![Page 1: Why High School Graduation Matters › sites › main › files › file-attachments › ... · •Graduateearns a high school diploma •Completerearns diploma or equivalency (GED)](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022060500/5f1a6cfaaddfb848f35b5a18/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
WhyHighSchoolGraduationMatters
RussellW.RumbergerUniversityofCalifornia,SantaBarbara
![Page 2: Why High School Graduation Matters › sites › main › files › file-attachments › ... · •Graduateearns a high school diploma •Completerearns diploma or equivalency (GED)](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022060500/5f1a6cfaaddfb848f35b5a18/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
THEIMPORTANCEOFHIGHSCHOOL
![Page 3: Why High School Graduation Matters › sites › main › files › file-attachments › ... · •Graduateearns a high school diploma •Completerearns diploma or equivalency (GED)](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022060500/5f1a6cfaaddfb848f35b5a18/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
UrgencyforAmerica
Sothisisaproblemwecannotaffordtoacceptandwecannotaffordtoignore. Thestakesaretoohigh―forourchildren,foroureconomy,andforourcountry. It'stimeforallofustocometogether―parents,students,principalsandteachers,businessleadersandelectedofficialsfromacrossthepoliticalspectrum―toendAmerica'sdropoutcrisis.
―BarackObama,February24,2009
![Page 4: Why High School Graduation Matters › sites › main › files › file-attachments › ... · •Graduateearns a high school diploma •Completerearns diploma or equivalency (GED)](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022060500/5f1a6cfaaddfb848f35b5a18/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
UrgencyforCaliforniaIfcurrenttrendspersist,in2025only35percentofworking-ageadultsinCaliforniawillhaveatleastabachelor’sdegree,but41percentofjobswillrequireatleastabachelor’sdegree.Thisequatestoashortfallofonemillioncollegegraduates.
Substantialimprovementsineducationaloutcomesareneededtomeetthedemandsoftomorrow’seconomyandensuretheeconomicprosperityofCalifornians.
Failuretomakeimprovementswillresultinaless-productiveeconomy,lowerincomesforresidents,lesstaxrevenueforthestate,andmoredependenceonsocialservices.
―PPIC,California2025(2012)
![Page 5: Why High School Graduation Matters › sites › main › files › file-attachments › ... · •Graduateearns a high school diploma •Completerearns diploma or equivalency (GED)](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022060500/5f1a6cfaaddfb848f35b5a18/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Clausenstudy(1993)
• CohortborninGreatDepressionandtrackeduntilage70
• Adultsuccess:obtainedmoreeducation,hadlowerratesofdivorce,hadmoreorderlycareers,achievedhigheroccupationalstatus,andexperiencedfewerlifecrises,suchasunemployment
• Bestpredictor:“planful competence,”acombinationofdependability,intellectualinvolvement,andself-confidence,thatwasevidentinhighschool
• “Predictingtoage70,there’snothingthatpredictsbetterthanwhattheywerelikeinhighschool”
![Page 6: Why High School Graduation Matters › sites › main › files › file-attachments › ... · •Graduateearns a high school diploma •Completerearns diploma or equivalency (GED)](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022060500/5f1a6cfaaddfb848f35b5a18/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Sawhill,etal.,(2012)PathwaystotheMiddleClass
• ExamineddatafromtheNationalLongitudinalStudyofYouth
• Followedchildrenfrom1986to2010
• Estimatedadultincomesatage40
• Middleclass:300%abovepovertyrate($68,000foramarriedcouplewithtwochildren)
• Developedlife-cyclemodeltoidentifysixstagesandindicatorsofsuccessforeachlifestage
![Page 7: Why High School Graduation Matters › sites › main › files › file-attachments › ... · •Graduateearns a high school diploma •Completerearns diploma or equivalency (GED)](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022060500/5f1a6cfaaddfb848f35b5a18/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
BenchmarksforSuccess
Birth Age 5 Age 11 Age 19 Age 29 Age 40
