X-Ray DiffractionSpectroscopy•RAMAN
•Microwave
What is X-Ray Diffraction?
X-Ray Diffraction and The Bragg’s Law
Max Von Laue William Lawrence Bragg William Henry Bragg
BRAGG’S LAW
BRAGG’S LAW
COMPONENTS OF XRD MACHINE
HOW DIFFRACTION WORKS?
HOW DIFFRACTION WORKS?
Applications of XRD
Find structure to determine function of proteins
Distinguish between different crystal structures with identical compositions
Study crystal deformation and stress properties
Study of rapid biological and chemical properties
Crystallographic applications
Spectroscopy is the study of the interaction between matter and radiated energy. It originated through the study of visible light dispersed according to its wavelength, by a prism. Spectroscopy is the measurement of radiation intensity as a function of wavelength.
SPECTROSCOPY
The Electromagnetic Spectrum
RAMAN SPECTROSCOPY
Raman Spectroscopy is a technique that uses scattered light resulting from photon–molecule collisions to investigate molecular properties.
RAMAN SPECTROSCOPY
RAMAN SCATTERING
RAMAN SPECTROSCOPY
Stokes Lines: Energy shifted down
Anti-Stokes: Energy shifted up
Raman scattering is governed by the polarizability of the electron cloud of the sample
A MODERN RAMAN SPECTROMETER
BASIC APPLICATIONS OF RAMAN SPECTROSCOPY
Identification of compound by matching the
spectrum of unknown with reference spectrum
(fingerprint). Determination of molecular composition of
surfaces. Identification of all type of inorganic compounds
in solid and aqueous solution. Detection of molecular impurites and additives.
MICROWAVE SPECTROSCOPY
Microwave rotational spectroscopy uses microwave radiation to measure the energies of rotational transitions for molecules in the gas phase.
MICROWAVE SPECTROSCOPY
▪ It is mainly used to get information about gas molecules, such as
▪ 1. Accurate bond lengths and angles.▪ 2. Electric dipole moments.▪ 3. Centrifugal distortion constants.▪ It can also be used to study dielectric
constants, dipole moments in liquids and solutions, and potential energy barriers to rotation
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