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What Soil Is! What it does, how it works.
James Cassidy
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2 of the 12 Soil Orders
Aridisol Mollisol
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Aridisol – 12% of the earth’s ice-free surface
Inceptisol – 17% of the earth’s ice-free surface
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No Oxisols or Gelisols!
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Spodosol Oregon Coast
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Soil is habitat!
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B – Bacteria A – Actinomycetes My – Mycorrhizae H – Saprophitic fungus N – Nematode CP – Ciliate protozoa FP – Flagellate protozoa M – Mite < 1mm
1/10 mm
Soil is a living thing! Not a chemical sponge!
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Soil is: • “Rotted” Rock • Decomposed Organic Matter
What is Soil?
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Bare rock
humus
Accumulation of humus rich in C and N
Colonization Plants
Plants use nutrients in humus, N
Lichen covers surface of rock biogeochemical weathering (fungi’s organic acids) attack rock
Colonization by pioneer organisms (lichen – Cyanobacteria + fungi)
N2 CO2
Rock to soil: Physical & chemical Weathering…together again! Weathering of Rocks by Lichens (fungi + cynanobacteria )
and the Accumulation of Nitrogen in Humus
http://www.lichen.com/ http://academic.reed.edu/biology/Nitrogen/Nfix1.html
releasing mineral nutrients for algea
organic matter + minerals = soil
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Time
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The four components of soil:
(Sand, silt, clay)
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Rock – primary mineral
Granite
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Sand
Silt Clay
Clay is a secondary mineral - formed at normal surface temperatures
and normal surface pressures - The product of dissolution and
recrystallization
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Rocks dissolve and recrystallize
Clay
Physical + Chemical
weathering
Recrystallization
Dissolved minerals
Primary rock
silicon, iron, alum., mag., potassium, calcium…
sheets of silica and aluminum oxide
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When rocks dissolve…
O OH
O O
O
OH
OH
OH
OH
Si Al
Tetrahedron - a 3D geometric form contained by four plane faces; a triangular pyramid. Octahedron - a 3D geometric form contained by eight plane faces.
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Octahedral sheet
Octahedral sheet
Tetrahedral sheet
Tetrahedral sheet
Tetrahedral sheet
Tetrahedral sheet
…and recrystallize. Clay – secondary mineral
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Octahedral sheet
Octahedral sheet
Tetrahedral sheet
Tetrahedral sheet
Tetrahedral sheet
Tetrahedral sheet
Iron
-
-
-
-
- +2
+3
Isomorphic Substitution… one source of charge in soils
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~ 100,000x magnification
- - -
-
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- - -
-
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Fibrous illite (a clay mineral) in Tordillo sandstone, Neuquen basin, west-central Argentina
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Nacrite
Nacrite, Lodève Basin, France
Field of view approx. 200 microns wide
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-
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Kaolinite
Well crystallized kaolinite from the Keokuk geode, USA
Field of view approx. 18 microns wide -
- -
-
-
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-
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Clay
Clay http://virtual-museum.soils.wisc.edu/soil_smectite/index.htm
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Soil is: • “Rotted” Rock • Decomposed Organic Matter
What is Soil?
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The four components of soil:
(Sand, silt, clay)
What is Organic Matter?
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Sun
Humus (Organic Matter!)
Producers
Consumers Decomposers
air water
soil
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Functions of Organic Matter 1. Carbon and energy - for soil organisms
2. Provides nutrient storage! – negative
charge – twice that of clay!
O ni
Organic Matter …provides another source of charge
in soils – twice that of clay!
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How a plant works
Nutrients
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How a plant works
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Functions of Organic Matter 1. Carbon and energy - for soil organisms
2. Provides nutrient storage! – negative
charge – twice that of clay!
3. Structure - Stabilizes soil structure, making soil easily managed – SOIL GLUE!
O ni
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Soil “structure”
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B – Bacteria A – Actinomycetes My – Mycorrhizae H – Saprophitic fungus N – Nematode CP – Ciliate protozoa FP – Flagellate protozoa M – Mite < 1mm
1/10 mm
Diverse Soil Structure Is Divers Habitat!
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Soil Structural Stability - particles held & “glued” together
Disturb soil as little as possible!
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Effect of OM on structure stability
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Soil is habitat!