![Page 8: Why High School Graduation Matters › sites › main › files › file-attachments › ... · •Graduateearns a high school diploma •Completerearns diploma or equivalency (GED)](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022060500/5f1a6cfaaddfb848f35b5a18/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
LikelihoodofReachingMiddleClass
![Page 9: Why High School Graduation Matters › sites › main › files › file-attachments › ... · •Graduateearns a high school diploma •Completerearns diploma or equivalency (GED)](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022060500/5f1a6cfaaddfb848f35b5a18/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
HIGHSCHOOLDROPOUTS
![Page 10: Why High School Graduation Matters › sites › main › files › file-attachments › ... · •Graduateearns a high school diploma •Completerearns diploma or equivalency (GED)](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022060500/5f1a6cfaaddfb848f35b5a18/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
MyBackgroundonDropoutsResearch• “DroppingOutofHighSchool”(AERJ,1983)• EngagingSchools:FosteringHighSchoolStudent’sMotivationtoLearn (NRC,2005)• ImprovingMeasuresofHighSchoolDropout,Graduation,andCompletion
Rates: BetterData,BetterMeasures,BetterDecisions (NRC,2010)• DroppingOut:WhyStudentsDropOutofHighSchoolandWhatCanbeDone
AboutIt (HarvardUniversityPress,2011)Practice• Collaboratoronprovendropoutpreventionprogram,ALAS(1990-95)• DropoutPrevention:APracticeGuide (IES,2008)• PreventingDropoutsinSecondarySchools:APracticeGuide(IES,2017)Policy• StartedCaliforniaDropoutResearchProject (2006)• SolvingCalifornia’sDropoutCrisis (CDRP,2008)
10
![Page 11: Why High School Graduation Matters › sites › main › files › file-attachments › ... · •Graduateearns a high school diploma •Completerearns diploma or equivalency (GED)](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022060500/5f1a6cfaaddfb848f35b5a18/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
cdrp.ucsb.edu
![Page 12: Why High School Graduation Matters › sites › main › files › file-attachments › ... · •Graduateearns a high school diploma •Completerearns diploma or equivalency (GED)](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022060500/5f1a6cfaaddfb848f35b5a18/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
CaliforniaDropoutResearchProjectActivities
• NewresearchwithafocusonCalifornia(researchstudies,policybriefs,statisticalbriefs,citydropoutprofiles)
• Policyrecommendationsfrompolicycommittee(policymakers,educators,researchers)
• Disseminationthroughmailings,website,presentations,media
![Page 13: Why High School Graduation Matters › sites › main › files › file-attachments › ... · •Graduateearns a high school diploma •Completerearns diploma or equivalency (GED)](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022060500/5f1a6cfaaddfb848f35b5a18/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
DimensionsoftheDropoutCrisis
1. Magnitudeandtrends2. Consequences3. Causes4. Solutions
![Page 14: Why High School Graduation Matters › sites › main › files › file-attachments › ... · •Graduateearns a high school diploma •Completerearns diploma or equivalency (GED)](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022060500/5f1a6cfaaddfb848f35b5a18/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
1.Theproblemissevere
![Page 15: Why High School Graduation Matters › sites › main › files › file-attachments › ... · •Graduateearns a high school diploma •Completerearns diploma or equivalency (GED)](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022060500/5f1a6cfaaddfb848f35b5a18/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
WhatisaDropout?
• Dropoutasastatus• Dropoutasanevent• Dropoutasaprocess:
Enrollà Attendà Progressà Graduateâ
DropOut
![Page 16: Why High School Graduation Matters › sites › main › files › file-attachments › ... · •Graduateearns a high school diploma •Completerearns diploma or equivalency (GED)](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022060500/5f1a6cfaaddfb848f35b5a18/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
WhatisaGraduate?
