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Introduction to Construction MaterialsIntroduction to Construction MaterialsCE 231 Construction Materials
June 15th, 2011
Withit PANSUKDepartment of Civil Engineering
Faculty of EngineeringChulalongkorn University 2/89June 14th, 2011 CE 231 Construction Materials
General information• InstructorName:Withit Pansuk (ผศ.ดร.วิทิต ปานสุข)Office: Room 534, CE Building, Faculty of Engineering, CU Tel: 02-218-6693Email: [email protected]
• Lecture room Room ENG-319 • Time Tuesday 13:30 – 16:30??
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Subject:
CE 231 Assignment 1 Withit.P
5/89June 14th, 2011 CE 231 Construction Materials
Outline
1. Course syllabus2. History of construction3. Introduction to construction materials- Concrete, Steel, Metals and Alloys, Wood,
Masonry6/89June 14th, 2011 CE 231 Construction Materials
Course Syllabus
CE 231 Construction MaterialsCourse Credit : 3 (3-0-6)Semester : 1stAcademic year : 2011Program : TEP/TEPECourse Level : Undergraduate
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Course evaluation
1. Attendance 10%2. Assignment 20%3. Midterm Examination 30%4. Final Examination 40%Total 100%
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History of construction
• Construction = the ability to build things e.g. buildings, highways, bridges and infrastructure.
• In the past humans created the structures by using natural materials e.g. Clay, Woods, Rocks, Sand, Gravel,
Masonry
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Construction in the Past
The Step Pyramid at Sakkara (2980 B.C.; 200 ft)
Great Pyramid of Gizeh(2900 B.C.; 481 ft)
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Construction in the Past• The Appian Way
The construction was started in 312 B.C. in Rome
by the consul Appius Claudius Caecus,
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Construction in the Past• The Alcantara Bridge
Location : Spain Built in the year A.D. 98Still in use !!
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Construction in the Past• The Colosseum or Roman Coliseum
Location : Rome, Italy
Used Rock sand and masonry
Height : 57 mPerimeter : 527 m
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Construction in the Past• The Great Wall of China 万里の長城
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Construction in the Past• Angkor Wat
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Construction in the Past• The Pyramid at Chichén Itzá
before 800 A.D.Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico
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Construction in the Past• Pantheon, Rome
Masonry arch structure
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Construction in the Present
**There were a number of significant technological developments that were destined to have a great impact on our civilization.**
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• Eiffel Tower
Construction in the Present
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• Hoover Dam
Provides electricity for more than 1.3 million people and irrigation for 1.5 million acres of land in the United States and Mexico.
Construction in the Present
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• Petronas Tower
The 451.9 - meter structure composed of two 88-story structures and their pinnacles, optimized the use of steel and reinforced concrete.
Construction in the Present
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• Sydney opera house
The building covers 1.8 hectares (4.5 acres) of land, and is 183 m (605 ft) long and 120 m (388 ft) wide at its widest point.
Construction in the Present
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• Golden Gate BridgeLocation : San Francisco
Main suspension span length of 4,200 ft, used - 83,000 tons of steel - 389,000 cubic yards of concrete, and enough cable to encircle the earth three times !!
Construction in the Present
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• Bird’s nest Stadium (Beijing National Stadium)
Steel Structure Beijing, China
Construction in the Present
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• Mass Rapid Transit Subway
Construction in the Present
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• Falkirk WheelIn town of Falkirk in central Scotland
Construction in the Present
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• The Bhumibol I and II BridgeCable-Stayed Bridge
Construction in the Present
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• Taipei 101 臺北101大樓 The highest skyscraper in
Taiwan
Construction in the Present
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• Skyscrapers in Thailand
Construction in the Present
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• Skyscrapers
Higher and HIGHER !!
Construction in the Present
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Introduction to Construction Materials
The materials that mostly use….• Concrete• Woods (Timber)• Metals• Alloys• Masonry
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Concrete
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Concrete
Hospital
Tunnel Dam
SchoolBridge
Port
Building
Highway
AirportSubway
Underground pipelineD
ike
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Concrete
• Concrete is the second most consumed material in the world after water.
• Structural concrete elements can be formed into a variety of shapes and sizes.
