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Who is to be master of the world! An introduction to the philosophy
of Friedrich Nietzsche, by Anthony M. Ludovici, with introduction
by Dr. Oscar Levy ..
Ludovici, Anthony Mario, 1882-Edinburgh and London, T.N. Foulis, 1914.
http://hdl.handle.net/2027/inu.30000011877317
Public Domain in the United States,
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f theWorld
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Philosophy
1 C 1
iLifetnd fforltt and NietttcheandArt
OSC A R LEV Y
fA riitacracy etc.
TR EET
NDON
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LIB R A R
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IONATEL DEDICATES
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SEDINR EF ERR INGTO
R S .
/ Day .
athustra .
andEv il.
fMorals.
I. intheGermanEdit ion, and
taining: " The
Nietzschecontra
Twilightof the Ido ls
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nintroductiontoyourlec-
haveone youmayhaveonein
outoreproduceverbatimin
ourlectures Ithink
nthe bestIhavereadin
utIhardly lik ethenotionofyour
e,becauseI thinkitcontrary
mastertodothis. Ithinkit
if youhavesomethingto in-
ughttobe instructedby
say,nothingto give,nothing
se teachersofnothingdo
makeusslaves,and youknow
ter,all higherculturemust
hytheninterferewiththe
ment,ofstultification,of
naroundus Whynotact
inciples,andrather lecture
lklore,thesinsof theupper
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ofMayfa ir Whymak ea
ttoremainesoteric
ndsto theC ause. Doyou
cture- room Idoubtit.
lecture- room Ibe longtoa
,whentheywantedtoknowany-
and nottothelecture-room,
told meyourselfthat,after
doncefallen intoyourhands,
euntilyouhadgoneto Ger-
thoughtandmeditated
t ud e o f af o re i gn c o un t ry o n N ie t z- , .
uunderstoodit. Imyselfhave..
you, seenyouintheB rit ish . . d- .
hedepthof thought,andI- ^
k th a t ma n yo f y ou r a ud i en c e ' * ' * V
ndergothehardships, nottotv- " tf
ught Inanageofcomfort,
ness,ofhumanitarianand
okoutin vainforanintel-
rself.
hosefewwhoperhapslove
perhapsmaybe willingto
otbe likeyourse lf , seamenupon
edtoallthe inclemencyofthe
ndterriblestorms,forcedto
angerousrocks,whichare
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donly upheldbythefeeble
umbus,afterall,musthave
be anewlandsomewhere
ngcoast-linethere,uponthe
Whydragothersaf teryou,
periencesuponthehighsea
ought,willrepentand ery
potsofoldEngland People
mp overboard Peoplewho
wnontheirkneesandcry out:
yhaveIforsakenThee H ave
onies,theirdoubts,theirin-
utIfo rgot, youhavenopity
master screed A f terallyou
tzscheanthanIthought,and
ectureonNietzsche because
na lbutimportantw ord ou
ellowthewomen,whoform
ncesinyourcountry,will
dtounderstand w omenare
ounderstand.Insteadof
wcontinentyoumay,there-
dthenget backallyour
c ha r ge b y t he l e ct u ri n g se p a r e -
stentothem.Do notconde-
Rememberthateventhe
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thoughfollowedby women,
mberthatyoutoohave to
andnotarace, andthateventhe
t istobe worthwhile,can
opagationof thegospel.
l y,
.
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E R
MORA LIST
uofFriedrichNietzsche the
moredifficulttounder-
richesforthosewhodo
ehardto find.
ak toyouofNietzsche The
roundhis nameandphil-
us.Ifyouhavereada thirdof
dconcerninghim.
arsago,and heisnowone
of modernEuropeanphil-
pestregret,however,thatthe
orks,graduallyrealiseshow
ciously,hehasbeenmisin-
notonlyby ignorantcom-
thoselearnedprofessorswho
positionofhisw ork sby the
tion,butevenbyhis bestand
sityof LondononNovember25th,1908.
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ktoyou ofFriedrich
beenmisrepresented,andit
himasheis indeed, it is
oushould knowhimas
rownstrongandhavedis-
ching, hesays, sothatmy
hamedofthe giftsIgave
nedayblow amidstthem
withmy spirit thusmy
isZ arathustra fora ll low
andeverythingthatspitteth
thwithsuchadvice:B eware
d f
ption,suchas theone
witha word-portraitofthe
hortbiography.Now,the
culties,it mighthavebeen
not beenseriousreasonsfor
istingwritersonthesub-
owever,theshortbiography,seemed
evenless thanthefirst,and
thesubjectIhavetotreat
forehavebeennecessaryto
toacompassso small,thatit
ththeLook ing-glass.
oreNietzsche sfcctHomohadap-
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rethana wearisomechain
sinterruptionI wished,if
ons,I venturedtodepart
ndtoproceedat oncewith
theme.
elvesjustifiedinformingan
is works.H oweverdeep-
whicha moment spersonal
manquicklyprovesto be
che scase,itis completely
withmostotherauthors,we
betweenthemanandthe
peopleagainsttheerror of
hehimselfw asthe liv ingrefuta-
inallsecurity,atthe
edgeofhim,is thathewasa
aresuscitatedH eraclitus, w ho
yearsofthenineteenth
s close.Nietzschehimself
setothis comparison hecon-
sof thenobleEphesian,f
notinsignificantnumberof
he smusesw ere So litude
; l ik eH eraclitus, hew asa
8 .
, V o l. X . o fNietzsche sC omplete
mann.
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dself-confidencewhosatat
ndlikehim, too, hew asapoet-
htsurname theObscure.
hatadvantagedoesaphilosopher
Arenotthemass offoolish
enabouthimevidence
nay , theposit ivedanger of
eekPhilosophers,saysof
w emaygosofarastoadmit
massofmankindmadehim
erequirementsofhis
thatNietzschespeaksof himself
ay : " Iw il lhaverail ings
says, andevenroundmy
usiastsmaynotbreakinto
s andholyboundaries.
everhighermountains. f
cewiththe massofman-
m an y " d i e vi e l- z u- v ie l en
utitmust notbesupposed,
hatthesewordse pressany-
e.W econstantlycomeacross
reinhemost clearlyempha-
rthemediocre,andforthe
and,intheAntichrist,he actu-
reitunworthyofa deepmind
T h re e E vi l O ne s , U 2 .
T ab l es , f 1 9 .
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ta lltomediocrityasmedio -
ation, hesays, isapy ramid,
roadbasis ithasfora f irst
dsoundlyconsolidated
so many-sidedasNietz-
recision totheveryrootof
hisattentionto,the very
theselectures,is torouse
rks,orinciteyoutoa deeper
hallendeavour,where
youinhisownwords,that
efromthe colouringanin-
everunwill ingly mightlendthem
ento histhoughts,e pressed
nalfireandbeauty,asit was
retain.
moreparticularlybyhis
thatNietzsche istoodogmatic
easons forhisopinions,and
rebearsadictatorial and
s,onetakenfromTheTwi-
therfromThusSpakeZ ara-
etzsche wasnotonlyaware
hisworks,but,also,had
pp. 341, 342.
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eek tasteveersroundinfavourof
ppensthen Inthefirst place,
d,themobgets theupper
PrevioustoSocrates,dia-
iatedingoodsociety:they
rmanners,theycompromised
gainstthem.B esides,allsuch
nsweredistrusted.H onest
notcarry theirreasonsin
n.Thatwhichrequirestobe
heworldover,where
odusage,whereone com-
nstrates, thedia lecticianisasorto f
e isnottakenseriously.
swhenwehavenoothermeans.
wipedawaythantheeffect
rovedby thee perienceof
eechesaremade.Itcanonly
ndsofsuchas havenoother
y tohavetoe tortone s
ak esnouseofdialectics. *
trawemeetwithanother
hasjustaskedhimwhyhe
ch.
trareplies. Thouask estw hy I
beaskedfortheirwhys.
o fyesterday , forsooth It is
periencethereasonsofmine
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retobeaverybarre lo fmemory
reasonswithme
eopinionsistoomuchforme
ay. *
ed,thattoproveisto plead,
the,atall events,didnot
redtothisprinciplein the
eZ arathustra,thisbookwas
whenitsearlierpartsap-
resolvedpartlytoabandon
sitionforthesemi-dialectic
orks.
shpeopleshould we
outthis Germanphilo-
atmenhavefoundit
m arespectfulhearing,or
ginningtoread andlearn
Isitenoughthattheenlightened
ughtitincumbentuponthem
anslatorsofhis works,by
ion
herthesereasonsare
rntohim.