• Graduate earnsahighschooldiploma
• Completer earnsdiplomaorequivalency(GED)
![Page 17: Why High School Graduation Matters › sites › main › files › file-attachments › ... · •Graduateearns a high school diploma •Completerearns diploma or equivalency (GED)](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022060500/5f1a6cfaaddfb848f35b5a18/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
![Page 18: Why High School Graduation Matters › sites › main › files › file-attachments › ... · •Graduateearns a high school diploma •Completerearns diploma or equivalency (GED)](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022060500/5f1a6cfaaddfb848f35b5a18/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
![Page 19: Why High School Graduation Matters › sites › main › files › file-attachments › ... · •Graduateearns a high school diploma •Completerearns diploma or equivalency (GED)](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022060500/5f1a6cfaaddfb848f35b5a18/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
![Page 20: Why High School Graduation Matters › sites › main › files › file-attachments › ... · •Graduateearns a high school diploma •Completerearns diploma or equivalency (GED)](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022060500/5f1a6cfaaddfb848f35b5a18/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
DropoutFactories
• InUS,18%(2,007)ofregularandvocationalhighschoolsaccountfor50%ofthedropouts(“dropoutfactories”)
• InCalifornia,1%(25)ofallhighschoolsaccountfor21%ofdropouts
![Page 21: Why High School Graduation Matters › sites › main › files › file-attachments › ... · •Graduateearns a high school diploma •Completerearns diploma or equivalency (GED)](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022060500/5f1a6cfaaddfb848f35b5a18/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
2.Thesocialandeconomiccostsarestaggering
![Page 22: Why High School Graduation Matters › sites › main › files › file-attachments › ... · •Graduateearns a high school diploma •Completerearns diploma or equivalency (GED)](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022060500/5f1a6cfaaddfb848f35b5a18/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
ConsequencesofDroppingOut
• INDIVIDUALCONSEQUENCES– Lowerwages– Higherunemployment– Increasedcrime– Poorerhealth– Reducedpolitical
participation– Reducedintergenerational
mobility
• SOCIALCOSTS– Reducednationalandstate
income– Reducedtaxrevenues– Increasedsocialservices– Increasedcrime– Poorerhealth– Reducedpolitical
participation– Reducedintergenerational
mobility
![Page 23: Why High School Graduation Matters › sites › main › files › file-attachments › ... · •Graduateearns a high school diploma •Completerearns diploma or equivalency (GED)](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022060500/5f1a6cfaaddfb848f35b5a18/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
ConsequencesofDroppingOut(ComparedtoHighSchoolGraduates)
• Lifetimeearningshalfamilliondollarslower
• 6timesmorelikelytobeincarcerated
• Lifeexpectancynineyearsless
• 2-3timesmorelikelytoreceiveMedicaid
• Morelikelytobepoor—poorchildren2-3timesmorelikelytobecomepooradults
![Page 24: Why High School Graduation Matters › sites › main › files › file-attachments › ... · •Graduateearns a high school diploma •Completerearns diploma or equivalency (GED)](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022060500/5f1a6cfaaddfb848f35b5a18/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
EconomicImpact:Sacramento(Adults25-64yearsofage)
Dropouts Graduates
Employment/Population Ratio 47% 62%
Annual earnings $17,649 $26,664
Poverty rate 35% 22%
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2015 American Community Survey
![Page 25: Why High School Graduation Matters › sites › main › files › file-attachments › ... · •Graduateearns a high school diploma •Completerearns diploma or equivalency (GED)](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022060500/5f1a6cfaaddfb848f35b5a18/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
SacramentoDropouts
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2011-15 American Community Survey
242 (52%) 317 (88%)
72 (15%)
17 (5%)
151(32%) 24 (7%)
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
Males(N=465) Females(N=358)
EmploymentStatusof16-19Year-oldDropouts,2011-15
Notinlaborforce Unemployed Employed
![Page 26: Why High School Graduation Matters › sites › main › files › file-attachments › ... · •Graduateearns a high school diploma •Completerearns diploma or equivalency (GED)](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022060500/5f1a6cfaaddfb848f35b5a18/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
