Download - WW II 1939-1945 The War in Europe
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WW II 1939-1945
The War in Europe
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THE WAR IN EUROPE: SEPT 1939-May 1940
A. Invasion of Poland: Sept 1 – Sept 29, 1939
-Hitler unleashes Blitzkrieg or “Lightening War” (Sept. 1 '39)
> Blitzkrieg: Strategy based on new offensive technologies: planes, tanks
> Planes attacked first causing havoc, tanks/motorized infantry would follow and outflank the enemy, trapping them in a “pincer” action.
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German attack on Poland:
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kfpg9unh_Fs(from beginning to 4:00 min.)
2nd video is better:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DnS39cJIbDY(beginning to 5:20)
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A. Invasion of Poland: cont.
- No more Poland (by Sept. 29 1939) > Why was Poland defeated so quickly?
* Large army (over 1 million), but very few motorized divisions, small air force
* Soviet army joined the attack on Poland Sept. 17. (remember Nazi-Soviet Agreement).
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B. Phoney War: Sept 30, 1939 – April 1940 - No fighting on Western front. British/French troops wait for Hitler’s attack
- Sporadic aerial patrols & attacks on German ships > dangerous
- Leaflet “bombing” over German cities
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C. Invasion of Western Europe: 1940
- Hitler invades: a) Norway – April 8
b) Denmark- April 9
c) Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, France- - May 10
Vidkun Quisling
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C. Invasion of Western Europe: cont.
d) Belgium: fortified with over 200 000 British troops – falls in 18 days
– Result: British troops trapped – look to escape back to England. Flee to beaches of Dunkirk.
– Sitting ducks for Germans, but Hitler does not capitalize. Why?
– Miracle: May 27-June 4: 340 000 troops evacuated by British navy/small craft owners. Called Operation “Dynamo”
– “Miracle of Dunkirk”
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Dunkirk (BBC documentary) Deliverance
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ep64ePzq9rc
Start at beginning, Skip to 20:00 – 25:0052:00 - end
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Miracle of Dunkirk – Operation Dynamo
Significance:
i) Military defeat for Britain, but moral victory ii) Best of British troops live to fight another day
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e) France: Blitzkrieg so effective that French forces are virtually useless.– June 14th: Germans enter Paris– June 22nd: France surrenders
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-JRhk9xFvYQ
Start at 47:00 – 51:00 (end)
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How/Why did France fall so quickly?- Maginot Line (remember?) useless – Germans bypass it through Bel/Lux.
- French use of tanks – mixed with infantry = slow.Internal divisions: Extreme right (Fascists) and extreme left (Communists) opposed the war.
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French Terms of Surrender:1. Northern France occupied by German troops2. French army demobilized3. Southern France – becomes Vichy France:
-> Semi-independent government with no real independence-> Run by Marshall Petain->Collaborated with Nazis
* Side note: British sink French fleet so Germans can’t have it.
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You need DeMarco for today’s class:
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Battle of Britain• July to Sept, 1940
• “Operation Sealion” was plan to invade Britain
But first:• Destroy Royal Navy, Royal Air force
• Destroy the morale of the British people
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RAF log book – video – attack on Britain
• http://www.rafbombercommand.com/timeline/logbook2_v2.html
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5 Stages of Battle of Britain:
1. Goering, commander of Luftwaffe, concentrated attacks on Channel shipping and ports (July-Aug. 1940)
2. concentrate on bombing radar stations and forward fighter bases – meant fighters were often unable to use their damaged bases; radar masts difficult to destroy - gave up trying to take them out
3. Hit inland fighter bases and aircraft factories (significant)
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4. Attempt to bomb London to submission > “The Blitz”
- gave RAF time to repair bases & get fighter numbers up - launch final major air assault - 60 German planes shot down- then, 57 consecutive nights of bombing on London
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Pictures from the Blitz over London
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St. Paul’s Cathedral
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The Blitz• The Royal Air Force defeats the Luftwaffe
• Hitler has to abandon plans to invade England
5. 'Operation Sealion' postponed indefinitely - Sept. 17, 1940
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• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E6lUCVUx-CA
• Start – 20min
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The War Spreads: North Africa
Why did war spread to North Africa in 1940? Two major reasons:
1) The Suez Canal: Control of North Africa = control
of the Suez Canal, the vital British shipping connection to the Middle East, India, and Asia.
2) Oil: Control of North Africa could lead to control
of Middle East oil resources.
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RAF reconnaissance over Suez Canal 1940
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• September 1940: Mussolini’s forces attacked Egypt, which was a British colony.
