phosphors for high brightness applications
Quantum efficiency
Photoluminescence
Ab
sorp
tio
n –
Qu
antu
m e
ffic
ien
cy
Jonas Joos ZnGa2S4 as a host for Eu2+-activated luminescence
Absorption Internal QE External QE
Zn1-xEuxGa2S4
5
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Jonas Joos Green phosphors for high brightness applications
Thermal quenching and decay
Intensity Lifetime
Independent of doping concentration
Jonas Joos ZnGa2S4 as a host for Eu2+-activated luminescence
Zn1-xEuxGa2S4
6
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Jonas Joos Green phosphors for high brightness applications
Stating the hypothesis
PL spectra Zn1-xEuxGa2S4 and EuGa2S4 very similar
Absence of concentration quenching
TQ and decay independent of x
Jonas Joos ZnGa2S4 as a host for Eu2+-activated luminescence
Zn1-xEuxGa2S4
7
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Jonas Joos Green phosphors for high brightness applications
Stating the hypothesis
PL spectra Zn1-xEuxGa2S4 and EuGa2S4 very similar
Absence of concentration quenching
TQ and decay independent of x
EuGa2S4 responsable for luminescence?
Jonas Joos ZnGa2S4 as a host for Eu2+-activated luminescence
Zn1-xEuxGa2S4
7
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Jonas Joos Green phosphors for high brightness applications
SEM-CL-EDX
Cathodoluminescence spectroscopy inside SEM
Relate luminescence to chemical composition (EDX)
Jonas Joos ZnGa2S4 as a host for Eu2+-activated luminescence
Zn1-xEuxGa2S4
8
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Jonas Joos Green phosphors for high brightness applications
SEM-CL-EDX
Cathodoluminescence spectroscopy inside SEM
Relate luminescence to chemical composition (EDX)
Jonas Joos ZnGa2S4 as a host for Eu2+-activated luminescence
Zn1-xEuxGa2S4
8
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Jonas Joos Green phosphors for high brightness applications
SEM-CL-EDX
Cathodoluminescence spectroscopy inside SEM
Relate luminescence to chemical composition (EDX)
ZnGa2S
4 Zn
1-xEu
xGa
2S
4 EuGa
2S
4
Jonas Joos ZnGa2S4 as a host for Eu2+-activated luminescence
Zn1-xEuxGa2S4
8
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Jonas Joos Green phosphors for high brightness applications
X-ray diffraction
Emerging of EuGa2S4 peaks visible
Zn0.94Eu0.06Ga2S4
ZnGa2S4
Jonas Joos ZnGa2S4 as a host for Eu2+-activated luminescence
Zn1-xEuxGa2S4
9
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Jonas Joos Green phosphors for high brightness applications
X-ray diffraction
Emerging of EuGa2S4 peaks visible
Zn0.94Eu0.06Ga2S4
ZnGa2S4
Jonas Joos ZnGa2S4 as a host for Eu2+-activated luminescence
Zn1-xEuxGa2S4
9
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Jonas Joos Green phosphors for high brightness applications
X-ray diffraction
Emerging of EuGa2S4 peaks visible
Zn0.94Eu0.06Ga2S4
ZnGa2S4
Jonas Joos ZnGa2S4 as a host for Eu2+-activated luminescence
Zn1-xEuxGa2S4
9
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Jonas Joos Green phosphors for high brightness applications
X-ray diffraction
Emerging of EuGa2S4 peaks visible
Region around ±24° inspected
Amount of EuGa2S4 as function of Eu-concentration
Jonas Joos ZnGa2S4 as a host for Eu2+-activated luminescence
Zn1-xEuxGa2S4
9
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Jonas Joos Green phosphors for high brightness applications
X-ray diffraction
Emerging of EuGa2S4 peaks visible
Region around ±24° inspected
Amount of EuGa2S4 as function of Eu-concentration
Jonas Joos ZnGa2S4 as a host for Eu2+-activated luminescence
1.0
EuG
a 2S 4
co
nte
nt
No incorporation
x
Zn1-xEuxGa2S4
9
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Jonas Joos Green phosphors for high brightness applications
X-ray absorption spectroscopy
Zn K-edge in Zn0.96Eu0.04Ga2S4
Eu LIII-edge in Zn0.96Eu0.04Ga2S4
Eu LIII-edge in EuGa2S4
EXAFS @ ESRF Grenoble (FR)
Jonas Joos ZnGa2S4 as a host for Eu2+-activated luminescence
Zn1-xEuxGa2S4
10
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Jonas Joos Green phosphors for high brightness applications
X-ray absorption spectroscopy
EXAFS @ ESRF Grenoble (FR)
Eu2+ does not occupy Zn-site
Jonas Joos ZnGa2S4 as a host for Eu2+-activated luminescence
Zn K-edge in Zn0.96Eu0.04Ga2S4
Eu LIII-edge in Zn0.96Eu0.04Ga2S4
Eu LIII-edge in EuGa2S4
Zn1-xEuxGa2S4
10
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Jonas Joos Green phosphors for high brightness applications
4th IWASOM Gdańsk 2013
Critical evaluation of luminescent properties
Where is Eu2+ ?
A small biography
Jonas Joos ZnGa2S4 as a host for Eu2+-activated luminescence
Zn1-xEuxGa2S4
11
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Jonas Joos Green phosphors for high brightness applications
4th IWASOM Gdańsk 2013
Critical evaluation of luminescent properties
ZnGa2S4:Eu2+ unsuitable as conversion phosphor
Where is Eu2+ ?