ComputingGainsfromImprovingGraduationRates
• Calculatenumberofdropouts,graduates,violentcrimeincity
• Estimateeconomiclosses
• Estimateeconomicandsocialbenefitsofcuttingnumberofdropoutsinhalf
![Page 27: Why High School Graduation Matters › sites › main › files › file-attachments › ... · •Graduateearns a high school diploma •Completerearns diploma or equivalency (GED)](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022060500/5f1a6cfaaddfb848f35b5a18/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Graduates,Dropouts,Crime
Sacramento California
Graduates, 2015-16 2,291 406,874
Dropouts,2015-16 310 48,118
Violentcrime,2010(homicides,aggravatedassaults) 2,380 101,875
![Page 28: Why High School Graduation Matters › sites › main › files › file-attachments › ... · •Graduateearns a high school diploma •Completerearns diploma or equivalency (GED)](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022060500/5f1a6cfaaddfb848f35b5a18/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
LifetimeEconomicLossesfromOneYear’sDropouts,2015-16($)
PerDropout PerCohortSacramento
PerCohortCalifornia
State andlocalgovernment 1.3B
Healthcare costs 53,580 703,000 710M
Earnings(netoftaxes) 4,540 29.2M 4.5B
Crime (Victimcosts) 79,890 14.4M 1.9B
Otherlosses 69,800 10.8M 1.7B
TOTAL 391,910 53.1B 9.4B
![Page 29: Why High School Graduation Matters › sites › main › files › file-attachments › ... · •Graduateearns a high school diploma •Completerearns diploma or equivalency (GED)](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022060500/5f1a6cfaaddfb848f35b5a18/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
EconomicBenefitsofReducingDropoutsbyHalf
Sacramento California
Lifetimeeconomicbenefits $26.5M $4.7B
Annual reductionsinhomicidesandaggravatedassaults 142 5,387
![Page 30: Why High School Graduation Matters › sites › main › files › file-attachments › ... · •Graduateearns a high school diploma •Completerearns diploma or equivalency (GED)](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022060500/5f1a6cfaaddfb848f35b5a18/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
3.Thecausesarecomplex—relatedtostudents,families,schools,andcommunities
![Page 31: Why High School Graduation Matters › sites › main › files › file-attachments › ... · •Graduateearns a high school diploma •Completerearns diploma or equivalency (GED)](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022060500/5f1a6cfaaddfb848f35b5a18/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
UnderstandingCauses• Causesvs.reasonsvs.predictors• Individual
– Demographic(unalterable)– Attitudesandbehaviors(alterable)
• Institutional:Family,School,Community– Resources– Practices
• Proximal(highschool)vs.distal(beforehighschool)
• Dropoutvs.achievement
![Page 32: Why High School Graduation Matters › sites › main › files › file-attachments › ... · •Graduateearns a high school diploma •Completerearns diploma or equivalency (GED)](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022060500/5f1a6cfaaddfb848f35b5a18/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
ReasonsforDroppingOut
28
35
28
34
32
37
38
41
44
82
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
Got a job
ANY JOB REASON
Pregnant
ANY FAMILY REASON
Could not keep up with schoolwork
Did not like school
Failing in school
Thought it would be easier to get GED
Missed too many days of school
ANY SCHOOL REASON
SOURCE: CDRP Statistical Brief 2
![Page 33: Why High School Graduation Matters › sites › main › files › file-attachments › ... · •Graduateearns a high school diploma •Completerearns diploma or equivalency (GED)](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022060500/5f1a6cfaaddfb848f35b5a18/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
IndividualPredictors
• Academicachievement(failedclasses)• Poorattendance• Misbehavior• Loweducationalaspirations• Retention• Mobility
![Page 34: Why High School Graduation Matters › sites › main › files › file-attachments › ... · •Graduateearns a high school diploma •Completerearns diploma or equivalency (GED)](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022060500/5f1a6cfaaddfb848f35b5a18/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
RiskIndicators
SOURCE: CDRP Research Report 14
![Page 35: Why High School Graduation Matters › sites › main › files › file-attachments › ... · •Graduateearns a high school diploma •Completerearns diploma or equivalency (GED)](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022060500/5f1a6cfaaddfb848f35b5a18/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
StudentandSchoolPredictors(Predicted10th gradegraduationratesbystudentandschoolSES,2002)
