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Wildlife Sign Developing skills for conducting sign
or track surveys
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Purpose of lab
• Teach you how to identify tracks, scat, and sign left by common wildlife species
• Understand subtle differences in tracks among various mammalian species
• Develop tools to assist with identification of wildlife tracks in various tracking substrates
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Mammals - Toe patterns
• 2 toed hooved
• 4 toed with heal pad
• Five “fingered”
• 4 front, 5 hind toes
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White-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus)
Clumping will depend on diet
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Feral hog, wild boar (Sus scrofa)
Coloration on feral swine Note width of track, lack of point on terminal end, and curvature in wild boar
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Canids, Felids, and Lagomorphs
Four toe pads and one heal pad
Coyote (Canis latrans)
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Dog or coyote? Notice splaying in claw marks
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Red fox (Vulpes vulpes)
Note hair between pads and segments of scat with twist
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Note shape of metacarpal pads and splaying of toes, size with presence of hair will help distinguish from coyotes 2 to 2.25 inch track vs 2.5 inch for coyotes
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Gray fox (Urocyon cinereoargenteus)
Note that metacarpal pads closer to center of register Track < 2 inches
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Note consistent gate pattern Scat – key is the smell, distinctive musky odor distinguishes from coyote
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Bobcat (Lynx rufus)
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Typically can’t see claw marks, but pay attention to tracking medium
Are both of these bobcat?
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Eastern cottontail (Sylvilagus floridanus)
Front track jumped by back
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Bark foraging – note height, as moose create similar damage Girdling of seedlings
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Swamp rabbit (Sylvilagus aquaticus) Note environment Fecal deposits on stumps, logs, high ground – scattered Bigger pellets
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Five fingered group Raccoon (Procyon lotor)
Scat has blocky end and will be dominated by seeds or invertebrates
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Note left front hits with right rear and vice versa
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2 inch track on rear, 1.75 inch on front
Opossum (Didelphis virginiana)
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Muskrat (Ondatra zibethicus)
Note tail drag marks and double stamp on track
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If you have muskrats, you’ll see mounds and huts
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Beaver (Castor canadensis) Webbed hind foot with large heel
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Mink (Neovison vison) - Mustelids
May see webbing on hind foot
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Note double stamp on tracks and size of track - tiny
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River otter (Lontra canadensis)
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Distinct track pattern whether walking, loping, or running
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Black bear (Ursus americanus)
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Note height of claw marks to determine relative size, size of scat, and walking pattern where hind foot eclipses front