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Matthew Burns Technical Fellow Boston, Massachusetts
Contact:• [email protected]• 617-426-7330• LinkedIn
WSP is one of the world’s leading engineering professional services consulting firms. We are dedicated to our local communities and propelled by international brainpower. Our reputation is built on helping clients worldwide mitigate risk, manage and reduce impacts, and maximize opportunities related to health and safety, sustainability, climate change, energy, water and the environment. We engineer projects that will help societies grow for lifetimes to come. Our 5,000 multidisciplinary environmental experts are part of our 36,000 talented people in more than 500 offices across 40 countries. www.wsp.com
WSP is actively recruiting for strategic positions across the U.S.
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Introduction
2
1
2
3
4
5
6
Introduction
Site Background
2016 Pilot Test
PlumeStop Pilot
Conclusions
Questions
Outline
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Introduction
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Complex Sites
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Introduction
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Complex Sites
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Introduction
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Back Diffusion
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Introduction
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Back Diffusion
Advective Contaminant Transport
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Introduction
7
Back Diffusion
Advective Contaminant Transport
diffu
sion
diffu
sion
diffu
sion
diffu
sion
diffu
sion
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Introduction
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Back Diffusion
Advective Groundwater Transport
dif
fusi
on
dif
fusi
on
dif
fusi
on
dif
fusi
on
dif
fusi
on
Remediate Transmissive Zones
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Introduction
9
Back Diffusion
Advective Groundwater Transport
dif
fusi
on
dif
fusi
on
dif
fusi
on
dif
fusi
on
dif
fusi
on
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10
Plan & Design
Monitor & ControlExecute
Initiate
Close
Managing Complex Sites
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11
Plan & Design
Monitor & ControlExecute
Initiate
Close
Managing Complex Sites
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Introduction
12
Actionable Data
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Introduction
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Actionable Data
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Site Background
14
Site Background
2016 Pilot Test: Bioremediation + Biogeochemical Reductive Dechlorination
2017 Pilot Test: PlumeStop + Bioremediation
Site: Arkansas
Reward! for return:75 Arlington Street9th FloorBoston, MA 021161-617-426-7330
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Site Background
15
Site Background
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Site Background
16
Site Background
Stream
Pilot Test Area
Excavated Source Areas (red)VI Mitigation Systems
120-Foot Scale
VI Mitigation System
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Site Background
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Pre-Design Studies
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Site Background
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Pre-Design Studies─ Install more wells─ Perform a
PlumeStop Pilot Test
─ 3-monthperformance monitoring
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Site Background
19
Site Layout
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Site Background
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Site Layout
2016 Pilot TestBio + Biogeochem
2017 Pilot Test PlumeStop
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2016 Pilot Test
21
2016 Pilot Test Goals
• Applicable for site contaminants
• Easy to deliver through limited aperture size fractures
• Long lasting to manage back diffusion from sandstone
Site-Specific Characteristics of Ideal Amendment
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2016 Pilot Test
22
2016 Pilot Test Goals
Biogeochemical Reduction
Bio + biogeochem
Amendment Assessment Matrix
y/n
ZVI plus bio
amendment note
nano- ZVI
no
PlumeStop
Agglomeration?