Myphilosophy revealsthetrium-
challothersystemsof
ounder.Itis thegreat
eracesthatcannotbearit
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chregarditas thegreatest
le . *
herea lisesthatthe-con-
nstitutesthe philosophyofa
ountry sdestinies andhe
ewteachinghe offersus,
ask,whetherthisis pre-
philosophy,giventotheworld
warning,oughtto be
edunheard
sforyearsadmiredforhis
takehim seriously.They
egreat Epigrammatist or
venturedtomak eaninquirycon-
ologyorhisMetaphysics,
alwaysdelicately forhis
ainfrom pruning,what
edit iousparado es, o fa ll
norderto carrytheirpoint.
w ereadNietzsche, the
readhim forotherthan
ryearsthey refusedto listento
Tw ilighto f the Idols: " My
ntenceswhateveryoneelse
w hateveryoneelsedoesnotsay
, Nie lzsche sC ompleteWork s, publishedby
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eart theyarebeginning
tylewasbuta formnecessary
es attendantonthedistribu-
iches itw asthecheque-
hocannotsparethe timeto
utitwasonly aform,and,
ubtedlyis,theideas towhich
wereultimatelyrecognised
end.
Nietzsche,and,ifweare to
rningseriously,is itnothigh
sobegan readingand
He took hisca ll ingvery
s,hepartedwithhisrelatives
alone,that hemightcon-
oughts upontheone
ghtroad Isourmorality
aluationswhichis gradually
withanidealworthyofman s
Ilovemen, sa idhissecond
ta , I a m b ri n gi n g gi f ts u n to m en . *
moment,toknowthat
thingquitenew something
portancewhichisquite new,
ing.
asheaphilosopher The
sophysays: H ebringsusno
esameclassw ithHerbertSpencer
eech, H 2.
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manNietzsche.Norcan we
sfellow-countrymenwith
.
otonlyassumesthe
er,butagainandagain,in his
elfasone,it wouldbewell
he term philosopher
ssion, hesays, istocreate
ogivemank indnew principles, new
ngandclassifyingof many
usefulandmeritoriouswork,
rkwhichpreparestheway
r theeducationofthereal
lfshouldhaveoncestood
which hisservant,the
phy,remainsstandingand
himselfmustperhapshave
d dogmatist,andhistorian,
er,riddle-reader,moralist,
s... .B utalltheseare only
hismission thismission
tocommandandtogive
terminethe Whither andthe
eysnatchw ithcreativehandsat
thatisor hasbeen,serves
nstrument asahammer. f
.151,152.
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e found Nietzscheasks.
soneof them.
bywayoffurtherestablish-
stingtoreadhowProfessor
kers,speaksofH eraclitus
, hesays, w asnotcastforthe
ator,hispassionsweretoo
esobernessandhe wastoo
debauchofmetaphors but
be theheraldofthenew
rdse pressa lla fa ircrit ic
abusivelanguagethat
at hisphilosophy,nofact,I
ghtenmentwithitthanthis
placedhimself B eyondGoodand
rstandeventhe motive
ke upthisattitude,what
morenatura l moreobv iously
thantoduballhisw orks, danger-
itsw orstmodernsense, and
asifhehadw rittentore leasethe
ortocl oythelibidinous
hedestroyerofmoralityI am
ejust, my ta le isimmoral. f
Thinkers,byProfessorTh.Gomperz,
us,
f t he A d de r .
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yaroundhim,andane -
him toaskusthe admittedly
chwe haveforcenturies
y goodandevil
these twotermshave
mora lity , itsraisond etreand
endedatall Nietzsche
withsuchoriginalityand
s wemaybetogivehim a
oshockedbythe strangeness
ciousofanythingatall,
pleasure. H ew illstrik eatthe
w eprotestindignantly . B ut
y there w herehew antsto
ondourGoodandEv il.
s:goodand evil,arebut
llinorder toacquirepower.
Pow ertouniversa lisethe irk indor
pow ertoenablethe irspecies,
preponderateor besupreme
cticalphilosophy, hesays,
stero f thew orld f
Themoralitywhichpre-
dadherentsalong tovictory
erNietzsche squestion:
o f theworld w emustask our-
tainingto powerunderthe
oming.
tzsche sC ompleteWork s, publishedby
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hecivilised worldto-
rinciplesseemtobe
nofadesirabletype Isa
endingto prevailbymeansof
hereverse
showthat ourwayisthe
erceus, hedoesnotover-
y s: Iamalaw only forthose
law fora ll. Thisismyw ay
same, sa idHeraclitus.
mmora l asany thinge lseon
morality itse lf isa formof
you: goodandev ilw hichw ould
ist.
B eyondGoodandEv il ;
w values hewishestopurge
doesnotmerelydestroy,and
ess herefillsouremptied
a listf irst only , how ever, thathe
rds.Andonemore severe,or
oosenessand laisser-aller,
ess.
ask,whatthefigureof
ie tzsche sopusmagnum, the
S p pe r . f Z . , O f t he S p ir i t of G r av i ty , H a
, Nietzsche sC ompleteWork s.
m ing.
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worksservebutasa com-
hyshouldthisancientlaw -
ebest suitedtobehis
s w er s t hu s : " Z a r a t hu s tr a w as
mora lity ; consequently , he
eivethaterror.Z arathustra
otherthinker beforeor
galone,do wemeetwithtruth-
stvirtue,moreoverhe was
rstakentogether.To speak
ht,thatisthe firstPersian
moralitythroughtruthful-
hemora listbyhisopposite
hatthenameZ arathustrameansin
oughlyandconscienti-
k,itwillbe necessarytolook
howhecontemplatedthe
Nietzschepreachestous,it
ce ll buthe isstandingonthe
strengthhehas enlistedin
l,Schopenhauer,Darwin,
hisf ingers ends, andbehind
osewisdomheisdeeply
owhebecamewhathe
sLebenF risdrichNietzsche s, byElizabeth
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softhespiritI declareunto
methacamel,the camelalion,
thingsheavy forthespirit , the
tobeartheload andin
:itsstrengthlongethforthe
eav iest.
k sthespiritw hichisableto
ppinglikea camelonitsknees,
thespiritisladen with
haveprecededit how it
eofthepastand,underthis
voyageofdiscoveryinthe
w ilderness, Nietzschecon-
ondmetamorphosis:there
Freedomitwilltakeasits
wilderness.
stlo rd tohimanditslast
oe . . .
hedragon Thou
yearso ldareshiningonits
mightiestofalldragons:
ngsisshiningonme.
sthereneedof the lioninthe
ondo, thatthecamel the
cannot
thateventhe lionisnotable
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or itselfforfreshcreations,
rone sse lf andaho lyNay
his,mybrethren,thereis need
tonce loved Thousha lt,
ndarbitrarinesseveninthe
foritselffreedomfromits
thiscapture.
hren, w hatcanthechilddow hich
Whyhaththepreyinglion
nd oblivion,anewbegin-
g byitself,aprimemotor,a
tolife.
eating,mybrethren,a
a isnecessary it isitsow n
ishisownworldthe out-
softhemindI declaredunto
meacamel,the camelalion,
stra. *
uldgiveusnew values,he
dingenuousness totheart-
o thathemusthavethef reedom
mindcouldgainthefreedomof
den,ithadfirst tobearthe
Metamorphoses.
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of Day,hetellsussome-
omwhichheacquired,and
omatall.
haspromotedourgenera l
orethanlove forfeartriesto
whathe knows,whathe
angerousanddetrimenta ltodece ive
. * Inordertoguardaga inst
mustknowits nature ifwe
ehopeofovercominghim,
s.W isdom,likemorality,
power,itstrengthensthespecies.
mebookdrawsan inevit-
dea: Eventhesenseof
enseforsecurity,manhasin
:wewill notallowourselves
w ew illnota llow ourse lvestobemis-
welistenwithsuspicionto the
s wecontrolourselvesand
ourselves allthesethings
thoroughlyasmenunder-
alalso,self-controldevelops
fortheunmistak able , f
erefore,isbutthe out-
securityanditsconcomitant
erything,thatwemaybe
.Truththerefore,orour
d morality,isaweaponof
kindmoreformidable.
p. 22.
