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Why is Biodiversity Important?
Presentation Working version, December 2003
prepared by M.F. Laverty and E.J. Sterling
Reproduction of this material is authorized by the recipient institution for non-profit/non-commercial educational use and distribution to students enrolled in course work at the institution. Distribution may be made by photocopying or via the institution's intranet restricted to enrolled students. Recipient agrees not to make commercial use, such as, without limitation, in publications distributed by a commercial
publisher, without the prior express written consent of AMNH.
All reproduction or distribution must provide full citation of the original work and provide a copyright notice as follows:
"Copyright 2003, by the authors of the material, with license for use granted to the Center for Biodiversity and Conservation of the American Museum of Natural History. All rights reserved."
This material is based on work supported by the National Science Foundation under the Course, Curriculum and Laboratory Improvement program (NSF 0127506), and the United States Fish and Wildlife Service (Grant Agreement No. 98210-1-G017).
Any opinions, findings and conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the American Museum of Natural History, the National Science Foundation, or the United States Fish and Wildlife Service.
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Why is Biodiversity Important?
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Values are Subjective: Perspectives and Scales
Land developer
Government agency
Local communities
Oil company
Aquaculture companyEnvironmental group
Source: Sterling/Frey © AMNH-CBC
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The Value of Biodiversity
• Intrinsic/inherent value
• Extrinsic/utilitarian/
instrumental value
Source: Burmbaugh © AMNH-CBC
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Intrinsic/inherent value
• The value of something independent of its value to anyone or anything else
• A philosophical concept
Source: Frey © AMNH-CBC
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Categorizing Values
Direct Use Value(Goods)
Indirect Use Value (Services)
Non-Use Values
Food, medicine, building material, fiber, fuel
Atmospheric and climate regulation, pollination, nutrient recycling
Potential (or Option) Value
Future value either as a good or service
Cultural, Spiritual and Aesthetic
Existence Value Value of knowing something exists
Bequest Value Value of knowing that something will be there for future generations
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Direct Use Value: Goods
• Food• Building Materials• Fuel• Paper Products• Fiber (clothing,
textiles)• Industrial products
(waxes, rubber, oils)• Medicine
Source: © AMNH-CBC
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Food
• Today, most people rely on ~20 types of plants, and only 3 to 4 are staple crops.
• Diversity is critical for developing new strains and breeds, i.e. that suit a particular environment or are resistant to pests or disease and as a source of new crops
Source: © AMNH-CBC
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Building Materials, Paper Products, and Fuel
Sou
rce:
© A
MN
H-C
BC
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Fiber
Source: USDA Photo b Ken Hammond
Source: USDA Cotton Program
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Industrial Products
Originating plant or animal Product/End useCork oak (Quercus suber) CorkPARē RUBBER TREE (HEVEA
BRASILIENSIS)Rubber
Lac insect (Laccifer spp.) shellacCARNAUBA PALM (COPERNICIA CERIFERA) CARNAUBA WAX
Wax plant (Euphorbia antisyphilitica) candelilla waxJojoba plant (Simmondsia chinensis) jojoba oilCochineal insect (Dactylopius coccus) CARMINE DYE*
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Medicine
• About 80% of the people in developing countries use plants as a primary source of medicine.
