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Wireless 2.0: Smart Radio Environments Empowered by Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces(How it Works, State of Research, and the Road Ahead)
Marco Di Renzo Paris-Saclay University
Laboratory of Signals and Systems (L2S) CNRS and CentraleSupelec
Paris, [email protected]
VDL IEEE COMSOCAtlanta Chapter, USANovember 19th, 2020
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Smart Radio Environments & Reconf. Metasurfaces
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Current Wireless Networks
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Current Wireless Networks
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Current Wireless Networks
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Current Wireless Networks
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Current Wireless Networks
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Current Wireless Networks
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Current Wireless Networks: No Control of Radio Waves
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Current Wireless Networks: No Control of Radio Waves
“Dumb” Wireless
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Current Wireless Networks: No Control of Radio Waves
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In conventional networks:
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Current Wireless Networks: No Control of Radio Waves
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In conventional networks: We usually perceive the environment as an
“unintentional adversary” to communication
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Current Wireless Networks: No Control of Radio Waves
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In conventional networks: We usually perceive the environment as an
“unintentional adversary” to communication
We usually optimize only the end-points of thecommunication network
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Current Wireless Networks: No Control of Radio Waves
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In conventional networks: We usually perceive the environment as an
“unintentional adversary” to communication
We usually optimize only the end-points of thecommunication network
We have no control of the environment, which isviewed as a passive spectator
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Current Wireless Networks: No Control of Radio Waves
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In conventional networks: We usually perceive the environment as an
“unintentional adversary” to communication
We usually optimize only the end-points of thecommunication network
We have no control of the environment, which isviewed as a passive spectator: we just adapt to it
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Current Wireless Networks: No Control of Radio Waves
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In conventional networks: We usually perceive the environment as an
“unintentional adversary” to communication
We usually optimize only the end-points of thecommunication network
We have no control of the environment, which isviewed as a passive spectator: we just adapt to it
… WHAT IF …
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Smart Radio Environments
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Smart Radio Environments
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Smart Wireless
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Smart Radio Environments
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Smart Wireless
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From Radio Environments…
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From Radio Environments…
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From Reflections …
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… to Smart Radio Environments
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… to Smart Radio Environments
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… to Smart Reflections
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Radio Environments
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Adaptation: End-Points Optimization
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Radio Environments
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Adaptation: End-Points Optimization
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Smart Radio Environments
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Control & Programmability: Joint Optimization
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Smart Radio Environments
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Control & Programmability: Joint Optimization
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Smart Radio Environments
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Smart Wireless
… from adaptation to …
Control & Programmability
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Smart Radio Environments
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Smart Wireless
… from adaptation to …
Control & Programmability↓
Technology↓
RISs (metasurface)
↓Algorithms
↓AI
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Smart Radio Environments
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Smart Wireless
… from adaptation to …
Control & Programmability↓
Technology↓
RIS (metasurface)
↓Algorithms
↓AI
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Smart Radio Environments
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Smart Wireless
… from adaptation to …
Control & Programmability↓
Technology↓
RIS (metasurface)
↓Algorithms
↓AI
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Smart Radio Environments
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Smart Wireless
… from adaptation to …
Control & Programmability↓
Technology↓
RIS (metasurface)
↓Algorithms
↓ML/AI
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Smart Radio Environments
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Smart Wireless
… from adaptation to …
Control & Programmability↓
Technology↓
RIS (metasurface)
↓Algorithms
↓ML/AI
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How Can We Realize Smart Radio Environments ?
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How Can We Realize Smart Radio Environments ?
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Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces (RISs)
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What is an RIS ?
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What is an RIS ? …A New Antenna Technology for 6G
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July 14, 2020
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What is an RIS ? …A New Antenna Technology for 6G
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July 14, 2020
Ei,HiEs,Hs
= f(Ei,Hi)
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What Wave Transformations Can an RIS Apply ?
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What Wave Transformations Can an RIS Apply ?
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RIS-Assisted Wireless: What Wave Transformations ?
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RIS-Assisted Wireless: What Wave Transformations ?
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RIS-Assisted Wireless: What Wave Transformations ?
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Reflection/Transmission“Surfaces”
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RIS-Assisted Wireless: What Wave Transformations ?
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Transmit “Antennas”
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How Does an RIS Look Like ?