– Despite a sizeable advantage in numbers, Italian forces and the Italian navy suffered humiliating defeats to the British in North Africa.
– Hitler: had to bail Mussolini’s forces out. Sent one of, if not his best Field General, and four divisions in early 1942:
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February 1942:
General Erwin Rommel (the Desert Fox)
assumed command of the German Afrika Korps.
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VS.
General Bernard Montgomery (Monty)
lead his British “Desert Rats”
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*Showdown: El Alamein – October, 1942
–About 60 miles from the Suez Canal
–Whoever won would control the Suez Canal
–Montgomery’s Desert Rats victorious (but had the numerical advantage – 2x as many troops and tanks).
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• Significance of El Alamein:
-British maintain control of the Suez Canal
-Hitler denied access to oil in the Middle East
-Proved to the allies that Hitler’s best troops could be beaten
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After El Alamein:• Rommel is forced to begin a retreat across Northern Africa
• Nov 8, 1942, Americans land in Morocco led by General Dwight D. Eisenhower (Ike). Americans would advance from the west (Operation Torch)
• Germans trapped. Rommel and approx 1000 men make it back to Europe.
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Significance of the Allied Victory in North Africa:
• Prepared the way for the liberation of Italy
• First American action in alliance with Britain in the war.
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Animated Map of North Africa Campaigns:
• http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/interactive/animations/wwtwo_map_n_africa/index_embed.shtml
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The Battle of the Atlantic
Battle of the Atlantic = The ongoing struggle of the British to keep open its sea lanes to North America and its empire.
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Prime Minister Winston Churchill later stated:
"The Battle of the Atlantic was the dominating factor all through the war. Never for one moment could we forget that everything happening elsewhere, on land, at sea or in the air depended ultimately on its outcome..."
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German U-Boats: - caused the most damage- hunted merchant shipping in “wolf packs”
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By 1942: Hitler was sinking Allied ships faster than the Allies could build them
Turning point: Spring 1943• In a single 20-day period, German submarines would sink 107 Allied ships
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Allies needed to reverse the trend. How?1. Radar started to be used on ships, which transmitted messages to aircraft with long-range flight capability
2. Allied shipping was reorganized into safe convoys. Ships would cross the Atlantic together in groups protected by warships
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• Result: Between June-August 1943, 79 U-boats sunk. More than half sunk by aircraft
– U-boats ceased to play a role in the Atlantic
– By May 1944 only 3 U-boats in the North Atlantic – to report the weather
FILM recommendation: Das Boot
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The Eastern Front: 1939-1941
Eastern Front = Nazis vs. SovietsScale of war much greater than Western Front (War in the East the ‘main event’)
• Numbers of men in battle• Number/intensity of large battles• Casualty numbers
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Operation “Barbarossa”:• Operation “Barbarossa” (Red Beard): name given by Hitler to his attack on Soviet Union
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Goals:Hitler wanted:
1. Lebensraum for German Aryan people (master race)
2. Wheat fields - Hitler envied the “breadbasket of Europe” – the Ukraine, and the vast
resources of the Soviet Union3. Oil supplies - from the Caucasus Mountains4. Destroy his ideological arch-rival once and for all – communism
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Attacks:• June 22, 1941: Hitler violates the Nazi-Soviet Pact - double crosses Stalin
• Attacks the USSR on a front stretching from the Baltic Sea to the Black Sea (2000 mile stretch).
• Hitler sends 153 divisions east making up 3 million men attacking USSR
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3 pronged attack:1. Army Group North under General Leeb was to defeat Leningrad
2. Army Group Centre under General Bock was to capture Moscow
3. Army Group South under General Rundstedt was to capture the Ukrainian wheat- fields then the oil in the Caucasus region.
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Results:- Stalin was caught by surprise (wasn’t ready) despite numerous warnings from Churchill during the months before June.
- Germans dominate early because:
1) Blitzkrieg works extremely well against Soviets
2) Red Army suffered from lack of experienced leadership (Stalin’s Purges 1930s)
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Results during first months of Barbarossa:
• Germans take hundreds of thousands of red army prisoners –figure will eventually reach close to 2 million
• Soviet people briefly view Nazis as liberators – but Nazis are viscous to civilian population (in most cases worse than Stalin/Communists have been).
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• Nazi forces had laid siege to Leningrad - 800,000 Leningrad citizens lost their lives in a 3 year German siege of that city.