limited ROIclog fracturesdivert plume
no
Oxidant
Lots of buts Yes but
no limited longevity
bio
Following Technology
Yes but
Lots of buts
YesLots of beneficial synergies
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2016 Pilot Test
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Biogeochemical Reduction
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2016 Pilot Test
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Engineering Biogenic Iron Sulfide
Addition of sulfate to form FeS to treat chlorinated VOCs is a Patented Process:• Kennedy - US Patent Off. #6,884,352 B1• Contact Jim Studer of InfraSur
• [email protected] • 505-858-3136
SO42- + organic matter → S2- + H20 + CO2
Sulfate Reduction
Fe3+ + organic matter → Fe2+ + H20 + CO2
Iron Reduction
Iron Sulfide Precipitation
HS- + Fe2+ → FeS + H+
(1)
(2)
(3)
Biogeochemical Reduction
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2016 Pilot Test
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Biotic and Fe-based Abiotic ReductivePathways are Compatible & Complementary
Synergies
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2016 Pilot Test
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Biotic and Fe-based Abiotic ReductivePathways are Compatible & Complementary
Synergies
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2016 Pilot Test
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TCE Degradation Pathways
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2016 Pilot Test
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TCA Degradation Pathways
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2016 Pilot Test
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Degradation Mechanism Identification
fabiotic =SVOCt0 – SVOCt1
SVOCt0
where SVOCt = TCE + DCE + VC + Ethene + Ethane
fabiotic ≈ 1
Abiotic
fabiotic ≈ 0
Biotic
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2016 Pilot Test
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Degradation Mechanism Identification( 3.5 years of data from a Bedrock Treatment Site in Missouri)
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2016 Pilot Test
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2016 Pilot Test
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2016 Pilot Test
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2016 Pilot Test Layout
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2016 Pilot Test
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2016 Pilot Test Layout
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2016 Pilot Test
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2016 Pilot Test Amendment
Amendment Design Assumptions
Amendments (5,000 gal)– Sulfate– CRS (Fe2+, fermentable C)– HRC Primer (fermentable C)– 3DMe (fermentable C)– Sodium Bicarbonate (buffer)– Micro Nutrients (N, P)– BDI Plus
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2016 Pilot Test
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Performance Monitoring Plan(baseline plus four quarterly sampling events)
Chemical
• VOCs‒ Parents‒ Daughters
• Dissolved Gases‒ Ethene‒ Acetylene
• DOC
• Tracer dyes
Geochemical
• Field Measurements‒ ORP, DO‒ pH‒ Etc.
• Nitrate
• Ferrous Iron
• Manganese
• Sulfate & Sulfide
• Methane
• Alkalinity
MBTs
• qPCR‒ Dehalococcoides‒ tceA‒ bvcA and vcrA‒ Dehalobacter‒ Dehalogenimonas
• Compound Specific Isotope Analysis (CSIA)
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2016 Pilot Test
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Tracer Study
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2016 Pilot Test
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Geochemistry – Heat Map
Well: Gradient Orientation: up up cross cross down down
Distance: inj 20 ft 30 ft 50 ft 65 ft 80 ft 320 ftParameter
Field ParameterspH (standard units)Specific Conductance (µS/cm)DO (mg/l)ORP (mV)
Inorganics (mg/l)NitrateSulfateSulfideDivalent ManganeseFerrous Iron
Alkalinity (mg CaCO3/l)
DOC (mg/l)
MW-07-32 MW-13-28OW-2 OW-1 IW-1 OW-3 OW-4