74
83
87
80
86
91
85
89
93
70
75
80
85
90
95
Low Middle High
Individual SES
Perc
ent
School SES Low School SES Middle School SES High
SOURCE: Preliminary analysis of data from Education Longitudinal Study: 2002
![Page 36: Why High School Graduation Matters › sites › main › files › file-attachments › ... · •Graduateearns a high school diploma •Completerearns diploma or equivalency (GED)](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022060500/5f1a6cfaaddfb848f35b5a18/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
TheDropoutProcess
Environment Beliefsandattitudes Engagement
DropoutAchievement
SOURCE: Engaging Schools (NRC 2005)
![Page 37: Why High School Graduation Matters › sites › main › files › file-attachments › ... · •Graduateearns a high school diploma •Completerearns diploma or equivalency (GED)](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022060500/5f1a6cfaaddfb848f35b5a18/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
TheDropoutProcess
Environment
Beliefsaboutcompetenceandcontrol
(Ican)
Valuesandgoals(Iwantto)
Senseofbelonging(Ibelong)
CognitiveEngagement
BehavioralEngagement
EmotionalEngagement
DropoutAchievement
SOURCE: National Research Council, Engaging Schools (2005).
![Page 38: Why High School Graduation Matters › sites › main › files › file-attachments › ... · •Graduateearns a high school diploma •Completerearns diploma or equivalency (GED)](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022060500/5f1a6cfaaddfb848f35b5a18/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
TheImportanceofNoncognitiveSkillsforSuccessfulSchoolPerformance
Farrington, et al. (2012)
38
![Page 39: Why High School Graduation Matters › sites › main › files › file-attachments › ... · •Graduateearns a high school diploma •Completerearns diploma or equivalency (GED)](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022060500/5f1a6cfaaddfb848f35b5a18/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
21st CenturyCompetenciesforAdultSuccess
• CognitiveCompetencies– Cognitiveprocessesandstrategies– Knowledge– Creativity
• Intra-PersonalCompetencies– Intellectualopenness– Workethicandconscientiousness– Positivecoreself-evaluation
• Inter-PersonalCompetencies– Teamworkandcollaboration– Leadership
SOURCE: National Research Council. (2012). Education for Life and Work: Developing Transferable Knowledge and Skills in the 21st Century. 39
![Page 40: Why High School Graduation Matters › sites › main › files › file-attachments › ... · •Graduateearns a high school diploma •Completerearns diploma or equivalency (GED)](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022060500/5f1a6cfaaddfb848f35b5a18/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
PredictorsofAdultOutcomes
-0.08
-0.06
-0.04
-0.02
0
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.1
0.12
Arrested Attend College Income
Cogntive factor Non-cogntive factor
SOURCE: Jackson (2013)
![Page 41: Why High School Graduation Matters › sites › main › files › file-attachments › ... · •Graduateearns a high school diploma •Completerearns diploma or equivalency (GED)](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022060500/5f1a6cfaaddfb848f35b5a18/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
ImplicationsofResearchFindingsforPolicyandPractice
• Addressbothacademicandsocialneedsofstudents
• Startbeforehighschool—moreeffectiveandlesscostly
• Focusonbothindividualstudentsandtheinstitutionsthatsupportthem(families,schools,communities)
![Page 42: Why High School Graduation Matters › sites › main › files › file-attachments › ... · •Graduateearns a high school diploma •Completerearns diploma or equivalency (GED)](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022060500/5f1a6cfaaddfb848f35b5a18/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
4.Therearearangeofpossiblesolutions
![Page 43: Why High School Graduation Matters › sites › main › files › file-attachments › ... · •Graduateearns a high school diploma •Completerearns diploma or equivalency (GED)](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022060500/5f1a6cfaaddfb848f35b5a18/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
InterventionStrategies
1. Programmatic—focusonstudents– Supportprograms– Alternativeprogramsandschools
2. Comprehensive—focusonschools– Comprehensiveschoolreform– School/communitypartnerships
3. Systemic—focusonsystem– Statepolicy(e.g.,compulsoryschoolingage;graduation
requirements)– School/district/statecapacitybuilding
