Work Motivation
Work Motivation
Definition Internal State that directs individuals to certain
goals and objectives Not directly observable Inferred from behavior
variability in behavior is not result of differences in ability situational (environmental) factors
Work Motivation
Theories of Work Motivation Internal (Content) Theories
Identify factors within an individual that energize, direct, sustain, and stop behavior.
External (Process) Theories Describe how personal and situational
(environmental) factors interact and influence each other to produce certain kinds of behavior
MASLOW’S HIERARCHY OF NEEDS MASLOW’S HIERARCHY OF NEEDS
ACTUALIZATION
PHYSICAL
SAFETY
SOCIAL
ESTEEM
McClelland’s Learned Needs
Need for Achievement a need to accomplish goals, excel, and strive
continually to do things better. Need for Affiliation
desire for friendly and close interpersonal relationships affiliative interest affiliative assurance
Need for Power the need to influence and lead others and be in control
of one’s environment socialized power personalized power
Equity Theory
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Inputs – amount of work, KSAs, experience
Outputs – pay, promotions, perqs
We are motivated by perceived inequity (unfairness)
Perceived inequity creates a state of “unpleasant” tension that we are motivated to reduce
How do we perceive inequity (unfairness)?
According to Adams, inequity is perceived when our perception of the ratio of our Inputs to Outputs is different from that of a comparison other .
An example:
our perception
Larry Moe Curly
Reducing Inequity
Change your inputs
Change your outputs
Change your comparison other
Alter your perceptions
Valence - attractiveness of the outcomes to employees
Job outcomes (e.g., pay, promotions)Expectancy - strength of belief that effort will result in successful performance
Instrumentality - strength of belief that performance results in outcome attainment
Expectancy Theory
Expectancy Theory (Vroom, 1964)
Five Components Job outcomes (e.g., pay, promotions) Valence - attractiveness of the outcomes to
employees Instrumentality - strength of belief that performance
results in outcome attainment Expectancy - strength of belief that effort will result in
successful performance Force - amount of pressure within the person to be
motivated
Goal Setting Theory
Function of Goals basis of motivation direct behavior
For goals to be effective individuals must be aware of goals must accept the goals
Factors that influence effectiveness of goal setting
goals must be specific goals should be difficult but attainable
Herzberg’s Two Factor Theory
Hygiene Factorssalary
company policy
physical facilities
administration
working conditions
co-worker relations
Motivatorschallenge
autonomy
advancement
recognition