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eagernessforthetruth
Where isyourw ay Whois
rth It isouto fa fee lingof
u tu r e t h at h e t el l s us : N o o ne
andw hatisevil. *
lytowardsa pointwhich
rswe fly,thestandardsof
refollowedbya people
wer.B utthesestandards
earesoused tothem,and
blurredthroughwearand
knowoutofwhichportwe
ustra , apostrophisingthesunat
teaching, Iamw earyofmy
athgatheredtoo much
etchedtotakeit.
anddistribute.
Idescendintothedeep, as
whensinkingbehindthesea,
therworld,thouglorious
odow n, asmensay , tow homI
nquil eye,thatcanst
nesswithoutenvy.
ttobeemptyagain, andZ ara-
omea man.
ustra sdescent. f
ew Tables, IF 2. fZ . , Intro . Speech, IT2.
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eisapoet aswellasa phil-
ninglinesof ThusSpake
eytousin whatmood,with
ebeganhis teaching.
t,thatwemay beina
magnitude,andgreat im-
e sachievement,letusrecall,
aceinEuropeanthought
ultureofthe ancient
rnedtoadmireitscharacter of
alfreedom,thelikeofwhich
eeagainforcenturies,andwe
eroffoolishaccidents,it was
e lyburieda live byamoreyouthful
cableriva l thecultureof
Tacitus,inordertolearn
ntworldofthought,tosee
ncomingphilosophy.Pagan-
ristianityroseinits stead.
Fathers,duringwhich
farandwide,wasfollowed
sophyknownbythenameof
se labourstheestablishmentof the
isintheheart oftheold
men whoseworkconstituted
erechieflyengagedeitherin
ephilosophyoftheGreeks,
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armless,insofaras opposi-
orporatingitin theteaching
ndphilosophywaspursued
dertheauthorityoftheology.
iationofChristiandogmain
reason.
yputthecoping-stoneon
ofitcouldonly leadtoits
sonandfaithhadeachbeen
d sphereofaction,andreason
auseoffaith,tosupportand
coulddoso theaimofthe.
beenachieved,andtheir
obe superseded.
casioneditsbreak-up,were
he re-awakeningofthe
ch,resulting asitdid ina
hematicsandphysics,ulti-
fman sattitudetowards
ourteenthcentury,dates
olasticismandtheprepar-
enaissanceandtherevivalof
larger scale,ofallthe lofty
ntsinwhichthepeopleof
whichhadlent their
ypractical character.
ncemay,ofcourse,be
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l ierthantheonegiven w e
tionalismoftheAverroists,
RogerB acon,andin
thefirsthalfofthe four-
dthenewlearningcanthe
aidtohavebeenreallyunder
thoughtwasawakened,curi-
dlibertyofactionand con-
blished.
trongholdsofscholastic
heChurchofRome w orking
oatthepublicationofMSS. he
ratoroftheRenaissancein
duringthe wholeofhislife-
motethatinterestin classic
eso muchtoawaken.The
nfollowed.Italybecamea
e know,incourseoftime,
ndRomewereso completely
ceagainhandledbothtongues
erestingforourpurposeto
lent itsinfluencetothe
cho lasV . andLeoX . are
thcentury,theknowledge
eenalmostreappropriated,
fmediaevalmodesofthink-
perseded thehumanistic
umphed.
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wasamazing withalmost
northwardfromItalyto
etherlands,Spain,France
nggeniuseswhereveritmadeits
ngawaytheintellectualcob-
to decidehowfaritled
many letusratherhear
oncerningthisstage of
usedEuropethelossof the
tionthat wastobegarnered
ena issance. Doweunderstand do
attheRenaissancewas The
nvalues,theattempt,under-
all instincts,withallgenius,
oftheoppositevalues,the
ennogreaterwar,there has
stionthanthe Renaissance,
thequestionputby theRenaissance:
na formofattackmore
,morestrenuouslydelivered
centreoftheenemy To
place,at theseatofChristi-
tthenoblevaluesuponthe
emintothe mostradical
ere....I seebeforemea
pernaturalenchantmentand
metogleamforthin all
thatthereis anartatwork
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ydivine,thatonemight
nfor aseconde ampleof
aspectacle soingenious,so
atthesame time,thatall
dhavehadanoccasion for
C aesarB orgiaasPopeA mI
twouldhavebeenthetriumph
ngatpresent C hrist ianity
doneawaywith Whathap-
k,Luther,cametoRome.This
einstincts ofanabortive
efurious againsttheRe-
dof,withtheprofoundest
theprodigythathadtaken
gofChrist ianityatitsseat,
o drawitsnourishment
ousperson thinksonlyof
pravityofPopery,whilethe
:theolddepravity,the
tianity,nolongersatonthe
utlif e Thetriumphof lif e The
h,beautifulanddaring And
oncemore:he attackedit.
meaneventwithoutmeaning
A hthoseGermans, w hathavethey
n thathaseverbeenthew ork
TheR eformation Le ibnitz ant
osophy thew arsof Libera-
every timeanin-va inforsomething
d,forsomethingirrevocable.
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s,Iconfessit, theseGermans:
eeverykindofuncleanliness
,everykindofcowardicein
forwardayandnay.They
dforathousandyears almost,
gerson,theyhave ontheir
asures,allthethree-eighth
opeissick, theyhavea lso
estkind ofChristianity,the
rrefutablethate ists,
seean endtoChristianity,
meforit . *
ent,towhich,as wesee,
mportance,wastobe reaped
ncountriesofEurope,and
reatermenc amebuta
heir wisdomcan,withouta
naissance.Inthisrespectwe
onofV erulam, Galileo ,
tes,Spinoza, ohnLocke,etc.
progressofEurope smind
ebirth ofChristtotheRe-
estavailableintellectwas for
eonetheme theprovingof
andthe attempttoreconcile
son.Thiswastheworkof
hyandofScholasticism.
nedbya propitiousflashof
-
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nitz,whowishedtoevade
dwithhis Monadology.Itis
cessarytodescribethistheory
rforesuf f icetosay thatitw asthe
ale,philosophicallytouphold
tes,SpinozaandLeibnitz
physicalresearch,whilethey
beginningand endofthings,
,H obbesandLocke,more
recalculatingthanspecula-
Englishthancontinenta l w ere
s nowcalledEmpiricism,
e perience, e periment, induc-
wastoinfluenceV oltaire,
FrenchandGermanwriters,
tomakeNietzschee cla im:
,theplebeianismofmodern
k andinvention. *
escartes,Spinoza,Leib-
Lock e, andlaterHume, a lthough
ertruthin twototally
dnodecisiveblowatChristian
pitethefactthat H obbes
ndthatH umewasopenly
itestepinthisdirectionwas
dchief lybyHume sscepticism,
osophy.
fmeritasaphilosopherliesin
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orthofour knowledgeandthe
ring it,theagnosticelement
rntomodernthought,which
humanintellectsosuccess-
as,that,in thelightof
lation.itmightwellbegiven
ilosophywhichtranscendsthe
thouthavingpreviouslyjusti-
m inationof thefacultyofk now-
matism. H esaysit isimpossible
d.Allproofshitherto ad-
deassumedtowardsreligion
dHerbertSpencerw asthusfore-
,asweknow,inthe end,dealta
etaphysics.Inhisheart of
dinGodand theimmortality
ortancetoustoobserve,that
crednessforhim which
isreasonpartlygetsthe
r,inhis writings and,
ydoubtupon Christian
ighesthopesandthe cruellest
on.Like Spencer, anthad
stChristianity,hesimply
sarepointless impossible
owsecured. anthad
fphilosophyasuntenable
en,appearedcreatorsofnew
ewithhissystemofAbsolute
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misthescience oftheab-
losophyuponmankind upon
owedwithadoctrinewhich
transit ionalformf romthe
evalentrealismof thepresent
egelinreputationandinthe
etodiscusshis viewoflife
letitsuf ficetorecordherethat
racticallyunaffected.This
rticularlyasmoralitywas a
onsiderableattention.
