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What is Fatigue in Elite Sport:
An attempt at an explanation
Professor Aaron CouttsFaculty of HealthUniversity of Technology, Sydney
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� Definition of athlete fatigue� Genesis of fatigue� Physiological foundations of fatigue
� Endurance sports� Team (game) sports� Precision sports� Explosive / strength sports
� Preventing fatigue
Overview
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Athlete ‘Fatigue’
Athlete fatigue is a psychobiological state associated with an inability to complete a
physical task that was once achievable within a recent time frame and is usually associated with
altered perceptions of effort, along with feelings of tiredness, and/or exhaustion.
Coutts, Crowcroft & Kempton (2017)
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Fatigue
Fatigue is complex. It is caused by physical stress & psychological stress.
It has central and peripheral origins.
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Fatigue
Fatigue:Complex mechanism involving both physiological and psychological factors.
Impaired performance[Knicker et al., 2011]
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What limits endurance performance?� Reduced ability to generate the required force.� Factors that interfere with muscular contraction.
• Acidosis [H+]• Glycogen depletion• Limited blood/oxygen delivery• High core temperature• etc1.
Fatigue: Limits of Physical Performance?
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Physiological Genesis of Fatigue
1. Activation of primary motor cortex
2. CNS drive to motor-neurons
3. Motor units that are activated4. Neuromuscular propagation
5. Excitation-contraction coupling
6. Availability of metabolic substrates
7. Intracellular milieu8. Contractile apparatus
9. Muscle blood flow
Central vs. Peripheral
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Neuromuscular ‘Fatigue’
• Neuromuscular fatigue can be defined as any exercise-induced decrease in a muscle's ability to develop force or power
• Muscle fatigue can be a result of vigorous exercise but abnormal fatigue may be caused by barriers to or interference with the different stages of muscle contraction.
• There are two main causes: – the limitations of a nerve’s ability to generate a sustained signal
(neural fatigue); and, – the reduced ability of the muscle fibre to contract (metabolic fatigue).
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Metabolic ‘Fatigue’
• Metabolic fatigue: the reduction in contractile force due to the direct or indirect effects of two main factors:– Inadequate fuel supply (substrates) within the muscle
fibre– Accumulation of metabolites within the muscle fibre,
which interfere either with the release of calcium (Ca++) or with the ability of calcium to stimulate muscle contraction.
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Metabolic ‘Fatigue’
Sarcoplasmic Reticulum
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Mental ‘Fatigue’
• Fatigue induced by prolonged and demanding cognitive activity and other psychological stressors (high psychological load)
• Poor sleep and “jet lag” and/or ”travel fatigue” often included in this construct of mental fatigue
• Not to be confused with central fatigue, which is the exercise-induced reduction in CNS capacity to recruit muscles
Prof Samuele Marcora
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Common Sources of Fatigue in Sports
Fatigue Source Endurance Sports Team Sports Explosive/Strength Sports Precision SportsDehydration �� �� � �
Metabolic �� �� �
Neuromuscular � �� ��
Mental � � � ��
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Primary Contributing Factors to the Onset of Fatigue
Before Exercise:• Physiological state • Psychological state• Training experience • Importance of the activity
During Exercise:• Fuel availability• Rate of heat
accumulation• Hydration status• ……
FATIGUE: The process leading to reduced capacity to produce maximal force or do physical work.