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How Does an RIS Look Like (“surfaces”) ?
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Univ. CaliforniaSan Diego
MobiCom 2020
Aalto UniversityPhysics Appl. 2017
MITUSENIX 2020
Docomo 2020Transparent Metasurface
Southeast UniversityTWC 2020
Tsinghua UniversityAccess 2020
PRESS-LAIAACM HotNets 2017
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How Does an RIS Look Like (“antennas”) ?
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How Does an RIS Look Like (“antennas”) ?
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What is an RIS Useful For ?
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What is an RIS Useful For ? …RIS-Empowered Wireless
“Smart Radio Environments Empowered by RISs”, arXiv:2007.03435
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What is an RIS Useful For ? …Smart Glasses
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What is an RIS Useful For ? …Large Smart Walls
52“SREs: An Idea Whose Time Has Come”, arXiv:1903.08925
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Enhancing Coverage, Rate, Security Through RISs
53“RISs: Principles & Opportunities”, arXiv:2007.03435
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Examples…
54“RISs vs. Relays”, arXiv:1908.08747
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Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces
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Conceptual Structure
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Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces
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Conceptual Structure
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Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces
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Conceptual Structure and Operation
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How To Construct an RIS ?
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How To Construct an RIS ?
Tiny Antenna Elements vs. (Homogenized) Metasurfaces
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How To Construct an RIS ?
Tiny Antenna Elements vs. (Homogenized) Metasurfaces
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How To Construct an RIS ?
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Tiny Antenna Elements vs. (Homogenized) Metasurfaces
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How To Construct an RIS ?
62
Tiny Antenna Elements vs. (Homogenized) Metasurfaces
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How To Construct an RIS ?
Tiny Antenna Elements vs. (Homogenized) Metasurfaces
“Terahertz Massive MIMO with Holographic RIS”, arXiv:2009.10963
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How To Construct an RIS ?
64
Tiny Antenna Elements vs. (Homogenized) Metasurfaces
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How To Construct an RIS ?
65
RISs can be built in different ways, which include:
Tiny Antenna Elements vs. (Homogenized) Metasurfaces
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How To Construct an RIS ?
66
RISs can be built in different ways, which include:
Implementations based on large arrays of inexpensiveantennas that are usually spaced half of the wavelengthapart
Tiny Antenna Elements vs. (Homogenized) Metasurfaces
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How To Construct an RIS ?
67
RISs can be built in different ways, which include:
Implementations based on large arrays of inexpensiveantennas that are usually spaced half of the wavelengthapart
Metamaterial-based planar or conformal large surfaceswhose scattering elements have sizes and inter-distancesmuch smaller than the wavelength
Tiny Antenna Elements vs. (Homogenized) Metasurfaces
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68
What Does Make an RIS Different ?
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69
What Does Make an RIS (surfaces) Different ?
Nearly-Passive Design / Implementation
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What Does Make an RIS (surfaces) Different ?
70
Nearly-Passive Design / Implementation
Normal OperationPhase
Control & ConfigurationPhase
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What Does Make an RIS (surfaces) Different ?
71
Nearly-Passive Design / Implementation
An RIS is nearly-passive if the following three conditions arefulfilled simultaneously: No power amplification is used after configuration (during the
normal operation phase)
Minimal digital signal processing capabilities are needed only toconfigure the surface (during the control and programming phase)
Minimal power is used only to configure the surface (during thecontrol and programming phase)
Normal OperationPhase Passive
Control & ConfigurationPhase
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Nearly-Passive RISs: Advantages and Limitations
72
Example: RIS vs. (FD) Relay
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Nearly-Passive RISs: Advantages and Limitations
73
Example: RIS vs. (FD) Relay
Reduced hardware complexity
No additive noise
No power amplifiers
Interference-free full-duplex
…
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Nearly-Passive RISs: Advantages and Limitations
74
Example: RIS vs. (FD) Relay
RIS (1.5m = 140𝜆, reflector)vs. FD Relay (1-antenna)
arXiv:1908.08747
Reduced hardware complexity
No additive noise
No power amplifiers
Interference-free full-duplex
…
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Nearly-Passive RISs: Advantages and Limitations (?)
