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UDA IKASTAROAK / CURSOS DE VERANO / SUMMER COURSES UPV / EHU
WHYANDHOWTOPROMOTEINTERDISCIPLINARITYINRESEARCH
ATTHEUNIVERSITY?fromepistemological topractical aspects
PierreDosSantosBordeauxUniversity
UDA IKASTAROAK CURSOSDEVERANOSUMMER COURSESUPV / EHU
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UDA IKASTAROAK / CURSOS DE VERANO / SUMMER COURSES UPV / EHU
VIRTUESANDVICESOFMONODISCIPLINARITY AND
MULTIDISCIPLINARITYsomehistorical,practicalandepistemologicalconsiderations
UDA IKASTAROAK CURSOSDEVERANOSUMMER COURSESUPV / EHU
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THEVIRTUESOFDISCIPLINARYSTRUCTURINGOFSCIENCES"Natural"evolutionwiththedevelopmentofsciences, (sincethe19thcentury)
Accompaniedthebuildingofmodernuniversities
DivisionofWorkandSpecialization
• Defined"consistent"areasofexpertise
• Constructedrelevantresearchobjects
• Gaveconceptualframeworksofreference
• Establishedreasoningmodes
• Setcategories
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• Divisionoftheworkvs "speciation »• Constructionoftheresearchobjectvs"reification"oftheresearchobject
THEVICESOFDISCIPLINARYSTRUCTURINGOFSCIENCES
• Masksthecontinuumofresearchobjectsdisciplinesdealwith
Breakinsolidarity
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"Institutionalization"ofdisciplines
THEVICESOFDISCIPLINARYSTRUCTURINGOFSCIENCES
Eachdisciplineislikeajar.Onceyouareinoneofthesejars,youneedgeniustogetoutorinnovate:youthinkyouliveinnaturalboundaries.
TofinishwiththedisciplinaryEgos?
Veyne, P. (1983). Les Grecs ont-ils cru à leurs mythes ?
Adapted from pers.communication with F.Darbellay
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(Multi)disciplinaryconfigurationsOrderorchaosofdisciplines
Psychology
PoliticalSciences
Economy
Law
Anthropology(ies)
Sciencesofeducation
LifeSciences
Sociology
Sciencesofcommunication
CognitiveSciences
MedicineSciencesofenvironment
NaturalSciences
"Whatachimaerathenisman,whatanovelty,whatamonster,whatchaos,whatasubject ofcontradiction,whataprodigy!Judgeofallthings,yetanimbecileearthworm;depository oftruth,yetasewerofuncertainty anderror;prideandrefuseoftheuniverse.Whoshall resolvethistangle?”―BlaisePascal,Pensées
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Operatingconceptsandconceptnetwork
DISCIPLINARYCompartmentation,Shared background
DisciplinarySelfreliance
DEGREEOFCOLLABORATIONBETWEENDISCIPLINESLOW HIGH
MULTIDISCIPLINARYShared topic,
Communication,Juxtapositionof
perspectives, autonomy
JuxtaposeSequenceCoordinate
TRANSDISCIPLINARYProblem-solving,Implementation,
Relationship betweenscience &society
TranscendTransgressTransform
INTERDISCIPLINARYIntegration of
disciplinary insights,cooperation,
interdependence
IntegrateInteractConnectSynthetize
Mix
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Themulti/interdisciplinaritylikelytogoagainst
FROMMONODISCIPLINARITY TOPLURIDISCIPLINARITY ANDINTERDISCIPLINARITY :Aturbulentevolution
THEVICESOFINTERDISCIPLINARITY INSCIENCESThe"violent"polemicsofthe1970s(especiallyinthesocialsciences)
• “scientificity”• Rigor• relevanceofconceptualframeworks• relevanceofthestatementofpostulatesandhypotheses• relevanceofthestatementofmethodsandtoolsofanalysis• ...
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- How can human societies generate enough energy to meet human needs without causing irreparabledamage to the planet?
- How do individual DNA sequences interact with environmental factors to influence the incidence of adisease?
- How does the transmission of electrical signals between neurons generate a set of subtle and complexbehaviours?
- What will be the impacts of changes in the Earth's atmosphere on the climate, glaciers and oceans?- What combination of biological, environmental and social factors is causing the increase in obesity
rates seen in many parts of the world?- How can innovations in agriculture feed a growing humanpopulation?- How can human societies act to provide a better framework for integration, fight against inequalities
and promoteeconomic development?- How to understand the diversity of cultures, their historical depth, their languages, their social and
institutional structures to better understand the dynamics that cross them?- How to take into account individual behaviour towards risks and social attitudes towards progress,
research and science- How to promote and support the adaptation of the entire population to the transformations of
society? ...
