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World War I
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Central Powers: Austria-Hungary, Germany, Ottoman EmpireAllied Powers: France, Great Britain, Russia (to 1917)
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4 Major Causes of War
• Imperialism
• Entangling Alliances
• Militarism
• Nationalism– fervent patriotism– independence movements
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The Spark
• Emperor Franz-Joseph• Archduke Franz-Ferdinand
(Austria-Hungary)
assassination by Serbian nationalists of the
BLACK HAND
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• Trench Warfare
• Industrial War– first military use
• telephone• automobile• airplane
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Stalemate
bBy 1915, 4,000,000 soldiers in the trenches
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How did the United States get involved in Europe’s war?
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President Wilson declares NEUTRALITY
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Economic Boon for the US.
• Munitions, food, soldier’s supplies, money
• Increase in Trade 1914-1916– Britain 257%– France 393%– Italy 363%
– Germany .08%
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• Unrestricted Submarine Warfare to combat British naval blockade
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Lusitania
• Lusitania -- British passenger liner
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Struck by a German torpedo
– 1200 of 2,000 die• 128 Americans
– secretly carrying war materials
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U.S. Response
• Wilson continues policy of neutrality
• Germany apologizes– after further attacks,
agrees to refrain from no-warning attacks
• Wilson is re-elected on the slogan: “He kept us out of war.”
(600,000 votes-1916)
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Zimmerman Telegraph
• German Foreign Secretary Arthur Von Zimmerman to German ambassador to Mexico– ask Mexico to join
Central powers– help them regain land– renew unrestricted
submarine warfare
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and German U-boats Sink 3 American Ships
• Wilson asks Congress for Declaration of War – April 2, 1917– “neutrality is no longer feasible…”– “The world must be made safe for democracy”– “we shall fight for the [idea] which we have
always carried close to our hearts—democracy”
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Opposition to the War
• Many women– Jeanette Rankin (1st
woman rep. in Congress)• “You can no more win a war
than you can win an earthquake.”
• Quakers• Socialists• Opponents of big
business– “command of gold”– profiteering
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Mobilization• The Draft – 9 million
registered– 3 million– Volunteers – 2 million
• Increased production– fuel, ships, weapons, food– governing boards
• Propaganda Campaigns– CPI (Committee on Public
Information)• George Creed
– “4-Minute Men”
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The Suppression of Dissent
• Espionage Act 1917
• Sedition Act 1918
– 2,000 prosecutions• including Eugene Debs (10 years)
• Public persecution of Germans
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Western Front
• AEF American Expeditionary Force– General John “Black
Jack” Pershing
• Major American engagements– Chateau Thierry– Meuse-Argonne
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End of the War
• Kaiser abdicates Nov. 9
• Armistice signed Nov. 11 @ 11 a.m.
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• 10 million soldiers killed/20 million wounded• 10 million civilian deaths• 110,000 American deaths• Estimated cost: $185 billion