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2016 Pilot Test
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CVOCs
Amendment Injection
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2016 Pilot Test
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CVOCs
Amendment Injection
OW-4
OW-2
OW-3
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2016 Pilot Test
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CVOCs
80 ft
320 ft
30 ft
20 ft
Distance
from OW-2
Amendment Injection
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2016 Pilot Test
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Mole Fractions
Bio
geo
chem
ical Pilo
t Test P
erform
ance M
on
itorin
g
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2016 Pilot Test
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Mole Fractions
Fabiotic:
Bio
geo
chem
ical Pilo
t Test P
erform
ance M
on
itorin
g
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1.00E+00
1.00E+01
1.00E+02
1.00E+03
1.00E+04
1.00E+05
1.00E+06
1.00E+07
1.00E+08
DH
C A
bu
nd
ance
Sample Date
qPCR Dehalococcoides
MW-07-32 MW-13-28 IW-1 OW-1
2016 Pilot Test
43
qPCR
B R1 R2 R3 R4
Bio
geo
chem
ical Pilo
t Test P
erform
ance M
on
itorin
g
Fabiotic:
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2016 Pilot Test
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CSIA
δ1
3C
Bio
geo
chem
ical Pilo
t Test P
erform
ance M
on
itorin
g
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2016 Pilot Test
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2016 Pilot Test - Summary
Well: Gradient Orientation: up up down down cross/up cross/up
Distance: 20 ft 30 ft 80 ft 320 ft
DeliveryDyeGeochemistry
EfficacyCVOC TrendsCSIA
MechanismqPCR
Fabiotic abiotic biotic mix biotic
OW-1 IW-1 MW-07-32 MW-13-28
6550
OW-3 OW-4
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PlumeStop Pilot
46
PlumeStop Pilot Test
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The Reagent – what it is
• A highly dispersive, injectable sorbent and microbial
growth matrix
• Colloidal activated carbon (1 – 2 µm)
• Size of a bacterium – suspends as ‘liquid’
• Huge surface area – extremely fast sorption
• Proprietary anti-clumping / distribution supporting
surface treatment (patent applied for)
• Core innovation
• Enables wide-area, low-pressure distribution through the soil
matrix without clogging
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Powdered Activated Carbon
(PAC)
Subsurface
Distribution
• 1” diameter glass columns
• Sandy soil with 11% silt/clay
• Gravity feed
Liquid Activated Carbon
(LAC™)
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Time Lapse = 12 minutes
Powdered Activated Carbon
(PAC)Liquid Activated Carbon
(LAC™)
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PlumeStop Pilot
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PlumeStop Pilot Test Layout
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PlumeStop Pilot
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PlumeStop Pilot Layout
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PlumeStop Pilot
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PlumeStop Amendment
Amendment Design Assumptions
Amendments (5,000 gal)– PlumeStop (sorbent)– HRC Primer (fermentable C)– HRC (slow-release
fermentable C)– Sodium Bicarbonate (buffer)– Micro Nutrients (N, P)– BDI Plus– Calcium Chloride (PlumeStop
parking agent)
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PlumeStop Pilot
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Performance Monitoring Plan(baseline plus four quarterly sampling events)
Chemical
• VOCs‒ Parents‒ Daughters
• Dissolved Gases‒ Ethene‒ Ethane‒ Acetylene
• VFAs
Geochemical
• Field Measurements‒ ORP, DO‒ pH‒ Etc.
• Methane
MBTs
• qPCR‒ Dehalococcoides‒ tceA‒ bvcA and vcrA‒ Dehalobacter‒ Dehalogenimonas
• Compound Specific Isotope Analysis (CSIA)
Crushed Sandstone Core In Situ Microcosms
• VOCs• VFAs• Dissolved Gases
‒ Ethene‒ Ethane
• qPCR
• CSIA
• Field Measurements‒ ORP, DO‒ pH‒ Etc.
