Download - Welcome to university!
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Welcome to university!
You’re not in High School any more.
Now you get to THINK
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Critical ThinkingAn Introduction
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"What are the moral convictions most fondly held
by barbarous and semi-barbarous people?
They are the convictions that authorityis the soundest basis of belief;
that merit attaches to readiness to believe;that the doubting disposition is a bad one,
and skepticism is a sin.“
Thomas Henry Huxley(1825-1895)
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“The civilized man has a moral obligation to be skeptical,
to demand the credentials of all statements that claim to be
facts."
Bergan Evans(1904-1978)
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“A university’s essential character is that of being a center of free
inquiry and criticism -- a thing not to be sacrificed for
anything else.”
Richard Hofstadter(1916-1970)
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EPISTEMOLOGY
1st big word for the day…
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KnowledgeCertain
• Mathematical• Deductive• Rational• Analytic• Definitional• Proof
Probable
• Scientific• Inductive• Empirical• Synthetic• Experimental• Evidence
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2nd (not so big) word of the day
ARGUMENT
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Argument?
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Argument
A conclusion supported by one or more premises
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A syllogism: the perfect argument
P1: Socrates is a man
P2: All men are mortal
•• • Socrates is mortal
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The Death of SocratesSocrates was sentenced to death for corrupting the
youth of Athens and for failing to worship the official gods of Athens. His real crime? Critical thinking.
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CRITICAL THINKING
Usually involves questioning the premises to test the validity of the conclusion.
It is usually in the premises that errors occur.
If a premise is wrong, the conclusion must be treated as questionable…especially if the
argument seems valid
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Where is the error?
P1: Boris is a dwarf
P2: All dwarves are dangerous
•• • Boris is dangerous
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Empirical evidence challenges the conclusion
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WHERE’S THE ERROR?(This one’s easy)
P1: My teacher said that Sydney is the capital city of Australia.
P2: Teachers are always right.
•• • Sydney is Australia’s capital
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If the conclusion is wrong, look at the premises…
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One more definition:
LOGICAL FALLACY
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Logical Fallacies: Errors in reasoning
75% of heroin addicts first smoked marijuana
Marijuana should therefore be illegal to prevent heroin addiction
Right?
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There is a logical fallacy at work here
100 % of heroin addicts first drank milk.
Should milk therefore be illegal?
Correlation ≠ Causation
Post hoc ergo propter hoc
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At the university level…
• You do not succeed by repeating what you have learned
• You are expected to synthesise ideas from what you have learned
• You excel by building on what came before and bringing something original to the party
• We are not here to TEACH you. We are here to help you teach yourselves
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Paradigm Shift
University requires that you use the tools you acquired in high school.
You will be confronted with much information.
You must accept or reject it through critical analysis.
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CONGRATULATIONS!
You are now in charge of your own education
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A few words from perhaps the greatest teacher of all time:
“I know that I am intelligent, because I know that I know nothing. “Socrates
“The unexamined life is not worth living. “Socrates
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And final words for freshmen everywhere
Come mothers and fathersThroughout the land
And don’t criticizeWhat you cant understand.
Your sons and your daughtersAre beyond your command;
Your old road isRapidly agin’.
Please get out of the new oneIf you can’t lend your hand
For the times they are a-changin’.Bob Dylan
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THANK YOU!
Have a great year!