Download - What is education for?
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- 1. What is education for? History of education
2. What is education for?
- Control working labour
- Good citizenship
- Social mobility
- Solve social problems
- Control Emancipate
3. Three things to watch for
- Rising compulsory ages
- Changing view of what education is for
- Unequal provision between gender and class
4. Pre-industrial education
- 1800
- Class and gender determine education
- Aristocracy are educated at home by tutors
- Middle class boys went to public school, girls at home with governess
5. Pre-industrial education
- 1800
- Classics, Greek, Latin
- Literature
- History
6. Pre-industrial education
- 1800
- Working class education:
- Provided by church, charity or factory owner
- Moral instruction
- Some provide basic literacy
7. Activity
- Before 1800 where did education take place?
- Before industrialisation, what was education for?
1800 MaleFemale Aristocracy Middle class Working class 8. Background to reform
- Introduction of compulsory education
- Philanthropists and social reformers
- Required for extended franchise
- Fix social problems:
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- Crime, poverty, disorder, problem of the poor
- Better workers
9. Background to reform
- 1870
- Growing urban middle class
- Liberal politics becomes dominant
- Extended franchise (1832, 1867)
- Decline in child labour through Factory Acts
- Concerns over industrial competitiveness
- Money available from government
10. Education Act 1870
- Elementary schools: ages 5-13 with attendance that could be made compulsory
- School districts funded from local taxation (rates) with elections to school board (incl. women)
- Open for inspection
- Right to free education (?)
- Ratepayers in Ealing initially refused to form a school board
11. Education Act 1870
- Compulsion principle widespread by 1900
- Education accepted as legitimate role for state
- Transfer of authority from individual/family
- Principle of free state education
12. Activity
- Where is working class education taking place after the reforms of 1870?
- What class of people control this education? [Think nationally and locally].
- How does this arrangement benefit capitalism?
13. Education Acts 1902, 1918
- Compulsion up to age 13
- Responsibility transferred to local authorities
- Created unequal provision
- Ealing County School opened 1913 (boys only)
- Compulsion up to age 14
- Fear of unrest, crime, moral decline, efficiency
- Regulated school specifications, nursery, medical
14. Education Act 1944
- Ignorance is an evil that no democracy can afford
- Education is a right, an element of democracy
- Universal, Equality of opportunity
- Three types of school: grammar, secondary modern, technical
- Selection by 11+
- Ealing County School becomes a Grammar
15. Activity
- What percentage went to:
- Grammar
- Technical
- Secondary modern
16. Activity
- What percentage went to:
- Grammar 20%
- Technical 4%
- Secondary modern 75%
17. Education Act 1944
- Secondary modern initially offered no qualifications
- Raised leaving age 15 (most grammar school students stay until 18)
- Few working class children went to grammar school, which required passing the 11+
18. Comprehensive schools
- Selective education failed: social mobility
- 1965: Government circular requests councils convert schools to comprehensives
- 1972: Compulsion up to age 16
- 1974: Ealing Borough Council converts Ealing Grammar to a comprehensive
19. Comprehensive schools
- Not fully implemented: grammar schools still exist in some areas
- Comprehensives create grammar schools in miniature by streaming students
- Some parent choose to opt out by sending children to private schools
20. Activity
- Who gains from the introduction of comprehensive schools?
21. Education Reform Act 1988
- National curriculum: first time subject material specified by state
- Key stages: introduction of targets and assessment
- Quasi-market (marketisation) of choice where money follows students
22. Education timeline
- 1944: Tripartite: grammar, technical, secondary modern
- 1960s/1970s: Comprehensives
- 1988: Quasi-market, national curriculum
23. Leaving age timeline
- 1870: 13 not always compulsory
- 1902: 13 nationally
- 1918: 14
- 1944: 15
- 1976: 16
24. Exam Question
- Identify three educational policies that may have contributed to social class differences in achievement. (6 marks)