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Zhang Fusuo
Center for Resources, Environment and Food SecurityChina Agricultural University
Dec. 7, 2015
Increase crop productivity and sustainability by balanced fertilization
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Outline
Role of fertilizer in crop
production
Imbalanced fertilization and
phosphorus efficiency management
Future needs to produce more : A
succesful case
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Without N, 4 billion people would be starved to death(Erisman et al 2008)
Fertilizers help feed the world
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-N +N-P +P
Maize growth was improved by N and P input
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Zingore et al 2014
Effect of N applied as mineral fertilizer and cattle manure and their combination on maize grain yields in soils of varying fertility in Sub-Saharan Africa
Crop yield increased with nutrient supply
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Outline
Role of fertilizer in crop production
Imbalanced fertilization and
phosphorus efficiency management
Future needs to produce more
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Nitrogen surplus in world major croplands
Sutton et al 2013
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MacDonald et al 2012
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Nutrient imbalances in China due to high input
Brazil China France Germany India Myanmar USA
Cereal yield 4.8 5.9 7.1 7.3 3 2.5 7.3
N input 48.7 331.2 120.6 141 106.7 8 77
P2O5 input 61.1 105.9 25.8 23.8 35.9 2 26.9
Total 176.7 498.6 172.6 203.4 155.9 12 132.9
N surplus 19.4 221 43.8 56.7 64 -33 16.5
P surplus 51.3 67.6 -1.2 -5.6 22.2 -4.6 5.9
Data were from FAO and IFA, 2015. The method of calculating nutrient balances was from Cui et al 2014; Wu et al 2015; Zhan, 2015.
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15
30.97P
Phosphorous is an essential nutrient for plant development and productivity
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Phosphorus is a key factor for crop production
Moderate P fertilisation
No P fertilisationHigh P fertilisation
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In heavily P limited soils, small addition of P can boost crop yields
• Small addition of 10 kg P/ha/yr could increase maize yields by 12% in South America and 26% in Africa
• With N addition, this would save 29 millions ha from cropland expansion and provide food for +200 millions people
(van der Velde et al., 2013)
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P deficiency
Leaf growthLeaf area
Light interception(source for C)
Leaf demand for C
Root growth
Maintained (or slightly enhanced)on short time
Reduced on long timeRoot/shoot ratio
Synoptic diagram of P deficiency effects on plant growth and development
Pellerin et al 1999
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+P -P
Increased biomass allocation to roots in low P
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Al/Fe oxides
Allophane
Source: De Sousa, 2011
Soils with strong P adsorption
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Soils with strong P precipitation
CaCO3
MgCO3
CalcisolsCalcarosols
Source: Jorge.Mataix
Source: ISRIC
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Global coverage of calcareous soils
Source: FAO
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Where is P “fixation” a real problem?
X XX
Source: Vorosmarty CJ, McIntyre PB, et al. (2010) Nature 467(7315), 555-561.
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Improving P efficiency by releasing“fixed” P/reducing sorption
The scorecard Placement of P e.g. banding
Cultivation to mineralise organic P
Changing fertilizer formulation - fluids
Changing fertilizer formulation – slow release (for leaching)
New fertilizer formulations - chelates, slow release (to reduce sorption)
Inoculants/biostimulants to release “fixed” P
Inoculants/biostimulants to release stable organic P
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Source: bioag.novozymes.com
Field evidence of placement effects
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22‚Homoeopathic‘ P fertilization rate for improved root growth,
2-3 kg P (+N,K)/ha, placed
• P placement (including P as starter fertilizer)P placement is a well established agronomic measure for enhanced P acquisition in farmers’ practices on sites with inhibited root growth (low soil temperature, drought, soil compaction etc.) or soils with high P adsorption capacity such as in West Africa)
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Granular MAP Fluid MAP
Field evidence of efficiency of formulations
Source : Bob HollowayHolloway et al. 2001 Plant and Soil 236, 209-219.