75
Example: RIS vs. (FD) Relay
3,720 inexpensive antennas on a 6 square-meter surface
MITUSENIX 2020
Reduced hardware complexity
No additive noise
No power amplifiers
Interference-free full-duplex
…
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Nearly-Passive RISs: Long-Term Vision
76
For these reasons, RISs may constitute an emerging andpromising software-defined architecture that can be realizedat reduced cost, size, weight, and power (C-SWaP design)
C-SWaP
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Nearly-Passive RISs: Long-Term Vision
77
Sustainable wireless design (e.g., low EMF exposure) without generating new waves and possibly made of physically &
aesthetically unobtrusive and recyclable material
C-SWaP
NTT Docomo, MetaWave, AGCTransparent Metasurface
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78
What Does Make an RIS Different ?
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79
What Does Make an RIS (antennas) Different ?
Low Complexity / Low Power / Single-RF Design
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80
What Does Make an RIS (antennas) Different ?
Low Complexity / Low Power / Single-RF Design
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RIS-Based Antennas: Advantages and Limitations
81
RIS
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RIS-Based Antennas: Advantages and Limitations
82
RIS
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RIS-Based Antennas: Advantages and Limitations
83
RIS
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RIS-Based Antennas: Advantages and Limitations
84
RIS
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RIS-Based Antennas: Advantages and Limitations
85
Example: Power Consumption
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RIS-Based Antennas: Advantages and Limitations
86
Example: Power Consumption
RIS
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RIS-Based Antennas: Advantages and Limitations
87
Example: Power Consumption
RIS
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RIS-Based Antennas: Advantages and Limitations
88
Example: Power Consumption
RIS
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RIS-Based Antennas: Advantages and Limitations
89
Example: Power Consumption
Compared with other transmission technologies, e.g.,phased arrays, multi-antenna transmitters, and relays, RISsrequire the largest number of scattering elements, but eachof them needs to be backed by the fewest and least costlycomponents. Also, no power amplifiers are usually needed.
RIS
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RIS-Based Antennas: Advantages and Limitations
90
Example: Power Consumption
… no free lunch rule …
Compared with other transmission technologies, e.g.,phased arrays, multi-antenna transmitters, and relays, RISsrequire the largest number of scattering elements, but eachof them needs to be backed by the fewest and least costlycomponents. Also, no power amplifiers are usually needed.
RIS
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91
Communication-Theoretic View
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Communication-Theoretic View
92
Conventional IT/COM Wireless
… encoder and decoder are optimized given the environment …
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Communication-Theoretic View (“surfaces”)
93
RIS-Empowered: “Optimizing the Environment”
… encoder and decoder are optimized jointly with the environment …
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Communication-Theoretic View (“surfaces & antennas”)
94
RIS-Empowered: “Modulating the Environment”
… encoder and decoder are optimized jointly with the environment …… and information data is modulated into environment-dependent states …
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Example: Modulating the Environment (“antennas”)
95
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Example: Modulating the Environment (“antennas”)
96
Spatial Modulation
modulation symbol: s1
RIS phases: R1, …, R12
Spatial ModulationIEEE Proc. 2014
Metasurface ModulationarXiv:2009.00789
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Example: Modulating the Environment (“antennas”)
97
Spatial Modulation
modulation symbol: s2
RIS phases: R1, …, R12
Spatial ModulationIEEE Proc. 2014
Metasurface ModulationarXiv:2009.00789
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Example: Modulating the Environment (“surfaces”)
98
Spatial Modulation
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Example: Modulating the Environment (“surfaces”)
99
Spatial Modulation
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Example: Modulating the Environment (“surfaces”)
100
Spatial Modulation
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Joint Active & Passive Wireless Networks Design
“Holographic MIMO Surfaces for 6G”, arXiv:1911.12296
“RISs can fundamentallytransform today’s wirelessnetworks with active nodessolely into a new hybridnetwork comprising active andpassive components co-working in an intelligent way,in order to achieve asustainable capacity growthwith low and affordable costand power consumption”
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Joint Active & Passive Wireless Networks Design
“Holographic MIMO Surfaces for 6G”, arXiv:1911.12296
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What Do We Do @ CNRS & Paris-Saclay Univ. ?
103
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What Do We Do @ CNRS & Paris-Saclay Univ. ?
