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WHI: SOL 8b
Spread of Islam
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Geographic influences on the origin and spread of Islam
• Diffusion along trade routes from Mecca and Medina
• Expansion despite great distances, desert environments, and mountain barriers
• Spread into the Fertile Crescent, Iran, and Central Asia facilitated by weak Byzantine and Persian empires
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Geographic influences on economic, social, and political development
• Political unity of the first Muslim empire was short-lived.
• Arabic language spread with Islam and facilitated trade across Islamic lands.
• Slavery was not based on race.
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Diffusion• Diffusion of Islam– Mohammed declared a jihad—a holy war undertaken
by Muslims against unbelievers. – Islam claimed Mecca and portions of Arabia. – Expansion continued after Mohammed’s death, but
Islam also spread through trade and travel, not just through conquest.
• Division of Islam– After the prophet’s death, there was division between
the Sunni and the Shi’a over the issue of who should rule.
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Shiite (Shi’a)
• Strict Islamic followers• Believe the caliph MUST be a direct blood
descendant of Muhammad through his daughter Fatima and Son-in-law Ali
• Predominantly in modern day Iran
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Sunni
• Believe any devout Muslim can be caliph• Does NOT have to be a direct descendant of
Muhammad• Use Sharia as a basis but not followed exactly• Most Muslims are Sunni****
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Islamic Empires• Umayyad (Sunni)• Abbasid (Shiite)• Seljuk (Sunni)• Mongols (from Mongolia, converted to Islam)
• Ottoman (Sunni- Turks)• Safavid (Shiite- Persia)
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Umayyad Empire
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Abbasid Empire
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Seljuk Empire
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Mongols
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Ottoman
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Safavid