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At a glance
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In Situ Microcosms
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Potentiometric Surface Changes During Injection
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Sample Name:
Distance:
Orientation:
Date: 4/4/17 5/17/17 4/4/17 5/16/17 4/4/17 5/16/17 4/4/17 5/17/17 4/4/17 5/17/17
Field Parameters
pH (standard units) 5.48 7.18 5.66 6.46 5.29 5.99 5.93 5.88 5.66 5.50
SC (µS/cm) 0.165 1.74 0.206 1.33 0.162 10.4 0.243 0.17 0.127 0.10
DO (mg/l) 5.10 0 4.80 0.00 5.88 0 3.40 0 5.79 1.20
ORP (mV) 192.3 -251 137.1 -157 163 -132 134 104 94.5 207
inj down down down cross
OW-7
0 30 ft 50 ft 140 ft 140 ft
IW-2 OW-5 MW-06-54 OW-6
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Geochemistry Shifts
Add increase in head data
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CVOCs
Amendment Injection
8/2/2017
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Mole Fraction
Plu
meSto
pP
ilot Test
Perfo
rman
ce Mo
nito
ring
R2
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Mole Fraction With CSIA
Plu
meSto
pP
ilot Test
Perfo
rman
ce Mo
nito
ring
R2
baseline R1 baseline R1 baseline R1 baseline R1
TCE -27.88 -24.54 -27.01 -26.21 -26.25 -24.41 -27.27 -26.03 -29.91 u
cis-DCE -26.48 -28.98 -26.63 -26.86 -26.52 -27.62 -27.04 -28.88 u
1,1-DCE -25.68 -25.30 -25.70 -24.54 -25.14 -23.72 -25.46 -25.13 -25.69 u
VCl u -26.40 u u u u u u u u
IW-2 OW-5 MW-6-54 OW-6 OW-7
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Mole FractionWith qPCR for DHC
5.37E+05 7.64E+05 2.00E+03 U 2.00E+03 U qPCR (cells/g)Collected from ISMsPre-treatment qPCR groundwater data = ND
Plu
meSto
pP
ilot Test
Perfo
rman
ce Mo
nito
ring
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End Products
• Dissolved gas data was collected from the ISMs
• A headspace method was used to quantify ethene in the crushed sandstone matrix
• The data are being assessed
• We know that ethene and ethane are present and
• The amount of ethene increased significantly from the May samples to the August samples
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Geochemistry Shifts
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PlumeStop Pilot Conclusion
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Conclusions
64
Conclusions
• Fracture network provides great amendment delivery conditions
• Desired geochemical and microbial conditions established
• 80% total VOC concentration decreases with several years of continued active treatment expected
• Degradation pathway supporting data has been collected for biogeochemical pilot test
• PlumeStop pilot test is early on but very promising
Pilot Tests Conclusions (so far)
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Conclusions
65
Conclusions
InSitu Treatment Pump and Treat
M&W-1 Refined materials used on-site Tons 0 4
M&W-5 On-site hazardous waste disposed of off-site Tons 10 10
W-1 Public water use MG 1 0.0
E-1 Total energy used (on-site and off-Site) MMBtu 770 29,365
E-4 On-site grid electricity use MWh 0 2,200.0
A-1 On-site NOx, SOx, and PM emissions Pounds 158 80
A-3 Total NOx, SOx, and PM emissions Pounds 1,011 32,396
A-3A Total NOx emissions Pounds 696 8,513
A-3B Total SOx emissions Pounds 267 23,692
A-3C Total PM emissions Pounds 48 191
A-4 Total HAP emissions Pounds 8 740
A-5 Total greenhouse gas emissions Tons CO2e* 62 1,803
* Total greenhouse gases emissions (in CO2e) include consideration of CO2, CH4, and N2O (Nitrous oxide) emissions.
"MMBtu" = millions of Btus
"MG" = millions of gallons
"CO2e" = carbon dioxide equivalents of global warming potential
"MWh" = megawatt hours (i.e., thousands of kilowatt-hours or millions of Watt-hours)
"Tons" = short tons (2,000 pounds)
Notes:
Land & Ecosystems Minimal disruptions to land and ecosystems.
Environmental Footprint Summary
Materials &
Waste
Air
Unit of
Measure
Core
Element
Footprint
Water
(used
on-site)
Metric
Energy
The above metrics
are consistent with
EPA's
Greener Cleanups: EPA Spreadsheets for Environmental Footprint Analysis - August 2014
• P&T: 20 wells, AS, GAC
• In Situ: 20 wells
• O&M: 20 years, 5 injections
431 0
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? Contact:Matthew Burns Technical Fellow Boston, Massachusetts
[email protected]• 617-426-7330• LinkedIn
WSP Project TeamDemo BakenneJeff BakerMichael BrownMatt BurnsDave CarstensDan CummingsBen FosterScott HaitzTim Huff Steve KretschmanMolly LongClinton MeyerMatt PorterMatt RichardsonDave RykacewskiSam Schoenmann