philosophy,Christianmeta-
idto havereceiveditscoup
stasin theMiddleAges
dnotbeentreatedasa prob-
omplishedfactwhichneeded
, justas, immediate lyprev i-
rshadbegunenergeticallyto
ysics,althoughalwayshoping
s tosayinthe firsthalfof
hristianmoralityhadnotyet
whattheterm Christian
meofusmayprotestthatw eare
hristianmorality,inNietz-
nsthatmoralitywhichreignsas
mostcivilisedpartsof the
isthemoralphilosophywe
rownwithoutaquestion,
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aybeagnostics,oratheists,
oanyformofbelief ordis-
va lues good and
oughbeencalledupontoansw er
ihoodofits havinghada
venotrefrainedfromassign-
eorless plausible.Andthe
gthishas beenenormous.Pre-
hristianmetaphysicsalso
rality.Thequestionwas:
blewithreason Could
ththe oldFaith,still,by
toabide byChristian
Christiannotionsof good
usions,thesemen,manyof
hemostrampantunbelievers,
ntrying toestablishupon
iplesthemoral values
eyhadrejected
moralitywassoughtby
e, byothersinthefeelingsof
byyetothersin law,orin
pediency , andbyoneina
tohaltatthe terms
themselves, inordertoask him-
ant: seenthroughthe
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ptakenby thesemoral-
firstof alongseriesofsteps,
pressingandfundamental
s,aretheconceptsof good
presentdaytobe adheredto
respectivesourcesorauthorities
ofgoodandevil tohuman
orarethee istingva lua-
thefactthattheyhave
estrialwarrant
he Renaissancehadleft
gionpracticallywhereitwas
en, hadsoughtto f i itw here it
atistosay, hadtriedtorebuildit
ofmakingitmorecompatible
hatwasincliningevermore
ardsascientificgraspof
verydiscourseupon
beforehistime,the problem
acking,the suspicionthat
roblematic,atall,appeared
ds,philosophershadbeen
Thebusinessofamora lphil-
ndjustifyourmoralsenti-
o showhowwecametohave
supplyuswithareasonfor
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Inshort, tak ingourconcepts
forvgranted, thequestionw hich
s,howcouldthesebestbe
blewithreason.
nderstandhowit was,that
ghast,whenamanappeared,
yabovethesemoralcompro-
s,as anthadtoweredabove
recededhim.
isew iththe start Europe
n,abovethemuddledmur-
ngvoicesuddenlyannoun-
ofepigrams: Noone
ndevil
hy , amomentagow eall
cryof theEuropethatw as
of theEuropethatw asconv inced
ngmad
yourgiving abasisto
askedofthemoralistsat his
twehavethelearnede pres-
hatmoralitywhichhappens
arteroftheglobeat the
ou,speakinginyourown
elfissomethingessentially
MoralsfromAugustusto Charlemagne.
(GermanEdit ion), p. 10.
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havesasif itskindalone
paramountuponearth,and
vethis endbyopenaggres-
tion,themotiveinboth
hingsvaluedhigherthan
theWilltoLive , therefore ,
oa stillhigherW ill.W hat,
towhichthewillto live
t WehaveheardwhatNietz-
theWilltoPow er.
oot ofthematter,byap-
and themoralityofman.
yor accountforourmodern
certainthatthevalues
w h ic h i t gi v es u s a re t o b e up h el d
w eclearastow hattheymean
ar astowhatmorality
ppear seenthroughtheglasses
deveryspeciesoforganic
gandpractisingthoseacts
prevalenceor supremacy
verthatconductwhichwill
herbyaggressionorbydis-
cesare,thatit willbee ter-
ealreadydoomedtobecome
tthat orderofconductwhich
ethemovercome,either
coming.
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,orbysheerphysicalstrength,
pecies.B ut,oncethatorder
efficientand established,it
tyofthespecies thatadopts
victorywithit.Thatis all
re,isthesceneof anunin-
thew arofmodesofconduct. If ade-
adoptedthesystemofvaluing,
ciesdevoured,itwouldthereby
ion, andviceversa . The lion s
oodforhim. Itmaybetheante-
l, infactitgenerally is, andif
of good w ereeveradoptedby
ceasetheir slaughteramong
nceaffordedby biology,
reswhetheritissufficiently
thatconceptsofgoodandevil areoriginally
thattheyareonly thee pedi-
epower pow ertobecome
nductswhichnowespeci-
arriedonamongmen,does
stprinciples ofthequestion.
o od o r e v il u s ed t o d es i gn a te
duct,we maybesurethat
anis thereattemptingto
erthecoverof thesevalues.
emerelytakesupthe
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hregard tomorality.Good
vevalues.Theyare a
bsolutegoodand absolute
eenbyZ arathustra , andmany
dthegoodand evilofmany
ronearthwasfoundby Z ara-
ethatdidnotinthef irstplace
nitself,however,it mustnot
.
calledgood,wasregarded
yanother:thus Ifoundit.
re, andtheredeckedwith
nethovereachpeople . Lo It
hs,beholditis thevoiceof
peopletodominateandcon-
orandenvyofits neighbour,
h,thefirst,thestandard,the
emadeforthemselvesa llthe irgood
nottakeit, theydidnotfind
avoice fromheaven.
yassigneduntothingsbymanin
he itw asw hogavesignif i-
gnificance.Thereforehe
evaluingone. *
u sa n d an d O ne G o al s .
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odandevil, having
emodern,civilised man s
rd themevenasthemoral
atisto say,asfactswhich
dfor and,althoughtheevi-
sflourishedandprotected
drathera stumper tohim
articularnotionofgood
universalandthusclearup
s thatofNietzsche swas,
adayorof ayearofdays.
duponastheresulto fhislife s
searlyashis thirteenthyear
him. A litt lehistorica land
hecontinues, togetherw ith
seregardingpsychological
obleminaveryshort time
what circumstancesandcon-
valuationsgoodand evil
cificva lue J
o f18 4, how ever, w henhe
hat hebegantoapproacha
andinthefo llow ingmanner:
osomework duringhisho lidays,
paper.
ationofthis statementseeSidgwick s
4. H ere,althoughnotspeakingasa
ye pressesthehopethata ll methods
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tin thesisuponsome
seTheognis,and,itwas while
rks,thathewasstruck withthe
r ds g o od a n d b a d a s s yn -
lebeian.
puthimon therighttrack.
everconvincedthatthere
niversa lGoodandB ad that
conductmustbejust asin-
heredtobydifferentclasses
edandadheredtobydifferent
nTheognis,inthe si th
hedemocratsas bad, andof
atatimew henthefa llo fThea-
adbroughtabouta struggle
thedemocracy,thefact
dfromtheparticularuseof
etzsche sopinion,that
shingtomaintaintheir
orcewhich threatenedto
esireasbad, " bad in
lytotheirparticularmodeof
etzschebegantoregard
od and ev il w ithever- in-
rallydidnot restuntilhe
e poundedinhislatter
ralists,orpreferablyim-
enanFriedrichNietzsche,p.II.
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feringasubstitute,hadat-
s.Frenchbookshadbeen
derntimeshad presentedus
dvery deepworkonthe
ly favourablecommentw ef ind
hoolofethics,in Nietzsche s
tSpencer.ThepositionSpencer
nctionedbyNietzsche,is
be psycho logica lly tenable. f
Christianityinruinsbehind
etzschetookastep asbold
t s, andasnecessary but
ristianitywhichhisgreat
do worldperhapscherished
he metaphysics.
anmorals.H edeclared
morals,merelyane pedient
versalising,a certaintypeof
precedented,hiswickedness,
e
obebut codesadoptedby
perpetuatetheir kindor
wehaveseenthathe hadto
llarythatall kindsofmen,
mustatsometimeorother
Conflictingmoralcodeswere,
conflictingweaponsofdiffer-
he importantquestiontobe
h,whatclassof mannowbe-
gentum.f G.M.,p.20.
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choiceof moralvaluations,
gardtoman w edivulgeour
eciesofmanwewouldsee
well,thattobreakall
thentoconstructa new
ealof man,meantabandon-
ist hencehisemphaticac-
thatthereareother ways
sdefiniteutteranceconcerning
lity inthesew ords: f
butmytaste, forw hichIhave
lment. ' !
sus, however,onthenew
are inaw orlda lreadypossessedof
istingvaluestobewhollydis-
eselectf romamongtheva lueso l
dtobecompatiblewithour
lew iththemanw hosekindw ew ould
ue buta longw ithit, curi-
partofhis moralphilosophy
ythree-quartersofhis
nvestigatedthef inerandcoarser
ertoprevailedorstill prevail
asfoundcertaintraits recur-
Gr a vi t y, T 2 .
i l le sV onDarwinbisNietzsche,
Gr a vi t y, I T 2 . G . E ., p . 2 27 e t s eq .