104
… from theory to simulations and experiments…
Mainly, we do theory and simulations (physics-basedmodeling, analysis, and optimization in small-scale andlarge-scale wireless networks)
But, we validate our models in collaboration with partnerswhose research activity focuses on hardware development,experimental measurements, and ray tracing simulations
IEEE Trans. Wireless Commun.world’s first (arXiv:1911.05326)
Partner University (China)
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Path-Loss: What is the Power Scattered by an RIS ?
105
TxRx
?
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Path-Loss Modeling (Theory)
106“On the Path-Loss of RISs”, arXiv2007.13158
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Path-Loss Modeling (Experiments)
107IEEE Trans. Wireless Communications – arXiv:1911.05326
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Path-Loss Modeling (Experiments)
108
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Some Recent Results
109
Path-Loss Modeling – Physics-Based Foundation (submitted) M. Di Renzo et al., On the Path-Loss of Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces: An
Approach Based on Green’s Theorem Applied to Vector Fields (arXiv:2007.13158)
E2E Commun. Model – Mutual-Coupling/Unit-Cell Aware (submitted) M. Di Renzo et al., End-to-End Mutual-Coupling-Aware Communication Model for
Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces: An Electromagnetic-Compliant Approach Basedon Mutual Impedances (arXiv:2009.02694)
SNR Distribution – Improving Signal Reliability (WCL 2020) M. Di Renzo et al., Beamforming Through Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces in
Single-User MIMO Systems: SNR Distribution and Scaling Laws in the Presence ofChannel Fading and Phase Noise (arXiv:2005.07472)
Rate Optimization – RIS-Aided MIMO (submitted) M. Di Renzo et al., Achievable Rate Optimization for MIMO Systems with
Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces (arXiv:2008.09563)
Overhead-Aware Design – SE & EE (TWC 2020) M. Di Renzo et al., Overhead-Aware Design of Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces in
Smart Radio Environments (arXiv:2003.02538)
Joint Encoding – Capacity-Optimal Design (ISIT 2020) M. Di Renzo et al., Beyond max-SNR: Joint Encoding for Reconfigurable Intelligent
Surfaces (arXiv:1911.09443)
Single-RF MIMO – Metasurface-Based Modulation (submitted) Miaowen Wen, M. Di Renzo et al., Single-RF MIMO: From Spatial Modulation to
Metasurface-Based Modulation (arXiv:2009.00789)
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Recurrent Questions (addressed in part)
110
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Recurrent Questions (addressed in part)
111
Ei, Hi Es, Hs = f(Ei, Hi)
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Recurrent Questions (addressed in part)
112
Ei, Hi Es, Hs = f(Ei, Hi)
2 2
1 1
S R exN pN N
n n n nn nn
nn
h g h jg
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Recurrent Questions (addressed in part)
113
Power scaling law vs. size of the RIS (~N2)
Power scaling law vs. transmission distancearXiv:1911.05326(measurements)
arXiv:2007.13158(theory)
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Recurrent Questions (addressed in part)
114
Sub-wavelength inter-distance
arXiv:2007.13158 arXiv:2009.10963
(left) d= 0.25 λ, (right) d = 0.5 λ
d = λ/2 d < λ/2 d 0 (<< λ/2)
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Recurrent Questions (addressed in part)
115
Robustness to fading (Amount of Fading ~ 1/N)
arXiv:2005.07472
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Recurrent Questions (addressed in part)
116
Channel estimation/feedback overhead
arXiv:2003.02538
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Recurrent Questions (addressed in part)
117
Hardware limitations (e.g., quantization bits)
arXiv:2008.05317
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Recurrent Questions (addressed in part)
118
Network deployment and optimization
arXiv:2008.09563
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Recurrent Questions (addressed in part)
119
Network deployment and optimization
arXiv:2008.09563
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Recurrent Questions (addressed in part)
120
Physics-aware communication model
(i) E2E Model(ii) EM-Compliant(iii) Mutual Coupling Aware(iv) Unit Cell Aware
arXiv:2009.02694
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Physics-Aware Model – SNR vs. Impedance Modeling
121
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Physics-Aware Model – SNR vs. Impedance Modeling
122
ris
ris
2
ST SR1
2optimization
ST SR1
SNR : ,
,
N
Rn
N
n
P n n n n
n n n n
Γ h g
Γ h g
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Physics-Aware Model – SNR vs. Impedance Modeling
123
ris
ris
22no coupling no coupling ST SR
VLOS1
I
RIS SS
2
ST SRoptimization
1 SS Sopt
R
... lots to optimize :)
Z : H, ,
, ,
N
Rn
N
n n n
n nP
n n n n
n nn n
Z
Z ZZ Z
Z ZZ
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Physics-Aware Model – SNR vs. Impedance Modeling
124
ris
ris
2
ST SR1
2optimization
ST SR1
SNR : ,
,
N
Rn
N
n
P n n n n
n n n n
Γ h g
Γ h g
ris
ris
22no coupling no coupling ST SR
VLOS1
I
RIS SS
2
ST SRoptimization
1 SS Sopt
R
... lots to optimize :)
Z : H, ,
, ,
N
Rn
N
n n n
n nP
n n n n
n nn n
Z
Z ZZ Z
Z ZZ
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Recurrent Questions (addressed in part)
125
Channel capacity limitJoint EncodingarXiv:1911.09443
Metasurface ModulationarXiv:2009.00789
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Recurrent Questions (addressed in part)
126
What gains without instantaneous CSI (in writing) ?
