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What is Inquiry in the Natural World”?
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What is a “physical object”?What is a “physical object”?
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What are physical objects made of?What are physical objects made of?
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Aristotle (384 – 322 BC)Aristotle (384 – 322 BC)http://www.chem.uidaho.edu/~honors/history.htmlhttp://www.chem.uidaho.edu/~honors/history.html
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Another early idea: “atomism”Leucippus & Democritus (~ 500 BC)
John Dalton, 1808. A New System of Chemistry
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http://snobear.colorado.edu/Markw/SnowHydro/mol.html
The quantum physics model of matter
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How easy is it to measure physical objects?How easy is it to measure physical objects?
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What can’t we see?What can’t we see?
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Modern instruments have greatly Modern instruments have greatly extended our detection abilitiesextended our detection abilities
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Why do physical objects behave the way they do?Why do physical objects behave the way they do?
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Anthropomorphic explanationAnthropomorphic explanation
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Mechanistic explanationMechanistic explanation
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Can we make predictions about the natural Can we make predictions about the natural world?world?
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• Given a knowledge of Given a knowledge of the “laws” of physics, the “laws” of physics, can you predict what will can you predict what will happen if I drop this happen if I drop this ball?ball?
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• Do the results support Do the results support your prediction?your prediction?
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• Chaos TheoryChaos Theory
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Types of Inquiry
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CuriosityCuriosity
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Curiosity-driven scienceCuriosity-driven science
Basic or “pure”Basic or “pure”often leads to often leads to surprisingly practical surprisingly practical discoveriesdiscoveries
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Problem Solving
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Problem-solving scienceProblem-solving science
Applied or “practical”Applied or “practical”Gives us power over the natural Gives us power over the natural worldworld
http://www.colostate.edu/programs/lifesciences/TrangenicCrops
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How do we investigate the natural world?
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Francis Bacon (1561 – 1626)
• if we understand nature we can dominate it
• Questioned authority
• Emphasis on incompleteness of knowledge
• Proposed a new method of studying nature
• observation over philosophical speculation
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Hypothetico-deductive scientific method
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Step 1: Observations
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The “Where’s Waldo” problemThe “Where’s Waldo” problem
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Step 1b: look for a general pattern
This step uses a process called
Inductive Reasoning
~ in which we develop a rule based on many individual examples
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Step 2: Think up explanations (hypotheses) for the patterns observed
3. is generally applicable
A useful hypothesis:
1. leads to accurate predictions
2. is as simple as possible
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Step 3: Make a testable prediction
This step uses a process called
Deductive reasoning
~ in which we use the rules of logic to generate a prediction
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Step 4: Make observations or do experiments to test our explanations
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How can you tell if someone is a Witch?
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A Witch! A Witch! We’ve got a Witch
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What’s the general pattern here?
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If she looks like a Witch and acts like a Witch she is a Witch
- Nose like a Witch
- Hat like a Witch
- Wart like a Witch
-Turned someone into a newt
Must be a Witch!
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What do you do with Witches?
Burn them!
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What do you burn other than Witches?
Wood
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Why do Witches burn?
Because they’re made of wood?
How can you tell she is made of wood?
Build a bridge out of her
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But can’t you also build bridges out of stone?
Oh Yeah!
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Does wood sink in water?
It Floats
Throw her in the pond
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What else floats?Bread!
Apples!
Very small rocks!
Gravy!
A Duck
Cider!
Cherries!
Mud!
Churches!
Lead!
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So, logically . . .
If she weighs the same as a duck
She’s made of wood
And therefore . . .
SHE’S A WITCH!
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Bring my large scales
She DOES weigh the same as a duck
SHE’S A WITCH!
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Witch Wood
• Witch burns
• Wood burns-------------------------------
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Duck Wood
• Wood Floats
• Duck Floats
------------------------------
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• Duck Wood
• Girl’s weight Duck’s weight
• Witch Wood
• Girl Wood
------------------------------ Girl Wood
---------------------------------
Girl Witch
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William of Ockham (1280 – 1347)
•“Pluralitas non est ponenda sine necessitate”
• Translation Entities should not be multiplied unnecessarily
• Ockham’s Razor
• “keep it simple”
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Description of Motion of Planets around the
Sun
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Two Competing Models with Different Predictions
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Kepler - elliptical
Shape of Planetary Orbits
Copernicus - circular
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More accurate prediction is “better”
Perform Experiment
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Two Competing Models with the Same Predictions
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Model # 1
• Planets move around sun in ellipses
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• decreases as the square of the distance
• force between them and the sun
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Model # 2
• Planets move around sun in ellipses
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• decreases as the square of the distance
• force between them and the sun
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Model # 2
Force is generated by will of powerful aliens
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Models # 1 and # 2
• Force between planets and sun determines motion of planets
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Models # 1 and # 2
• same type of force
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Models # 1 and # 2
• predicted motion of planets identical for both Models
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Model # 2
• has additional baggage (the will of aliens) that is unnecessary for description of system
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• Ockham’s Razor reject’s 2nd model
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• motion of planets can be explained by simple idea of force
• Solar system may be permeated by alien intellect
BUT
•no evidence of alien’s presence nor their absence
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• It does not guarantee that the simplest model is correct, it merely establishes priorities
•Application of Ockham’s Razor directs us to look to simplest model
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Scientific Theories keep changing so where is the
Truth?
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Newton & Theory of Gravitation
• Newton’s theory “The Truth”
• 1666 – explained all the observed facts
• Predictions later tested and found correct to within accuracy of instruments used
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Einstein & Theories of Relativity
• 19th century – more accurate instruments
• Slight discrepancies in Newton’s theories
• Einstein’s theory explained newly observed facts
• Found to be correct with accuracy of instruments used
• Einstein’s theory “The Truth”
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Has the Truth changed?
• Theories can be shown to be incomplete
• No it hasn’t - Universe is still the same
• “Truth” means it agrees with all known experimental evidence
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New Theories
• Devour and assimilate its predecessors
• Explain old and new data
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AcknowledgementsAcknowledgements
I would like to thank Dr. Ted Georgian for the use of I would like to thank Dr. Ted Georgian for the use of a number of his slides and especially his idea to use a number of his slides and especially his idea to use
Monty Python as a humorous example of the Monty Python as a humorous example of the scientific methodscientific method