• 57% of the 150 most-prescribed drugs have their origins in biodiversity
Source: © AMNH-CBC
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Drug Source Use
Barbaloin, aloe-emodin Aloe (Aloe spp.) antibacterial, skinconditions, purgative
Atropine Belladonna (Atopabelladonna)
Relaxant, sedative
Codeine Opium poppy (Papaversomniferum)
Painkiller
Colchicine Autumn crocus(Colchicum autumnale)
Anticancer agent
Digitoxin Common foxglove(Digitalis purpurea)
Cardiac stimulant
Ephedrine,Pseudoephedrine
Joint fir (Ephedra sinica) Asthma, emphysema,bronchiodilator, hay fever
L-Dopa Velvet bean (Mucunadeeringiana)
Parkinson’s disease
Menthol Mint (Menta spcs.) Nasal congestion
Morphine Opium poppy (Papaversomniferum)
Painkiller
Quinine Yellow cinchona(Cinchona ledgeriana)
Malaria
Reserpine Indian snakeroot(Rauvolfia serpentina)
Hypertension
Scopolamine Thornapple (Datura metel) Sedative
Taxol Pacific Yew (Taxusbrevifolia)
Anticancer
Vinblastine, vincristine Rosy periwinkle(Catharanthus roseus)
Leukemia
Traditional Medicine:Basis of Many Drugs
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Indirect Use Values: Services
• Regulating global processes, such as atmosphere and climate
• Soil and water conservation• Nutrient cycling• Pollination and seed dispersal• Control of agricultural pests• Genetic library• Inspiration and information• Scientific and educational• Tourism and recreation• Cultural, spiritual, and aesthetic• Community Resilience• Strategic Source: © AMNH-CBC
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Global Processes:Atmospheric Regulation
• Photosynthetic biodiversity created an oxygenated atmosphere, and also has the potential to moderate the rising amounts of atmospheric carbon dioxide linked to global climate change Source: Frey © AMNH-CBC
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Global Processes: Climate Regulation• Forests and other vegetation modify climate: by affecting sun reflectance,
water vapor release, wind patterns and moisture loss. Forests help maintain a humid environment, for example, half of all rainfall in Amazon basin is produced locally from forest-atmosphere cycle
Source: Bain © AMNH-CBC
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• Filters excess nutrients and traps sediments that would otherwise impact neighboring marine and aquatic areas
Other services:• Minimizes damage from
waves and floods• Serves as a nursery for
juvenile commercial fish • Provides habitat for many
birds, fish, and shellfish Source: Ersts © AMNH-CBC
Soil and Water ConservationExample: Coastal wetlands and mangroves
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Nutrient Cycling
• Biodiversity is critical to nutrient cycling and soil renewal
• Decomposers such as algae, fungi, and bacteria Source: Snyder © AMNH-CBC
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Pollination and Seed Dispersal
• Many flowering plants depend on animals for pollination to produce food.
• 30% of human crops depend on free services of pollinators; replacement value estimated billions of dollars/year in US alone
Source: Spector© AMNH-CBC
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Source of Inspirationor Information
• Biomimicry
• Applied Biology
• Medical Models
• Education and
Scientific ResearchSource: Brumbaugh © AMNH-CBC
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Medical Models
Hibernating bears may improve the treatment of:
– trauma patients– kidney disease– osteoporosis
Source: New Jersey Fish and Wildlife
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Spiritual and Cultural Values
• The survival of natural areas and species are important to different cultures around the world.
• Thousands of cultural groups in the world, each have distinct traditions and knowledge for relating to natural world
Source: Projecto Gato Andino Bolivia, Villalba & Bernal, 1998
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Aesthetic Value
Source: Brumbaugh © AMNH-CBC
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Ecological Value: Does Diversity Make Communities More Resilient?
• Resilient ecosystems are characterized by:– Constancy (Lack of fluctuation)– Inertia (Resistance to perturbation)– Renewal (Ability to repair damage)
• Not all species are critical to an ecosystems function; many fill redundant roles; basis for community resilience and integrity
• If too many species or keystone species are lost, eventually it leads to the failure of ecosystem function
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Source: Brumbaugh © AMNH-CBC
http://research.amnh.org/biodiversity/crisis/index.html
Kelp Forest Food Webs
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Non-Use or Passive Values
• Existence value
• Bequest value
• Potential or Option value
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Why Do Values Matter?
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Acknowledgements
Mac Hunter (University of Maine), Georgina Cullman, Nora Bynum, and Ho Ling Poon (American Museum of Natural History) provided assistance for production of images and accompanying text
This is a product of the Network of Conservation Educators and Practitioners (NCEP)http://research.amnh.org/biodiversity/ncep/