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wnpeculiarperspective and
atwhich,standingbelow
btainingaperspectivequite
orality,itistheeaglewhich,
ofrock uponabrowsing
atinglambisgood. Inthe
y,itisthelambwhich,look-
espyingtheeagle,bleats
mbisev il.
classese isteveryw hereon
veofracialdistinctions,does
ssesalreadydescribed.We
oadmitthatbothclasses
ralise,inorder tomeetthat
quirepowerfortheirspecies
wledgedthiswehavedoneall
s fo rit isthek ey tothe
o-day it isthecluetothe
auntingquestion: Whoisto
nB eyondGoodandEvil,in
lisations,attemptshavenow
two moralities atpresent,
taposedinsharpcontrast.
confusedandmingledin one
yea,ofteninonesoul.
nd knowhowtodistinguish,
them,wehaveonlyto think
4, 241.
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ewhentheruling casteand
ralising.
,it isclearthattheymust
nde a ltedstatesof thesoulas
thatisstrength, pow er, hea lth, well-
ssandawfulness theanti-
B a d t o t hi s f ir s t cl a ss m e an t t he
d despicable. Evenourw ord
rigina llye pressiveofsocia l
applyit tocharacter,who
irstappropriatedit asa
ser-mora lity , musthavebeenap-
over-an iousandniggling
heeyetothemainchance, as
withthestealthyglances,the
ikekindofmanwhosubmits
emendicantflatterer,and
fundamentalbeliefinall
thatthemobconsistsof
nes, thusspak ethenobleGreek s
uals.
eslave-morality,thecaseis
hasthecommunityisanop-
ancipated,andwearyone,all
dwhichalleviatesthe stateof
ghand,thewarmheart,
tyandasneakingfriendliness
encer sSocio logy (1stEdit. ), V o l. I.
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eive,thattheslateisclean,
nedconcerningthe bloodof
chmay craveaplaceupon
dments.
we arelefttosolvefor
ceforth,determineourgood
ofpastpeoples,racesand
condemned,ithas merely
rity.
nsarepointlessunless
unlesstheyarethee pedient
rtain speciesofman,itis
decidewhatthisspecies of
entodetermineour goodand
uponusis enormous we
e ourtastebecomesour
rayourtasteto theworld,
deal,our goodandbad,is
enwedeclarew homwew ouldmak e
wdeeplyNietzschewascon-
hethrew upondurshoulders
nsiderourposition.The
athustraareevidenceenoughof
themIshallconclude:
badeyoubreakthegood
o l. I. p. 33, P rinciplesofEthics: . . .
ethenotion ofgoodness,canbeframed
tzsche(byDr A.Tille),pp.19,2z.
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verwhelmedbythecolossal
tlies beforethem.
as,onlyasingleindividual
espairingly , andthisgreat
oferrors,ofprejudicesandof
advantage-seekingprinciples
ants,scouts,tohelpmein
geandsagacityarerequisitefor
andallmenwhocould assist
owadays.W herethegreat
" it isprecise ly thenthatthey
ose. f
heherd thatisw hy Ihave
angrywithme:arobber
ecalledby herdsmen.
hem, buttheycallthemselvesthe
smenIcallthem,but theycall
herightbelief.
Whomdotheyhatemost
ecesthe irtableofva lues, the
: buthe isthecreator. !
undredsofyears,Christi-
phicalbirthright,so to
dofall peoplelikethem:we
earestminds,owingto their
ere ledtoregardit pretty
dregardsthe pavementin
bid. , p. 4.
eech, IT9.
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heknowsitskernelimmedi-
ernel,Schopenhauerasks,
lyperceiveinhimself Isit
ndorspirit thatembodi-
nandIntellect,whichsomecall
alattributesofmind which
andIntellect,havewenot
sintothepresenceofthe
ourk erne l, ourotheras-
weare
llect,however,arenotthe
urinnernature.Thereis an
rdingto Schopenhauer,
ute.Let use amineFeeling,
derhisguidance.
emfallinto twodistinct
ndV olitionareone,and
Understanding,Reasoning
allotIntellectthefirst
ourmentalphenomena but
rimitiveimportance.Again
the intellect, lik etheclaw sand
weaponintheserviceof
n te r n of t h e wi l l, o r a n
ure,Schopenhauerseesa
ndIdea, translatedbyR . B . H a ldane
. pp . 1 29 , 1 30 . t I bi d ., V o l . II I . p. 1 6 .
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ter,Schopenhauer sinter-
uietismhadgraduallybegun
tropica llu uriance ; the
sche stune,musteredin
enhauer sbanner,andthe
eseemedtobeavictim ofthe
seek ingease smugease, at
allhigherandworthier
erylargeclass ofEuro-
rtheyknewofPessimismor
edupby Schopenhauerina
tyandsufferingsofLife.H ere
hateveronemaysay , thehappiest
isthe momentofhisfalling
tmomentoftheunhappy
oltedNietzsche.Inspite of
haveseen,herecognisedan
H esawnoblegoalswhich
trainingafterthe debatable
orld,andwithoutcompeting
ethereforeturnedround
he owedmost becausehe
aterandnoblertoteach than
ow usthatlif ehadsense, signif i-
o rldasWillandIdea, Ha ldaneand
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cs hispuzzlingattackon
edonism. fandSpencer sequa lly
you,Isay,who havedonethis,
airedofevercomingto a
uestion.
an idealikethatof
roughlyappropriatedbyoneor
stcertainto getburiedand
eviewofthelay-e cursionist
themountainofwordswith
sedtoelucidateit, system-
withtheingenuousness
d,happenstoinquire,
o r W h e re i s H e d o ni s m w i ll
MessrsSo-and-SothePhil-
srsThingumbobtheLogicians, as
lythe mountainconcealing
egentlemen.
emayw ellask : Why isNietz-
andw hydoeshespeak so
rningtoanordinarydictionary
terhavinglaid philosophical
arelieftofind itdescribedin
ine,inethics,thathappinessis
stingcriticismof thisw ork seeA lf redF ouil lee s
oraleContentforains,pp.3 -38.
interestingattack uponSpencerinreference
iologischeProbleme(Edit.1884),pp.50,51.
119, 170.
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m * isNietzsche squestionto
lystateshisobjectionto the
tationtoourpresentenviron-
ouldundoubtedly,Isuppose,
thastobe decidedfirst,though,
eanenvironmentwhich
ghestpossibilitieswe are
vironmentisadesirableone,
o.
w ardspa inisnow , ina
ptationwhichis faulty,
ng.H econjuresus,therefore,
fpa inanymore norto lose
or, ifw eshoulddothesethings
ecatastrophehemostwishes
w emightbecomeadapted.
edinall hisbooksisnow
islife,too,appearsmore
ead thisnewmeaninginto
sunderstood,ishis doctrine
dw iththisw ord, w ecometothe
isphilosophy.
his doctrineispurely
spurpose Itspurpose isto
etowhich wemightattain,
betooearly topreachHedonism " is
forthereisno reasontobelievethathis
mto betheveryultimatedevelopment:
ptation,ifitwerepossible,underSuper-
harmonywithNietzscheanphilosophy.
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ydescribenolimit tothe
erepossibleforhimtostruggle
lmore remotelyfromthe
sNietzsche,hisideal,his
assmanhimself andreach
higherlevelis Nietzsche s
timismishis philosophy.
ecries, now w ew illthat
ourthoughtsf romaB ack -
epo intstoatask onearth, our
ef , w emustaspiretothee -
hren,remainfaithfulto
ose whospeaktoyouof
Poisonersarethey,whether
ey,decayingandthemselves
sweary,begonewiththem
nstGodwasthegreatest
sothatthis kindofblas-
mostterribleof thingsisto
orate theimportanceofthe
hesignificanceoftheearth. f
wwill, awillforthe im-
ithertotheidealofmost phil-
ppinessofthe greatest
ukesthoseofhispredecessors
vi n g V i r t ue , H 3 . f Z . , I nt r od u ct o ry S p ee c h, I T 3 .