A small biography
Jonas Joos ZnGa2S4 as a host for Eu2+-activated luminescence
Zn1-xEuxGa2S4
11
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Jonas Joos Green phosphors for high brightness applications
4th IWASOM Gdańsk 2013
Critical evaluation of luminescent properties
ZnGa2S4:Eu2+ unsuitable as conversion phosphor
Where is Eu2+ ?
Majority inside EuGa2S4 impurity phase!
A small biography
Jonas Joos ZnGa2S4 as a host for Eu2+-activated luminescence
Zn1-xEuxGa2S4
11
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Jonas Joos Green phosphors for high brightness applications
Critical evaluation of luminescent properties
ZnGa2S4:Eu2+ unsuitable as conversion phosphor
Where is Eu2+ ?
Majority inside EuGa2S4 impurity phase!
A small biography
Jonas Joos ZnGa2S4 as a host for Eu2+-activated luminescence
Zn1-xEuxGa2S4
11
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Jonas Joos ZnGa2S4 as a host for Eu2+-activated luminescence Jonas Joos ZnGa2S4 as a host for Eu2+-activated luminescence
Thanking…
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LumiLab
Department of Solid State Sciences
Ghent University
IWASOM, July 16, 2013
ZnGa2S4 as a host for Eu2+-activated luminescence
Jonas Joos, Katleen Korthout, Philippe Smet, Dirk Poelman
Jonas Joos ZnGa2S4 as a host for Eu2+-activated luminescence Jonas Joos ZnGa2S4 as a host for Eu2+-activated luminescence
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Jonas Joos Green phosphors for high brightness applications
SEM-CL-EDX
Cathodoluminescence spectroscopy inside SEM
Relate luminescence to chemical composition (EDX)
Monochromator CCD
Optical fiber
SE detector
BSE detector
EDX detector
Electron beam
Sample stage
Jonas Joos ZnGa2S4 as a host for Eu2+-activated luminescence
Zn1-xEuxGa2S4
A1
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Jonas Joos Green phosphors for high brightness applications
SEM-CL-EDX
Cathodoluminescence spectroscopy inside SEM
Relate luminescence to chemical composition (EDX)
SE image
CL spectrum in each mapped point
elemental maps
Typ. 2
00
lines
Jonas Joos ZnGa2S4 as a host for Eu2+-activated luminescence
Zn1-xEuxGa2S4
A1
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Jonas Joos Green phosphors for high brightness applications
X-ray diffraction
Emerging of EuGa2S4 peaks visible
Region around ±24° inspected
measurement
ZnGa2S4 (1 1 0)
EuGa2S4 (4 4 2)
EuGa2S4 (4 4 0)
Jonas Joos ZnGa2S4 as a host for Eu2+-activated luminescence
Zn1-xEuxGa2S4
A2
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Jonas Joos Green phosphors for high brightness applications
X-ray diffraction
Emerging of EuGa2S4 peaks visible
Region around ±24° inspected
measurement fit
ZnGa2S4 (1 1 0)
EuGa2S4 (4 4 2)
EuGa2S4 (4 4 0)
Jonas Joos ZnGa2S4 as a host for Eu2+-activated luminescence
Zn1-xEuxGa2S4
A2
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Jonas Joos Green phosphors for high brightness applications
X-ray diffraction
Emerging of EuGa2S4 peaks visible
Region around ±24° inspected
measurement fit
ZnGa2S4 (1 1 0)
EuGa2S4 (4 4 2)
EuGa2S4 (4 4 0)
Jonas Joos ZnGa2S4 as a host for Eu2+-activated luminescence
Zn1-xEuxGa2S4
A2
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Jonas Joos Green phosphors for high brightness applications
X-ray diffraction
Emerging of EuGa2S4 peaks visible
Region around ±24° inspected
measurement fit
Jonas Joos ZnGa2S4 as a host for Eu2+-activated luminescence
Zn1-xEuxGa2S4
A2
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Jonas Joos Green phosphors for high brightness applications
X-ray absorption spectroscopy
EXAFS @ ESRF Grenoble (FR)
Jonas Joos ZnGa2S4 as a host for Eu2+-activated luminescence
Zn1-xEuxGa2S4
A3
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Jonas Joos Green phosphors for high brightness applications
X-ray absorption spectroscopy
EXAFS @ ESRF Grenoble (FR)
Dutch Belgian Beamline (BM26)
Jonas Joos ZnGa2S4 as a host for Eu2+-activated luminescence
Zn1-xEuxGa2S4
A3
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Jonas Joos Green phosphors for high brightness applications
X-ray absorption spectroscopy
XANES @ ESRF Grenoble (FR) (Eu LIII edge)
Only divalent europium in powders
Jonas Joos ZnGa2S4 as a host for Eu2+-activated luminescence
Zn0.96Eu0.04Ga2S4
Eu2O3 EuS
Zn1-xEuxGa2S4
A4
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Jonas Joos Green phosphors for high brightness applications
X-ray absorption spectroscopy
EXAFS @ ESRF Grenoble (FR)
Eu2+ does not occupy Zn-site
Experimental result Simulation
Jonas Joos ZnGa2S4 as a host for Eu2+-activated luminescence
Zn1-xEuxGa2S4
A5
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Jonas Joos Green phosphors for high brightness applications
Photoluminescence
Thermal stability (T0.5 = 475°C)
Quantum efficiency ( 71%)
Absence of emission saturation at high fluxes
Chemical stability
Jonas Joos ZnGa2S4 as a host for Eu2+-activated luminescence
Sr1-xEuxGa2S4
A6