• Durability of concrete
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How to make concrete…
Limestone Clay Siliceous stone Iron ore
Heat
GypsumCrush and mix
Cement
Mix
Water
Clinker Concrete
Aggregate Admixture
Mix
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Materials for concrete
1. Cement
2. Aggregate
3. Water
4. Admixture
Water Cement Sand Stone
Mortar
Concrete
Silica cement is the cement mixed with sand.
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Cement
When water is added to the cement, a hydration reaction occurs, producing a solid gel that bond the aggregate particle.
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Cement production
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Type of Portland Cement- Ordinary Portland (Type I) cement- Modified (Type II) cement- Rapid-hardening Portland (Type III) cement- Low–heat Portland (Type IV) cement- Sulphate-resisting (Type V) cement- White and coloured Portland cement- Portland-pozolan cements- Silica cement- etc.
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Aggregate
– Mostly understand as rocks and sand– Aggregate must be clean, strong, and durable– Angular aggregate particles provide strength
due to mechanical interlocking between particles
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Aggregate
Coarse aggregate (stone) Fine aggregate (Sand)
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Water
– In general, we are talking about water in concrete in term of “quantity” rather than “quality” because the properties of concrete depend on water to cement ratio (W/C ratio)
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High water to cement ratio
- Improves the workability of concrete- Decreases the compressive strength of concrete- Increases the shrinkage of concrete during curing & create a chance of cracking
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Water Quality
– The quality of water is also important because impurities in it may interfere with the setting time or cause staining on the surface and may also lead to corrosion of the reinforcement.
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Admixture
– Improve concrete quality ex) workability, durability, strength
– 2 Types of admixture• Chemical admixture• Mineral admixture
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Chemical Admixture
[ACI Manual of Concrete Practice:1991] is a material other than water, aggregates, hydraulic cement, and fiber reinforcement used as an ingredient of concrete or mortar and added to the batch immediately before or during its mixing
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Chemical Admixture
– Types of Chemical Admixture• Accelerating Admixture• Retarding Admixture• Water Reducing Admixture• Air Entraining Admixture• Water Repellent Admixture • Color Pigment etc….
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Mineral Admixture (Pozzolan)
A siliceous or siliceous and aluminous material, which in itself possesses little or no cementetious value but will, in finely divided from and in the presence of moisture, chemically react with calcium hydroxide at ordinary temperatures to form compounds possessing cementetious properties
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Mineral Admixture (Pozzolan)Such as : Silica Fume, Fly ash
Fly ash particles at 2,000x magnification
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Concrete Properties
• Concrete in tension is approximately 10% the strength of concrete in compression.
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Concrete Properties• Strong but brittle
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Concrete Application• Reinforced Concrete
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Concrete Application• Reinforced Concrete
The Groove Street Bridge in Michigan
Bi-Yok Tower (RC Tallest building in Thailand)
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Concrete Application• Pre-cast concrete
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Concrete Application• Pre-cast concrete
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Concrete Application• Post - tension
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Concrete Application• Post tension : Bond System
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Concrete Application• Post tension : Unbond System
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Woods (Timber)
• Not a high-technology materials but fantastic.• Woods is very strong but yet lightweight.• Water caused negative effect to wood• Easily burnt by fire • Hard to control the Quality
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Woods Properties
• Strength depends on density• Given a high efficiency when subject to tensile
strength parallel to the fiber direction
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Wood Structure
Cross sectional
Radial Surface
Tangential Surface
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Wood StructureCross sectionalportion of a round cross section, clearly reveals annual growth rings.Radial Surfacecutting along a radius of a round cross section Tangential Surfacecutting at a tangent to the growth rings, or the surface you would see if you were to view the outside of a log
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Type of Timber Construction
a)Beam elementb)Plate element
a)Structural plateb)Non-structural plate
c)Wood-plastic composite
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Wooden House
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Wooden Structure
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Metals• Such as iron, copper, zinc, and nickel• The three most commonly used structural
metals are iron copper and aluminum• Metals in general have high electric, thermal
conductivity, luster and density, and the ability to be deformed under stress without cleaving
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Iron Application
The iron pillar in the Qutb complex near Delhi, India
The iron pillar in the Qutb complex near Delhi, India
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Copper Application
Copper roof on the Minneapolis City Hall, coated with Patina
Copper roof on the Minneapolis City Hall, coated with Patina
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Aluminum Application
• The all aluminum structure consists of a honeycomb core plate with sheet metal panels mounted to milled longerons or stringrers.