THENEEDFORINTERDISCIPLINARYAPPROACHESINSCIENCES
Addresscomplexissues/problems/challenges
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• Thevirtuesof"embodied"interdisciplinarity,ofthe« NAIVELOOK »,oftheabsenceofINHIBITION tocrossdisciplinaryboundaries• TheexampleofCharlesDARWIN• TheexampleofAlfredWEGENER
• ThevirtuesofCOVERINGS,CONTACTS,TRANSFERS• Theexampleofthe« biologicalrevolution »inthefifties
• ThevirtuesofNOTIONSmigration• TheexampleofShannon’sinformationtheory
• ThevirtuesofCOGNITIVESHEMESmigration• Theexampleofthestudyofcosmos,self-governingmachines,artificial intelligence
• ThevirtuesofOBJECTSmigration• Theexampleofprehistoryandstudyofhominization
• ThevirtuesofCONCEPTSmigration• Theexampleoftheconceptofecosystem
THEVIRTUESOFINTERDISCIPLINARYAPPROACHESINSCIENCES
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MONO&MULTI/INTERDISCIPLINARITY INRESEARCH:Twocomplementaryapproaches
Inter- &Transdisciplinary openings(circulationofideas)
Divergent/Exploratorythinking
Compartmentation ofknowledgeinspecializeddisciplines
Integrative/ConvergentthinkingTHEKEYTOLIFEISBALANCE
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INTERDISCIPLINARITY: BETWEENINJUNCTIONandOBSTACLES
• Funding mechanisms most often aligned with disciplinary research
• A context of budget reduction favouring activities deemed "essential »
• significant fluctuations in support for interdisciplinary research
• Interdisciplinaryresearch"started"withsupportforpilotprojects• Problemoflongterm
• The"standard"modalitiesofpeerreviewprocessesmakeitdifficulttoevaluateprojectsthatgobeyondthedisciplinaryboundariesofexpertsorprograms
• Fundingofresearchfavouringtheindividualattheexpenseofthegroup
• Difficultiesinfunding"atrisk"research
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UDA IKASTAROAK / CURSOS DE VERANO / SUMMER COURSES UPV / EHU
SOMEPREREQUISITETOCONSIDERINTHEIMPLEMENTATIONOFINTERDISCIPLINARITYUDA
IKASTAROAK CURSOSDEVERANOSUMMER COURSESUPV / EHU
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Originality↔TraditionSelflessness↔Passion
Cooperation↔CompetitionClosing↔OpeningSharing↔Secret
Distinctiveness↔SenseofbelongingCommitment↔IndependenceAutonomy↔ResponsibilityDemocracy↔Autocracy
METHOD-METHOD-METHOD&SKILLS-SKILLS-SKILLSTORAISEINOVERCOMINGTENSIONSANDCONTRADICTIONS
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INNOVATEINANDTHROUGHSCIENCES
THINK
DIVERSITYofpratices
DYNAMICSofsciences
LINK&INTERACTthroughinterdisciplinarity
HYBRIDATION IMMERSION
STIMULATEindividual&collectiveCREATIVITY
TRAINToDESIGN-inspiredmethods/thinking
INNOVATEinthewayofdoing
DECOMPARTMENTALIZETheworldofresearchTIME SPACE
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Inter-personalfactors• Cohesionoftheteam• Diversityofthe team• Flexibility oftheteam• Regular andeffectivecommunication• Mutual respect&trust
Organizational factors• Strongincentives forcollaboration• Non-hierarchical structure• Diversityofrepresented perspectives• Climate forinformationsharing• Climate forrecognition sharing
Technologicalfactors• Strengthofinternal&external
networklinks• EffectiveIT&digital support• Datamanagement
Intra-personal factors• Collaborative workskills• Preparation forconflictmanagement• Participatory leadership style
Factors linkedtoenvironment• Proximity• Comfortableworkspaces• Collaborative workspaces• Privateworkspaces
Social&« political»factors• Policyforexchanges&collaboration
facilitation• Policy&protocols supporting
interdisciplinary collaboration
Factorsinfluencingeffectivenessofaninterdisciplinary
team
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Writeageneral
agreement Assigntasks
Manageleadership
Managerisk
Managetime
Accept thechallengeofopenness
Supporteach other
Evaluatelearning
Manageexpression&emotions
Empathy &recognitionof
interdependence
Data
Concepts
Tools
Contributions
Procedures
Sharetheconceptual
modelspecifictoeachdiscipline
Agree onobjectives
Optimiseindividual&collectivework
Manageconflicts
Agreeoncompetences
Establish acommonmodel
Act onbehaviours
Installaninterdisciplinaryteamclimate
Organize theinterdisciplinary
team
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Accompanimentforfocusmeeting
Planningoftheproject
Workshopswithinvestigators
Accompaniment totheconceptionof
meetings
Accompaniment tothefacilitationof
meetings ITsupport
Accompanimentforimprovement
meetings
InterdisciplinaryteamProductofresearch
Support tothedevelopmentoftheproject
Interdisciplinaryresearchproject
Adzpted fromM.APalmeretal.Current OpinioninEnvironmental Sustainability2016,19:111–122