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uwasamongthem),whohave
of theEvolutionH ypothe-
thatthesurvivalof the
valofthe betterand
wouldbe aswelltomakethe
eringtoHerbertSpencer s
aw o rd s .
ol.I.p.379 ofhisCollected
gto anattackmadebyDr
thesisofGeneralEvolution:
urv ivalo f the better or
givetothosew ordsany thinglike
sthe survivalofthosewhich
tothriveunderthe condi-
ced andveryoftenthat
,isinferiority,causesthesur-
rinsize,strength,activityor
ual,at thecostofdiminished
feled byaspeciesdoesnot
butes,thespeciesprofit^ by
ompanyingincreaseoffer-
hythereoccursomanycases
osis thisisthereasonw hy
ternal,aresocommonlyde-
es.Survivalofthe better
,thoughsurvivalof the
d, asIamresponsible forthephrase,
ttosay thew ord f ittest
W henitis rememberedthat
lo thers itw il lbeseenthat
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v ivorshipof thebetter isw ho lly
ssorHu ley sR omanes
ds: thereisanotherfal-
o pervadetheso-called
It isthenotionthatbecause, on
ntshaveadvancedinper-
meansofthe strugglefore ist-
t surv iva lo f thef ittest, there-
s ethicalbeings,mustlookto
themtowardsperfection.Isus-
risenoutofthe unfortunate
surv iva lo f thef ittest. *
mmonto thethree
dfromNietzsche,Spencer
e ly Nietzschesays:
ns,byanynecessity,elevat-
ening. Spencersays, the
the conditionsinwhich
y anymeansnecessarily
thestrongerwillsurvive,
e look inva intothestruggle for
equentsurvivalofthefittest,to
.
esethreestatementsthat
erminingfactor Iftheen-
ean,emasculated,punyand
atthosemen willbethe
sLecture, Evo lutionandEthics, byT . H .
32.
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ean,emasculated,puny
athsomeness,wearetold,
ivalofthe fittest,butwerenot
er,fromwhichtheywere
emwereovercomeinthe
Isthispo intquiteclear Isit
maybethe f ittest and
dedourenvironmentbesuch
gsmaysurviveinit
ora line orably . He shows
not conducingtoaneleva-
trary,themanwhosurvives
veragemanwhoishappy
y,musthavequalitieswhich
tureofhisrace, e ceptits
nman,Nietzscheseesasort
M r R ud y ar d i p li n g s f a mo u s cr e a-
- ro o m B a l la d s : a n d, w r it i ng i n
tasthatinw hich thesub-
thethird centuryA.D.,and
s atatkne,too,when
ingthesamesymptomsof
tGreekpredecessorsawin
RomanEmpire,Nietzsche
thepigmies w ithw hom,
ontemporaneous ; hecannot
ngglory ofEvolution,and,
rmannputintoNature s
vesungtoman:
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ndyehavehearkenedtoomuch
ho callthestultificationof
outheavilyandcreaking
esdownhill,talkmuchof
the irskidtheycallv irtue.
ho arewounduplikeevery-
ntickingand wishthatticking
mineenterta inments. WhereverI
windthemupwithmymock-
nclick atthat.
reotherswhosit inthe irmud-
ndthusspeak outof the irbul-
thatmeanethtositst i l l inthemud-
dgooutof thew ayofhimwho
llthings wehavetheopinions
stallbelievetheysharein
dywould havehimselftobe
od a n d ev i l.
notcometosayuntoallthese
k now yeofv irtue Whatcould
riends, maybecomew earyof the
ardfrom foolsandliars. *
s gregariousanimal,
tu o us .
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tweenanimalandSuperman,
abyss.
adangeroushalf-way
ngbackward,adangerous
nisthathe isabridgeandnot
nmanisthat heisatransi-
mark outhisgoa l. It ist ime
ofhishighesthope.
noughforthatpurpose. B ut
poverishedandtame,no
eabletogrow f romit. f
areoftheimpossibilityof
ha doctrinesuchasthis.
not, hesays, Iamnotthe
edonismisfarmoretothe ir
andaboveall,muchmore
advantages.
pealtothosedeepones,
oughtohear ajarringnotein
odernprogress tothosewho
uessat thehumbugunder-
dernideas ; inshorthewould
nd refinedones,whocon-
ect,andwhoalreadyknow,
hatall isnotabove-board
eare whichhaveneveryet
c h, I T 4 . t Ib i d. , t 4 , 5.
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ONOFALLV ALUES
es,I attemptedtodealwith
hisorigina lity , f irst inregardto
ropeanmorality,secondlyin
Muchthatyouheardmust
tooutlandishness evento
ou. Now , how ever, Iamapproaching
he Transvaluationofall
omises, a lreadyby itsvery tit le , to
inginnoveltyandoriginality.
eatdiffidencethatonecan
bjectatallin alecture.The
youwill,atfirst,seemtopsy-
ed,eventonewandstrange
e thoughtsprobablysub-
rishedbeliefs,thattohear
ymeantobeshocked,tobe
unded,andtherewhereyou
ardwhatNietzschesaidof
weffectsofcolour youheard
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reofconqueringmight,
,friendZ arathustra
is theveilofnight
rknessandfor light. ...
esistibly poignant After
earin,year out,Z arathustra
o, istheonlyguesthecanto lerateat
stoe plainthenatureof
perhapsmoreclearly still,
sonlytoo probable.
romman.
renough hedeclares, apos-
men. F oryesuf ferf romyour-
eredfromman. ewouldlie,
oneofyousufferethfromwhat
veryil l-adaptednesswhich
lyin thepositionofaspec-
anasa looker-onseesall
wmostofthe game.
owadaystothink ofman
eimaginaryspiritof our
enwe flingsomeofour
good-for-nothingsandthe
eighbourhood butmankind
a n as a s p ec i es W h o h a s ti m e to t h in k
asevenaw ishtothink of this
. f Z . , O f H i gh er M an , I f .
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A L U AT I O N
sleandhurry ourgreed
ertobe onthesafeside,
ningfigureof destinyand
istwithaverydistinct taste
tso muchtoimposehistaste
ee lsurethatw earee ercising
btastowhatw eare givesus
twemightbe, ande hortsus
eanotherofourown.
sishecries: the Earth
hathdiseases.Oneofthese
sca lled man. *
mphasis,Nietzschehas
dernEurope,havegivenup
ourarguments,thehyper-
peace andsmugease,
accounttobepersonal.In-
ebecomeofhim whoseheart
deas,andwho therefore
hatwehavegrownmilder,
aninhistory theF ounderof
lysaid: Whosoevershall
eek,turntohimthe other
esenceof hismostrancorous
frainfromventinghis
attackonthemoney-changers.
vehementinhisappealto
ll,therefore,weare inclined
nt s .
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T ION
soninthevan,immedi-
n heisnewmusic tothem,
theyareatsea Andthesepeople
booksanddry ideas,insist
redwhenreadingphilosophy,
tingelementintheirstudies,
the latter sdepth, isfe lttobe
sNietzsche, thehigherw e
rto thosewhocannotfly. *
rthesakeofan aphorism,it
thee perienceofhisw hole lif e.
yuponhisfe llow s mankind
blusheseven, w henreading
calgazeis sometimestoo
ce, perhaps, thehatredhehasroused
rovoked.
ggle,mineownway Igo,I
esitateanddelay.Letmy
' f
e thestream w hoeverisable
e. ourcrutchhow everIam
veall. EvenProfessor
alukewarmfashionin this
slookaround.H ecriticises
e,andthe keynoteofhisin-
ldecadent.We haveseen
I n t. S p ee c h, I T 9 .
mina l.
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UA TION
stra. *
motherevertopeepinto
adydiedwithouthavingread
osophica lw rit ings. fWashego ing
ardatime ofitashe had
s motherwithherillusions
filledher taskonearth her
plishedonewhenhe beganto
sturbherca lmserenity Why
orldseeingthat shehadbut
tothosewhoselife-taskis
wellrealisesthatfewmen have
ad theconviction,toturn
recant alltheyhavesaidand
ctito f them moreparticularly
natelyregardsanyrevulsion
nionasasignof weakness.
oung tothosewhohave
isspeechonmarriagein Thus
hapsthefinestthing onthe
ew orld sliterature . Heele-
ly,butactually,tothemost
ninstitutions.H eregardsthe
forthe futureofhumanity.
tu o us .
ne FreundeundFeinde,byE.
eProfessorSa intsbury sconcludingw ordsin
e, p. 58 , V o l. III., H istoryofC rit icism.