• The 0.82 m long STRV-2 payload is mounted to the top of the spacecraft structure
• The all aluminum structure consists of a honeycomb core plate with sheet metal panels mounted to milled longerons or stringrers.
• The 0.82 m long STRV-2 payload is mounted to the top of the spacecraft structure
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Alloys• An alloy is a mixture of two or more elements in
solid solution in which the major component is a metal
• Most pure metals are either too soft, brittle or chemically reactive for practical use. Combining different ratios of metals to modifies the properties to produce desirable characteristics e.g.) less brittle, harder, resistant to corrosion, have a more
desirable color and luster.
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Alloys• Examples of alloys are
– steel (iron and carbon)– brass (copper and zinc)– bronze (copper and tin)
• Alloys specially designed for highly demanding applications, such as jet engines, may contain more than ten elements
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Steel
H Beam I Beam Channel
Sheet Pile Cut Beam Angle
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Steel Application• Steel H Beam
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Steel Application• Steel I Beam
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Steel Application• Steel Channel
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Steel Application• Steel Cut Beam
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Steel Application• Steel Sheet Pile
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Steel Application• Steel Pipe
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Brass Application
• Mostly use in the part of machine or in the piping system
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Bronze Application
St. Peter's Basilica, Vatican City, ItalyThis bronze canopy, (1633) is the world’s largest bronze structure at 26 meters tall
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Masonry
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Masonry• Masonry is the building of structures from
individual units laid in and bound together by mortar
• The common materials of masonry construction are brick, stone such as marble, granite, travertine, limestone; concrete block, glass block, and tile.
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MasonryAdvantages• Masonry has very high heat resistant and thus
can provide good fire protection.• Brick typically will not require painting and so can
provide a structure with reduced life-cycle costs.• Masonry walls are generally more resistant to
projectiles, such as debris from hurricanes or tornadoes than walls of wood or other softer, less dense materials.
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MasonryDisadvantages• Extreme weather may cause degradation of
masonry wall surfaces due to frost damage.• Masonry tends to be heavy and must be built upon
a strong foundation (usually reinforced concrete) to avoid potential settling and cracking.
• Masonry has high compressive strength but is much lower in tensile strength unless reinforced.
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Masonry Application
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Masonry Application
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References 1-Daniel W.Halpin and Ronald W. Woodhead, "Construction Management", 2nd Edition 1998:
Chapter 1 History and Basic Concepts p. 1 - 15 - Paul H. Wright, "Introduction to Engineering", 3rd Edition 2001:
Chapter 1 History of Engineering p. 1 -19- US. Department of Transportation, Silica Fume User’s Manual. (2005):
Chapter 6 Proportioning Silica Fume Concrete p.52 – 77- Boonchai Stitmannaithum,"Advance Concrete Technology (Lecture Note)" 2005 :
Part 2 Improvement of Concrete Quality- J.M. Illston, "Construction Materials : Their Nature and Behaviour" 2nd Edition 1994- J.M. Dinwoodie, Timber – A Review of the Structure-Mechanical Property Relationship,
Journal of Microscopy, vol.104, pt.1, May 1975, pp.3-32.- Mehta,P.K. and Monterio, P.J.M., "Concrete : Microstructure, Properties, and Materials",
3rd Edition, 2006- Siam Cement Group, "Cement and Applications", 4th edition, 2003- Portland Cement Association (PCA). Cement & Concrete Technology; http://www.cement.org/
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References 2- http://www.doitpoms.ac.uk/tlplib/wood/printall.php- http://weburbanist.com/2008/04/25/the-making-of-5-modern-marvels-of-engineering-construction-truths-behind-contemporary-wonders/- http://pirun.ku.ac.th/~b4555045/pdf/(6)construction%20materials.ppt- http://www.ce.memphis.edu/1101/notes/course_intro/What_is_Civil_Engineering.pdf- http://www.cpacacademy.com- http://www.new7wonders.com/classic/en/- http://www.wonder7th.com/- http://en.wikipedia.org/
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Assignment
• Briefly explain about the example of concrete, metals, wood and masonry structure which seen before.
June 14th, 2011 CE 231 Construction Materials
NextNext…… Concrete developmentConcrete developmentCE 231 Construction Materials
June 21st, 2011??
Withit [email protected]