• Captured Kiev (capital of Ukraine)
• Almost captured Moscow - diverted by the Soviet defense led by General Zhukov
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Stalin's Reaction – becomes desperate:• Appeals to Soviet people to fight for “mother Russia”
• Adopts infamous “scorched earth” policy – retreating forces and civilians destroy everything they leave behind (leave nothing for Nazis)–Villages and crops burned, animals slaughtered, wells poisoned
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Hitler's errors up to this point:
1. He underestimated Russian numbers by half
2. He did not prepare his troops for the Russian winter (Ex -- 100 000 cases of frost bite and 16 winter coats per 800 men)
3. He could not control Russian industry - Stalin moved 1500 factories eastward
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Stalingrad - The turning point:-Hitler decided to concentrate effort to the south for Caucasus oil fields - also wants Stalingrad
Major Error - Why?- means splitting forces: could end up gaining neither- Stalingrad had no real military value
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-General Von Paulus ordered to take Stalingrad > Russians fought desperately for each
street and building> Germans would gain ground in day, then
be pushed out at night> Film "Enemy at the Gates“
- Soviet General Zhukov launched offensive with two pincer attacks from north and south of city. Paulus's army of 250 000 men surrounded and cut off from help. Hitler would not allow retreat or surrender. Eventually Paulus did surrrender.
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• Significance: Germans forced to retreat from the south - oil fields escaped capture
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WWII: America Gets Involved
Remember: America was isolationist
1935-1939- Only driving force behind foreign policy: to avoid war
- Neutrality Act (1935): Congress gave the president the authority, in the event of war, to place an embargo (stop trading) with both sides involved in the hostilities.
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But, FDR was able to help Britain while keeping the US “neutral” in the following ways:
1) Traded 50 destroyers to the British for naval bases
in British colonies around the world
2) Cash and Carry: USA sold war materials/resources to Britain, but not to Germany.
3) March 1941: FDR signs Lend Lease Act allowing the Americans to give materials to countries who were fighting in causes friendly to America. Several billion $ went to Britain and USSR under this plan.
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Things change Dec 7, 1941: Japan attacks Pearl Harbour> Dec 8: USA and Britain declare war on Japan> Dec 11: Germany, Italy declare war on USA (Remember Tripartite Agreement)
> FDR would now be able to wage war in Europe with the endorsement of Congress/public.
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Retaking “Fortress Europe”
By mid 1943: Stalin upset that allies had not opened a second front against the Germans in Europe.
– The Allies were not ready for a massive invasion of Northern Europe – tried instead to attack through the “soft underbelly” of Europe: Italy.
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July 9, 1943: Invasion of Italy beginning with Sicily
– Italians fought poorly – but quickly reinforced by Nazi troops
– Fighting in Italy would be some of the toughest in the war – very little progress made. Does not end until May 1945.
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April 1945 – Mussolini was captured, hung, and displayed by partisans along with his mistress in the streets of Milan.
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Invasion of Europe: 1944
Spring 1944, the Western Allies were ready to invade France
• Needed to hurry – Soviets were storming trough Eastern Europe.
• Had been preparing for Operation Overlord for more than a year.
• Supreme commander = Dwight Eisenhower (American)• 3 million man invasion force prepared• Goals: 1)liberate France,
2)march to Berlin to meet the Soviets.
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D-Day: June 6, 1944: Allies take beaches – but at the cost of 10 000 allied lives.
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Only one month after the invasion, 1 million allied troops had been landed
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• Artificial floating harbours called mulberries were constructed to unload supplies
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• Fuel for the invasion was provided by the construction of PLUTO (pipeline under the ocean)
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Liberating France:
• Fighting remained fierce after Normandy invasion: “Hedgerow Fighting”
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• August 25th: Allied forces allow Charles De Gaulle to lead the march triumphantly into Paris
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Final Drive to Berlin:
• December 15, 1944: Germans launch one last offensive and found a weak spot in the Allied front at Ardennes.
• Attack became known as the Battle of the Bulge• Germans would advance 60 miles before being stopped on Christmas Day.
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Germans also make last ditch efforts with newly developed “revenge weapons”
• With no hope of winning the war, launched V1 or buzz-bombs (unmanned flying bombs).• Also launched V-2’s: a ballistic missile which flew at supersonic speeds
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April 1945: American and Soviet troops met in Germany south of Berlin.
– Soviets turn their attention to demolishing Berlin
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Downfall
April 30, 1945: Hitler commits suicide
May 2, 1945: Berlin falls to the Russians
May 7, 1945: Germany surrenders unconditionally
parody