![Page 44: Why High School Graduation Matters › sites › main › files › file-attachments › ... · •Graduateearns a high school diploma •Completerearns diploma or equivalency (GED)](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022060500/5f1a6cfaaddfb848f35b5a18/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
1.ProgrammaticSolutions
• Advantages– Easiertodesign,fund,implement,evaluate
• Disadvantages– Limitedimpact–onlyappropriatewheredropoutproblemissmall– Addstoprogrammatic“overload”atlocallevel– Limitednumberofprovenprograms(seeWhatWorksClearinghouse)
![Page 45: Why High School Graduation Matters › sites › main › files › file-attachments › ... · •Graduateearns a high school diploma •Completerearns diploma or equivalency (GED)](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022060500/5f1a6cfaaddfb848f35b5a18/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
2.ComprehensiveSolutions
• Advantages– Potentialtoimpactmorestudents—moreappropriatein“dropout
factories”– Potentialtoimpactmultipleeducationaloutcomes(testscoresand
dropoutrates)
• Disadvantages– Moredifficulttoreformschools– Fewprovencomprehensiveschoolreformmodels—Comprehensive
SchoolReformQualityCenteridentified3outof18modelsthatsignificantlyimprovedgraduationrates
– Unclearwhatincentives,resources,andsupportneededtoimproveschools
![Page 46: Why High School Graduation Matters › sites › main › files › file-attachments › ... · •Graduateearns a high school diploma •Completerearns diploma or equivalency (GED)](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022060500/5f1a6cfaaddfb848f35b5a18/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
3.SystemicSolutions
• Advantages– Potentialtoimpactmorestudents– Potentialtoimpactmultipleeducationaloutcomes(testscoresand
dropoutrates)
• Disadvantages– Moredifficulttoalterfamilies,schools,andcommunities– Mixedimpactfromsystemicreforms– Unclearwhatincentives,resources,andsupportneededtoimprove
school,district,andstatecapacity
![Page 47: Why High School Graduation Matters › sites › main › files › file-attachments › ... · •Graduateearns a high school diploma •Completerearns diploma or equivalency (GED)](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022060500/5f1a6cfaaddfb848f35b5a18/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
ProvenInterventionsBenefit-Cost Ratio
Preschool 2.33
Preschool + Early Childhood 3.59
Class size reduction in grades K-3 (15 to 1)--All students--Low-income students
1.292.11
Raise teacher salaries 2.65
High school reform 4.47
SOURCE: Belfield and Levin (2007)
![Page 48: Why High School Graduation Matters › sites › main › files › file-attachments › ... · •Graduateearns a high school diploma •Completerearns diploma or equivalency (GED)](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022060500/5f1a6cfaaddfb848f35b5a18/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
(releasedSeptember2008)
48
![Page 49: Why High School Graduation Matters › sites › main › files › file-attachments › ... · •Graduateearns a high school diploma •Completerearns diploma or equivalency (GED)](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022060500/5f1a6cfaaddfb848f35b5a18/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
IESPracticeGuide(USDepartmentofEducation,2008)
1. Utilizedatasystemstoidentifystudentsatriskfordroppingout
2. Assignadultadvocatestostudentsatriskofdroppingout
3. Provideacademicsupportandenrichmenttoimproveacademicperformance
4. Implementprogramstoimprovestudents’classroombehaviorandsocialskills
5. Personalizethelearningenvironmentandinstructionalprocess
6. Providerigorousandrelevantinstructiontobetterengagestudentsinlearningandprovidetheskillsneededtograduateandtoservethemaftertheyleaveschool
![Page 50: Why High School Graduation Matters › sites › main › files › file-attachments › ... · •Graduateearns a high school diploma •Completerearns diploma or equivalency (GED)](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022060500/5f1a6cfaaddfb848f35b5a18/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
CDRPPolicyReport(releasedFebruary27,2008)
• Policystrategy—pressureandsupport
• Pressure—modifyaccountabilitysystem,reportmoreusefuldata
• Support—buildcapacityofschools,districts,state—ratherthanimplementingprograms
• Willimproveachievementandotherstudentoutcomes
• Improvementrequiresfiscal,human,andsocialresources
![Page 51: Why High School Graduation Matters › sites › main › files › file-attachments › ... · •Graduateearns a high school diploma •Completerearns diploma or equivalency (GED)](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022060500/5f1a6cfaaddfb848f35b5a18/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
WhattheStateShouldDo1. Fixtheaccountabilitysysteminordertomaintainpressureandtoallow
sufficienttimetoaddresstheproblem.