Perceived Effort (RPE)
Motivation
Force capacity
MotivationEffort required
INCREASED FORCE / WORK
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Fatigue
Fitness
Time
Trai
ning
Effe
ct
Fatigue: The Training Response
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Training Period (Days)
Performan
ce Level
Fatigue Effect
Fitness Effect
Performance
Training Impulses
Modelling Training Responses
[Banister et al., 1975, Busso et al., 2003]
Performance = Fitness – Fatigue
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[PHYSICAL PERFORMANCE]
Factors Affecting Performance in Sports
PERFORMANCE
MOTIVATION
TACTICS
LUCK
NEUROMUSCULARPHYSIOLOGICAL / METABOLIC
PSYCHOLOGICAL (MENTAL)ABILITY
TRAINING LOAD / RECOVERY BALANCESPORTS PERFORMANCE
= FITNESS FATIGUE-SKILL
COHESION
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The Influence of Training Load
Training LoadLow
ModerateHigh
Low
High
Physical PerformanceFitness
Injury / Illness
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Continuum of Training Fatigue
Single training session
Overreaching Overtraining Syndrome
Increasing severity of symptoms
Increasing state of fatigue
Continued intensive training
�☺ �
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• An accumulation of training and non-training stress resulting in a short-term decrement in performance capacity with or without related physiological and psychological signs and symptoms of overtraining in which restoration of performance capacity may take from several days to several weeks.(Meeusen et al., 2011 MSSE)
Overreaching
FUNCTIONALNON-FUNCTIONAL
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• An accumulation of training and non-training stress resulting in a long-term decrement in performance capacity with or without related physiological and psychological signs and symptoms of overtraining in which restoration of performance capacity may take from several weeks, months or years.(Meeusen et al., 2011 MSSE)
Overtraining
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The only reliable criteria for diagnosing overtraining is decreased performance
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• ~10-21% of acyclic sports (Raglin & Wilson, 2000)• ~37% of young national level Swedish athletes (Kentta et al., 2001)• 70% of endurance athletes during career (Morgan et al., 1987)• 30-50% national level soccer players (Lehmann et al., 1992)• 1/3 of Professional football team during a season (Naessens et al., 2000)• Reports of 34-91% chance of reoccurrence in college swimmers (Raglin, 1993)
The Prevalence of Overtraining (verb)
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� Numerous causes of training maladaptation:� Central and/or Peripheral Fatigue� Neuroendocrine dysfunction� Autonomic imbalance� Catabolic / Anabolic Imbalance� Carbohydrate Deficit� Immune suppression� ….
Foundations of Overtraining
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Typical symptoms of overreaching in endurance trained athletes
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Model for Monitoring Training
RESPONSE
Feedback Loop
TRAINING PLAN DOSE
Fatigue
Fitness
PERFORMANCE⊗
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Monitoring Tools:– Heart Rate• Resting• ↑/↓Response to standardised workload (Fatigue context)• ↓ HRmax• ↓ HRrecovery• ↓ Heart rate variability (HRV)– Monitor perception of fatigue/wellness• POMS, DALDA, Wellbeing– Blood analytes are too expensive, variable and invasive to measure for most athletes– Control the process of training to avoid maladaptive training
Monitoring Tools
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� Elevation in muscle proteins� LDH, CK, myoglobin, myosin heavy chain fragments
� Muscle damage activates immune system� WBC increase to repair damaged fibres� Stress hormone cortisol can suppress [WBC]� This may prevent damage to muscles by the immune system� However, may also increase risk of infection
Muscle Damage Response
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� Muscle damage decreases [muscle carbohydrate]� Decreased glucose uptake into exercising muscle from the blood� Increase in stiffness & soreness (decreased performance)� Continual low [muscle glycogen] combined with heavy training and poor diet will lead to ↓ [plasma glutamine]� Decreased immunity� Increased risk of illness
Muscle Damage-Illness Response
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2468
10Comp
laint Index
Training Load (units/week)500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000
Relationship Between Training Load and Infection / Illness
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Training Volume & Risk Of Infection
Sedentary Moderate Very high
Above average
Average
Below average
Risk
of u
pper
resp
irato
ry in
fect
ion
Amount and intensity of exercise
To train for best performance YOU
MUST TRAIN HARD
How do you, as a coach overcome this?
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� Prevention the key: plan and control the training dose� Periodisation [gradual, variety, sensible, plan!]� Match diets to loads� Plan and periodise recovery activities� Athletes need to ‘listen to their bodies’� Avoid rapid, increasing in training volume and intensity
Treatment of Overtraining
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� Fatigue is complex: it is a psychobiological phenomena� Its development depends on the athletes, the environment and training.� Fatigue is necessary for performance adaptation� Understand signs and symptoms of acute and chronic fatigue� Recognise the cause of fatigue for various sports
Summary
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Thank you@aaronjcoutts