RIS 4
RIS 3
RIS 2
RIS 1
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127
Closing Remarks
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Programming the Environment: Towards Wireless 2.0
128
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Enhancing Coverage, EE, Rate Through Space Waves
129
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Reconfigurable Intelligent Metasurfaces
130
Where Are We ?
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Reconfigurable Intelligent Metasurfaces
131
Where Are We ?
Professor Stefano Maci, Huawei Antenna Summit 2019
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Hundreds of Papers on arXiv… What’s Left ?
132
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Hundreds of Papers on arXiv… What’s Left ?
133
EM-based circuital models
Path-loss and channel modeling
Fundamental performance limits
Robust optimization and resource allocation
Constrained system design and optimization
EM-based communications: “Layer-0” networking
Large-scale networks: Deployment, analysis, optimization
Ray tracing and system-level simulators
Beyond far-field communications
Beyond communications
Advantages and limitations… do RISs bring any (substantial) gains as compared with other
well-established technologies in wireless networks ?
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On Electromagnetic Information Theory (EIT)
134
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Opportunity – EIT: Reconciling COM, SP, IT, EM, …
135
G. Green, “An Essay on the Application of Mathematical Analysis to theTheories of Electricity and Magnetism”, 1828.
J. C. Maxwell, “A Dynamical Theory of the Electromagnetic Field”, 1865.
C. E. Shannon, “A (The) Mathematical Theory of Communication”, 1948.
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Further Information: JSAC SI on “RIS-Assisted SREs”
136
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RIS-Assisted SREs in IEEE-COMSOC
137
WTC & SPCC-TC
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RIS-Assisted SREs in Europe (European Commission)
138
H2020-ICT ARIADNE (grant 871464, 6 million EUR) – Nov. 2019 - Oct. 2022
H2020-MSCA-EiD 5GSmartFact (grant 956670, 3.7 million EUR) – Mar. 2021 - Feb. 2025
H2020-MSCA-IF PathFinder (grant 891030, 185k EUR) – May 2021 – Apr. 2023
H2020-MSCA-ETN MetaWireless (grant 956256, 4.0 million EUR) – Dec. 2020 - Nov. 2024
H2020-ICT RISE-6G (grant 101017011, 6.5 million EUR) – Jan. 2021 – Dec. 2023
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Thank You For Having Me… Appreciated… ICT-ARIADNE (H2020, 5G-PPP, grant 871464)
November 1st, 2019 – October 31st, 2022
A collaborative research project on RISs & AIFrom 2021: PathFinder (IF), 5GSmartFact (EiD), MetaWireless (ETN), RISE-6G (ICT-52)
Marco Di Renzo, Ph.D., H.D.R.Directeur de Recherche CNRS (CNRS Professor)Highly Cited Researcher, Web of Science (2019)IEEE Fellow, IEEE Communications Society (USA)IET Fellow, Institution of Engineering and Technology (UK)Editor-in-Chief, IEEE Communications LettersDistinguished Lecturer, IEEE Communications SocietyDistinguished Lecturer, IEEE Vehicular Technol. SocietyNokia Foundation Visiting Professor, Aalto Univ., Finland
Paris-Saclay UniversityLaboratory of Signals and Systems (L2S)CNRS and CentraleSupelec
E-Mail: [email protected]