2. Collectandreportmoreusefuldataondropoutsandthestate’sprogressinimprovinggraduationrates.
3. Develophighschoolreformstandardsandcreate“lighthouse”districtstoimplementtheminschoolswithhighdropoutrates.
4. Undertakemiddleschoolreform.
5. Makestrategicinvestmentsinprovendropoutpreventionstrategiestargetingthemostdisadvantagedstudentsandschools.
6. Re-examinehighschoolgraduationrequirements.
![Page 52: Why High School Graduation Matters › sites › main › files › file-attachments › ... · •Graduateearns a high school diploma •Completerearns diploma or equivalency (GED)](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022060500/5f1a6cfaaddfb848f35b5a18/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
WhatDistrictsShouldDo
1. Marshalthewillofthedistrictandcommunitytoaddressthedropoutproblem.
2. Adoptprovenstrategiestokeepstudentsinschoolandsupporttheirsuccessfulgraduation.
3. Developastructured,participatory,andtimedprocessforimplementingthesestrategiesinalltargetedschools.
4. Developandusedatatomonitortheimplementationofthestrategiesandtomodifytheimplementationplan.
5. Partnerwithoutsidesupportorganizationstoidentifystrategiesandtodevelopandmonitorimplementation.
![Page 53: Why High School Graduation Matters › sites › main › files › file-attachments › ... · •Graduateearns a high school diploma •Completerearns diploma or equivalency (GED)](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022060500/5f1a6cfaaddfb848f35b5a18/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
WhatSchoolsShouldDo
1. Createapersonalizedlearningenvironmentforbothstudentsandteachers.
2. Provideacademicandsocialsupportsforstudents.
3. Providerigorousandmeaningfulinstruction.
4. Createconnectionstotherealworld.
![Page 54: Why High School Graduation Matters › sites › main › files › file-attachments › ... · •Graduateearns a high school diploma •Completerearns diploma or equivalency (GED)](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022060500/5f1a6cfaaddfb848f35b5a18/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
ImplementingRecommendations
• Choosingbetweenstrategies,targetedprograms,schoolwideprograms
• Selectingstrategiesandprogramsthatarebotheffectiveandcosteffective
• Matchingstrategiesandprogramswithlocalcontext—populations,resources,capacity
• Evaluatingoutcomesoflocallyimplementedprograms
![Page 55: Why High School Graduation Matters › sites › main › files › file-attachments › ... · •Graduateearns a high school diploma •Completerearns diploma or equivalency (GED)](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022060500/5f1a6cfaaddfb848f35b5a18/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
WhatElseisNeeded?