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T ION
wordsbefoundcon-
matrimony
oungandtells themthe
ce.H epointstoit every-
hopestoovercomeit.H e
eput, isnotw hatistoreplace
eings(manisanend),but
ocultivate,wearetowill, as
rthyoflife,the morecertain
typehasof tenenoughe isted
paccident, asane ception,
erjustbeenthemost feared,
the terror,thereversehas
tained thedomesticanimal,
ck lyanimalman the
ife, theascendingandthe
entiousinvestigationoflife
rrivesattheinevitablecon-
glineis almosttherule,and
ealmentconcerninghis belief
atworkeffectingthis state
oftheweak,theill-consti-
iningascendencyoverother
nedbyour values,Nietz-
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assuresusthat ourvaluesare
er.If manistobe abeing
imetocome,if heisnotto
mal,gruntingandsweating
r adisease,thenwemust
lhaveanotherkind ofman,if
ealth,whois happinessand
ctwillnotmakeus entertain
bleworthoflife thenthis
fthedecadentcurrentof
( inNietzsche ssense), isonly to
uationofall values:bya
rnvalues.
topsyturvification, asPro-
resupposesatleast acertain
values,andthisleadsus tothe
e,whichNietzscheansweredwith
andmostcourage.W hatareour
plyis:theyareChristianvalues.
yrepudiateanyactivepar-
sandpieties,howevercon-
imallallegianceto the
tneverthelessremains,thatin
ationoflife, theprinciples
ciples.
to -day , isnottheconceptof
ourway fromthebeast,it
hascometous fromsome
givers,desiredtocreatea
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A TION
o facts,mightberegarded
stheverynoseof thefaith
yondincontradistinction
t hi s ea rt h t o li fe T he d en ia l, t he
gofthis worldtogether
promisesof,and thecondi-
orld tocome,everyfair
theleitmotifoftheGospels
Testament.
therthe thingsthatarein
theworld,theloveofthe
cannotbesa idthatthesenti-
ceptiona lintheNew Testament.
ovethlif e, sha ll lose it: andhe
dshallkeepit untolifeeter-
e,willdenythatthisthought is
ity.
sethisloathingofthe
ew etoe pla init
ekittenplays delightfully.
child orakittenat play,and
uldhate lifeinthisworld
mostheartily
gsarepure . . . . B ut, Ite ll
untothesw ine, a llthingsare
astsandhypocrites,whose
preach: Theworlditselfis
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educedtothemellifluouslower-
tPauldescribesin thefollow-
usthavehappenedtohim
sansw eris, thatatypeofmen
nedhim,who,beingina low
erforcegave himthose
honourandevento canonise
hians:
defoo lishthew isdomof this
ewisdomofGodthew orldby
edGodbythe foolishnessof
atbelieve.
aftertheflesh, notmany
recalled:
senthefoo lishthingsof thew orld
andGodhathchosentheweak
oundthethingswhichare
f thew orld, andthingsw hich
sen,yeaandthings which
tthingsthatare.
tetoinquiretowhatclass
led,andwhatpart ofthe
posedtoendowwithpower
onverypertinent,andhe
ssed,theweak,theill-con-
y communitycouldhave
ns-thelow-bornthings.
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LUA TION
s.ThesesentimentsofSt
hemoralityoftwo thousand
uesarethey A rethey the
dant,a healthymorality,or
nt,anunhealthymorality
powerfulclassinvented
uldhavehadanyuseforthem.
reburning withresentment,
crippled,diseased,orin any
ed,andwhoaretiredand
hty,thehappy,thewell-
tosay, o fa llthoseonw homthe
depends.
h,wrestlingwiththeir
yfully,aswithafriend,were
tyis, withthethirstfor
ouniversalisetheirkind.In
of thenoble,strongandwell
heymaketheirconceptof
Thatwastheirproblem,and
eattainmentto powerofthe
natura lfunctionof thestrongistodischarge
inactivity,butaggressive
ves: TheancientC hrist iansw ereforthe
f lowstation thewholehistoryofthe
s inrealityaprogressivevictoryof the
thelowlyoverthe lofty,untilthe
hiscrownbeforethe crossofChrist.
rd,D.D.,onetimeDeanofCanterbury.
ol.II.p.481.)
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thatit shouldnotmanifest
houldnotbeawill toover-
memasterof,thatit should
s,resistance,andtriumphs,is
fweaknessthatitshould
h. *
heill-constituted,andthe
gardthematter Tothem
engthon thepartoftheir
was anintolerablepersecu-
opardisetheuniversalisa-
thepartofa weakman,
itis aneffortuponwhichhe
eofhis attention,and,even
succeedin showingstrength.
verynaturalconclusionofthe
ar,afterindulginginintrospec-
d allmanifestationsof
sary , butvo luntary Even
Musthenothavethought
rtytobehaveliketheweakif
y donot,sincethedifference
ustbetheir deliberate
t h ei r g ui l t f
thestrongthisMachiavel-
onof theweakwouldbe-
oshowus thattheweak,
p . 45 , 4 .
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A TION
be weak,iftheychose,not
me tothemforthe irstrength,
regardweaknessasvolun-
medtothem,atlast,a per-
bleoutcomeoftheirconstitu-
anddiscernment,forwhich
wereresponsible,andthe
sandvirtuewasthusspanned
to mingleactivelywith
ontactwith evil,tobeim-
therebybecameathingself-
,adesert.
uouschoice ofweakness,
heirgreatasset pity , theyw ere
nfoundthethingswhichwere
w asthenecessarybe liefand
weaklings,asitwas the
ersof theanimal man.
w beginningtoperceive,
mentofallslavevalues.In
rotection,shelters,meansto
esicklyandthe oppressed.
ristianityas areligion
Nietzscheoncemoreopens
on,whichGibbonrefersto
cationinthefamousfifteenth
dFa ll thequestionwhether
eanandignorant.For,if it
re,then Nietzsche sconten-
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yalthoughitdoesnot rely
y,atleast,be saidtobe
on,deeplyinteresting
volvesadiscussionof so
hattotreatit evenwithscant
tit morespacethanishere
ese fourlectures,taken
rnein mind,andwhenwealso
nofthequestione actsa
wledgeofthefirsttwocenturies
venthen, acerta in cloud o f
undto hang overthefirst
ngthose factswhichareof
to thepo intatissue itw il l
heinvestigator,isnotonly
one,butalsothatit is
vitabledisappointments,
whichthe variousauthori-
neanotherin thecourseof
icularbeliefs.NowImake
atedthis matterade-
dto possessthatknowledge
ouldjustifymein deciding
forNietzsche scontention
selfentirelyin thehandsof
dFrenchauthoritieswho
ea conscientiousinquiryinto
ue.
modestresearches,my
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A TION
otso muchtoestablish
, astoshow you, thatifhe is
heisat leastsinninginvery
tit besaidatonce,that
onthatChristianvaluesare
orresentment-morality,
quartersise ceedingly
made heretopresentthe
rongly aspossible,because
dtoattachsuchwonderfulim-
sonswhichwillbegivenlater.
itudeof somewell-known
resting,andtotheseit will
rn.
flettersandofhigh society
tury,either didnotknow
ceedinglybadly,and,there-
us,Suetonius, uvenal,the
cian,H adrianandMarcus
scomparativelyscantyon
sebutforthe famousletter
ryimportant ifweturnto
arch,weshall findmany
ngwithourproblem.
any,whohavereadhis
clineand Fall,havefound
is attitudereallywasregard-
eathhisironyw edoindeedread
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ermakeus haltwithsurprise,
hthev iew ofmaking a
y . B utsettingasidethe
tonewhich,asMrB ury
nalteredbyforce ofcircum-
ngin ourowntime,inwhich
btrusivescepticismamong
s torenderoffensivewarfare
nyonesupposethathisattitude
nofthe allegedlowstatusof
ealtered We shallseethat
,andeven,ofMrB uryhimself,
this. Allowing,therefore,
peculiarinfluencesandde-
hichhewrote,westillcannot
torianlikeGibbon,the value
on,ofsuchpassagesasthose,in
humbleandobscurefollowers
pusillanimoussentimentsof the
chhee pla insthereadinessof
na beyondoraback-world,
ietzsche s.
tainlymeetwitha valiant
usofprimitiveChristians
oforthem,is toraisethem
n sDeclineandF a ll(Methuen& C o. ,
omanEmpire^ Methuen& C o. 189 ),
eea lsoMilman, TheHistoryofChrist i-
dV o l. II. p. 15 .