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The locus Pup1 (P uptake 1) confers tolerance to P deficiency
Nipponbare
NIL-Pup1
Kasalath
Near Isogenic Line for Pup1 Locus (NIL-Pup1): Genetically 97% identical to Nipponbare but with insertions from tolerant donor variety Kasalath at Pup1 (Chromosome 12)
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25
Faba bean
Faba bean acidified its rhizosphere via proton exudation from roots, whereas maize did not. This enhanced crop yield and P acquisition.
Maize
(Li et al., 2007 PNAS)
Intercropping faba bean with maize resulted in a better growth (17%) and P uptake (28 %) of maize: an agronomic measure for enhanced P acquisition widely used in Chinese agriculture (e.g. Gansu province)!
Yield increase:
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Yield 17 64 N uptake 36 58 200kgN/ha P uptake 26 56 100kgP2O5/ha
MaizeFaba BeanIncrease in ( % ) Fertilizer saved
Intercrop increse both yield and nutrient uptake
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Outline
Role of fertilizer in crop production
Imbalanced fertilization and best
nutrient management for balanced
fertilization
Future needs to produce more
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(Sanchez, 2015. Nature Plants 1. 1- 2.)
SS Africa
Latin AmericaSouth & Southeast Asia
China
USA, EU
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STB villagesNeighboring villagesControl villagesQuzhou experimental station
Staple crops
Other cash crops
Fruits and vegetables
Beijing
Quzhou
A successful case of chemical fertilizer as the key factor of food production (Quzhou county)
Quzhou, A typical county in the north China Plain with 93,074 households farmers
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1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020
Gra
in p
rodu
ctio
n (M
t)
0
100
200
300
400
500
Che
mic
al fe
rtili
zer
cons
umpt
ion
(Mt)
0
20
40
60
80
100
GrainFertilizer
Soil salinization Soil fertility improved Double high
Manure-based management, supply intensity from 15 m3 to 60 m3 ha-1: chemical fertilizer shorted; irrigation shorted
Chemical fertilizer-based management , 150 kg N ha-1, 45 kg P2O5 ha-1
300 kg N ha-1, 150 kg P2O5 ha-1
Nutrient deficiency Nutrient replenishment Nutrient excessive
Quzhou Yearbook, 2014
Changes of grain yield and nutrient management strategy
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0 1 2 3 4 5
Gra
in p
rodu
ctio
n (1
03 t)
0
50
100
150
0 10 20 30 40 500
100
200
300
400
40 42 44 46 48 50200
300
400
500
y=5.2x+59R2=0.22
y=7.3x+75R2=0.88***
y=8.2x-25R2=0.39*
(a) 50s-80s (b) 80s-00s (c) 00s-10s
Chemical fertilizer consumption (103 t)
Contribution of fertilizer to grain production
Grain production could be explained 22%, 88% and 39% by fertilizer consumption during 1905s-1980s, 1980s-2000s, 2000s-2010s, irrespectively.
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Whe
at
yie
ld (
t ha
-1)
0
2
4
6
8N0Nopt
0
2
4
6
8P0Popt
50s-70s 70s-90s 90s-10s 50s-70s 70s-90s 90s-10s
24%
26%
9%
126%58%
9%
Yield response to fertilizer varied with time
Xin , 1977; Yang, 1994; Yue, 2012; Deng, 2015
No significant yield difference between fertilized and non-fertilized treatments was observed in 90s-10s
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Nutrient imbalance in Quzhou croplands
1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010
P2O
5 in
put &
sur
plus
(kg
ha-1
)
-100
0
100
200
300P surplusP input
1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010
N in
put &
sur
plus
(kg
ha-1
)
-200
0
200
400
600N surplusN input
Quzhou Yearbook, 2014; the method of calculating nutrient balance was from Cui et al 2014; Wu et al 2015; Zhan et al 2015;
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Feed crops to feed peopleand feed soil and environment in the other countries
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Thanksfor your attention !
AcknowledgmentsNSFC, MoA , MoE, MOST