1. Redefinehighschoolsuccess
2. Provideincentivestoeducateallstudents
3. Buildthecapacityoftheeducationalsystem
4. Desegregateschools
5. Strengthenfamiliesandcommunities
![Page 56: Why High School Graduation Matters › sites › main › files › file-attachments › ... · •Graduateearns a high school diploma •Completerearns diploma or equivalency (GED)](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022060500/5f1a6cfaaddfb848f35b5a18/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
Challenges• Nostatewidedatasystem• Nostaterepositoryforprovenprogramsandpractices
• Existingmodels(e.g.,randomizedcontroltrials)forconductingevaluationstime-consumingandcostly
• Littleinterestorincentivesatlocalleveltoadoptprovenprograms
• Littlecapacityinstate,counties,anddistrictstoevaluatelocalreformeffortsandstatepolicyinitiatives
![Page 57: Why High School Graduation Matters › sites › main › files › file-attachments › ... · •Graduateearns a high school diploma •Completerearns diploma or equivalency (GED)](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022060500/5f1a6cfaaddfb848f35b5a18/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
Recommendations
• Redefinehighschoolsuccess– Alteraccountabilitysystem(e.g.CollegeReadyIndicatorSystem)
• Provideincentivestoeducateallchildren– Measureandreward5-yearand6-yeargraduationrates– Supportandrecognizedropoutrecovery
• Developmorepathwaystohighschoolandcollege– Alternativehighschools(e.g.BigPictureLearning)– Highschool/collegeschools(EarlyCollegeHighSchool)– Three-yearbachelor’sdegreepathway(dualenrollment,AP)
• Develop,evaluate,anddisseminatecost-effectivestudentsupportprograms– Social-emotionalprograms– College-careerpreparationandcounselingprograms– Ninthgradebasicskillsclasses
![Page 58: Why High School Graduation Matters › sites › main › files › file-attachments › ... · •Graduateearns a high school diploma •Completerearns diploma or equivalency (GED)](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022060500/5f1a6cfaaddfb848f35b5a18/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
Recommendations• Buildthecapacityoftheeducationalsystem
– Developandsupportdistrictpartnershipsandnetworkedimprovementcommunities
– Buildinter-segmentaldatasystem(e.g.,Cal-PASSPlus)– Buildlocalandstate-levelcapacitytoidentify“evidence-based”(costs
andeffectiveness)programsandpractices(e.g.,CenterforBenefit-CostStudiesinEducation;WashingtonStateInstituteforPublicPolicy)
• Desegregateschools• Strengthenfamiliesandcommunities
![Page 59: Why High School Graduation Matters › sites › main › files › file-attachments › ... · •Graduateearns a high school diploma •Completerearns diploma or equivalency (GED)](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022060500/5f1a6cfaaddfb848f35b5a18/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
ImportanceSystemImprovementThesinglefundamentalchangeprinciplefromoursystemchangeworkisthis:peoplelearnbestandmostfromothersdoingsimilarworkandgettingsuccess.Therefore,Californiashouldturnitsattentiontoenablingschools,districts,andcharterorganizationstolearnfromeachother.
Fullan andRodriquez(2017,p.17).
![Page 60: Why High School Graduation Matters › sites › main › files › file-attachments › ... · •Graduateearns a high school diploma •Completerearns diploma or equivalency (GED)](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022060500/5f1a6cfaaddfb848f35b5a18/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
Farrington, C. E., Roderick, M., Allensworth, E., Ngaoka, J., Keyes, T. S., Johnson, D. W., & Beechum, N. O. (2012). Teaching adolescents to become learners :The role of noncognitive factors in shaping school performance. Chicago: Consortium on Chicago School Research, University of Chicago.
National Research Council, Committee on Increasing High School Students’ Engagement and Motivation to Learn. (2005). Engaging Schools: Fostering High School Students’ Motivation to Learn. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
Roderick, M., Kelly-Kemple, T., Johnson, D. W., & Beechum, N. O. (2014). Preventable failure: Improvements in long-term outcomes when high schools focused on the ninth grade. Chicago: Consortium on Chicago School Research, University of Chicago.
Rumberger, R. W. (2008). Solving California's Dropout Crisis. Report of the California Dropout Research Project Policy Committee. Santa Barbara California Dropout Research Project, University of California, Santa Barbara. Retrieved May 1, 2011, from http://cdrp.ucsb.edu/dropouts/pubs_policyreport.htm
Rumberger, R. W. (2011). Dropping Out: What Students Drop Out of School and What Can be Done About It. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
References
60
![Page 61: Why High School Graduation Matters › sites › main › files › file-attachments › ... · •Graduateearns a high school diploma •Completerearns diploma or equivalency (GED)](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022060500/5f1a6cfaaddfb848f35b5a18/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
Websites
cdrpsb.org
whatworks.ed.gov