W . , pp . 2 3, 5 , 8 .
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A TION
middleclass, * o fw hichhe
escription.
garetrospectofthe years
sNietzsche scontentioncon-
ystheproofsupon whichthe
rsof thehigherandmore
nSocietylentan earto
eedinglyunreliable,andeven
womenattachedtothe
dto beaslittleproved,as a
asChristians,throughDomi-
oved. Sti l l , hecontinues,
onstrated,beyondadoubt,
rclasses didbelongtothe
dnotbe ofgreatvalue,since
dinregardtoveryisolated
f
ntootherevidence,forwhich
whichisall inperfecthar-
v iew s.
ngfactsinsupportof
peak sof theMosa icGod the
sterofaprivilegedrace,
ntotheuniversa lGodof the
: H ea lsodescribestheearly
convertsmadeamongthe
l i vi n g in h o ve l s, | h e s pe a ks o f t he i r
mansundertheEmpire .
hen a iserze it. ErsterB and, 2Te il.
iedet omaiits, V o l. III. p. 559
04 . | I b id .
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nlyof rags of the irsect, as
oretreatedmostlywithin-
sses,f ofChristianityas
his inaccessibletophilo-
spreceding180A.D.he
theF aithhadspreadonly
ofthepopulation,whereit
thewretchedness,andthat
hichC hristandStPaulhadtaught
edriches,whichseemedto
oraninheritanceof injustice ,
ertyandsuffering,whichit
edeemingterrestriallife....
ritedmustthe gospelof
eemed,ortheredemptionof
hohadbeeninsulted,scoffed
ucifiedlikea slave.Christ s
merelyapageout oftheir
Tidingsseemedto have
ularlyatthe smallandthe
esin Duruy,whichmight
portingNietzsche butthere
dweshall beobligedtore-
erelationof womento
storyof theR omanEmpire ,
s, V o l. V . p. 223.
. Itbid. , p. 512.
p p . 77 8 , 77 9 -
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A TION
me termsasSchillerand
ury , Stewart onesandPro-
ayinterestingthingsinmore
withthosealreadymentioned
ontoquotethemin the
agree withregardto
othepointat issue,and
mentotheearlyChurch.In-
omenseemtohaveshown
stianity,andtheimportance
verrated.As MrB uryob-
erishedtheamiableaffections,
uitedtobe understoodandem-
dren,who,accordingto
passion,asopposedto men
by reason, f
Duruy , hasa lwaysbeenpar-
towardswomen.Andthisis
re stillitsmostpowerfulad-
nation,theirdelicatenature,
seandthemother,were
hcommandedcharityand
vousconstitutions,women
tedstatesofmind manyyie lded
onsor propheticlapses. J
arlanguage,andLecky
bmischen fa iserre iches. ErstesB uch. , pp. 454,
manEmpire. . B . B ury , M.A . , V o l. I.
omains, V o l. V I. p. 119.
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cherwasearlynotedfor his
nthe chordsofawoman s
f Earpick erofLadies, w hich
ntiffof asomewhatlater
ppliedtomanyin thedaysof
anity,in itsinfluenceupon
verlooked.AsH ertzberg
tedthemsocially,andthere-
meetwithparticularsupport
discussionuponthissub-
ylittleto thepurpose.W hat
en ifoverwhelmingevidence
ther side,provingtothe
enof cultureconstitutedat
onoftheprimitivechurch,
hilosophy,which,evenbe-
beenintroducedintoItalyby
paredthetransitionthatwas
mthe tempestuousliberty
itudeoftheempire,f
smweregainingtheircon-
oftheManwhowasulti-
usretort: Whatistruth
his retortitself,weare
Mora ls, V o l. I. p. 418.
estrois premierssieclesde
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LUA TION
thecynicismoftheaverage
mewhen esusofNazareth
l.
theRomanlliteoftheearly
triouspatriciansfromwhich
dmittingthataristocratsofthe
yDuruyandMilman,in their
hecourtofConstantino,were
hat,afterall,does sucha
d,fora moment,thatitele-
ristianvalues
adgrow ngrey independently
dnotgrowngrey,Christi-
eenpossible w ouldnot
itmettheneedof thew orld
w ek now that itaspiredtoatype
actuatedbyhopesandmotives
atproudmartialardour
omehad beenwon,
pendingruin couldbe
nneun-Romansideofman s
allylovespleasureand
abovea ll f ee lsquick sympathy
cureanside. f
t wasdecadent(inthe
d)andappealedto adecad-
manEmpire, V o l. I. p. 4.
ra ls, V o l. I. p. 413.
omanEmpire, V o l. I. p. 8.
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riansare unanimousin
oftheRomanworld,partly
know,orwehaveunderstood
,inthis paper,thatNietzsche
eentheslaveandthe de-
eofverylittlemomentwhat
of,whetherof slavesorof
hefactthat,owing totheinflu
rriageoffreedmenwiththeir
uentmi ingoftheraces,the
e ceedinglycorrupt w e
lsandhopes,evenof the
growingevermoreandmore
ondandthirdcenturies ofthe
ngsociety,Christianity
henoblevaluessuccumbed,
gnumbersofthosewho
rkind.It wasthetriumphof
eWilltoPow erof thede-
generallyimpossible.
aggeration,calumny,and
weaccountforthefact,that
ts ofChristianityinthe
w asthepromulgationof law sensuring
eandthehelpless * How
umstancethat, thecondit ion
melioratedbythe newspirit
yinthe EncyclopediaB ritannica.
(NinthEdit ion), p. 97.
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A TION
wasthenw ork inginsociety ; f
utionwhichChristianity
sto betraced...aboveall,
dingsfor thereceptionof
rthepoor,hospitalsand
andtheforsaken J
power,theywouldpropa-
veas wellasthehigh,the
how couldtheydoso H ow
l,thebelieversin healthy
oallowthemtodo so
em.EventhelawofNature
uld perish.What didthey
ng. Wehaveseenw hatthey
stattemptthatwas ever
psy-turvy.Theirswasthe
alues.IfwithProfessor
ospeakof topsyturvifica-
psyturvification.But we
se pression: Inversionof
wiseto ignorethepassage
dscauseto makeuseofthis
entofNietzsche sow nphrase:
wn. Itthrowslightuponour
eover,hownearevenSpencer
veryof tw omora lit ies, ofa
ity,althoughatthetime
to iredestro ispremierssiecles, V o l. II. pp.
diaB ritannica. Ibid.
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A TION
ndemnedas unprincipled !
asno rightthustotakead-
wersandhis greaterenergy
dto dothisbythe responsi-
s,and byadesireto bring
socomplete lyhavethe advanced
deas ofdutyandmerit.
haveseen, wehaveane -
rof thelesscapable,becom-
ecapable,througha valua-
uation Why , thattothe less
capable is ev il ; therefore
man unprincipled Ifhe
everyoften must,owingto
eatercapabilitiesarevan-
fromamongthefactors that
artherforward. Inversion
thatisw hatinferior-or
mplishbeforeitcanbevic-
ediento f the incapable, the im-
rit,whentheywishtomake
e,everystrategy,that
agination,theyusedto
purpose.Notonlymustthe
ful,blushwithshamefor
utthehappyamongthemmust
salmosta sin.Theymustbe
essisaselectionand distinc-
gswhicharelikedmostare
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ftheweak,theoppressed
hapsalsobea preparation,a
sevenmore something
me,willberequitedandpaid
stingo ld, no inhappiness.
eth, H echasteneth, says
otheHebrews. A smanyasI
isasentimenttobefound
rn theinevitable
dition,andwishtowield
.Theselistlessonessuffer-
shingburden w hatdothey
,wheretheir speciesalonewill
sandthelike wherethe
wherethepoorwillbe lying
mugease,whiletheir
rithingin eternalagony.
e ltogothroughtheeyeofa
ntoenterthekingdomof
rhouseholdsentiments.
entedhell,thattheymighthave
whoinventedtheconcept
ttheymightatleastpossess
erebelow J andw ithathirst
tenceonlyaggravated,
tevenat theattemptto
TheC onva lescentOne.
.
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allitslegendsandmetaphysical
dtimesmore incrediblethan
enoughttosay. B utit isthe
oralicacid underly ingita ll, w hichI
er